Submitted by: ASHOKA KUMAR

MISHRA
Regd. Number: 0521106012
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
ENGG.
 Department of Electrical Engineering
CERTIFICATE

This is a bonafide record of Seminar Report entitled

“MAGNETIC LEVITATION & BULLET TRAINS”. This seminar
was presented satisfactorily at department of Electrical
Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar
by Mr. Ashoka Kumar Mishra, Regd no: 0521106012 in partial
fulfillment of requirement for his 7th semester Bachelor of
Technology degree examination under Biju Pattnaik University of
Technology, Orissa. This report has not been submitted for any
other examination and does not form part of any other course
undergone by the candidate.

Seminar supervisor Professor in charge

 In presenting seminar on “MAGNETIC LEVITATION &
BULLET TRAINS” I would like to convey my deep sense of gratitude to
those who helped me a lot in preparing this seminar.

At the outset I would like to thank HOD of Electrical engg.

Department
Prof P.K. Satapathy for his timely suggestion in preparing this seminar.

I also like to thank Er. B.M. Das and Dr. D.P. Bagatry for his
valuable suggestions and guidance.

I would also like to thank all faculty member of Electrical Engg.

Department who have been of immese help and support in going through
every minute detail of this seminar report and in providing valuable
guidance every now and then.

I would like to thank my friends for their support and co-operation

and encouragement through out the seminar preparation till the entire
presentation process.

Ashoka Kumar Mishra

Regd no.:0521106012
 7th Semester.
Electrical Engg.

 INTRODUCTION

 MAGLEV METHODS

 WORKING OF MAGLEV VEHICLE

 BRAKING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 COMPARISON

 RESEARCH

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION

Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is

a method by which an object is suspended above another object
with no support other than magnetic field .The electromagnetic
force is used to counteract the effects of the gravitational force.

A substance which is diamagnetic repels a magnetic

field. Earnshaw's theorem does not apply to diamagnets; they
behave in the opposite manner of a typical magnet due to their
relative permeability of μr < 1. All materials have diamagnetic
properties, but the effect is very weak, and usually overcome by
the object's paramagnetic or ferromagnetic properties, which act in
the opposite manner. Any material
in which the diamagnetic
component is strongest will be
repelled by a magnet, though this
force is not usually very large.
Diamagnetic levitation can be used
to levitate very light pieces of pyrolytic graphite or bismuth above
a moderately strong permanent magnet. As water is predominantly
diamagnetic, this technique has been used to levitate water droplets
and even live animals, such as a grasshopper and a frog.

The minimum criteria for diamagnetic levitation is ,

where:

• χ is the magnetic susceptibility

• ρ is the density of the material
• g is the local gravitational acceleration (-9.8 m/s2 on Earth)
• μ0 is the permeability of free space
• B is the magnetic field

• is the rate of change of the magnetic field along the

vertical axis

Assuming ideal conditions along the z-direction of solenoid

magnet:

• Water levitates at

• Graphite at
Figure showing a live frog levitating inside a 32 mm diameter
vertical bore in a magnetic field of about 16 teslas at the Nijmegen
High Field Magnet Laboratory.

MAGLEV METHODS

• Repulsion between like poles of permanent magnets or

electromagnets.
• Repulsion between a magnet and a metallic conductor
induced by relative motion.
• Repulsion between a metallic conductor and an AC
electromagnet.
• Repulsion between a magnetic field and a diamagnetic
substance.
• Repulsion between a magnet and a superconductor.
• Attraction between unlike poles of permanent magnets or
electromagnets.
• Attraction between the open core of an electromagnetic
solenoid and a piece of iron or a magnet.
• Attraction between a permanent magnet or electromagnet
and a piece of iron.
• Attraction between an electromagnet and a piece of iron or
a magnet, with sensors and active control of the current to
the electromagnet used to maintain some distance between
them.
 • Repulsion between an electromagnet and a magnet, with
sensors and active control of the current to the
electromagnet used to maintain some distance between
them.

WORKING OF MAGLEV VEHICLE

Basically the construction depends on 3 different

working forces.

• PROPULSION FORCE

• LEVITATING FORCE

• LATERAL GUIDING FORCE

PROPULSION FORCE:

This is a horizontal force which causes the

movement of train. It requires 3 parameters.

