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1. INTRODUCTION
The word computer comes from the word compute, which means, to calculate. Hence, people
usually consider a computer to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations at high
speed.
In fact, the original objective for inventing a computer was to create a fast calculating machine.
However, more than 80% of work done by computers today is non-mathematical or non- numerical
nature. Hence, to define a computer merely as a calculating device is to ignore over 80% of its
functions. More accurately, we can define a computer as a device that operates upon data. Data can be
anything like bio-data of applicants when computer is used for short listing candidates for recruiting;
marks obtained by students in various subjects when used for preparing result; details (name, age, sex,
etc.) of passengers when used for making airlines or railways reservations; or number of different
parameters when used for solving scientific research problems, etc.
Hence, data comes in various shapes and sizes depending upon the type of computer application. A
computer can store, process, and retrieve data as and when desired. The fact that computers process
data is so fundamental that many people have started calling it as data processor.
The name data processor is more inclusive because modern computers not only compute in a usual
sense but also perform other functions with data that flows to and from them. The activity of
processing data using computer is called data processing. Data processing consists of three subactivities: capturing input data, manipulating the data, and managing output results. Data is basically a
raw material used as input to data processing and information is processed data obtained as output of
data processing.

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1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

Increasing popularity of computers has proved that it is very powerful and useful tool. The power and
usefulness of this popular tool are mainly due to its following characteristics
A) Automatic
An automatic machine works by itself without human intervention. Computers are automatic machines
because once started on a job, they carry out the job until it is finished. However, computers being
machines cannot start themselves and cannot go out and find problems and solutions. We need to
instruct a computer using coded instructions that specify how it will do a particular job.
B) Speed
A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few seconds, the amount of work that a human
being can do in an entire year. While talking about speed of a computer we do not talk in terms of
seconds or milliseconds but in terms of microseconds, nanoseconds and even picoseconds. A powerful
computer is capable of performing several billion simple arithmetic operations per second.
C) Accuracy
In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. Accuracy of a computer is consistently high
and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. A computer performs every calculation with the
same accuracy.
D) Versatility
Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about computer. One moment it is preparing result of an
examination, next moment it is busy preparing electricity bills etc. In brief, a computer is capable of
performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps.
E) Diligence
Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It can
continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling. Hence, computer score
over human beings in doing routing type jobs that require great accuracy.

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1.2 Evolution Of Computers

A) 1623: Mechanical calculator Wilhelm Schickard invented first known mechanical calculator,
capable of simple arithmetic. Similar mechanical adding machine made in 1640s by Blaise Pascal.
B) 1673: More advanced mechanical calculator.1673byGerman mathematician Gottfried Leibniz
Capable of multiplication and division purely mechanical with no source of power.
C) 1823: Charles Babbage begins work on Difference Engine. He designed, but it was completed by a
Swedish inventor in 1854. Image of the Difference Engine from Niagara College
D) 1833: Charles Babbage begins Analytical Engine Never completed. Important concept: a generalpurpose machine capable of performing difference functions based on programming.
E) 1834: Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace impressed with the concept of the Analytical Engine at a dinner
party. Daughter of poet Lord Byran Created plans for how the machine could calculate Bernoulli
numbers. This is regarded as the first computer program," and she is the first programmer. The
Department of Defense named a language Ada in her honor in 1979.
F) 1890: Punched cards used by Herman Hollerith to automate Census Concept of programming the
machine to perform different tasks with punched cards were from Babbage. Punch cards based on
Josph Marie Jacquards device to automate weaving looms. Hollerith founded a company that became
International Business Machines (IBM) to market the technology.
G) 1946: ENIAC completed Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. By Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly 18,000 vacuum tubes, occupied a 30 by 50 foot room Programming by plugging wires
into a patch panel. Very difficult to do, because this style programming requires intimate knowledge of
the computer

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1.3 Computer Generations

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of
computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological
development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller,
cheaper, powerful, efficient and reliable devices.
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great
deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language
understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The
UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in
1951. Figure (a) shows first generation computer.

