LOGO

THE INFLUENCE PREHEATED BLENDED PURE

JATROPHA CURCAS L. OIL (PPO) ON
A DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE

Iman Kartolaksono Reksowardojo

Tirto Prakoso Brodjonegoro
Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja
Wiranto Arismunandar
Yuda Hartanto
M. Syauqi Shautal Alam
Reki Pebrian Tama
R. Fuad Satrio Ajie
 Layout

1 Background

2 Objective

3 Experiments Procedures and Set Up

4 Result and Discussion

5 Conclussion & Advise

 Background

K. Pramanik, Properties and Use of Jatropha curcas Oil and Diesel Fuel
Blends in Compression Ignition Engine, Renewable Energy, 28(2):239-248,
2003.
 Background (cont.)

 Fuel was preheated at 65°C

Source: K. Pramanik, Properties and Use of Jatropha curcas Oil and

Diesel Fuel Blends in Compression Ignition Engine, Renewable
Energy, 28(2):239-248, 2003.
 Objectives

 Find influence of preheated pure jatropha oil as diesel fuel in

following parameters:

 Performance
 Emission
 Engine component
 Lubricant
 Experiment Procedures

 Procedures following:
SAE Technical Paper 942010
“Diesel Fuel Detergent Additive Performance and
Assessment”.

 17 hours with vary conditions

RPM Load (Watt) Minutes

1000 0 15
1500 4000 10
2000 4000 5
 Fuel Properties
Diesel 50% PPO 100% PPO
Properties SNI* SK**
Fuel Jatropha Jatropha
Calorific Value (kJ/kg) 42932 39843 37994
Cetane number 50,7 54,3 56,2 min. 51 min. 45
Density at 15°C (kg/m³) 855,2 887,1 931 0,85-0,89 0,815-0,87
API Gravity at 60°F 33,9 27,9 20,4
Viscosity Kinematic at
4,27 13,11 35,52 2,3-6,0 2,0-5,0
40°C (cSt)
Flash Point (°C) 60 73 266 min. 100 min. 60
Water Content by
0,05 0,05 0,1 maks. 0,05 maks. 0,05
Distilation (%vol)
Distilation Recavery
358 367 383 maks. 360 maks. 370
Basis (°C)
Conradson Carbon
Residue on 10% 0,12 3 14,03 maks. 0,35 maks. 0,1
Distillate Residue (%wt)
Sulfur Content (ppm) 0,253 0,135 0,009 maks. 100 maks. 3500
Posphor Content (ppm) 10 - 19 maks. 10 maks. 10
* Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) Biodiesel Spesifications
** Diesel fuel spesification based on Gas & Oil Ministry of Indonesia
Experiment Set Up

Company Logo
 Engine

Engine name TIANLI ZS195-DI

Type Direct Injection
Cylinder One (horizontal)
Diameter (mm) x Stroke(mm) 95 x 115
Stroke volume (cc) 815
Compression ratio 20:1
Max Power(kW/rpm) 9,7/2200
Rated Power (kW/rpm) 8,8/2200
Fuel pump type Bosch in line
Injector type Bosch Multihole (4)
Aspiration Natural
Cooling system Air
Weight (kg) 145
Injection pressure (MPa) 12,75 + 0,98
 Results and Discussion
• Spray visualization

Before Endurance Test After Endurance Test

Diesel fuel

Before Endurance Test After Endurance Test

Preheated 50% PPO Jatropha

 Results and Discussion (Performance)
• Thermal Efficiency
Before Endurance Test After Endurance Test
Diesel Fuel Jatropha Diesel Fuel Jatropha
50 50

40 40

%
30 30
%

20 20

10 10

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
BMEP [kPa] BMEP [kPa]

Compared to diesel fuel, thermal efficiency of preheated 50% PPO jatropha

gives:
• 13,8% lower (before endurance test) and 4,7% higher (after endurance test)
in average
 Results and Discussion (Performance)
• Brake Spesific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)

Before Endurance Test After Endurance Test

Diesel Fuel Jatropha Diesel Fuel Jatropha

0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
kg/(kW.hour)

kg/(kW.hour)
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
BMEP [kPa] BMEP [kPa]

Compared to diesel fuel, BSFC of preheated 50% PPO jatropha gives:

