Design of 1 Way Concrete Slab

L c Hi Long-BKHCM-81101897
A. Data conversion:
- Shorter span L1=2.3m=7.5ft
- Longer span L2=5.8m=19ft
- Dimensions of columns: 300x300mm=1x1ft
- Tensile strength of CII, AII bar: Rs=280Mpa=40000psi
- Compressive strength of concrete: Rb=11.5Mpa=1667psi
- CII, AII bars are equivalent to Grade 40 bars designated by ASTM.
- Average unit weight of reinforced slab: c=25kN/m3=156.07 lb/ft3=slab
Unit weight of mortar bed: v= 20kN/m3=124.86 lb/ft3 mor
- Thickness of mortar bed: 2-3cm=0.79-1.18in => choose 1in for the thickness of
mortar bed.
- Load of brick layer: gc=0.4kN/m2=0.058psi=8.354psf
- Live load: 9kN/m2=1.3psi=187.92psf
B. Slab
1. Slab classification:
-
The ratio of longer span to shorter span is
L1 19
2.5 2 so this slab should

L2 7.5
be considered as one-way slab.

2. Trial determination of slab thickness:
- According to ACI code table 9.5(a), because the deflection is ignored, the
fy
L
)
minimum thickness of slab is: h (0.4
21
100000
where: L is span of slab.
fy is tensile strength of reinforcing bar.
fy
L
7.5
40000
)
(0.4
) 0.28 ft 3.42in
- Therefore h (0.4
21
100000
21
100000
A trial thickness of 3.5in will be used.
3. Moment computation:
- Dead load:
DL=2.v.VV+ c.Vc + gc
1
3.5
=124.86x x1x2+156.07x
x1+8.354x1=74.68lb/ft (=1.1kN/m)
12
12
- Live load: LL=187.92x1=187.92lb/ft
- Total factored load (according to ACI code 9.2.1):
wu=1.2DL+1.6LL=1.2x74.68+1.6x187.92=390.3 lb/ft(=5.67kN/m)
- Using ACI moment coefficients (ACI code 8.3.3) to calculate maximum
moment in slab.
Because a trial width of beam of 8in will be used, the clear span of slab is ln=l18
bbeam= 7.5- =6.83ft.
12
Maximum negative moment at face of all supports:
1
1
M1= wu ln 2 = x390.3x6.832 1517.3 ft lb (=2.1kN/m)
12
12
Maximum positive moment at end span:
1
1
M1= wu ln 2 = x390.3x6.832 1300.5 ft lb (=1.74kN/m)
14
14
Maximum positive moment at interior span:
1
1
M1= wu ln 2 = x390.3x6.832 1138 ft lb (=1.55kN/m)
16
16
4. Determination of steel area:
Assume that the effective depth of slab is 2.5inch (=63.5mm)
Unit
Face of
First span
Second span
support
Mu
ft-lb
Assumed
R(2)
psi
1517.3
1300.5
1138
0.9
0.9
0.9
269.7
231.2
202.3
7.55x10-3
6.35x10-3
5.48x10-3
As per foot (4)
in2
0.2265 in2
0.1905 in2
0.1644 in2
ar diameter
mm
6&8
in
=0.314
=0.314
=0.236&0.314
in
yes
yes
yes
0.2323
0.2323
0.1788
yes
yes
yes
Spacing (5)
Bar spacing satisfies ACI code(6)
Adjusted As per foot(7)
in2
As>As.min
d (8)
in
2.6
2.6
2.6
a(9)
in
0.546
0.546
0.4206
c(10)
in
0.642
0.642
0.495
t(11)
0.0091
0.0091
0.0128
Reinforcing has yielded (12)
yes
yes
yes
Validated
0.9
0.9
0.9
(1): is strength reduction factor and varies linearly between 0.65 and 0.9 based
on net tensile strain t. In this case, should be assumed to be equal to 0.9.
Mu
(2): R is flexural resistance factor and is calculated as: R=
.b.d 2
Where Mu factored load moment
is strength reduction factor and is assumed to be 0.9.
b and d are the width and effective depth of one strip the slab which are
12in and 2.5in
(3): is reinforcement ratio and is, in this case, taken from the equation:
fy
R=fy(1-0.59 '
fc
Where R is flexural resistance factor calculated above
fy is tensile strength of steel, which is equal to 40000psi.
fc is compressive strength of concrete which is equal to 1667 psi.
sis steel area per 1 foot of the slab and is computed as s =.b.d
Where is reinforcement ratio, taken by solving the equation above
b and d are the width and effective depth of one strip of the slab which are
12in and 2.5in
(5): Spacing between bars is calculated as s=
As of one bar
As per one foot
(6): According to ACI 10.5.4 and ACI 10.6.4, maximum spacing of bars is not more
40000
than 3 times the slab thickness, 18in or the value [15x(
) 2.5cc] (where cc is
fs
the thickness of concrete cover, taken from ACI code 7.7.1(c) and is equal to 3/4 in)
3h
10.5in
s max =min 18in

min 18in
=10.5 in
40000
40000
3
15
15
2.5cc
2.5 13.13in
fs
40000
4
ACI code 7.6.1 also provides that the minimum spacing between tensile
reinforcement bars shall be the lesser of bars diameter and 1 in. In this case, the
minimum spacing is equal to 1 inch
(7) As.min is provided by ACI code 10.5.1 as equal to
As.min 3
fc'
fy
bw d 3
1667
8 x18.2 0.44in 2
40000
Where fy is tensile strength of steel, which is equal to 40000psi.