FIGURE (a)

FIGURE (b)

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Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor
was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor
was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still
generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over
the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for
output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or
assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level
programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and
FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which
moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. The first computers of this generation were
developed for the atomic energy industry. Figure (b) shows second generation computer
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a
central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass
audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors Figure (c) shows second
generation computer.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits
were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in
the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the
computerfrom the central processing unit and memory to input/output controlson a single chip. In
1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the
Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of
life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers
became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the
mouse and handheld devices. Figure (d) shows second generation computer

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FIGURE (c)

FIGURE (d)

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though
there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel
processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum
computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to
come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language
input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Figure (e) shows second generation computer

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FIGURE (e)

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2. THE MEANING OF E-BALL TECHNOLOGY

2.1 Defining E-Ball Technology
Arent you tired of your PC? By his ugly shape and the way that it looks? Well, this is exactly what
designer Apostol Tnokovski was feeling when he decided to create the smallest PC ever made.
Apostol Tnokovski introduced a new pc that is E-Ball Concept pc. The E-Ball concept pc is a sphere
shaped pc which is the smallest design among all the laptops and desktops. This computer has all the
feature like a traditional computer, elements like keyboard, mouse, dvd, large screen display etc
E-Ball is designed to be placed on two stands, opens by simultaneously pressing and holding the two
buttons located on each side. E Ball concept pc don't have any external display unit.
It has a button when you press this button a projector will pop and it focus the computer screen on the
wall which can be adjusted with navigation keys. This concept PC will measure 160mm in diameter and
it was designed for Microsoft Windows OS.
For the moment there is no word on pricing or when its going to be available, however, I am sure that
everybody would like to see a small spherical PC like this E-BALL shape is spherical because in
Tnokovskis opinion this is the best shape in nature and it draws everybodys attention.
E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM, integrated graphic card and
sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD recorder, wireless optical mouse and laser keyboard, LAN
and WLAN card, modem, Web cam and integrated LCD projector.

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FIGURE (F)

2.2 Features Of E-Ball

I-TECH VIRTUAL KEYBOARD

DUAL CORE PROCESSOR
2GB RAM
350-500 GB HARDDRIVE
INTEGRATED GRAPHICS AND SOUND CARD
SPEAKERS
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WIRELESS OPTICAL MOUSE

LAN AND WLAN CARD
LCD PROJECTOR
PAPER HOLDER
MODEM

FIGURE (G)

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FIGURE (H)

A) Processor
Intel Core is a brand name used for various mid-range to high-end consumer and business
microprocessor made by Intel. The current lineup of Core processors includes the latest following
processors:
Intel Core i7

Intel Core i5

Intel Core i3

Intel Core

Intel Core

Intel Core 2 Duo

Intel Core 2 Solo

Intel Core 2 Quad

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The e-ball pc basically uses Intel core 2 Duo processor. Figure shown below shows the Intel core 2 duo
process

FIGURE (I)

B) Ram
RAM stands for Random Access memory. It gets the word random because information can be
accessed in non-sequential order. Though the data itself is stored tighter, it could be anywhere in the
container or amount of RAM available. RAM is measure in bits, and 8 bits equal to 1 byte. A
kilobyte is equal to 1024 bits , and megabyte is equal to 1024 kilobyte. The E-BALL pc uses 2gb of
RAM.

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RAM

SRAM

DRAM

1) SRAM dont require external refresh circuitry

2) SRAM is faster than DRAM.
3) SRAM is more power-efficient when idle.
4) SRAM is several times more expensive than DRAM

C) Hard Drive
1) Hard drive is basically a secondary storage device. It is non-volatile in nature. It consists of metal
platter coated with oxide that can be magnetized to represents data. We can directly access the data
from hard drive. The e-ball pc basically consists 350-500 GB of hard drive

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D) Graphic & Sound Card

A video card, display card, graphics card, or graphics adapter is an expansion card which generates
output images to a display. Most video cards offer various functions such as accelerated rendering
of 3D scenes and 2D graphics , MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, TV output, or the ability to connect
multiple monitors (multi-monitor). Other modern high performance video cards are used for more
graphically demanding purposes, such as PC games. Video hardware is often integrated into
the motherboard, however all modern motherboards provide expansion ports to which a video card can
be attached. In this configuration it is sometimes referred to as a video controller or graphics A video
card, display card, graphics card, or graphics adapter is an expansion card controller

FIGURE (J)

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3. VIRTUAL KEYBOARD
3.1 Virtual Keyboard
Virtual Keyboard is just another example of todays computer trend of smaller and faster. It
uses sensor technology and artificial intelligence to let users work on any surface as if it were a
keyboard.
Virtual Keyboard is a small Java application that lets you easily create multilingual text content on
almost any existing platform and output it directly to web pages. Virtual Keyboard, being a small,
handy, well-designed and easy to use application, turns into a perfect solution for cross platform
multilingual text input.
The main features are: platform-independent multilingual support for keyboard text input, built-in
language layouts and settings, copy/paste etc. operations support just as in a regular text editor, already
existing system language settings remain intact, easy and user-friendly interface and design, and small
file size.

