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Description of the Apparatus:
The apparatus consist of a flow bench that allows water flow to the venture meter. Inside
the flow bench is weighing tank connected to one end of a lever arm. The end of the lever
arm protrudes from the side of the flow bench so that the amount of weight on this end of
the lever arm may be adjusted (as shown in Figure 2). The purpose of the lever arm is
to measure the actual mass flow rate of water flowing through the measuring devices.
When using the hydraulic bench, placing weight on the lever arm closes the trip valve of
the inner tank. When water entering the tank is sufficiently heavy enough to
counterbalance the weight on the arm, the arm will rise and the trip valve will open.
Dividing the mass of water contained in the tank by the amount of time it takes for the
internal tank to fill will yield the actual mass flow rate. Since the adjustable weight end of
the lever arm has a three-to-one advantage over the water tank end, the mass of the water
in the tank will equal three times the mass added to the lever arm. The weight of the
hanger is accounted for in the design of the equipment; therefore, do not add the weight
of the hanger to weights placed on the hanger.
Outer Tank
Flow Measurement
Apparatus Exit
Inner Tank
Weight
Measured Water
Main Tank Valve
Trip Valve
Water Supply
Pump Exit To Flow
Measurement
Figure 2 Hydraulic Bench.
B C D
F G
H J
K L
8
34
22
22
54
37
52
67
82
102
Manometer
Tube #
A(1)
B
C
D(2)
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
Table 1
Diameter
of Cross
Section
(mm)
26.00
23.20
18.40
16.00
16.80
18.47
20.16
21.84
22.53
25.24
26.00
Distance
From Inlet
(mm)
0
20
32
46
61
76
91
106
121
136
156
Experimental Procedure:
1- Make sure the air purge valve on the upper manifold is tightly closed.
2- Set both apparatus flow control and bench supply valve to approximately 1/3 their
fully open positions.
3- Switch on bench supply valve and allow water to flow. (Tap manometer tubes in
order to remove air bubbles from apparatus.)
4- Close apparatus flow control valve.
5- Release air purge valve to allow water to rise approximately 2/3 the way up the
manometer tubes.
6- Open apparatus flow control valve to obtain full flow. (At this condition the pressure
difference between the Venturi inlet [A] and throat [D] is approximately 240mm.
7- Make 10 runs, being sure measure and calculate flow rate. Also measure h1 and h2,
where h1 is the height of water in manometer tube A (inlet) and h2 is the height of
water in manometer tube D (throat). Vary the flow rates so that (h1 h2) goes from
approximately 240mm to 0mm. It is advisable to use enough weight on the arm that
the weighing tank takes about 60-90 seconds to fill.
8- Make an additional two runs (at relatively high flow rates) taking pressure readings
from all tubes along the length of the Venturi meter.
Theory:
Assumptions:
Steady flow.
Incompressible flow.
Frictionless flow.
Flow along a streamline.
In these equations the subscript 1 is for manometer tube section A and the subscript 2 is
for manometer tube section D.
For flow though the Venturi meter, Bernoullis theorem states that:
ui2
u2
u2
+ h1 = 2 + h2 = n + hn
(1)
2g
2g
2g
Where g is gravity, un is the velocity and h n is the manometer reading at section n. The
continuity equation says:
Q = constant = u1a1 = u2 a2 = un an
(2)
+ h1 =
u22
+ h2
2g
(3)
1
2
u2 =
2 g (h1 h2 )
1
a2
a1
(4)
Q = u2 a2 and thus:
1
2
Qcalculated = a2
2 g (h1 h2 )
a
1 2
a1
(5)
The preceding equations are only valid for ideal situations in which viscosity is ignored.
Therefore, the values for Q that are measured will be slightly less than the values that are
calculated. A constant can be determined experimentally that accounts for the effects of
viscosity.
1
2
Qmeasured = Cv a2
2 g (h1 h2 )
a
1 2
a1
(6)
The value for Q that is measured experimentally is equal to the above equation. Once the
value for Q has been calculated and measured, the measured value can be divided by the
calculated value to determine the value of Cv , the discharge coefficient (typically
between 0.90-0.99).
Qmeasured = Cv Qcalculated
(7)
5
hn h1 =
a2
a1
u 2,ideal = Qc a 2
a
2
an
u 22,ideal
2g
(9)
(10)
mass
time
Report Requirements:
1- Using the values of h1 and h2 and the measured and calculated values for Q obtained
from the 10 runs, calculate Cv (discharge coefficient) for each of the different flow
rates. Note that due to errors the Cv may be greater than 1 for some of the
calculations, therefore calculate the avg value.
1
a2
a1
a
2
ab
u 22,ideal
2g
Pressure Distribution
where all pressure readings were taken. There will be 4 curves total.
10 20 30 40
Distance from Inlet in mm
5-In the results section, discuss the experimental data, results, and sources of error.