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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I want to express my deepest gratitude to Allah SWT who has given me chance,
blessing and health so that I can finish my thesis proposal. And also to our prophet Muhammad
SAW who always guides us from the darkness to the brightness.
In this chance, I would like to say my thank to Mr. L. Thohir, M.Pd. (the first consultant)
who has given me his advises, guidance and suggestions in my thesis proposal arrangement. And
also thank to Mr. Sudirman, S.Pd. (The second consultant) who has helped me in correcting and
guiding me in my thesis writing. For both of the consultants the writer would like to say thank
you very, your patience and your guidance in teaching us.
Finally, I would like to deliver my biggest appreciation and gratitude to my beloved parents
who have supported me in everything, thanks for your pray. Also for both of my lovely brothers.
And thanks for my friends who have given me supports in accomplishing my thesis proposal.
As there is no such thing quite perfect in the world, I honestly appreciate all constructive
criticism for the completeness of this writing. Hopefully this writing will be valuable
contribution toward the teaching of English especially in encouraging the students, teachers and
their involvement of teaching and learning process especially in improving their English
vocabulary.
Mataram,
2011
The Writer
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
English has been taught as the first foreign language in Indonesia since earlier 1990s. (Fitria,
2007) it is one of foreign language that is used as a means of communication, according to
Suyanto (2007:118) said that the definition of vocabulary is collective word owned by one
language and gives the meaning if we use the language. Vocabulary is a group of words that are
typically used when discussing them. Actually, there are some ways to learn vocabulary, but in
this case the researcher will explain about games specifically. Introducing some kinds of game to
students is a good way to encourage the students in increasing their new vocabulary. The teacher
can use several games such as; words from words, word chains, word pyramids. Furthermore, the
researcher has some games that can be used in teaching vocabulary such as: miming game and
password. From the teaching of those games, it is hoped that students are able to increase their
vocabulary, besides teaching some kinds of game as mentioned above, the teacher should able to
apply a good strategy which useful to encourage students in getting new vocabulary from games
that they have learnt. When the teacher want to teach vocabulary to the students through games,
the teacher can use some possibles and successful media, strategies, approaches, or methods for
the classroom activities.
The effect of using games in teaching vocabulary provide opportunities for students to use
their language skills in a less formal situation and the aims of using games in teaching
vocabulary is a wide range to different some kinds of game and activities to their lesson and
enable students to practice formally-learned language in a stimulating way. Vocabulary is
important for the students of senior high school, in which having much vocabulary can help
students in mastering the four language skills; listening, speaking, reading and writing skills
well. As Budidharso (in Widyaningsih, 2008:3) stated that vocabulary is the main point to
understand ideas and expression.
On the other hand, the null hypothesis which is no relationship between the experimental
treatment that the researcher expects to emerge. So in this particular investigation, the hypothesis
can easily be formulated as follows: The alternative hypothesis (Ha) : Game is effective to
increase students English vocabulary. For statistical analysis the alternate hypothesis need to be
changed into null hypothesis (Ho) which is read: Game is not effective to increase students
English vocabulary.
G. Definition of Key Terms
To avoid the drawback or misunderstanding of some words in this research, it is important to
give some explanations or definitions as follows:
a. Game
According to Hornby in Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines game is an activity or a
sport with rules in which people or terms compete against each other. (Hornby in Oxford
Advanced Learners Dictionary.(1995:553).
b. Increase
Increase is becoming or to make something greater in amount, number, value, etc. (Hornby in
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 1995:688).
c. Vocabulary
According to Hornby in Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines vocabulary as a total
number of the words, which make up a language and that person knows or use. (Hornby in
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 1995: 1331-1506).
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Nature of The Language
Using language does not mean knowing or realizing a language, although everyone uses
language in his/her life, however, not everyone understand the nature of language being used.
Halliday (1985) states that language structure and language function are systematically related.
These are several definitions of language made by linguists in order the readers know what
language really is:
a.
b.
c.
(Finiocchiaro, 1964:8).
Language is highly organized system in which unit plays an important part, which related to
each other. (Boey, 1982).
From the definition of language above, the most remarkable function of language is
communication. Communication can be done directly and indirectly. Direct communication,
involves situation where both communicators and interlocutors are in two ways. They may argue,
agree or disagree by nodding their head or by shaking hands. In contrast, indirect communication
refers to the act of communication, in which both communicators and interlocutors do not face
one another. For instance, the reseacher and the reader try to ensure each other indirectly
printings instrument as means for the reader to read the reseachers writing, and then here the
communication process happens.