FIGURE (K)
The Virtual Keyboard uses light to project a full-sized computer keyboard onto almost any surface, and
disappears when not in use. Used with Smart Phones and PDAs, the VKey (TM) provides a practical
way to do email, word processing and spreadsheet tasks, allowing the user to leave the laptop computer

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at home.
VKey technology has many applications in various high-tech and industrial Sectors. These include
data entry and control panel applications in hazardous and harsh environments and medical markets.
Projection key boards or virtual key boards claim to provide the convenience of compactness with the
advantages of a full-blown QWERTY keyboard. An interesting use of such keyboards would be in
sterile environments where silence or low noise is essential like operation theaters. The advantage of
such a system is that you do not need a surface for typing, you can even type in plain air. The
company's Virtual Keyboard is designed for anyone who's become frustrated with trying to put
information into a handheld but doesn't want to carry a notebook computer around. There is also the
provision for a pause function to avoid translating extraneous hand movements function, so that users
can stop to eat, drink etc

3.2 Components
This system comprises of three modules,
1. The sensor module,
2. IR-light source
3. The pattern projector

1) Sensor Module
The Sensor Module serves as the eyes of the Keyboard Perception technology. The Sensor Module
operates by locating the user's fingers in 3-D space and tracking the intended keystrokes, or mouse
movements. Mouse tracking and keystroke information is processed and can then be output to the host
device via a USB or other interface. Electronic Perception Technology:
Electronic perception technology enables ordinary electronic devices to see the world around them
so they can perceive and interact with it. Now everyday electronic devices in a variety of markets can
perceive users actions, gaining functionality and ease of use.
The tiny electronic perception chips and embedded software work by developing a 3D distance map
to nearby objects in real-time. This information is factored through an on-chip processor running

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imaging software that translates the image into defined events before sending it off-chip for
application-specific processing. Its an action that is continually repeated, generating over 30 frames of
3D information per second.

FIGURE (L)
Electronic perception technology has a fundamental advantage over classical image processing that
struggles to construct three-dimensional representations using complex mathematics and images from
multiple cameras or points of view. This single chip contour mapping approach results in a high
reduction of complexity, making it possible to embed the application independent processing software
directly into the chips themselves so they may be used in the most modestly-priced, and even pocketsized electronic devices.
2) Ir-Light Source
The Infrared Light Source emits a beam of infrared light. This light beam I designed to overlap the area
on which the keyboard pattern projector or printed image resides. This is done so as to illuminate the
users fingers by the infra-red light beam. This helps in recognizing the hand movements and the
pressing of keys. The light beam facilitates in scanning the image. Accordingly the information is
passed on to the sensor module which decodes the information.
An invisible infra-red beam is projected above the virtual keyboard. Finger makes keystroke on virtual
keyboard. This breaks infrared beam and infrared light is reflected back to projector. Reflected infrared
beam passes through infrared filter to camera. The camera photographs angle of incoming infrared
light. The Sensor chip in the sensor module determines where the infrared beam was broken, detected
co-ordinates determine actions or characters to be generated.

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FIGURE (M)

3) The Pattern Projector

The Pattern Projector or optional printed image presents the image of the keyboard or mouse zone of
the system. This image can be projected on any flat surface.
The projected image is that of a standard qwerty-keyboard, with all the keys and control functions as in
the keyboard.
The Projector features a wide-angle lens so that a large pattern can be projected from relatively low
elevations. A printed image, with replaceable templates allows system flexibility, permitting most any
kind of keyboard configuration for greater functionality.
In some types of virtual keyboards, a second infra-red beam is not necessary.
Here the projector itself takes the inputs, providing dual functionality. A sensor or camera in the
projector picks up the finger movements, and passes the information on to the sensor modules.

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FIGURE (N)
3.3(a) Advantages
1. Portability
2. Accuracy
3. Speed of text entry
4. Lack of need for flat or large typing surface
5. Ability to minimize the risk for repetitive strain injuries
6. Flexibility
7. Keyboard layouts can be changed by software allowing for foreign or Alternative keyboard layouts

3.3(b) Disadvantages
1. Virtual keyboard is hard to get used to. Since it involves typing in thin air, it requires a little practice.
Only people who are good at typing can use a virtual keyboard efficiently.
2. It is very costly ranging from 150 to 200 dollars.
3. The room in which the projected keyboard is used should not be very bright so that the keyboard is
properly visible.