• 28,7% higher (before endurance test) dan 2,1% higher (after endurance test)
in average
 Results and Discussion (Emission)
• Oxygen

Before Endurance Test After Endurance Test

Diesel Fuel Jatropha Diesel Fuel Jatropha
20 20

16 16
%

%
12 12

8 8

4 4

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
BMEP [kPa] BMEP [kPa]

Compared to diesel fuel, Oxygen emission of preheated 50% PPO jatropha

gives:
• 0,8% higher (before endurance test) dan 7% higher (after endurance test) in
average
 Results and Discussion (Emission)
• Carbon Dioxide

Before Endurance Test After Endurance Test

Diesel Fuel Jatropha Diesel Fuel Jatropha

5 5

4 4

%
%

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
BMEP [kPa] BMEP [kPa]

Compared to diesel fuel, carbon dioxide emission of preheated 50% PPO

jatropha gives:
• 4,3% lower (before endurance test) dan 22,1% lower (after endurance test)
in average
 Results and Discussion (Emission)
• Carbon Monoxide

Before Endurance Test After Endurance Test

Diesel Fuel Jatropha Diesel Fuel Jatropha

0.15 0.15

0.12 0.12
%

%
0.09 0.09

0.06 0.06

0.03 0.03
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
BMEP [kPa] BMEP [kPa]

Compared to diesel fuel, carbon monoxide emission of preheated 50% PPO

jatropha gives:
• 161,4% higher (before endurance test) dan 13,6% higher (after endurance
test) in average
 Results and Discussion (Emission)
• Opacity
Before Endurance Test After Endurance Test
Diesel Fuel Jatropha Diesel Fuel Jatropha
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
ppm

ppm
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
BMEP [kPa] BMEP [kPa]

Compared to diesel fuel, opacity emission of preheated 50% PPO jatropha

gives:
• 151,8% higher (before endurance test) dan 297,1% higher (after endurance
test) in average
 Results and Discussion (Emission)
• Unburned Hydrocarbon (UHC)

Before Endurance Test After Endurance Test

Diesel Fuel Jatropha Diesel Fuel Jatropha
35 35
30 30
25 25
ppm

ppm
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
BMEP [kPa] BMEP [kPa]

Compared to diesel fuel, unburned hydrocarbon emission of preheated 50%

PPO jatropha gives:
• 58,5% higher (before endurance test) dan 44,7% higher (after endurance
test) in average
 Results and Discussion (Exhaust)
• Exhaust gas temperature

Before Endurance Test After Endurance Test

Diesel Fuel Jatropha Diesel Fuel Jatropha
125 125

100 100

75 75
°C

°C
50 50

25 25

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
BMEP [kPa] BMEP [kPa]

Compared to diesel fuel, exhaust gas temperature of preheated 50% PPO

jatropha gives:
• 12,9% lower (before endurance test) dan 5,2% higher (after endurance test)
in average
 Results and Discussion (Engine Components)

• Plunger
Dimension change
Diesel Fuel Jatropha

A B C D
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0 -2.2
-2.6
μm

-4.0 -3.4
-4.0
-5.0 -4.4
-6.0 -5.6
-7.0 -6.2
-7.0
-8.0
Lokasi
 Results and Discussion
(Components)
• Plunger House

Dimension change
Diesel Fuel Jatropha
4.0 3.6
3.5 3.0
3.0 2.4
2.5 2.0
μm

2.0
1.5 Weight loss
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.00
E F
Lokasi -0.20

-0.40 -0.28

mg
-0.60

-0.80

-1.00

-1.20 -1.10
 Results and Discussion (Engine Components)
• Injector Photograph

Diesel Fuel 50% PPO Jatropha

Deposit on diesel fuel injector better than jatropha

 Results and Discussion (Engine Components)

• Injector
Weight Change
45
Dimension change 39.41
40
Diesel Fuel Jatropha 35
200 178.3 30
25

mg
150
20
89.3
μm

100 15 12.85
69.5
58.7 10
50 39.3
26.0 5
1.0 1.6
0 0
Q R S T
Lokasi
 Results and Discussion (Engine Components)

• Nozzle needle

Diesel Fuel 50% PPO

Jatropha

Dimension Change
Diesel Fuel Jatropha
6
5
5
4
μm

3
2 1 1.1
1 0.4
0
M O
Lokasi
 Results and Discussion (Engine Components)

