DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL

OF OEC TOWER G-9/4, ISLAMABAD

By
MUHAMMAD FAIZAN KHAN

2010-BE-CE-101(Group leader)

USAID ADIL

2010-BE-CE-120

FARZAN SOHAIL

2010-BE-CE-43

UZAIR TAHIR

2010-BE-CE-124

RAJA MEHRAN KHAN

2010-BE-CE-146

(2010-NUST-BE-CIVIL)
A report submitted in partial fulfillment
of
the requirements for the degree of

Bachelors of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering

NUST Institute of Civil Engineering (NICE)

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE)
National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2013)

This is to certify that the

Report entitled

DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL

OF OEC TOWER G-9/4, ISLAMABAD
Submitted by

MUHAMMAD FAIZAN KHAN

2010-BE-CE-101(Group leader)

USAID ADIL

2010-BE-CE-120

FARZAN SUHAIL

2010-BE-CE-43

UZAIR TAHIR

2010-BE-CE-124

RAJA MEHRAN KHAN

2010-BE-CE-146

Has been accepted towards the partial fulfillment

of
the requirements
for
Bachelors of Engineering in Civil Engineering

_______________________
Engr. Zia Ud Din
Assistant Professor,
Department of Construction Engineering and Management,
National Institute of Transportation (NIT),
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE),
National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
ii

DEDICATED
TO
OUR PARENTS

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS

PAGE NO

ACKNOWLDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ IX
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. X
LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................. XI
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. XII
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... XIII
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1

OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. 3

1.2

REASONS AND JUSTIFICATIONS ............................................................................. 3

1.2.1 Market Adoption and Growth ..................................................................................... 3
1.2.2 User Experience .......................................................................................................... 3

1.3

ADVANTAGES AND EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES ............................................... 4

1.3.1 Improved Designs ....................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Life Cycle Asset Management .................................................................................... 4
1.3.3 Improved Visualization ............................................................................................... 5
1.3.4 Less Wastage .............................................................................................................. 5
1.3.5 Reduced Safety Requirements .................................................................................... 5
1.3.6 Guidelines for Students ............................................................................................... 5
1.3.7 Personal and Social Advantage ................................................................................... 6
1.3.8 Forensic Analysis ........................................................................................................ 6
1.3.9 Facility Management .................................................................................................. 6

1.4

AREAS OF APPLICATION........................................................................................... 6
1.4.1 Improved Communication: ......................................................................................... 6
1.4.2 Shop Drawings ............................................................................................................ 7
iv

1.4.3 Cost Estimation ........................................................................................................... 7

1.4.4 Project Scheduling ...................................................................................................... 7
1.4.5 Conflict, Interference and Collision Detection ........................................................... 7
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 9
2.1

BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 9

2.2

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING .................................................................. 9

2.3

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BIM ................................................................................ 11

2.3.1 Clash Controls........................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2 Analyses .................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.3 Time Estimation (4D) ............................................................................................... 12
2.3.4 Cost Estimation (5D) ................................................................................................ 13

2.4

BIM LEVELS ............................................................................................................... 13

2.4.1 Level 0 Usage of BIM Software ............................................................................ 14
2.4.2 Level 1 3D Coordination ....................................................................................... 14
2.4.3 Level 2 Analyzes, Time and Cost Estimation ........................................................ 14
2.4.4 Level 3 Integrated Model ....................................................................................... 14

2.5

TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTED IN BIM ............................................................. 15

2.5.1 CAD Technology ...................................................................................................... 15
2.5.2 Object CAD Technology: ......................................................................................... 16
2.5.3 Parametric Building Modeling .................................................................................. 16

2.6

BIM AND PROJECT MANAGER ............................................................................... 16

2.6.1 Communication Benefits .......................................................................................... 17
2.6.2 Quality Benefits ........................................................................................................ 17

2.7

BIM AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT ........................................................ 18

2.7.1 Design Phase ............................................................................................................. 18
2.7.2 Construction Phase.................................................................................................... 19
2.7.3 Management Phase ................................................................................................... 20

2.8

ADVANTAGES OF BIM ............................................................................................. 20

2.9

BIM IMPLEMENTATION IN REAL LIFE ................................................................. 21

2.9.1 Melbourne Stadium ................................................................................................... 21
2.9.2 Water Treatment Plant-Walsh Group ....................................................................... 22
v

2.9.3 Krakow Stadium ....................................................................................................... 22

2.10

BIM TOOLS ................................................................................................................. 23

2.10.1

Autodesk Quantity Takeoff................................................................................... 24

2.10.2

Autodesk Revit...................................................................................................... 24

2.10.3

Autodesk Green Building Studio .......................................................................... 25

2.10.4

Autodesk Navisworks ........................................................................................... 26

METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 27
3.1

SELECTION OF THE TOPIC ...................................................................................... 28

3.2

LITERATURE STUDY ................................................................................................ 28

3.3

SITE SELECTION........................................................................................................ 28

3.4

DATA COLLECTION.................................................................................................. 28

3.5

LEARNING SOFTWARE ............................................................................................ 29

3.6

3-D MODELING .......................................................................................................... 29

3.7

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS SIMULATION ............................................................ 30

3.8

QUANTITY TAKEOFF ............................................................................................... 30

3.9

CLASH DETECTION .................................................................................................. 32

3.10

ENERGY ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 32

3.11

ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 32

3.12

CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 32

3.13

PREPARING REPORT AND PRESENTAION........................................................... 33

3.13.1

5D Model Submission........................................................................................... 33

3.13.2

Preparation of Presentation ................................................................................... 33

CASE STUDY ............................................................................................................................. 34

4.1

PROJECT INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 34

4.2

SPECIAL FEATURES OF OEC TOWER.................................................................... 36

4.3

AREA OF OEC TOWER .............................................................................................. 37

4.4

3-D MODEL ................................................................................................................. 37

4.4.1 Architectural Model .................................................................................................. 37
4.4.1.1

Grids .................................................................................................................. 38

4.4.1.2

Levels ................................................................................................................ 38
vi

4.4.1.3

Plan Views ........................................................................................................ 39

4.4.1.4

Walls ................................................................................................................. 39

4.4.1.5

Floors ................................................................................................................ 39

4.4.1.6

Openings ........................................................................................................... 39

4.4.1.7

Doors and Windows .......................................................................................... 40

4.4.1.8

Ceilings ............................................................................................................. 40

4.4.1.9

Ramps ............................................................................................................... 40

4.4.1.10 Columns ............................................................................................................ 40

4.4.1.11 Other Components ............................................................................................ 41
4.4.2 Structural Model ....................................................................................................... 41
4.4.2.1

Floors Slabs ....................................................................................................... 41

4.4.2.2

Beams ................................................................................................................ 41

4.4.2.3

Columns ............................................................................................................ 41

4.4.2.4

Walls ................................................................................................................. 41

4.4.2.5

Stairs ................................................................................................................. 42

4.4.2.6

Foundations ....................................................................................................... 42

4.4.3 HVAC Model ............................................................................................................ 42

4.4.3.1

Loading system template ................................................................................ 42

4.4.3.2

Linking architectural model .............................................................................. 42

4.4.3.3

Creating work space .......................................................................................... 43

4.4.3.4

Pipes and ducts .................................................................................................. 43

4.4.3.5

Pipe and duct fittings ........................................................................................ 43

4.4.3.6

Mechanical equipment ...................................................................................... 43

4.4.4 Electrical Model ........................................................................................................ 43

4.4.4.1

System template: ............................................................................................... 43

4.4.4.2

Linking Revit architectural model: ................................................................... 44

4.4.4.4

Types of electrical equipment installed ............................................................ 44

4.4.4.5

Creating a circuit system:.................................................................................. 45

4.4.5 Plumbing Model........................................................................................................ 46

4.5

QUANTITY TAKEOFF ............................................................................................... 47

4.6

SCHEDULE .................................................................................................................. 47
vii

4.7

CLASH DETECTION .................................................................................................. 48

4.8

ENERGY ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 49

4.9

QUANTITY COMPARISON ....................................................................................... 50

4.10

PROBLEMS FACED ................................................................................................... 50

4.11

SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 51

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 52

5.1

REVIEW OF OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 52

5.2

CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................... 52

5.3

RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 52

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 53
APPENDIX -1.............................................................................................................................. 55
APPENDIX -2.............................................................................................................................. 56
APPENDIX-3............................................................................................................................... 57
APPENDIX-4............................................................................................................................... 58
APPENDIX-5............................................................................................................................... 59
APPENDIX-6............................................................................................................................... 60
APPENDIX-7............................................................................................................................... 61
APPENDIX-8............................................................................................................................... 62
APPENDIX-9............................................................................................................................... 63

viii

ACKNOWLDGEMENT
We are thankful to Allah Almighty for bestowing upon us the strength to accomplish this project.
We would like to express our profound sense of reverence and deep regards to our supervisor
Assistant Professor Zia Ud Din. His exemplary encouragement and constant guidance was the
driving force behind the successful completion of the project. We are indebted to Consultant
Civil Engineer at PRIMACO Mr. Waqas Ather, for providing us the necessary assistance and
information regarding the project.
Last but not the least we would like to pay our earnest gratitude to our parents and our colleagues
for their incredible support and assistance.

ix

ABSTRACT
Time and cost are major constraints of every construction project. But most of the projects fail to
complete within the estimated budget and schedule. The main reason behind this failure is lack
of coordination between different project stakeholders. With the introduction of CAD technology
these hurdles have been minimized. But, still the coordination environment was lacking.
Advancements in technology yielded new approach towards construction known as BIM.
BIM stands for Building Information Modeling. It is a new way of approaching design and
documentation of the building project. It is a comprehensive tool used for designing, initiating,
executing, monitoring, controlling and completing a less time consuming and cost effective
construction project. It encompasses the entire lifecycle of the building including operations. It
provides a 3-D Model that helps in defining and simulating the building, its delivery and
operations with the help of integrated tools. The feature of embedding quantity estimation and
time scheduling together with a 3-D model makes it a 5-D model. In addition to the 5D model
other technical aspects of BIM includes clash detection and energy analysis.
5-d model of a building facility was developed in this project with different features of BIM were
analyzed. The tools used in this project were Autodesk Revit, Autodesk Navisworks, Autodesk
Green Building Studio and Autodesk Quantity Take off for 3-D modeling, scheduling, clash
detection, energy analysis and cost estimation respectively. The project reflected the
improvements in quantities and number of change orders with the use of BIM by comparing the
actual quantities with results obtained from model developed.