As we know that by language, we can speak about something and be understood by others
who know the language. It means that we have the capability to produce sounds that signify
certain meanings and to understand or interpret the sounds produced by others. It refers to in the
normal-hearing individuals. However, in deaf situation, Fromkin et.al (1984:4) (in Fitria) states
that, deaf persons produce and understand spoken language. In the other words, the deaf persons
use the sign language to communicate with.
B. Language Skill
In this part, the researcher will tell about kinds of language skill in English i.e. listening,
speaking, reading and writing skills (Beyer, 1991a, 1991b; Bragstad and Stumpf, 1987; Luckie
and Smethurst, 1998) stated that Human beings use language to express some communicative
codes that happened in the past; that is happening in the present; or that may happen in the
future. English as a compulsory subject learned at Junior, Senior High School up to University
level has now been introduced to Elementary Schools pupils even in playgroups. It is considered
that teaching English in senior high school especially vocational school will motivate and help
them if they want to find a job after graduating their study.
Learning a foreign language is not a matter of acquiring a set of rules, and building a large
vocabulary is one of the first thing that students should know. Knowing vocabulary will also
cover the knowing of its articulation, meaning and how to use it to express an idea in
communication. In fact, vocabulary cannot be separated from other language aspects or its four
specific skills such as listening, speaking, reading and writing skills.
The first skill is listening. In fact, every language skills correlate closely one to another in
various ways. Listening skill is the skill that students and lecturer need to understand and others
are organized in oral presentation (Devine, 1987).
Listening is one way to get the information about something new like vocabulary and difficult
words. The students try to understand of listening. Listening is various types of listening, topics,
styles and functions are delivered in informal and formal style. Listening is relatively difficult,
authentic lectures and radio broadcast items will be introduced as practices in identifying main
ideas, messages and details of information. An important factor in interactive listening is wether
we are taking part in the interaction.
The second skill in learning English is speaking skill. We still remember how we master our
mother tongue. That is the first language we use to communicate unconsciously that language
was mastered from our childhood without any difficulties. The users knowledge about
structures, rhythm and intonation were automatically applied in her/his speaking. Vocabulary and
its usage were acqquired through her/his communication with the people surrounding without a
learning process.
Krashen (1982) suggests, learners can often extract adequate meaning from aural messages by
focusing on lexis and extra linguistic information and by passing syntatic processing.
Bygate (1987) suggests that oral interaction can be characterized in terms of routine, which are
conventional and predictable ways of presenting information that can be focused on either
information or interaction.
By that statements, the effective speaking involves all the intelligences. Teachers may make
a point of using colorful or unusual vocabulary frequently, playing with funs, jokes, and riddles,
or eloquently describing a personal experience, the classroom can provide a supportive
environment for learning to speak effectively as teachers create a relaxed and positive
atmosphere for students to converse and discuss ideas.
The third skill is reading skill. Reading is the second approach in gathering new information.
So, To enhance the students reading ability in teaching and learning process, they should know
what will they do before reading, during the reading and after the completion of reading because
we should also be concerned with the developing of students vocabulary.
In Junior, Senior or Vocational High School teachers can also take the following five actions
to help their students reading the content areas such as:
a. Pre-reading activities mean to activate period knowledge and help to motivate students to read.
b. During reading activities which are designed to help focus attention, and promote skills such as
paraphrasing, summarizing, note taking, questioning, and relating the new.
c. Post reading activities are intended to encourage students to re-examine their reading perspective
while providing opportunities to store the new material in memory.
d. Vocabulary development is markedly more effective than informal, unplanned growth.
e. Use the textbook will ease the students in improving their reading ability.
Beside that, reading skill also involves qualitatively different processes from the
development of oral language ability; both are underpinned by certain principles. We have
suggested that programmers for both oral and written language development take as their point
of departure the purposes and functions to which language is put, and which determine its
realization as text.
The fourth skill or the last skill is about writing skill. From the four language skills, writing
is different from face to face communication; it is a set of productive and expressive activities.
Writing is one of the language skill that is very different from other language skills because
writing is commonly used as a three stage process: pre-writing, writing, and re-writing. They
need to be shown how different text types are characterized by different generic structures in the
case of narratives, the orientation-complication-resolution structure. They should also be given
the opportunity to compare different version of a text and helped to see how the way in which
information is organized within text will partly determine its effectiveness. Writing cannot be
segregated from other language acts.