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Applications
1. High-tech and industrial Sectors
2. Used with Smart phones, PDAs, email, word processing and spreadsheet tasks
3. Operation Theatres
4. As computer/PDA input
5. Gaming control
6. TV remote control

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4. PROJECTOR USED IN E-BALL

4.1 LCD Projectors

LCD projectors are systems that display or project information or video onto a surface. LCD stands
for liquid crystal display, the technology used to project images. They are the technological
descendants of overhead and slide projectors, older systems which serve the same purpose. They are
most commonly used for displaying images in presentations or lectures, but are also used in home
theaters.
Video signals are comprised of three colors: red, green, and blue. LCD projectors contain a separate
glass panel for each. Each panel consists of two plates of glass with a layer of liquid crystal between
them. When a charge is applied, the crystals open to allow light through or close to block it. This
opening and closing of pixels is what forms the image.
These devices use dichroic mirrors to split the light from the input source into red, green, and blue
components. Each then passes through the corresponding panel, where pixels form an image. The three
colors are then recombined in a prism before being projected through a lens. LCD projectors use
separate panels for each color because it results in better color saturating than using a single panel for
all three.

LCD projectors employ a three-panel LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) system, referred to as 3LCD.

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LCD projectors crisply reproduce bright, naturally colored images that are easy on the eyes. LCD
projectors are also capable of detailed shadow reproduction that is ideal for demanding business and
home theater applications.

FIGURE (O)
The white light from the projector lamp is split into red, green, and blue components using
two dichroic mirrors, special mirrors that only transmit light of a specified wavelength. Each red,
green and blue beam then passes through a dedicated LCD panel made up of thousands of miniscule
pixels. An electrical current turns the panel's pixels on or off to create the grayscale equivalent of that
color channel. The three colors are then recombined in a prism and projected through the projector
lens and onto the screen.
By using a combination of three LCDs to produce a final image, LCD projectors are capable of
billions of colors and smooth grayscale gradations. The resolution of the image is determined by the
number of pixels in the LCD panels used. Currently LCD panels offer resolutions as high as true HD
(1920 x 1080) for home theater applications. New panels promise resolutions as high as 4K (3840 x
2160).
LCDs are not just found in projectors. They are found in many of the electronics you use
every day, from a cell phone to an MP3 player to your digital alarm clock. LCDs are very common
because they offer distinct advantages: they are thinner, lighter, and draw less power than many
competing display technologies. A reliable, sophisticated technology with universal appeal, 3LCD is
the world's most popular projection technology, delivering high quality images for the most
demanding business and consumer audiences.
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ADVANTAGES
1) LCD is generally more light efficient than DLP.
2) LCD projectors can project bright, vivid images with a low output lamp.
3) 1000 lumen LCD is more preferred than 1200 lumen DLP.
4) LCD trends to produce a sharper image
5) More accurate color.
6) Sharper image.
7) LCD also delivers a somewhat sharper image than DLP at any given resolution.
8) Another benefit of LCD is that it is more light-efficient.
9) One benefit of LCD is that it controls red, green, and blue independently through

DISADVANTAGED
1) More bulky as there are more internal components.
2) Dead pixels.
3) DLC panel can fail.
4) Screen door effect.
5) Contrast.
6) Portability.
7) Image degradation.
8) LCD competes extremely well when high light output is required.

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4.2 DLP Projectors

DLP stands for Digital Light Processing.
A video projection technology, developed by Texas Instruments, that utilizes a chip, referred to as a
DMD (Digital Micro mirror Device). In essence, every pixel on a DMD chip is a reflective mirror.
The video image is displayed on the DMD chip. The micro mirrors on the chip (remember: each micro
mirror represents one pixel) then tilt very rapidly as the image changes.
This process produces the grayscale foundation for the image. Then, color is added as light passes
through a high-speed color wheel and is reflected off of the micro mirrors on the DLP chip as they
rapidly tilt towards or away from the light source. The degree of tilt of each micro mirror coupled with
the rapidly spinning color wheel determines the color structure of the projected image. As the amplified
light bounces off the micro mirrors, it is sent through the lens and can be projected on a large screen.
Another way that DLP is implemented is to utilize a separate DLP chip for each primary color. Light
from a single source is passed through a prism, which creates separate red, green, and blue light
sources, then reflected on each of the chips designated for each primary color, and from there,
projected onto a screen. This application very expensive, in comparison to the color wheel method, and
is used only in higher-end consumer and commercial DLP projectors.
This technology is used in both rear-projection televisions and in separate video projector, screen
applications.