• Nozzle needle

Dimension change
Diesel Fuel Jatropha Weight loss
Lokasi
G H I J K L
0.00
0
-1 -0.20
-2 -0.26
-3 -0.40
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3
-4
μm

-4 -0.60
-5

mg
-6 -5 -5
-6 -6 -0.80
-7 -6
-8 -1.00
-9 -8
-1.20
-1.16
-1.40
 Results and Discussion (Engine Components)

• Piston

Diesel Fuel 50% PPO Jatropha

Average Deposit Thickness

Weight change
Diesel Fuel Jatropha
300 277.3 3.5 3.2

250 3.0
μm

2.5
200

gram
2.0
150
1.5
92.8 1.1
100 1.0
50 0.5

0 0.0
 Results and Discussion (Engine Components)

• Piston
On Jatropha fuel, deposits concentrate on
piston impingement point

Deposit thickness
Solar Jatropha
1200

1000

800
μm

600

400

200

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Lokasi
 Results and Discussion (Engine Components)

• Piston (Rating based on Total Weighted Demerit (TWD)

CRC Manual no. 18) Diesel Fuel Jatropha

80 75.09
70
60 53.1
50

TWD
40
30
20
10
0

Total Demerit
Diesel Fuel Jatropha

60
50.76
50

40
Demerit

29.99
30

20

10

0
 Results and Discussion (Engine Components)

• Head Cylinder

Diesel Fuel
50% PPO Jatropha

Average of Deposit Thickness

Diesel fuel Jatropha
180
155.0
150
μm

120

90

60
32.4
30

0
 Results and Discussion (Engine Components)

• Head Cylinder
Deposit focus on intake valve and injector
hole on Jatropha experiment

Deposit Thickness
Diesel Fuel Jatropha
500
450
400
350
300
μm

250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Lokasi
 Results and Discussion (Lubricant)
• Viscosity

Diesel Fuel Jatropha New

15 14.56
14.5
14
13.5 13.06
13
cSt

12.5 12.2
12
11.5
11

Viscosity decrease because fuel blow-by

 Results and Discussion (Lubricant)
• Total Base Number (TBN)

Diesel Fuel Jatropha New

10.2 10.09
9.94
10
9.8
9.6
mg KOH / g

9.4
9.2
8.95
9
8.8
8.6
8.4
8.2

TBN increase on Jatropha experiment because base content on fuel

due to neutralizing on PPO process
 Results and Discussion (Lubricant)
• Soot and oxidation

Diesel Fuel Jatropha New

0.35
0.3
0.25
A/0,1 mm

0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Soot Oxid NOx SOx

Soot on Jatropha is higher due to worse combustion process

than diesel fuel

Higher lubricant oxidation of Jatropha experiment is caused by

higher combustion chamber temperature
 Results and Discussion (Lubricant)
• Wear metal

Diesel Fuel Jatropha New

70
60
50
40
ppm

30
20
10
0
Fe Cu Al Ni Pb Total

Wear metals show Jatropha gives better lubricity properties

than diesel fuel
 Conclusion & Advise

 Conclusions
1. Using of Jatropha oil is giving lower performance, even
tough it is increasing after endurance test.
• Thermal efficiency : 13,8% higher (before endurance test) and 4,7%
higher (after endurance test)
• BSFC: 28,7% higher (before endurance test) and 2,1% higher (after
endurance test)

2. Jatropha gives worse emissions characteristic

• Increasing of Jatropha emission including:
CO {161,4% (before) and 13,6% (after)}, UHC {58,5% (before) and 44,7%
(after)}, opacity {151,8% (before) and 297,1% (after)}
 Conclusion

3. Jatropha gives better lubricity than diesel fuel.

4. Jatropha gives more engine deposits in combustion
chamber
5. Jatropha oil effects on better lubricant viscosity (can
maintain lubricant viscosity) and its combustion is not as
acid as diesel fuel combustion.
 Conclusion
The Concept of Using Vegetables Oil (VO)
on Diesel Engine (DE)

VO adapted to fit VO

Diesel Vegetable Oil

Engine (VO)
(DE)
STANDARD
DE adapted to fit VO
LOGO