LIST OF ACRONYMS
3D

Three Dimensional x,y,z

CAD

Computer Aided Drawing

BIM

Building Information Modeling

2D

Two Dimensional x,y

MEP

Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing

CMM

Capability Maturity Model

4-D

Fourth dimension-Scheduling

5-D

Fifth dimension Cost Estimation

NBIMS

National

Building

Information

Modeling

Standards
IT

Information Technology

PM

Project Manager

OEC

Overseas Employees Corporation

PVC

Polyvinyl Chloride

IPD

Integrated Project Delivery

EOBI

Employees Old-Age Benefits Institution

xi

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.1 CONSTRUCTION AND NON-FARM LABOR PRODUCTIVITY INDEX ........ 2
FIGURE 1.2 AREAS OF APPLICATION OF BIM (DISPENZA, 2010). .................................. 8
FIGURE 2.1 FULLY FUNCTIONAL BIM (JIMNEZ ET AL., 2001).................................... 10
FIGURE 2.2 CLASH DETECTION........................................................................................... 12
FIGURE 2.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES (AGC, 2005)..... 15
FIGURE 2.4 BIM MODELS ...................................................................................................... 19
FIGURE 2.5 BENEFITS OF BIM (YAN & DAMIAN, 2008) .................................................. 21
FIGURE 2.6 KRAKOW STADIUM COMPLEX SPIRAL STRUCTURE............................... 22
FIGURE 3.1 FLOW CHART OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................ 27
FIGURE 3.2 INTEGRATED MODEL....................................................................................... 30
FIGURE 3.3 QUANTITY TAKEOFF WORKING ................................................................... 31
FIGURE 4.1 OEC TOWER SOUTH EAST ARTISTIC VIEW ................................................ 34
FIGURE 4.2 OEC TOWER NORTH WEST VIEW .................................................................. 35
FIGURE 4.3 OEC TOWER UNDER CONSTRUCTION ......................................................... 36
FIGURE 4.4 SCHEDULE SCREENSHOT ............................................................................... 48
FIGURE 4.5 DUCT BEND AND PLUMBING PIPE CLASH ................................................ 49
FIGURE 4.6 HVAC AND PLUMBING PIPES CLASH ........................................................... 49

xii

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1

BIM TOOLS .......................................................................................................... 23

TABLE 4.1 PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS .............................................................................. 35

TABLE 4.2 AREAS OF OEC TOWER .................................................................................... 37
TABLE 4.3

FLOOR LEVELS ................................................................................................... 39

TABLE 4.4 QUANTITY ESTIMATE SUMMARY ................................................................ 47

TABLE 4.5 CLASH DETECTION SUMMARY ..................................................................... 49
TABLE 4.6 QUANTITY COMPARISON ................................................................................ 50

xiii

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
The construction industry in Pakistan has long been criticized all over the world for being
inefficient and resource consuming. The reason behind the criticism is their unorthodox approach
to construction which is much disorganized and utterly uneconomical (N. Azhar, Farooqui, &
Ahmed, 2008). There is a room for improvement in every phase of construction. The
construction industry has been facing an alarming situation in terms of labor productivity which
is on the decrease since 1960, but it is worth noticing that process industries have increased their
labor productivity. Thus, there is a dire need to balance out the situation to prevent wastage and
cost overruns (Teicholz, 2004).
According to a research, poor project site management, delays between design and procurement
phases, incorrect methods of cost estimation and improper planning are one of the major reasons
for cost overruns in the construction industry of Pakistan. As it can be seen from the researches
the main factor behind the downfall is the lack of project integration and coordination. Thus,
with the aid of new technology and digitized environment these hurdles can be triumph over (N.
Azhar et al., 2008).
Impact of technology on construction industry has been positive. The transformation from
manual drafting to computer aided drafting was huge step up in construction industry. It
revolutionized the whole construction industry the design issues were reduced and 2-D CAD
environment provided the user friendly environment to the users to design the building
components. It yielded better results and fewer conflicts than the manual drafting (Hergunsel,
2011).
As manual drafting was hectic, user was more prone to errors and to edit these drawings required
them to be redrawn. The remedy in the shape of CAD environment was perfect at that time.
These 2-D CAD drawings mimic the manual hand drafting in digitized platform which allows
the user to edit them, make revisions and to minimize the complexity of drawings with use of
layer features. But, as the process industries progressed by leaps and bounds with an aid of
modern technology as shown in the figure where we can see that Non-Farm productivity is
increasing with the time. CAD could not keep pace with the process industries in the modern era
as it can be seen from the figure 1.1 that construction productivity did not progressed and the
1

new technology was required to keep pace with the other industries related to the construction
industry (Eastman, Teicholz, Sacks, & Liston, 2008).

Figure 1.1 Construction and Non-Farm Labor Productivity Index (Hergunsel, 2011)

To minimize the wastage, cost overrun, inefficiency and conflicts. There was need of a fully
coordinated and digitized environment to overcome the limitations of CAD technologies and to
increase the labor productivity. Thus, Building information approach was formulated to cater for
these limitations and is the remedy for modern era construction issues.
Today BIM has revolutionized the construction industry .It is the latest technology which is
being widely accepted around the globe. A Building Information Model is a data-rich, objectoriented 3-D representation of the building project, from which appropriate data as per user
requirement can be extracted to generate information that can be helpful to make decisions and
improve the process of delivering the project (AGC, 2005).
Since the introduction of BIM technology, the potential of software in construction management
has profoundly increased. A Building Information Model contains as much information related
to the building project as can be incorporated. This information can include performance

information obtained throughout the lifecycle of the project, the buildings features and
characteristics and functions of the building (Yan & Damian, 2008).

1.1

OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this research were:

I.

To develop a 3D Model of a facility using Autodesk Revit for virtual representation of

the real Project.

II.

To develop a simulated schedule of the project with the help of Autodesk Navisworks.

III.

To perform material takeoff of the project using Autodesk Quantity Takeoff software.

IV.

To perform clash detection between different models using Autodesk Navisworks.

V.

1.2

To perform energy analysis of the model using Autodesk Green Building Studio.

REASONS AND JUSTIFICATIONS

The reasons and justifications for selection of the project are:

1.2.1

Market Adoption and Growth

Many experienced users are realizing the benefits of BIM modeling such as better
communication, improved productivity, and greater chances of winning over the client. This is
because of the fact that BIM helps in improving coordination between different departments in
the project team due to increased overlapping and integration. This helps in further improving
productivity, enhancing quality control and strengthening communication systems. A survey has
shown that out of a 100 BIM experts, 82 experts have responded that BIM usage has been very
beneficial in improving the productivity of their firm. BIM usage is not only increasing in the
construction industry but many new firms are starting to adopt this technology (Dobson, 2004).

1.2.2

User Experience

The increasing use of BIM corresponds with a wholly pragmatic assessment of the general
impact on the BIM users business practices. As users begin to see its vast benefits, they deepen
their involvement with BIM. More than half of the users claim that BIM has had a very positive
impact on their respective firms.
A recent survey shows that in Construction Industry:
3

I.
II.

61% of Contractors believe that BIM is good for their Company.

Many architects see BIM has been helpful in improving their businesses.

III.

Every 4 Clients out of 10 have reported that BIM has been productive for their projects

IV.

Furthermore, it has been found, that expert users are:

V.

More than three times likely to claim that BIM has resulted in improved efficiency for
their internal activities (Dobson, 2004).

VI.

More than Four times likely to claim that BIM has resulted in improved efficiency for
their peripheral activities (Dobson, 2004).

The ability of a user to perform data analysis and extract information comes with skill and
experience in using BIM tools. More experts are shown to use BIM tools for quantity takeoff of
materials, scheduling of activities and cost estimation of the project as compared to beginners.

1.3

ADVANTAGES AND EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES

Building Information Modeling will be the lightening beacon in the future construction industry.
The advantages of BIM are numerous as it covered every field of the construction from concept
to conclusion. It has made a lot of complexities simple and has lightened the burden of drafting,
documentation etc. The software evolution and new technologies in construction has been a very
helpful tool in promoting BIM (Young, Jones, & Bernstein, 2008).
Following are more useful benefits of BIM as discussed in Building Information Modeling by
McGraw Hill construction (Young et al., 2008):

1.3.1

Improved Designs

Building proposals can be analyzed on basis of cost and quality comparison, design efficiency as
well as real time simulations can be performed. Further changes can be made to the already
chalked out plans to improve performance and create a better design for the building.

1.3.2

Life Cycle Asset Management

Life cycle of a building is defined as the life of a building from its conception to its construction,
maintenance and finally demolition. Building Information models provide the necessary
Building information codes to help the user in different activities related to the life cycle of the
facility.
4

1.3.3

Improved Visualization

BIM produces models that are far superior in quality as well as in the quantity of data stored in
them. For students and clients, BIM is an excellent starting point in helping visualize the
physical features and characteristics of a project. This makes communicating the complex
aspects of the building design to the new user very easy.

1.3.4

Less Wastage

BIM facilitate in calculating the precise amount of material quantity from the model through
quantity takeoff so that neither an excessive order is placed for the materials nor is there any
storage problem caused on the project site. The schedule also provides the user with an idea of
when the equipments and materials should be brought on site to avoid any delays and also
minimize the chance of any damage caused to the materials due to weather or other factors. This
in turn results in less material wastage as well as efficient use of labor force and equipment.