bw is the web width of the beam.
d is the effective depth of the beam.
(8): according to ACI code 7.7.1(c) the minimum concreted cover is 3/4in, therefore
the effective depth of slab is taken as d=h-3/4-
a is the depth of compressive stress block and is calculated as
As f y
a
0.85 f c 'b
Where As is steel area
b is width of a strip of the slab, which is equal to in
a
(10) c is the distance to neutral axis, calculated as c=
0.85
Where a is the depth of compressive stress block computed above.
d c
(11) t is net tensile strain and is calculated as t u t
c
Where u is compressive strain limit, which is equal to 0.003.
d t is he depth to the centroid of the farthest steel layer of the slab, in this
case, it is equal to the effective depth d.
c is the distance to neutral axis as calculated above.
(12) ACI code 10.3.5 expresses a minimum net tensile strain of 0.004 to ensure the
slab is underreinforced.
(13) is exactly calculated to verify its assumed value. In this case, t is greater than
0.005, therefore, is verified as 0.9.
5. Shear strength check:

According to ACI code 11.1.1, the design of beams for shear is based on the
relation: VuVn,
where Vu is total shear force due to factored loads.
Vn is nominal shear strength and is taken as Vn=Vc+Vs.
where Vc and Vn are contbeamutions of concrete and steel

in shear resistance of beam, relatively.
However, shear reinforcement is not possible in slab, it leads to that Vn=Vc or
VuVn <=> VuVc.
-
ACI code 11.2.1 provides that Vc=2
f c ' bwd
Where, is light-weight concrete modification factor and is equal

to 1 in case (because the
normal-weight concrete is used).
fc is compressive strength of concrete is equal to 1667 psi in this
case.
bw, d are the width and effective depth of slab.
-
Vc=2x1x 1667 xx2.6=2547lb

According to ACI code moment coefficients:
1
1
Vu 1.15wu ln 1.15 x390.3x6.83 1532lb
2
2
The design strength of concrete slab Vc=0.75x2547=1910 lb (=8.5kN) is well
above the total shear force, so the slab is safe from shear cracking.
6. Temperature and shrinkage bars:

- ACI code 7.12.2 specifies the minimum temperature and shrinkage reinforcement
ratio to gross concrete area (concrete area calculated based on total depth rather
than effective depth) is 0.002.
- Design with bars no.6.
- The steel area of 1 foot of slab is As=0.002x12x2.6=0.0624 in2
1
x 2.2362
As of one bar 4
x12 8.4in
- Spacing between bars is: s=
As per foot
0.0624
The spacing of 8in is chosen.
7. Bars cut-off:
a. Bar cut-off at spans:
Unit
Exterior span
Interior span
Cut off bars
Percentage of remaining bars (1)
Theoretical cut-off point (2)
ft
1.57
1.78
Actual cutoff point (3)
ft
1.25
1.5
Development length (4)
ft
0.65
0.36
ft
2.77
First/second requirement controls
ft
First
First
Chosen cutoff point
ft
1.25
1.5
Location of cut off point is taken from face of support
(1) ACI code 12.11.1 provides that at least one-fourth of the positive moment
steel be continued uninterrupted along the same face of a beam a distance at
least 6in. in to the support. This means that three-fourth of positive moment
steel can be cut-off.
(2) Use reference 1, graph A.3, Appendix A to determine the theoretical cut-off
point.
(3) ACI code 12.10.3 expresses that bars must extend beyond the point at which
it is no longer required to resist flexure for a distance equal to d (d is the
effective depth of slab) or 12db (db is diameter of bar), whichever is greater. In
this case, 12db=12x0.314=3.768in=0.314ft is chosen.
(4) , (5) However, ACI code 12.10.2 provides that full development length must
be provided beyond critical section (critical section is the point of maximum
stress or the point at which the bars are terminated).
+ The development length, according to ACI code 12.2.3, is taken from:
t e s
3 fy
ld
d
40 f ' (c K b
b
tr
c
d

b
In this case:
t is reinforcement location factor. There are not more than 12in

of fresh concrete beneath the horizontal bars (there is no horizontal
bars in slab and the slab thickness is less than 12in.) so t is equal
to 1.
e is coating factor. The bars are uncoated so e is equal to 1.
s is reinforcing size factor. The bars are smaller than bars

number 19 so s is equal to 0.8.
is light-weight aggregate factor. The normal-weight concrete is

used so is equal to 1.
cb is concrete cover and is equal to 3/4 in.
db is diameter of bar and is equal to 3.14in.
Ktr is, to be simplified, permitted to be zero.
b. Bar cut-off at support
Unit
Support
Cut off bars
Percentage of remaining bars
Theoretical cut-off point
ft
1.57
Actual cutoff point
ft
1.25
Development length
ft
0.65
Actual cutoff point
ft
2.77
ft
First
Chosen cutoff point
ft
1.25
Theoretical cut-off point (1)
ft
1.43
ft
Development length (3)