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FIGURE (P)
ADVANTAGES
1) Portability
2) Higher contrast.
3) Reduced pixilation.
4) Reliability.
5) Sealed optics this makes it better for use in dusty environment.
6) Less screen door effects.
7) Since the DLP light engine consists of a single chip rather than three LCD panels, DLP
Projectors tend to be more compact.
8) Another DLP advantage is that it can produce smooth, high contrast video.

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DISADVANTAGES
1) Rainbow effect
2) Light leakage.
3) High cost.

4.3 Comparison and Conclusion

1: Pixelization (fill factor)

DLP = Seam-less , Film-like.
LCD = Grainy, Pixelated.

2: Contrast Ratio
DLP = Simple optics, easier light management
LCD = Complex optics, more difficult light management

3: Video Quality
DLP = Fast switching, minimal lag
LCD = Slow switching, significant lag

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4: Sharpness
DLP =No misalignment
LCD =Misalignment likely over time

5: Color Quality
DLP = Can match any LCD color gamut
LCD = Cant match any DLP color gamut
R, G, B, bandwidth is depend on each color because of non sequential system.

6: Smallest & Brightest

DLP = Simple optical system, good reflectivity.
LCD = Complex optical system

7: Repeatable performance
DLP = Digital, precise control, constant performance over time.
LCD = Analog, variable, affected by temperature, vibration, heat, humidity,
deterioration over time.

8: Reliable
DLP = Reflects heat
LCD = Absorbs heat, performance degrads

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While both technologies have produced improvements in contrast in the past year, and Sanyo's new
PLV-70 is rated at 900:1. Meanwhile, the latest DLP products geared Toward home theater are rated
has high as 1800:1. However, one should not place too much emphasis on the specs. In reality, though
the difference between projectors rated at 400:1 vs. 800:1 is quite noticeable, the difference is not so
dramatic between products rated at 900:1 vs. 1800:1. Once you get to contrast ranges of 900:1 or
higher, blacks appear as solid black and shadow details resolve quite nicely. Increased contrast can
yield relatively subtle improvements, but there are other factors which contribute to image quality that
become equally if not more important. Reduced pixelation is another benefit of DLP. LCDs were
always known for their visible pixel structure, often referred to as the screen door effect because it
appears as though the picture is being viewed through a screen door.
Historically, LCD technology has had a hard time being taken seriously among many home theater
enthusiasts (quite understandably) because of this flaw in the image. DLP technology went a long way
toward eliminating the screen door effect. In SVGA (800x600) resolution, DLP projectors have either a
muted pixel structure or an invisible pixel structure depending upon the size of the projected image
relative to the viewing distance (the larger the image the more visible the pixels). Conversely,
SVGA-resolution LCD projectors uniformly have a clearly visible pixel grid at just about any screen
image size. For this reason, we don't recommend SVGA-resolution LCD projectors for home theater
use except for those on the most limited of budgets. Three developments have served to close the gap
between DLP and LCD in the area of pixel visibility. First was the step up to XGA resolution
(1,024x768). This higher resolution uses 64% more pixels to paint the image on the screen, as
compared to an SVGA-resolution projector. The inter-pixel gaps are reduced in XGA resolution, so
pixels are denser and less visible. In XGA resolution, DLP projectors have an invisible pixel grid on
any typical home theater screen no matter how big. LCD projectors with standard XGA panels still
have a visible, but much reduced screen door effect. Second, the inter-pixel gaps on all LCD machines,
no matter what resolution, are reduced compared to what they use to be. So even the inexpensive
SVGA-resolution LCD projectors have less screen door effect than they used to.
The third development in LCDs was the use of Micro-Lens Array (MLA) to boost the efficiency of
light transmission through XGA-resolution LCD panels. Some XGA-class LCD projectors have this
feature, but most do not. For those that do, MLA has the happy side effect of reducing pixel visibility a
little bit as compared to an XGA LCD projector without MLA. On some projectors with this feature,
placing the focus just a slight hair off perfect, a practice The Current State of the Art DLP maintains its
lead in contrast performance, while LCD projector makers have continued to emphasize latent
advantages in color fidelity and image sharpness for data display. DLP color has improved of late, and
color accuracy on the latest models is much better than it used to be. Both LCD and DLP are evolving
rapidly to the benefit of the consumer. The race for miniaturization has produced smaller yet more
powerful projectors than we might have even imagined possible just a couple of years ago. Light