Halliday (1985b) suggests that writing has involved in societies because of cultural changes
creating communicative needs that cannot be readily met by the spoken language. In the modern
world, written language serves a range of functions in everyday life, including the following: (a)
primarily for action, (b) primarily for information; newspapers news, editorials and current
affairs magazines, (c) primarily for entertainments; light magazines, comic strips, fiction books,
poetry and drama, newspaper features, film subtitles, gamers, and including computer games.
(Halliday, 1985b:40-1).
C. Teaching Games to Increase Vocabulary Mastery
Game is an activity in which participants follow prescribed rules that are different from
those of reality as they strive to attain a challenging goal. Games can provide attractive and
instructionally effective frameworks for learning activities many games combine well with drill
and practice method of learning. Khan (1991) states that games are activities done based on the
certain rule.
Game-based teaching has had numerous advocates. John Dewey claimed (1982:4th ed.)
games were integral to schooling since they provided active and positive learning experiences.
Through games, children learn to imitate and assume diverse social roles, certainly too Jean
Piaget stressed (1996) the importance of game playing in cognitive development, games involve
students in imaginative and challenging situations that increase factual knowledge, decision
making, and interpersonal skills, when learning through games most students eagerly and
enthusiastically pursue their studies.
For vocational high school students, learning English as foreign language is not easy.
English teacher should provide pleasant atmosphere to invite the motivation and interest of the
students. It is done to take students ease in acquiring the language of students, not only get the
prospect of what they have learnt but also they should get satisfactory from the learning.
Someday, somewhere, children will come up to you, look at you straight in the eyes and ask
with a giggle of vocabulary. For many children, word and word meanings are not sources of
jokes and riddles. For these children, jokes and mysterious combinations of ink marks that make
little sense and create little pleasure. The printed page of a science book can serve, if we are not
alert skills development, as a source of frustration for a child with limited vocabulary skills. Here
are some specific strategies that you can use to help children to learn new vocabulary words
during science time, such as:
1. Look through science trace books or elementary science textbooks before the children work with
them to identify terms that may be too context and the pre teach those words.
2. Pronounce science vocabulary words with children before they reach them in their science
materials.
3. Have each children develop a personal word card file that lists and defines each new science
word, the sentence in which the word we found, phonetic respelling of the word, and if
appropriate, a drawing or diagram showing the object or concept that the word define.
D. Games for Teaching Vocabulary
In teaching vocabulary, we need some media or games because game is more interesting and
ease the students to recall or memorize English vocabulary.
According to Suyanto (2007:118) games of communicative language has six characteristics
as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
1.
Miming game
The steps of this game are:
a. The teacher will divide the students into two groups
b. The teacher will demonstrate the way how to play the game, and also the rules in playing the
game.
c. The teacher will invite one of the students of the first group to come forward and then the
teacher will show a word (noun or verb).
d. Then the student will mime to express the word that has shown.
e. Another students in the same group will try to answer or guess the word.
f. The teacher will give 3 times for the students to guess, if the group cant answer or guess, the
g.
h.
i.
j.
2.
Password
The steps of this game are:
a. The teacher will divide the students into two groups
b. The teacher will give the instruction to the students way how to play the game, and also the rules
in playing the game.
c. The teacher will invite one of the students of the first group to come forward (the students who
will come forward will be choosen by their friends not the teacher) and then the teacher will
show a picture or word (noun).
d. After seeing the picture or the word, he/she will try to mention some words/clues that related to
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Big
Square
Cool
Ice
Weight much
In teaching learning process, presenting games in teaching vocabulary is the best way to
make students study more interesting. In functioning of the games in teaching learning process in
classroom, the teacher has to consider what topic, which relates to this game. Example: while
teaching about the objects in classroom, teacher is able to make students interest by presenting
directly the object that relates to the topic. Many words can be understood through looking at the
things in the context.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
A. Method Of Research
The method used in this study is descriptive quantitative research. The researcher will divide
into two groups, they will be experimental and control group. Group A will be the experimental
group and will be taught by using games and group B will be the control group and will be
taught without using games.
B. Population and Sample
1. Population
The population of this research is the first grade students of SMKN 1 Mataram in the second
semester. They are 213 students. In this experimental research, the researcher will choose the
sample from the population, and two classes will be taken as the sample of the study. They
consist of 72 students; the number of each groups 37 students in class XA and 35 students in
class XB. All of the students will become the object of this study, because the member of the
population is less than 100 people. (Arikunto, 2006:134).
2. Sample
The research will only be focused for the first grade students in the second semester of SMKN 1
Mataram in academic year 2011/2012. The students only in office administration program, the
program consists of 2 classes, office administration 1 and office administration 2.