1.3.5

Reduced Safety Requirements

Many special features of BIM make the facilities more hazard proof such as a process known as
Fire Protection Modeling. This process ensures that the design can be re evaluated for public
safety and the best possible steps can be taken in order to make the facility more safe for the
occupants in case of a fire breakout. Safety risks can also be evaluated before the construction
phase even begins. The project manager is free to review the project complex tasks and activities
beforehand in order to reduce the risks for any potential injury or damage.

1.3.6

Guidelines for Students

The projects being done on BIM will provide a guideline to newcomers. If you want to
understand today, you have to search yesterday (Pearl S. Buck). Newcomers need not to face all
the problems that are currently being faced. The guideline will include the daily life construction
processes etc.

1.3.7

Personal and Social Advantage

The projects on BIM will be an exposure to the latest technology being used in modern
construction industry. This would help the students to work on more productive disciplines rather
than textbook disciplines which would pave way for new construction era.

1.3.8

Forensic Analysis

Forensic analysis is the science of analyzing the results obtained after investigating a happened
incident and then documenting the causes based on evidences. Forensic analysis can be
facilitated significantly using building information modeling as BIM graphically visualizes the
potential damages, leaks and evacuation plans (S. Azhar, Hein, & Sketo, 2008).

1.3.9

Facility Management

Facility management is the vast field which includes the coordination of buildings, office blocks,
schools, shopping centers, hotels and hospitals in a way to achieve maximum efficient system.
BIM in this field is used for the operations of renovation, space planning and maintenance (S.
Azhar et al., 2008).

1.4

AREAS OF APPLICATION

Almost every area of construction industry is covered by BIM. Its influence is on every field
including the design phase, construction phase and management phase. It provides a platform for
the digitized construction which would be very useful in reducing change orders and schedule
delays. Areas of application of BIM can be seen from the figure 1.2. The results of this project
can be applied for:

1.4.1

Improved Communication:

BIM can greatly improve the cross department communication as well as between different
parties like clients, financers etc that are attached to the project and helps to remove any
confusions held by the parties. One of the main reasons why project managers and contractors
prefer to use BIM over other 3D software is that the 3D model obtained through BIM is a much
realistic conception and therefore helps the client in deciding what kind of a facility they want to
build.
6

1.4.2

Shop Drawings

BIM helps in generating high quality shop drawings for various building systems and features.
The shop drawing produced for the building can be anything from a detailed isometric image of
the Plumbing lines in the facility to the site layout. An example is that once the building model
design is complete; one can easily produce the MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing) shop
drawings. These shop drawings can be used by the contractors to visualize different components
of the building.
1.4.3

Cost Estimation

BIM Software often includes a very useful cost estimation feature. The quantity of all the
materials used the facility are estimated by the estimation tool and costs are calculated based on a
set standard of prices for each material. The software calculates the costs for all materials and
adds them up in the end to give the total cost estimate. The number of labors and their working
hours can be used to calculate the total estimate of the project.

1.4.4

Project Scheduling

Project scheduling tool allows the user to link up different sets of activities with the
corresponding elements in the BIM model. By linking these activities, the user is able to obtain a
bar chart of the project schedule which helps the project managers to find out any conflicts
between different activities and plan a clash free schedule. By comparing the planned and real
schedules, the project manager is able to better plan the course and speed of activities.BIM also
provides the construction project simulation which aids in visualizing the actual construction
project.
1.4.5

Conflict, Interference and Collision Detection

BIM models are made in 3-D space so every single object created is visually accessible.
Therefore any clash and interference among pipes, beams, columns and electrical wiring can
easily be detected (Jimnez, Thomas, & Torras, 2001).
These detections help in saving a lot of time and money. This is possible when there are reduced
numbers of change orders and the clashes can be easily visualized.

All the applications of BIM can be seen in figure 1.2

Figure 1.2 Areas of application of BIM (Dispenza, 2010).

Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1

BACKGROUND

The development of the country is very much influenced by the advancement in its construction
industry. There is a dire need of infrastructure and buildings in every underdeveloped country in
order to pave way for the economic growth of the country. Building construction progress has
been hampered by the economic losses and decreased labor productivity. The economic losses
were caused by the defects in the design due to which the prefabricated components of the
building are not suitable thus the whole component has to be replaced when there is a design
failure such as constructability issues during the construction.
In 1974 Chuck Eastman and five other authors presented a paper in which they explained the
chief means of communication used in building design and construction processes which were
drawings, including notes and specifications. They mentioned few problems which were
i.

In 2D drawings at least two drawings are required for understanding the structure thus
one dimension is shown twice. 2D drawings also become redundant as different items are
shown in two different drawings at different scale. All this means if a change is to be
done in any drawing it has to be changed in all drawings.

ii.

Large efforts are required to keep the design up-to-date. But even with all this hard work
there is a possibility that information somewhere is obsolete and non-consistent.

iii.

For analysis of construction, information has to be taken manually from drawings which
is laborious work

They also suggested a solution, that is to create a computer system that could save and control
design information at great detail. This was named as building description system (Eastman et
al., 2008).
The solution to the above mentioned problems is BIM and it plays an important role in
developing a proper model of a building which represents every aspect and runs the analysis of
the building.

2.2

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

The construction industry has been facing a dramatic change to (I) increase; efficiency,
productivity, infrastructure value, quality and sustainability, (ii) reduce; lifecycle costs, lead
9

times and duplications, via effective collaboration and communication of stakeholders. Digital
construction seeks to integrate processes throughout the entire lifecycle by utilizing building
information modeling (BIM) systems as it can be seen in figure 2.1 (S. Azhar et al., 2008).

Figure 2.1 Fully Functional BIM (Jimnez et al., 2001).

BIM stands for building information modeling. It is a new and revolutionary approach for the
designing, construction and management of buildings.
BIM is viewed in this proposal according to the following definition of BIM. According to the
White paper published by Autodesk BIM is defined as:Building information modeling is an approach to building design, construction, and
management. It supports the continuous and immediate availability of project design scope,
schedule, and cost information that is high quality, reliable, integrated, and fully coordinated.
Though it is not itself a technology, it is supported to varying degrees by different technologies
(autodesk, 2003).
The main function of BIM is to create a 3-D model in digital form which depicts the real life
environments .It provides the features to run the maintenance program after the completion of
the building. In order to have maximum control over the project there is a need of different
models including Architectural, Structural, MEP, resource management and others including a

10

detailed schedule. So, BIM is referred to a combined model where models from different
disciplines are merged (Lahdou & Zetterman, 2011).
The purpose of the building construction is achieved when the building is functional. Building is
functional when purpose of the facility completely or partly serves. Thus, BIM is a digital
depiction of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. It is a shared information
resource about a facility forming consistent basis for decisions during its life-cycle (NBIMS,
2007).
BIM provides the focal point for the project stakeholders. All the data required by any type of
stakeholder will be available through BIM. The project location and the environmental impact on
the project is a new feature of BIM. The building location provides the information about the
impact of natural surroundings, temperature and effect of sunlight. So, building information
model describe the geometry, geographic information spatial relationships, quantities and
characteristics of building elements, material inventories, cost estimates and schedule of
performance. This model can be used to express the entire building life cycle (Bazjanac, 2006).

2.3

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF BIM

Different BIM functions are explained which are attached to each BIM level support.

2.3.1

Clash Controls

BIM model of different disciplines can be checked at same moment for any type of geometrical
design errors. Those areas where these models overlap each other when they are brought together
can easily be altered and can be made error free(Eastman et al., 2008).
To perform clash controls in BIM Autodesk provides a tool named Autodesk Navisworks. The
reports can be generated to identify these clashes and there affects on the structure. The
alternatives are also suggested in order to get out of these critical situations with relative ease.
Controlling clashes helps in minimizing change orders and redesigns (Eastman et al., 2008).
This feature has been very effective as it identifies clashes before construction unlike the manual
drafting where the clashes were identified during the construction which caused costly delays
and the projects could not be completed within budget. Clash detection feature is shown in
figure 2.2.

11

Clash
pipes

between

Figure 2.2 Clash detection

2.3.2

Analyses

Analyses on energy usage can be done by synchronizing a BIM model to those tools which
determine the isolating ability of a structure and it can analyze total usage for heating and
cooling for that structure in extreme conditions. This makes the structure more energy efficient
and cost economical. (Eastman et al., 2008).

2.3.3

Time Estimation (4D)

The time estimation tool, more commonly known as 4D, links the objects present in the
information of a building with plan of time. This link then helps in visualizing the projects
schedule. Moreover, it can be used by users to simulate the building location and construction at
random time frames. Such project modeling provides important data and helps the user in
foreseeing errors which rear their ugly head later on creating a problem for the user. Autodesk
provide the perfect platform to provide this feature in Autodesk Navisworks. The simulation of
construction in real world is run in this tool which makes it easy to communicate and sequence
different activities .Schedule from Primavera can be imported into the project (Eastman et al.,
2008).

12

2.3.4

Cost Estimation (5D)

The cost estimation tool (also known as 5D) allows all the elements in the 3D design to be
connected with a set price list for all the materials. Although, price lists are mostly based on the
volume cost of materials but it can also include the cost of the laborers and equipment cost. This
provides the user with a more detailed cost estimate of the project. Such as detailed cost estimate
in the early design phases creates a better understanding of the financial implications in terms of
design changes and therefore, decisions regarding materials and construction can be evaluated
from an economical standpoint. Autodesk provide this feature in Autodesk Quantity Takeoff
(Eastman et al., 2008).