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output per pound has increased dramatically. And video quality on the best LCD and DLP projectors
now surpasses that available in a commercial movie theater.
When it comes to home theater, DLP has continued to make competitive advances in color, contrast,
and image stability that have served to establish DLP as the preferred technology for video. But the fact
is that both DLP and LCD continue to improve, and both are capable of delivering higher quality video
for home theater than they ever were before. Which technology is the best? When comparing DLP to
LCD in a home theater environment DLP is the winner. Better blacks and the removal of the screen
door effect making the DLP an obvious choice.

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5. WORKING OF E-BALL
5.1 Working
E Ball concept pc don't have any external display unit, It has a button when you press this button a
projector will pop and it focus the computer screen on the wall which can be adjusted with navigation
keys.
If there is no wall then it has a paper sheet holder that divides into three pieces like an umbrella just
after popping up, and it will show desktop on the paper sheet. Also, the E-Ball PC supports a paper
holder and the paper sheet on the holder could act like a screen where you can watch movies or
something.
This concept PC will measure 160mm in diameter and it was designed for Microsoft Windows OS,
sorry about the others. For the moment there is no word on pricing or when its going to be available,
however, I am sure that everybody would like to see a small spherical PC like this one.
E-Ball concept pc has a laser keyboard that is fully a concept keyboard that is visible when the pc is in
working. The keyboard is not physical - it is interpreted by lasers that appear after you press the
respective button. It recognizes your fingers with the help of an IR sensor when you are typing at a
particular place, while the mouse is a pop out wonder making this a unique piece of technology.

The software interface of E-Ball concept pc is highly stylized with icons that can be remembered easily
that support all type of windows operating system. E-Ball concept pc work very easy while you are
making video presentations, listening music watching large screen movies, and chatting on the net.
As year passes, the computer size is becoming smaller. This ball is known as E-Ball and its design is
given by Apostol Tnokovski. He was trying to create the smallest PC in the world when he came across
this idea.
It is shaped like a sphere because in Tnokovskis opinion this is the best shape in nature and it draws
everybodys attention. You'll see the pop-out laser mouse, a pico projector inside that illuminates either
the wall or a sheet of paper for a screen, and that laser keyboard that would almost certainly be a
clumsy input device. Fix that, and find a motherboard thatll fit inside this palm-sized baby, and
Apostol might be onto something here.
E-Ball will feature a dual core processor, 250-500GB HDD, 2GB of RAM, integrated graphic card and
sound card, 2 x 50W speakers, HD-DVD recorder, wireless optical mouse and laser keyboard, LAN
and WLAN card, modem, Web cam and integrated LCD projector.

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FIGURE (Q)

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FIGURE (R)

5.2 If There Is No Wall

1) When we are working in an open place we can make use of a paper sheet as a screen.
2) Paper sheet holder is placed at the back panel of this computer.
3) The holder can be opened by pressing it in the lower part

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FI
GURE (S)

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5.3 Scenario in Use

FIGURE (T)

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E-BALL TECHNOLOGY

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E-BALL TECHNOLOGY

5.4(A) ADVANTAGES
1) E-BALL is portable.
2) E-BALL has large memory.
3) E-BALL is useful for making video presentation.
4) E-BALL support user defined keyboard layouts.
5) E-BALL is efficient.
6) E-BALL is very easy to use
7) E-BALL is more secure than other computer.

5.4(B) DISADVANTAGES
1) Normal operating systems cannot work in these computers.
2) Cost of E-BALL is very high.
3) It is difficult to understand if any problems occur in hardware part.

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6. CONCLUSION AND REFERENCE

CONCLUSION
1) As the year passes, the computer size is becoming smaller.
2) Todays technology is at its peak point beyond what we could ever imagine.
3) New inventions and innovations are emerging on daily basis.
4) Our imaginations have dressed into reality and today it has become possible to have a whole
computer in our pocket all the time.
5) At last this ball technology has taken the computer technology to new horizons

REFERENCES
http://www.google.co.in/EBALL
http://www.electronics.howstuffworks.com

ht1. http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh
www.canesta.com. www.procams.org
www.billbuxton.com/3state.html

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www.smarttech.com
www.3m.com/us/office/meeting/product_catalog/wd.jhtmltp://www.google.com

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