C. Method of Data Collection
Data collection is one of the important parts in this study because it will be used to know the
level of students ability. The data in this study will be taken from the result of students test in
English vocabulary.
The first step is the researcher will divide students into two classes. Class XA will be the
experimental group and class XB will be the control group, and then the reseacher will give pretest to both groups to obtain their score at the first meeting. The test that will be given to the
students is objective test (multiple choices). This test will help in deteminining the students
vocabulary mastery, the test will be consist of 20 items. The second step is the researcher will
give a treatment to the experimental group, the English vocabulary will be taught for them
through games. The researcher will give three materials; identifying object, identifying people by
occupation and present continuous tense and control group will be taught without games, the
researcher will spend 2 weeks. The last step is the researcher will give post test after giving them
a treatment to the students and to know the differences of achievement the pre-test score and
post-test score will be compared.The students paper sheets will be collected and the students
working sheets will be marked and the results in the form of scores will become the data of the
research. Each item will be scored 5 for correct answer and 0 for uncorret answer, so the range of
score is from 0 to 100.
D. Data Analysis
In order to answer the question proposed earlier, the writer then analyzing the data to
know the effectiveness of using game to increase students vocabulary mastery, the writer
find out the mean score of the sample. To calculate the mean score, the writer uses a
formula as follows:
X
Mx =
N
X
My =
N
Where :
M : Mean
X : Experimental group
Y : Control group
: Sum of
N : Number of sample
(In Arikunto, 2006: 312)
Calculate mean of two groups:
X
Mx =
N
X
My =
N
After finding score of two groups, the reseacher also calculate the deviation standard of two
scores using formula as follow:
X2 = X2 (X)2
N
Y2 = Y2 (Y)2
N
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta.
Abruscato, Joseph. 1982 (4th ed.). Teaching Children Science: a Discovery Approach. Vermont: University
of Vermont.
Arifuddin. 2007. Language Assesment; Competency-Based Approach. Mataram, Lombok, NTB: Arga Puji
Press.
Burden, Paul R and David M. Byrd. (2 nd ed.). Methods for Effective Teaching. United States of America:
Kansas State University and University of Rhode Island.
Campbell, Linda. Bruce Campbell and Dee Dickinson. 1996. Teaching and Learning Through Multiple
Intelligences. United States of America: Allyn and Bacon.
Carrier, Michael. 1948. Games and Activities for The Language Learners. London: Harrap Limited.
Djojosuroto, Kinayati. 2007. Filsafat Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Book Publisher.
Elocina. How to mime. http://www.wikihow.com/mime, Accessed on 3rd December 2011 at 14.41 p.m.
Fitria, Anna. 2007. The Use Of Nursery Rhymes In Teaching English Vocabulary: An Experimental Study
At The Fifth Year Pupils Of The Elementary School Unplished Thesis Of English Education
Degree of FKIP Unram. Mataram: Mataram University.
Hornby. 1995. Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary Of Current English. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Nunan, David. 1991. Language Teaching Methodology: A Textbook For Teachers. Sydney: Macquire
University.
Oka, Drs. I. G. N. and dr. Suparno. 1994. Linguistik umum. Jakarta: Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi,
Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Suyanto, Kasihani K. E. 2007. English for Young Learners. Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara.
Widyaningsih, Eka. 2008. An Analysis On Teaching English Vocabulary. A Case Study At The Fourth
Grade Pupils Of The Elementary School. Unplished Thesis of English Education Degree of FKIP
Unram. Mataram: Mataram University.
Klippel, Friederike. 1989. Keep Talking; Communicative Fluency Activities for Language Teaching.
Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
Pre-test
Name
Class
Semester
:
: 1st grade
: 1st semester
Read the following questions below carefully and choose the correct answer by crossing (x)
a, b, c or d.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
a. Artistic
c. Actor
b. Painter
d. Director
Someone who takes you care, when you got sick..
a. Nurse
c. Doctor
b. Parents
d. Chef
Someone who loves cooking
a. Cook
c. House wife
b. Lawyer
d. Cooker
Andithe coconut tree now.
a. Climbs
c. Climbed
b. Is climbing
d. Have climbed
My sister and my father are..some books in the living room now.
a. Read
c. Reads
b. Reading
d. Readed
The secretary.some letters now.
a. Type
c. Is typed
c. Typing
d. Is typing
Sinta is.a bath now
a. Takes
c. Is take
b. Taking
d. Took
The studentsEnglish in the classroom now.
a. Is studying
c. Are studying
b. Studied
d. Study
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