2.4

BIM LEVELS

The capability maturity model (CMM), which was developed by NIBMS, defined the
organizational level of a model and provided the users with an opportunity to evaluate their
procedures based on a wider array of technical objectives.
The basic aim of using CMM is to create a tool for calculating the level of maturity in a building
information model by analyzing it against an established criterion and provide that information
to the project stakeholders. The term maturity depicts that to which extent the features of BIM
are implemented. On the horizontal axis of the matrix there are eleven spheres of concern, for
example: data richness, life-cycle views and roles or disciplines. The vertical axis on the other
hand contains ten levels of maturity. Ten is considered to be the greatest level of maturity from
the Appendix-1.
Different communities form their own criteria to calculate the level of maturity regarding the
utilization of BIM. The maturity regarding utilization of BIM in Ramboll is described by levels
ranging from 0 to 3, where 0 is the lowest and 3 is the highest level of progression. The parts of
BIM which are included in BIM levels are specified. What parts of BIM which are included in
each BIM level is specified. This proves to be the driving force behind the task managers to
progress to next BIM level which makes the projects successful. The task mangers can expedite
their projects

for some monetary advantages by moving up to next BIM levels. Utilization of

BIM is very effective for most of the communities so most communities tend rate their success
on the basis of BIM levels (Teicholz, 2004).

13

BIM levels are as follows:

2.4.1

Level 0 Usage of BIM Software

During this level 3D model is only used in the design phase and there is no coordinated
integration with other parametric models or fulfils requirements regarding documenting of all
information exchange that takes place i.e. the concept of 5D model is not implemented(S. Azhar,
Carlton, Olsen, & Ahmad, 2011)

2.4.2

Level 1 3D Coordination

For BIM Level 1, a satisfactory level of coordination of functions between the different
disciplines (civil, electrical and mechanical disciplines and project hierarchy) is achieved. Clash
controls are performed as models of all the disciplines are integrated (S. Azhar et al., 2011)
At this level of BIM information flow within the project team is structured and identified to
make common goals which would be achieved later on which would help to achieve the main
objective of the project.

2.4.3

Level 2 Analyzes, Time and Cost Estimation

At level 2 in BIM, level 1 and more additional BIM services which requires multi disciplinary
data input are provided. In this level certain services are available which include energy
analyzers and basic variant of time and cost estimation (S. Azhar et al., 2011).
In this level schedule development and cost estimation are performed with the inclusion of
effects due to the building orientation, water harvesting techniques due to which building water
consumption will be less and sustainable materials which helps in reduction of materials used.
Thus, paving way for energy efficient building (Hergunsel, 2011).

2.4.4

Level 3 Integrated Model

At level 3, a simpleton model is not enough and further complex models are needed to operate.
Services from both level one and two are provided with an extremely well coordinated and
integrated model between many disciplines. This level integrates all the data including 5-D
model and energy analyzing data, This level needs high level of effort as data needs to be
updated periodically so that maintenance program can be run effectively (S. Azhar et al., 2011)

14

2.5

TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTED IN BIM

BIM is an approach not a technology so it does requires suitable technologies to implement

effectively. Figure 2.3 describe the comparison between different technologies. These
technologies are:

Figure 2.3 Comparison between different technologies (AGC, 2005)

2.5.1

CAD Technology

This technology supports drafting automation effectively but modern construction requires high
level of competence. Using this software can demand high level of effort by maintaining
standards such as layers and naming standards. This requires the user to be efficient, highly
skilled and disciplined, due to which high level programmers are required to do this job.

15

2.5.2

Object CAD Technology:

It aims to replicate the building components in CAD drawing, by focusing on the 3D dimensions
and geometry of the building facility, the generation of documentation from that 3D drawing and
by extracting object data from the building components in order to be able to generate
information about object parameters and quantities. (AGC, 2005)
In object CAD the 3D geometry is used but this becomes really complex for larger projects as
more than one floors are made it also requires a lot discipline and care should be taken while
using this technology, not much liberty is provided to make plans with ease. As the manual
correction is required in CAD technology it also requires the same pattern to implement the
corrections.

2.5.3

Parametric Building Modeling

Parametric building modeling corresponds to the decision support system in the Financial
Community. This provides an integrated system that can be used to simulate the behavior of a
real-world system. These systems blend a Data model (geometry and lengths) with a Behavioral
model (change management). In this technology basically the building model is fully coordinated
throughout the model i.e. every building component is related to each other. If there is a change
in one component then the consequences of the change is applied throughout the related
components such as if the door height is to be altered then automatically the wall above it will be
altered accordingly. This provides the basic interrelated information which lessens the work
effort. Autodesk Revit is an efficient tool which provides the platform to implement this
technology (AGC, 2005).

2.6

BIM AND PROJECT MANAGER

Can BIM be used for Project Management? How Project Managers are influenced by BIM?
These are some questions which arise in ones mind. But after the thorough study of literature it
was concluded that the benefits found in projects using BIM are more than the challenges,
moreover the benefits found are aligned with the function of a Project Manager.
The literature showed that there is a dire need for integration of Project teams and collaboration
of all parties.BIM could be used effectively for the integration of Project teams and collaboration
of all Parties. The Project can be performed in a combined manner to save Cost, time and to
16

work within the scope. A survey was carried out to understand the influence of BIM on the role
of project manager and it states that 50% of the response showed that project manager should be
proficient in BIM and 24% response was that project manager should be in charge of BIMmanagement. Many studies have shown that BIM is a tool that goes far beyond its designed
functions. Therefore, the Project Manager should always lead in BIM Management just like he
has to lead in all other departments of IT systems in Complex Projects. Although there are some
difficulties and challenges faced in the implementation phase of BIM technology but this can be
overcome by investing for the sufficient training of Staff in the use of BIM (Jimnez et al.,
2001).
Another challenge was the existence of certain Software related issues which did not allow the
unleashing of full potential of BIM. The research suggested that the PM must contribute towards
solving these issues rather than considering it as an excuse to not use BIM (Jimnez et al., 2001).
But the main question arises how BIM can benefit the project manager. The task of the project
manager is to deliver a successful project. A successful project can be defined as the Project
delivered on time, within budget and within the scope.
BIM provides certain benefits which would help the project manager to deliver a successful
project, the benefits are:

2.6.1

Communication Benefits

The communication between different stakeholders improves with the help of BIM. The main
reason behind it is the development of a 3-D model which is easy to understand unlike a 2-D
Model which has to be imagined to visualize it in reality and not enough information can be
included in such models.BIM allows for less costly and time consuming visualizations which are
impossible using traditional modeling. The clarity and depiction of real world model helps to
communicate with different stakeholders (Lahdou & Zetterman, 2011).
2.6.2

Quality Benefits

The quality of a project can be improved with the help of a 3-D model which helps all the
stakeholders involved to understand their roles and their objectives. The data need to be entered
once in the BIM unlike traditional models which makes cumbersome and complex computations.
The process of documentations is also improved. Reports can be generated in any format and can
include the required data. The clashes can be controlled in a Project as all the models are
17

integrated in one model and clashes are detected and can be corrected. The model includes the
input of different stakeholders which provides s[specific information to the respective
stakeholders (Lahdou & Zetterman, 2011).

The benefits above can create mutual understanding between client and the project manager
because of the clear goals and objectives. This takes both client and the project manager on same
page. BIM utilized in design phase helps in creating schedules. This helps in calculating the
budget. BIM linked with time helps in planning the construction execution process .It provides
better control over the project. Cost estimates provides better control of economic aspects of
BIM and can optimize the value a client can obtain from the investment (Lahdou & Zetterman,
2011).

2.7

BIM AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

There are three major areas of Construction Management which are as follows:

2.7.1

Design Phase

It is a duty of an architect to balance the scope, cost and schedule of the Project. If there are illtimed changes then it will adversely affect relations between client and the consultant. Using
BIM all the data is available straight away and in updated form so that project related decisions
can be taken swiftly and effectively.
BIM allows project team to make changes in designs during design phase without any
backbreaking and manual checking work because when there is a correction to be made in design
while not using BIM, the correction needs to be implemented to every related component
manually in order to make the design ready. The check and balance is also required to see if all
the related areas are corrected but in BIM the change is coordinated throughout the related
components and less time will be consumed. All the design and documentation work can be done
concurrently rather than one after the other.
BIM coordinates the change and its consequences made in the certain point of project throughout
the project lifecycle automatically. The design team can deliver the work faster. BIM eliminated
the coordination mistakes and improve the quality of work. The three different models are shown
in figure 2.4.
18

Figure 2.4 BIM models

The four thorough Case Studies of BIM implementation for precast concrete design by mid-sized
structural engineering firms, reported by Kaner, Sacks, Kassian and Quitt revealed that the
designs were error free which improved the labor productivity with the help of BIM (Eastman et
al., 2008).

2.7.2

Construction Phase

BIM makes available concurrent information on Building quality, schedule and cost. Builder can
speed up quantification for estimation, production of updated estimates and construction
planning. The consequences of procured products can be studied using BIM by using a virtual
construction tool of BIM which helps in locating the defects in the building before physical
construction is even started, so corrected procured products (e.g. prefabricated beams) can be
ordered and plans can be prepared quickly. BIM ensures less time and money is spent on process
and administration issues because of high document quality and better construction planning.
The digitized nature of BIM releases the complexity of manual documentation process by
automatic generation of reports.
In a large health care project due to BIM/VDC (software) there were zero-conflicts and 100%
prefabrication and maximum labor productivity with zero accident in the field. With 6 months
savings on schedule and $9 million on the cost (Eastman et al., 2008).

19

2.7.3

Management Phase

BIM provides digital record of renovation and improve move planning and management. It
accelerates the adaption of standard building sample to site conditions for businesses. Physical
information about the building is also available such as financial data and furniture inventory etc.
Consistent access to this information improves both revenue and cost management in the
operation of the build.

2.8

ADVANTAGES OF BIM

Building information modeling supports the continuous and immediate availability of project,
design scope, schedule, and cost information that is high quality, reliable, integrated, and fully
coordinated (AGC, 2005).
The advantages are:
I.
II.

Better Coordination
High quality work

III.