• Large electric power supply

• Metal coil lining, a guide way or track.
• Large magnet attached under the vehicle.
PRINCIPLES OF LINEAR MOTOR

Its principle is similar to induction motor having linear

stator and flat rotor. The 3-phase supply applied to the stator
produces a constant speed magnetic wave, which further
produces a repulsive force.

Maglev vehicles are propelled primarily by one of the following

three options:

1.A linear synchronous motor (LSM) in which coils in the

guideway are excited by a three phase winding to produce a
traveling wave at the speed desired; Trans Rapid in Germany
employs such a system.

2. A Linear Induction
Motor (LIM) in which
an electromagnet
underneath the
vehicle induces
current in an
aluminum sheet on the guideway.
 3. A reluctance motor is employed in which active coils on the
vehicle are pulsed at the proper time to realize thrust.

LEVITATING FORCE:

The levitating force is the upward thrust which lifts the

vehicle in the air.

There are 3 types of levitating systems

1. EDS system

2. EMS system

3. INDUCTRACK system

Levitating force is produced due to the eddy current in the

conducting ladder by the electromagnetic interaction. At low
speed the force due to induced poles cancel each other. At high
 speed a repulsive force is taken place as the magnet is shifted
over a particular pole.

1. EDS SYSTEM:

In EDS both the rail and the train exert a magnetic field,
and the train is levitated by the repulsive force between these
magnetic fields.
At slow speeds, the current induced in these coils and the
resultant magnetic flux is not large enough to support the weight of
the train. For this reason the train must have wheels or some other
form of landing gear to support the train until it reaches a speed
that can sustain levitation.

Onboard magnets and

large margin between
rail and train enable
highest recorded train
speeds (581 km/h).This
system is inherently
stable. Magnetic
shielding for suppression
of strong magnetic fields and wheels for travel at low speed are
required. It can’t produce the propulsion force. So, LIM system is
required.

2. EMS SYSTEM:
Maglev concepts using electro -magnetic suspension
employ attractive forces. Magnetic fields inside and outside the
vehicle are insignificant; proven, commercially available
technology that can attain very high speeds (500 km/h); no wheels
or secondary propulsion system needed.

The separation between the

vehicle and the guideway must
be constantly monitored and
corrected by computer systems
to avoid collision due to the
unstable nature of
electromagnetic attraction.

3. INDUCTRACK SYSTEM:

The inductrack guide way would contain two rows of

tightly packed levitation coils, which would act as the rails. Each
of these “rails” would be lined by two Halbach arrays carried
underneath the maglev vehicle: one positioned directly above the
“rail” and one along the inner side of the “rail”. The Halbach
arrays above the coils would provide levitation while the Halbach
arrays on the sides would provide lateral guidance that keeps the
train in a fixed position on the track.

The track is actually

an array of
electrically-shorted
circuits containing
insulated wire. In
one design, these circuits are aligned like rungs in a ladder. As the
train moves, a magnetic field repels the magnets, causing the train
to levitate.
There are two inductrack designs. Inductrack I and II.
Inductrack I is designed for high speeds, while inductrack II is
suited for slow speeds. Inductrack trains could levitate higher with
greater stability. As long as it’s moving a few miles per hour, an
inductrack train will levitate nearly an inch above the track. A
greater gap above the track means that the train would not require
complex sensingsystems to maintain stability.Permanent magnets
had not been used before because scientists thought that they
would not create enough levitating force. The inductrack design
bypasses this problem by arranging the magnets in a Halbach
array. The magnets are configured so that the intensity of the
magnetic field concentrates above the array instead of below it
which generates higher magnetic field.
The inductrack II design incorporates two Halbach
arrays to generate a stronger magnetic field at lower speeds. Dr.
Richard post at the Livermore National Laboratory in California
came up with this concept in response to safety and cost concerns.
The prototype tests caught the attention of NASA, which awarded
a contract to Dr.post and his team to explore the possibility of
using the inductrack system to launch satellites into orbit.

LATERAL GUIDING FORCE:

Guidance or steering refers to the sideward forces that
are required to make the vehicle follow the guideway. The
necessary forces are supplied in an exactly analogous fashion to
the suspension forces, either attractive or repulsive. The same
magnets on board the vehicle, which supply lift, can be used
concurrently for guidance or separate guidance magnets can be
used.
It requires the following
arrangements:
• Guideway levitating coil

• Moving magnet