Low cost

IV.

Time saving

V.

High labor productivity

VI.

Environmental Impact

VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.

Safety provisions
Pre-fabrication
Less work force
Less conflicts

XI.

Visual aids

XII.

Record Data

XIII.

Maintenance Program

XIV.

Less changes

A research at the Stanford University research center on BIM revealed that

i.

Up to 40% elimination of unbudgeted change.

ii.

Cost estimation accuracy 3%.

iii.

80% reduction in time taken for cost estimation

iv.

7% reduction in project time

20

v.

10% clash detection which saves the budget.

In many projects millions of dollars have been save by using BIM. Time delays have been
provided. Designs have been corrected with the help of contractors services and BIM. This
all is done in a coordinated way so that no time is wasted correcting the remaining of the
project. Digital process helps in getting work done without a lot of manpower just few
technicians are required to operate this software. The figure 2.5 shows the acknowledgement
about BIM from the top eight construction companies in UK and USA.

Figure 2.5 Benefits of BIM (Yan & Damian, 2008)

2.9

BIM IMPLEMENTATION IN REAL LIFE

Some of the examples of implementation of BIM in real life are:

2.9.1

Melbourne Stadium

Studies have shown that use of BIM on Projects has resulted in a 500% return on investment,
while the use of Bentley structural for scheduling and documenting yielded only a 200%
return. Final optimization results through BIM have shown a 10% savings in roof tonnage in the
steel members with an ideal roof profile.
This was possible only due to the optimization studies (time and money saving designs) and the
function of BIM to compare different structures which proved helpful in eliminating the errors.

21

2.9.2

Water Treatment Plant-Walsh Group

Using Bentley Structures 20 conflicts in the design and construction phase were discovered. This
helped the organization to save $90,000 and 7 weeks of delay due to the comprehensive 3D
model of BIM which was easy to understand and revealed minor details which were very
effective as a truss was designed incorrectly as it was overlapping a steel beam by 6-inches.

2.9.3

Krakow Stadium

Generative component is an efficient BIM tool provided Bentley systems. A highly complex
spiral structure was designed for the stadium within little amount of time and avoided time
delays with the ability of BIM software Generative components to design complex geometry
without reworking the documentation process allowed them analyze different spiral geometric
structures as shown in figure 2.6.

Figure 2. 6 Krakow Stadium complex spiral structure

22

2.10

BIM TOOLS

The table 2.1 shows the BIM tools which are widely used in the construction industry.

Area of BIM

Architecture

Structure

Product Name

Manufacturer

Autodesk Revit

Autodesk

ArchiCAD

Graphisoft

Bentley Architecture

Bentley

Revit Structure

Autodesk

Tekla Structure

Tekla

Bentley Structures

Bentley

Multi-discipline

Autodesk Ecotect Analysis

Autodesk

Energy Analysis

Autodesk

Energy Analysis

Autodesk Green Building

Studio

BIM Use
Creating and reviewing
3D models
Conceptual 3D
Architectural Model
Creating and reviewing
3D models
Structural
Conceptual 3D
Modeling

Structural

Sustainability
Bentley TAS Simulation

Bentley

Analysis/Detailing,
Quantity Take-off,
Building Performance

Revit MEP

Autodesk

Shop Drawing

Structural
MEP

Bentley Hevacomp
Mechanical Design

Bentley

Analysis/Detailing,
Quantity Take-off,
Building Performance

Scheduling

Primavera

Oracle

Schedules

Autodesk Navisworks

Autodesk

Clash Detection

Table 2.1 BIM Tools

23

The tools used in the current project are Autodesk Revit, Autodesk quantity takeoff, Autodesk
Navisworks and Autodesk Green building studio. These software are user friendly and are easily
accessible. The tools used in this project are:

2.10.1

Autodesk Quantity Takeoff

Autodesk quantity takeoff helps to calculate and estimate materials more swiftly, accurately and
easily. Cost estimators can create synchronized, comprehensive project views that combine
important information from building information modeling (BIM) tools such as Revit
Architecture, Revit Structure, and Revit MEP with images geometry and data from other tools.
It can also calculate areas and count the building components manually or automatically and can
export them to Excel and to create DWF format.
i.

Take-off in minutes automaticallyPerform a take-off on an entire building

information model (BIM) in just minutes through integration of 2D and 3D design data.

ii.

Greater flexibility than typical databases or spread sheetsPerform interactive

examination of 3D models for material cost estimating purposes.

iii.

Dynamic countingCount and quantify design data quickly and easily.

iv.

More efficient manual take-offsupports the take-off of JPG, TIF, PDF, and other no
intelligent image formats.

v.

Share, query, and clarifyGenerate quantities linked to specific objects. Mark up and
round-trip your comments.

vi.

Faster and more insightful quantity reportsCreate summaries and detailed quantity
surveying reports quickly and easily.

2.10.2

Autodesk Revit

Revit software is specifically developed for building information modeling (BIM), enabling
design and construction professionals to take ideas from concept to construction with
coordinated and consistent model-based approach. Revit is single software that includes features
for architectural design, MEP and structural engineering. Its model can be imported into other
BIM tools in order to perform other BIM functions such as clash detection, energy analysis and
scheduling etc.

24

Some of the features of REVIT are:

i.

Bidirectional associabilityany change in one aspect of a model is reflected throughout

the model.

ii.

Parametric componentsit uses intelligent building components to improve design

accuracy.

iii.

BIM platformprovides a platform for building information modeling by exporting the

model to other tools to perform other functions.

iv.

Realistic Modelthe 3D model obtained depicts the realistic model with an ability to be
edited.

v.

Flexibilitythe software provides an environment where every designer can work

including an Architect, MEE and structural designer.

vi.

Work sharingprovides an environment where a single Project model can be accessed

by different users and changes can be made in
certain areas by the respective users. .

vii.

Energy Analysissupport sustainable design decision making.

viii.

Improved schedulesSchedule enhancements with Parameters, Filter & Grand Totals.

2.10.3

Autodesk Green Building Studio

It is energy analysis software which helps designers and architects to perform energy analysis,
optimize energy consumptions and work toward carbon neutral building designs during the early
processes of the construction project. It is cloud based software. The concept of Green building
can be achieved through this software as it allows analyzing buildings and provides the
alternative materials to develop a sustainable model. Some of its features are:
I.

Building energy analyseswhole building energy analyses calculates total energy use
and carbon emission of a building on annual, monthly and daily basis using global
database of weather information

II.

Weather Datait gives user the access to numerous weather stations which are
compiled from many trusted sources.

III.

Water usageestimates water usage inside and outside of the building.

IV.

Solar radiationvisualizes incident solar radiation on window surfaces over any period.

V.

Day lightingReceive qualification for LEED day lighting credit.

25

VI.

Shadows and reflection gives the shadows and reflection data with respect to sun
path.

2.10.4

Autodesk Navisworks

Navisworks features enable coordination, construction simulation, and project analysis for
integrated project review. It provides users advanced tools to simulate scheduling and perform
clash detection. It enables coordination, construction simulation and project analysis for
integrated projects.
I.

Clash detection and interference checkingforesee and avoid possible clash and
interference problems before construction, reducing change orders and delays.

II.

Model file and data aggregationModel publishing and data and model aggregation
tools enable user to integrate design and construction data into a single integrated model.

III.

5D project scheduling includes time and costSimulate construction project

scheduling in 5D to visually analyze project activities and reduce delays and sequencing
problems regarding the project.

IV.

Photorealistic model renderingUse photorealistic model rendering capabilities to

develop animations in 3D and images.

26

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY
In order to meet the pre-defined objective, this chapter presents the research methodology
adopted. The sequence by which this particular project will be progressed is presented in a flow
diagram shown below:

Figure 3.1 Flow Chart of the research methodology

27

The steps followed are explained below:-

3.1

SELECTION OF THE TOPIC

In order to carry out the project BIM was selected as BIM provides the modern tools for
construction and allows the user to maintain the focus on other important issues.

3.2

LITERATURE STUDY

In previous chapter some important terminologies were mentioned and discussed which proved
helpful in studying BIM and its uses including better visual effects, prefabrication, project
planning and management and cost control. Literature study was facilitated by attending lectures
and presentation more over official website of Autodesk and thesis were studied, case studies
including Krakow stadium, Marina bay front pedestrian bridge, Melbourne Stadium and research
books related to BIM were consulted. This helped to understand and gain the required
information about BIM.

3.3

SITE SELECTION

Literature study and site selection were performed simultaneously. For the quest of building site
different buildings were visited in Islamabad including MARI Petroleum Ltd. (G-10), State Life
Tower (Blue Area), Grand Hyatt Hotel (Constitution Avenue) and OEC Tower, (G-9/4). OEC
Tower G-9/4, Islamabad was a suitable site and feasible in all aspects. Thus, with the aid
National University of Science and Technology and PRIMACO officials the building was
formally selected.

3.4

DATA COLLECTION

Data collection and understanding is very important in order to process the data into very useful
in information. Thus, Architectural drawings were provided by the site officials to kick start the
project and with the passage of time structural and MEP drawings were provided as per
requirements. But data collection requires some official permits to share some confidential data.
But still there are some aspects of data which are left to be desired.

28

3.5

LEARNING SOFTWARE

The Project progress depends on a certain tool. Thus, Autodesk Revit , Autodesk Quantity
Takeoff, Autodesk Navisworks and Autodesk Green Building Studio were selected tools for
modeling, material take off, scheduling and energy analysis respectively. The reasons behind
selecting these tools were there availability and special access for students to these tools with the
help of student licenses. Different tutorials were used for the process of learning. The main
sources for these tutorials were youtube.com, Lynda.com, Autodesk and NUST provided certain
resources to learn the software.

3.6

3-D MODELING

3-D modeling can only be performed when the user is familiar with the software. A 3D model is
a three dimensional model of three different disciplines of construction i.e. Architecture,
Structure, MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing). Modeling of these three different models
was done separately and with the feature of Revit 2013 these three models were linked together.
Using copy monitor feature these three models were coordinated. Architectural model consists of
basic walls, flooring, finishes openings doors and other architecture components. This model was
made with the aid of architectural template available in the internet. The different views of the
model can be seen in the Appendix section.
Structure model consist of beams, columns, reinforced walls and structural items.
Reinforcements were given to the framing components and structural analysis was performed in
order to verify the design.
MEP model consist of fittings, fixtures, HVAC, electrical and mechanical components which
aided for mechanical purposes. A general integrated 3D model can be seen in the figure given
below. Plumbing model consists of fire pipes, water pipes, joints, water sprinklers, bends and
drainage pipes etc. The HVAC consist of ventilation system of the building and cooling and
heating systems of the building with temperature sensors. Electrical systems include electrical
wiring, lighting fixtures and sockets etc.
All these models were created with a help of manual 2D drawings. A general integrated model is
shown in figure 3.2.

29

Figure 3.2 Integrated model

3.7

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS SIMULATION

Scheduling is important in order to take note of the time. Autodesk Navisworks Manage was
used for scheduling purpose. The integrated 3-D model was exported from Autodesk Revit in a
NWC format. The model NWC format file was imported into Autodesk Navisworks Manage.
The schedule was imported from Primavera P6 into the model in Navisworks. The activities and
building components were linked together to create a simulation using a tool called timeliner.
Different project elements were assigned the related activities to form a simulated schedule. The
construction process could be visualized over the span of time.

3.8

QUANTITY TAKEOFF

Much BIM software have integrated Cost estimation tools which can easily extract material
quantities from the BIM 3-D Model and then use the unit price method to calculate the total cost
of all materials.
By using the cost estimation tool in BIM construction materials, equipment and labor force
needed for work can be co-related with the resources available on the project. For example, for
laying the foundation, a concrete Mixer is required, several skilled labors as well as many
reinforcement bars and bags of concrete, along with the usual concrete checks and safety

30

precautions needed on the sight etc. BIM can be used to breakdown each work package into
smaller units and analyze step by step all the related tasks. This helps the user to optimize the
work flow and the quantity of equipment, materials and labor needed for each task such as
number of laborers needed for a specific task, which in turn results in greater optimization of the
entire construction phase.
There are two main fundamentals of cost estimation in BIM, one is pricing and the other is
quantity takeoff. The quantity takeoff tool analyzes the 3D BIM model and extracts the
quantities of all the materials into a database such as a MS Excel file. A cost estimator needs to
have extensive estimation skills and knowledge in order to extract accurate information from the
model, even to the point of breaking down of an activity into several components in order to get
a better estimation.
Once the estimations are extracted from the model, the estimator has to input the unit prices of
all different materials, labor hours etc. In this way, the estimation tool can multiply the estimated
quantities with the unit prices to produce a highly accurate cost of the project.
The other tool used efficiently in BIM is Autodesk Quantity Takeoff. This tool performs the
quantity takeoff directly from the 3-D model made in compatible modeling tool. The cost, labor
hours and productivity are calculated with the factors added into the software. The working of
Autodesk quantity estimation can be seen from the figure 3.3:

Figure 3.3 Quantity Takeoff working

31

3.9

CLASH DETECTION

Every Project has design issues. The main design issue is the clash of designs of different
disciplines e.g. clash between MEP and structure design. These issues can be costly as they cause
delays and costly change orders. The main reason behind these clashes is the lack of coordination
between personnel of different disciplines.BIM provides certain tools to minimize these clashes
in the design phase. But still a lot has been left to be desired. So another feature BIM provides to
identify clashes between different disciplines after the designs have been completed. Thus
Autodesk Navisworks was used in this project to identify clashes. Models form different
disciplines were imported into Navisworks and process was run in order to identify clashes. The
reports of the clashes detected were generated which could be useful to send to other
stakeholders to make changes to their design respectively.

3.10

ENERGY ANALYSIS

Nowadays a lot of emphasis is laid on sustainable design and green building. In order to run the
energy analysis of the project Autodesk Green building studio was used. The integrated 3-D
model was imported in to the software. The location of the building was entered, data period was
entered and the energy results were obtained. The heating and cooling loads were identified. The
shadow data, water usage and carbon emission data was resulted.

3.11

ANALYSIS

By the end of estimating costs, the aim of having 5D model was achieved. At that stage there
was a requirement of checking all the work that was done so far so that errors and omissions
could be traced and eliminated. In final review the data obtained from models was checked. The
data obtained from the 5-D model was then compared to original site data which yielded the
impact of BIM on a certain facility.

3.12

CONCLUSION

After analyzing the project it was crystal clear impact of BIM in managing the project and then
the conclusions were drawn about the methods that could be deployed for having a better
management and control over the project.
32

3.13

PREPARING REPORT AND PRESENTAION

The final phase of the project included:

3.13.1

5D Model Submission

5D Model of the building was submitted in form of softcopy.

3.13.2

Preparation of Presentation

Presentation for the final defense was prepared and the project was presented and demonstrated.

33

Chapter 4

CASE STUDY

4.1

PROJECT INTRODUCTION

All phases of BIM are to be implemented in the Government Project of Employees Old age
Benefit Institution (EOBI) in G-9/4 sector, Islamabad named as Overseas Employees
Corporation

(OEC)

Tower.

The

total

covered area of the project is 190,000 square

feet. The plot size of the project is 120 X
300. Floor area ratio of the building is 1:3.
The build floors consist of two basements,
one ground floor and nine floors. Builders
Associates is the firm contracted to build the
project. This was designed by Sohail A.
Khan Associates (SAKA). Pakistan Real
Estate Investment & Management Company
(PRIMACO) is a firm which represents the
client (EOBI) and handles the queries
regarding

construction.

The

MEP

consultants of the projects are Fahim, Nanji

and desouza pvt. Ltd. The project was
started in April, 2012 and was to be
completed by November, 2013.But due to Figure 4.1 OEC Tower South East Artistic view
some reasons the project was not completed
at the targeted date but the latest date proposed for its completion is 20 November, 2014. The
detail about the stakeholders can be extracted from table 4.1.

34

Stakeholder

Role

Information

EOBI

Client

www.eobi.gov.pk

PRIMACO

Construction Manager

www.primaco.com

SAKA

Consultant

saka.net.pk

Builders Associates

Contractor

www.buildersltd.com

MEP consultant

www.fnd.com.pk

Fahim, Nanji & desouza Pvt.

Ltd.
Table 4.1 Project stakeholders

The site can be seen from the following figure 4.2 and figure 4.3.

Figure 4.2 OEC Tower North West view

35

Figure 4.3 OEC Tower under construction

4.2

SPECIAL FEATURES OF OEC TOWER

A few distinct and sustainable features of the building which make it different from other
building are:

Vertical Plantations

Solar Panels at the roof

Rain water storage and harvesting

Re-use of building waste water for external irrigation

Drip irrigation

Impulse Ventilation system for car park area

Smoke management system

Water based Fire Suppression system including fire sprinkler system

Dedicated fire water storage to provide 60 minutes of fire suppression capability

Supervision and Monitoring of fire suppression system at fire alarm panel

Waste Management system

Emergency exit tunnel

Storm water drainage system for roof and plot.

36

4.3

AREA OF OEC TOWER

Initially at the time of tender, in June 2011, the project was supposed to be a 10+3 story building.
Consisting of 10 floors of office building and below it had to be 3 basements for parking
facilities etc. at that time the total covered area was estimated to be 220,000 sft. But due to lack
of funds, the scope of project was changed and a basement was removed from the scope of
project leaving behind 190,000 sft covered area divided upon a 10+2 story building.
Areas of the floor can be seen from table 4.2.

AREAS OF OEC TOWER

AREA DESCRIPTION

DIMENSIONS (Ft)

TOTAL PLOT AREA

BUILT UP AREA

120X300
(Covered area of building & lawns etc)

COVERED AREA

(Building area)

APPROX. AREA

36,000 sft
200,000 sft

190,000 sft

Table 4.2 Areas of OEC Tower

4.4

3-D MODEL

Project yielded a 3-D Model of a Building facility. Using conventional methods, architects are
only able to draw a Two-Dimensional Model of the facility whether by Manual Drafting or by
using AutoCAD. The end product i.e. the integrated 3D model of the building was of the exact
same dimensions and features. Autodesk Revit was used for this task. Models from different
disciplines were integrated to develop an integrated 3-D model. The integrated model was used
for material takeoff which was used in estimating costs. The clashes between different models
were also detected. So the integrated 3-D model was essential for other features of BIM. The
integrated 3-D model consisted of following models:

4.4.1 Architectural Model

During the project the architectural model was developed initially. In the process of developing
of architectural model different components of the building were involved including walls,
37

floors, stairs, roof, elevators, openings, doors, columns and curtain wall etc. The 3-D views, plan
views, section views, the elevations and legends of the architecture model can be seen in
appendix-2, the components involved in the model are as follows:

4.4.1.1 Grids
First of all the grids were drawn in order to provide reference to other building components. The
vertical grids were given the notation in the form of numbers whereas the horizontal grids were
given the notation in the form of alphabets. The same grid was used for other building models.

4.4.1.2 Levels
The levels were drawn in the model after the drafting of grids. Levels depict the elevations of
different building floors. Every level was given a specific elevation as provided in the building
drawings. The levels were handful in the development of multi storey building. The level 0 in the
building depicts the ground level of the building. The ground floor of the building was four feet
above the ground level thats why it was termed as level 0+4 and the levels go on from level one
to roof level, with the twelve feet elevation from the relative previous level. The two basements
were given negative elevation as they were below the ground level.
These levels and their respective elevations are given in table 4.3.

Level

Elevation(ft)

T.O Footing

-24

Basement 2

-18

Basement 1

-7

Level 0

Level 0+4

Level 1

16

Level 2

28

Level 3

40

Level 4

52

Level 5

64

38

Level 6

76

Level 7

88

Level 8

100

Level 9

112

Roof

124

Elevator

134

Table 4.3 Floor levels

4.4.1.3 Plan Views
Using levels plan views were generated. The plan views consist of floor plans and structural
plans. Using the floor plans reflected ceiling plans were also generated. These plan views
provide the platform to for the building components. The Area plans were also generated which
determine the area of rooms and floors.

4.4.1.4 Walls
The walls were drawn on the plan views. The dimensions and properties of the walls were
similar to the walls in the actual project. Different types of walls were used in the project.
Concrete walls, block masonry and curtain walls were used. Different materials and finishes
were applied to different walls in the project. Walls also differ in the thickness. The walls were
given the base constraint and top constraint in order to control their heights.

4.4.1.5 Floors
The floors were provided on every level of the building. The floors were made on the plan view
by drawing the boundary of the floors. The floors were assigned the materials as in the actual
project. The interior floor was assigned lavender blue marble. Whereas Marble sill was used to
provide finish to the projection of the floor. Narrow granite was used in the lavatory. The top
level of the floor was three inches above the respective level.

4.4.1.6 Openings
Different openings were provided on the floors. The openings included elevator shaft opening,
stair opening, smoke shaft opening and other openings. The openings could be made either by
39

providing inner boundary or using opening tool. Both processes were used to provide openings
on the floors.

4.4.1.7 Doors and Windows

Doors and windows are hosted families. They can only be made when there is a suitable host for
them. Walls act as the host to the doors and windows. Different type of walls and windows were
used. They have different sill levels. The doors and windows families were downloaded from the
internet and loaded into the project.

4.4.1.8 Ceilings
Using the ceiling plans, ceilings can be made either by drawing them i.e. by giving a boundary or
by automatic ceiling option in Revit. Both processes were used to provide ceilings in the project.
There were two types of ceilings used in the project which differ in height as well as in material.
Stairs and railings
There were two types of stairs in the project. The stairs were drawn by drawing the run of the
stairs and also drawing a landing between two runs. The stairs were given a base level and top
level with riser and tread specified.
The railings were provided automatically to the stairs. But some of the openings need railings
around them. So railing was drawn around the openings by providing the path of the railings.

4.4.1.9 Ramps
Two different types of ramps were made in the project. One ramp was a simple straight ramp
whereas the other one was curved ramp. Both were provided in the basement. The ramps were
made by outlining their boundaries and setting their top and base constraints.

4.4.1.10 Columns
Twelve different types of columns were made in the project. Some columns required the new
families to be made. Columns had different heights and thicknesses. As these were structural
columns so finishes could not be given to them.

40

4.4.1.11 Other Components

Other than basic building components other components were also included in the model such as
solar panels, aluminum louvers, water body, entrance gate, elevators, topography, plumbing
fixtures etc. Different plug-ins and families were downloaded from the internet and loaded into
the project.

4.4.2 Structural Model

The components involved in structural model are:

4.4.2.1 Floors Slabs

Reinforcement was added in floor slabs as given in the drawings. To add reinforcement in floor
slabs area reinforcement tool was used in Revit. This process was done in structural plan.
Reinforcement bars #3 and #4 were used. Both top reinforcement and bottom reinforcement were
added in each floor of the building according to the given drawings. X-axis was chosen as major
axis while Y-axis was minor axis and maximum spacing between the bars were added.

4.4.2.2 Beams
Reinforcements were added to the structural framing of beams by using rebar tool in Revit.
Cover of 1.5" was provided. Stirrups were also included of #3 and #4 bars and they were added
by using maximum spacing option. Rebar of #6, #7 and #8 bars were provided. Rebar were
placed by using the fixed no. option in rebar tool. Firstly all the rebar and stirrups were added to
horizontal (along X-axis) section later there length was improvised by cutting a vertical (along
Y-axis) section.

4.4.2.3 Columns
Reinforcements to columns were also added in structural plan. Firstly stirrups of the column
according to the drawing were added and then rebar were added. These reinforcements were then
stretched accordingly. Stirrups were added by using the maximum spacing option.

4.4.2.4 Walls
When adding the reinforcement to the walls both area reinforcement and rebar option of Revit
41

was used. Later the sections of the walls were created and lengths were adjusted accordingly.

4.4.2.5 Stairs
Reinforcements were also added to the stairs. Firstly longitudinal section across the Y-axis was
made and reinforcements were added by using the rebar tool. Further reinforcements were also
added by area reinforcement tool.

4.4.2.6 Foundations
In foundation reinforcements were added by area reinforcement tool. Cover of 4" was used. This
process was also done in the structural plan

4.4.3 HVAC Model

Creating a HVAC model in Revit was neither difficult nor very different from architectural
modeling. It had similar user interface and same basic modeling techniques as in architectural
modeling. However video tutorials available on internet provided further helped to create an
efficient HVAC model. The different views of HVAC model can be seen in appendix-3.
4.4.3.1 Loading system template
Unlike architecture modeling which uses architectural template, modeling of HVAC systems
required System template to be loaded while starting a new project in Revit. In order to see if
template is successfully loaded or not, plans and elevations of Mechanical and HVAC were
checked.

4.4.3.2 Linking architectural model

In next phase before actual modeling starts, Architectural model was linked with the project.
From linked architectural model, Grids, levels and basic wall structure was copy monitored and
pasted into HVAC project file. This provided a reference to HVAC components needed to be
installed.

42

4.4.3.3 Creating work space

Plans were created in accordance with the levels copied from linked architectural file. By using
the plans of each and every floor and the linked model was made hidden. HVAC components
were installed as per detailed specifications, dimensions and locations provided by client.

4.4.3.4 Pipes and ducts

Three types of pipes and five types of ducts of different diameter and width were used in model.
Three types varying size ducts having varying diameter after regular intervals were used on each
floor.

4.4.3.5 Pipe and duct fittings

While joining two or more parts of a duct or pipe, Revit required information about the joints and
bends for example if they needed to be sharp edged, smooth edged or rounded. In model smooth
edged and rounded bends were preferred.

4.4.3.6 Mechanical equipment

Equipment like water tanks, ventilation and exhaust fans etc were also installed on their specified
locations.

4.4.4 Electrical Model

To understand the method of installing electrical fixtures, switches and different electrical
equipment as well as creating an electrical circuit system, tutorials and training videos were
found through the internet. Installing different electrical fixtures and connecting them through
wires and circuits was not very difficult, although it was a long and tedious process. This was
due to the fact that wiring had to be installed for each and every fixture on all floors individually
since unlike in architecture, one cannot simply copy/paste the circuit from one floor to rest of
floors. Different views of the model can be seen in appendix-4.

4.4.4.1 System template:

To start off any MEP systems work, such as electrical system in this case, a systems template
needed to be loaded. This was done by creating a New Project in Revit and loading the system
43

template file usually named Systems-Default.rte. It could be checked that the file is correctly
loaded by viewing the project browser to see if tabs containing floor plans for Mechanical,
Lighting, Power etc are showing. If so, then things are good to go.

4.4.4.2 Linking Revit architectural model:

In Revit, all types of modeling (such as HVAC, electrical etc) are done over the architectural
model. The new project in systems template is linked with the Revit architectural file of the
project through Insert>Link Revit and loading the model. After that, all the grids, levels, floor
plans and architectural elements were copy monitored to the new project file. This was done
through the tab Collaborate>Copy Monitor>Select Link and copying all the levels.

4.4.4.3 Creating work space

For electrical systems, plan views were created in the following manner:
View> Plan views> Floor Plan>Edit Type and electrical template was selected in Template
applied to new views and the required floor plans were added.
For smooth working in electrical systems, the Project Browser should contain the following plan
views under electrical category:
4.1

Lighting:
Floor Plan (of all floors): To install electrical fixtures/equipment mounted next to
walls.
Ceiling Plan (of all floors): To install electrical fixtures on the false ceiling.

4.2

Power:

Floor Plans

4.4.4.4 Types of electrical equipment installed:

The electrical equipments installed are:

Lighting fixtures (two types)

Emergency Lights (Three Types)

Switches

Distribution Panels (Two Types)

Heat/Smoke Detectors

CCTV cameras
44

Fire Alarm system

Wiring

Each electrical equipment was installed on all the floors according to the specifications given in
drawings. To do this, first the systems tab was used and the required object family was loaded. If
a required object was not pre-loaded in Revit, it could be searched and download from websites
like seek.autodesk.com or revitcity.com. Furthermore objects and families can also be created in
Revit, but this was more difficult in case of electrical objects than it was for architectural
elements.

Once

the

correct

family

is

loaded,

we

can

proceed

to

install

fixtures/alarms/cameras/switches etc first according to the specified elevations.

All fixtures mounted on the ceiling were by default given the elevation height of the false ceiling
from the floor i.e. 7 9.

4.4.4.5 Creating a circuit system:

To create a circuit system, each fixture was highlighted and their default switch and power
option appeared. The switch option was selected and the required switch was connected with the
fixtures by select the switch option. Moving the cursor over the switch and pressing tab key
showed a set of dotted lines projected towards all the connected items, hence confirming that the
switch was connected right. After this, the switch was connected to the type of distribution panel
board required, depending upon the power usage of the electrical item.
In this project, two types of distribution panel boards were used.

Lighting and Appliance Panel board 208V

Lighting and Appliance Panel board 480V

After placing the distribution panels on the all the floors, each panel was highlighted and their
distribution system was defined. There are two types of distribution systems needed for the
project:

120/208 Wye Distribution system

480/277 Wye Distribution system

Once the distribution system was selected, the switch already connected to a set of fixtures was
highlighted and its power option was selected. In the power option, the switch was connected to

45

the panel board. The switch connected to small energy savers required less voltage and was
connected to 120/208V panel board while the larger, more power consuming tube lights were
connected to 480/277V panel board. This process was repeated for all the floors until all fixtures
were connected with the right panel board. Once a switch was connected to the panel board,
Revit allowed it to be wired directly with the panel board and showed it on the plan views (with
an arrow pointing towards the connect panel), unlike in case of fixtures connected with switches
(which does not show wires, only dotted lines). The wires could be connected automatically in
any one of the following types:

Arc wiring

Chamfered wiring

Manual wiring

4.4.5 Plumbing Model

The different views of plumbing model can be seen in appendix-5. Plumbing model was
prepared by following the steps given below:
1. System template was opened.
2. Revit Architectural model was linked to provide the host and reference to the fixtures.
3. The floors and walls were copied by using copy/monitor tool.
4. The plan views were generated.
5. Various families were downloaded from the internet.
6. New pipes were made by creating duplicate pipes and editing according to mentioned in
drawings.
7. View range of floors was set to work properly on them.
8. Fire pipes were made in mechanical pipes plans whereas other plumbing pipes were installed
in plumbing floor plans.
9. Plumbing units like toilets, sinks etc were installed and connected with pipes using a
connector.
10. Connecter itself as a family which was downloaded from the above mentioned source.

46

4.5

QUANTITY TAKEOFF

Using BIM tools quantity estimate can be generated automatically without the use of manual
calculations. Autodesk Quantity takeoff was used to estimate the cost of the project and the
results were analyzed.
The models were exported from Revit in DWG format. The models were imported into Autodesk
Quantity Takeoff. The whole model was selected and using the calculate material option the
total number of quantities was estimated. The reports were generated automatically using a
feature provided by Autodesk Quantity takeoff. Autodesk Revit was also used for estimating
quantities. The total reinforcement was estimated using Autodesk Revit. The detailed estimate
can be seen in the appendix-6-.The summary of estimated quantities can be seen from table 4.4.

Weight

Item

Volume (CF)

Area (SF)

Count (ea)

Concrete

343,802.274

Reinforcement

9724.38

2165.88

Curtain wall

42106.727

Doors

325

Windows

67

Ceiling

91323.456

(tones)

Table 4.4 Quantity estimate summary

4.6

SCHEDULE

The schedule was also generated for the model. The schedule was in the form of a simulation.
Autodesk Navisworks was used for this process. Using Autodesk Navisworks, the simulation of
the construction processes were visualized. The project model was exported from Revit in the
NWC format. The NWC file was then imported into Autodesk Navisworks. Sets of the different
components of the models were made. Different tasks were made in the tool called timeliner.
The tasks were given start and end dates. Then the tasks were linked with the sets in the model.
47

Then in the simulation tab of the timeliner tool, a simulation was developed which reflected the
real construction processes. Screen shots of the simulation can be seen in figure 4.4.

Figure 4. 4 Schedule screenshot

4.7

CLASH DETECTION

The software used for clash detection was Autodesk Navisworks Manage. The different models
were exported from Autodesk Revit in NWC format. The architecture model was imported into
Autodesk Navisworks. The other models were imported into Navisworks by using append tab to
develop an integrated 3-D mode. The clash detective tool of Navisworks detected the clashes
between different models. All the rules regarding clash detection were checked and tolerance of
0.001m was allowed. The reports of the clashes were generated due to the use of report
generating feature of Autodesk Navisworks. The detailed report of the clashes can be seen in the

48

appendix-7. The summary of clashes can be seen in the table 4.5. Some clashes detected between
HVAC and Plumbing models are shown in figure 4.5 and figure 4.6.

Model 1

Model 2

No. of clashes

Clash Type

Plumbing

Structure

712

Hard

Plumbing

HVAC

26

Hard

Structure

HVAC

206

Hard

Table 4.5 Clash detection summary

Figure 4.5 Duct bend and Plumbing pipe clash

Figure 4.6 HVAC and Plumbing pipes clash

4.8 ENERGY ANALYSIS

To perform the energy analysis the project model was exported into XML format. For exporting
the model it was required to specify all the rooms in the project model. The model was then run
in Autodesk Revit 2014.Which enabled the energy analysis by providing the Green Building
Studio plug in. The model was then uploaded into Green Building Studio. The energy analysis
reports were generated by Green Building Studio. The energy analysis report can be seen in
appendix-8

49

4.9 QUANTITY COMPARISON

Quantities calculated from the manual estimation from the Project officials were compared to the
quantities calculated using BIM tools. This process was done in order to check the accuracy of
BIM tools and the reliability of the data obtained from the tools. The quantity comparison of
some quantities can be seen in table 4.6.The difference in the quantities was due to the manual
calculation errors, incomplete drawings and lack of detailing,
Manual

Automatic

Estimation

Estimation

120,000 CF

116,790.523 CF

37,300 CF

36,017.709 CF

Reinforcement

1800 tones

2165.88 tones

Ceiling

115278 SF

91,323.456 SF

Curtain wall

36,500 SF

42,106.361 SF

Item
Concrete
(foundation)
Concrete
(columns)

Table 4.6 Quantity comparison

4.10 PROBLEMS FACED

During the project several problems were confronted. The problems faced regarding the project
were mostly related to the software used. No assistance regarding the use of software was
available. Most of the software used were available on a free student license provided by
Autodesk. So limited features of the software were available. The system requirement of the
software used was very high. So the process of development of model sometimes got slowed
down. The software sometimes crashed and the data was lost. Autodesk Revit was not suitable
for the structure model as it slowed down the system very much. Autodesk Quantity Takeoff was
suitable for quantity estimation as it crashed a lot of times during the process and useful data was
lost. So systems with high specification must be used to develop the models and license of
different software must be purchased. The search for alternatives should be performed so that the
software limitations could be catered.
The blueprints of the project were not clear as there was a lot of vague detail present in it. The
other details were not clear. The specifications could not provide the required detail to
50

understand the blueprints. Lots of change orders led to many changes in the original blueprints
which were accommodated as the project continued.

4.11 SUMMARY
The project yielded an integrated 3-D model which included architecture, structure, plumbing,
HVAC and electrical model. All these models were used to generate a simulation of the
construction process. The quantity estimate was performed of structure and architecture model.
The clashes were detected between different models in order to reduce the change orders. To
check for the energy consumption of the building energy analysis was performed and alternative
designs were recommended.

51

Chapter 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS

5.1

REVIEW OF OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the project were achieved as the project yielded a 3-D model of a building, a
construction simulation was generated and quantities were estimated. The clash detection was
performed and energy analysis was also performed. The reports generated using the built-in
feature of BIM tools can be seen in the appendices as specified in the project information.

5.2

CONCLUSIONS

BIM is an important aspect of modern construction as it involves digitization. The aspects which
BIM provides such as coordination, visualization, accuracy, less work force, reliable
documentation and integration are very profitable in the modern construction industry.
Implementation of BIM can reduce the cost of the project, reduce the time scheduled of the
project, reduce the change orders during the project, provide better communication between the
stakeholders and can provide an energy efficient design favorable to the environment.
Thus, BIM must be implemented on the construction projects so that the documentation burden
can be eased and the projects can be completed within the estimated cost and time scheduled.

5.3

RECOMMENDATIONS

It is recommended that every Project Manager must have knowledge of BIM so that it could be
implemented and supervised. The courses regarding BIM must be teached at undergraduate level
so that students can get better understanding of onsite conditions and processes. The license of
BIM tools should be readily available for the students so that they can learn the tool and hae
better understanding of the tools.

52

REFERENCES
AGC. (2005). Associated General Contractors
autodesk. (2003). Building Information Modeling in Practice,Autodesk
building industry solutions. [White Paper]. (white paper), 6.
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industry of Pakistan. Advancing and Integrating Construction Education,
Reseach & Practice, 499-508.
Azhar, S., Carlton, W. A., Olsen, D., & Ahmad, I. (2011). Building information modeling
for sustainable design and LEED< sup></sup> rating analysis. Automation in
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Azhar, S., Hein, M., & Sketo, B. (2008). Building information modeling (BIM): Benefits,
risks and challenges. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 44th ASC
National Conference.
Bazjanac, V. (2006). Virtual building environments (VBE)-applying information modeling
to buildings.
Dispenza, K. (2010). The Daily Life of Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Dobson, M. S. (2004). The triple constraints in project management: Management
Concepts Inc.
Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., & Liston, K. (2008). BIM handbook: A guide to
building information modeling for owners, managers, architects, engineers,
contractors, and fabricators: John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
Hergunsel, M. F. (2011). Benefits of Building Information Modeling for Construction
Managers and BIM Based Scheduling. Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Jimnez, P., Thomas, F., & Torras, C. (2001). 3D collision detection: a survey.
Computers & Graphics, 25(2), 269-285.
Lahdou, R., & Zetterman, D. (2011). BIM for Project Managers How project managers
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NBIMS. (2007). National Information Modelling Standards: Overview Principles,
Methodologies (Vol. 1). United States: National Institute Of Building Sciences.

53

Teicholz, P. (2004). Labor productivity declines in the construction industry: causes and
remedies. AECbytes Viewpoint, 4(14), 2004.
Yan, H., & Damian, P. (2008). Benefits and barriers of building information modelling.
Paper presented at the 12th International Conference on Computing in Civil and
Building Engineering 2008.
Young, N., Jones, S., & Bernstein, H. M. (2008). Building Information Modeling (BIM)Transforming Design and Construction to Achieve Greater Industry Productivity.
SmartMarket Report, 48.

54

APPENDIX -1
Capability Maturity Model

55

APPENDIX -2
Architecture Views

56

APPENDIX-3
Structure Views

57

APPENDIX-4
HVAC Views

58

APPENDIX-5
Electrical Views

59

APPENDIX-6
Plumbing Views

60

APPENDIX-7
Quantity Estimate Report

61

APPENDIX-8
Clash Detection Report

62

APPENDIX-9
Energy Analysis Report

63