Chosen cutoff point
Location of cut off point is taken from face of support
-
Determination of cut-off point of negative moment steel is the same of that of

positive moment steels. However, there are some additional works that:
(1) ACI code 12.12.3 states that at least one-third the total tension
reinforcement provided for negative moment at a support shall have an
embedment length beyond the point of inflection not less than d, 12db, or
ln/16, whichever is greater.
Using reference 1, graph A.3, Appendix A to determine the theoretical
cut-off point
(2) ACI code 12.10.3 expresses that bars must extend beyond the point at
which it is no longer required to resist flexure for a distance equal to d (d
is the effective depth of slab) or 12db (db is diameter of bar), whichever is
greater. In this case, 12db=12x0.314=3.768in=0.314ft is chosen.
(3) , (4) However, ACI code 12.10.2 provides that full development length
musts be provided beyond critical section (critical section is the point of
maximum stress or the point at which the bars are terminated).
t e s
3 fy
ld
d
40 f ' (c K b
b
tr
c
d

b
In this case:
of fresh concrete beneath the horizontal bars (there is no horizontal
bars in slab and the slab thickness is less than 12in.) so t is equal
to 1.


cb is concrete cover and is equal to 3/4 in.
db is diameter of bar and is equal to 3.14in.
The faces of all supports have the same moment, so the reinforcement
placement and bars cut-off is the same.
c. Bars anchorage and hook:

-
ACI code 12.12.1 states that negative moment reinforcement in a

continuous, restrained, or cantilever member, or in any member of a rigid
frame, shall be anchored in or through the supporting member by
embedment length, hooks, or mechanical anchorage.
The development length of hooked bars is taken from ACI code 12.5.2
that
0.02 e f y
0.02 x1x 40000
db
ldh
0.314 6.15in
'
f
1
x
1667
A development length of 6.5in is chosen.

The hook is designed according to ACI code 7.1.1 and 7.2.1 that the bars
are bent 180o plus 4db extension at the free end but not less than 2.5in and
the minimum diameter of bend is not less than 6db.
An extension of 2.5in and a minimum diameter of 2in are chosen.
C. Secondary beam:
Choose a cross-sectional dimension of beam of 8x22in
1. Load computation:
Dead load from weight of beam:
22 3.5
) =161.21lb/ft
cxbbeamx(hbeam-hslab)= 156.07 0.67 (
12 12
Dead load transmitted from slab:
DLslab
74.68
xl
x7.5 560lb / ft
1
1
Total dead load of beam:
DLbeam=560+161.21=721.21lb/ft
Live load transmitted from slab:
LL
187.92
x7.5 1409.4lb / ft
LLbeam= slab xl
1
1
2. Structural analysis:
ACI code 8.11.2 limits various combinations of load to 2 cases:
+ Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on two adjacent
spans; and
+ Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on alternate spans.
Combination 1
Combination 2
Combination 3
Combination 4
ACI code 9.2.1, eq.9-2 requires that dead load must be multiplied with 1.2 and
live load must be multiplied with 1.6 when total load is calculated.
Using SAP2000 to calculate moment and shear force of those combination, the
results are:
Moment diagram:
Shear force diagram

a. Determination of steel area at span:
Assume that the effective depth of beam is 20.2in:
Unit
First span
Second span
Third span
Mu
ft-kip
61.02
74.91
77.95
bf (1)
in
57
57
57
Trial As (2)
in2
1.10
1.35
1.41
Trial a (3)
in
0.54
0.66
0.70
In flange
In flange
In flange
0.02
0.02
59.93
62.36
0.9
0.9
0.9
35
34
36
8.86x10-4
8.60x10-4
9.12x10-4
Location of neutral axis(4)

Assumed t(5)
Redistributed Mu(6)
ft-kip
Assumed
R(8)
psi
As (10)
in2
1.02
0.99
1.05
Practicals
in2
yes
yes
Yes
As>As.min(11)
Verified d (12)
in
20.23
20.23
20.23
a (13)
in
0.53
0.53
0.53
c(14)
in
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.097
0.097
0.097
yes
yes
Yes
yes
Yes
0.9
0.9
0.9
2.18
2.18
2.18
Yes
yes
yes
t(15)
u can be redistributed
Reinforcing bar has yielded
(16)
Validated
Spacing between bars (18)
Spacing between bars meets
in
the ACI code requirement(19)

(1) bf is the flange with of the beam.
ACI code 18.2 provides that:

+ The flange should not exceed span length,
+ The effective overhanging flange should not exceed 8 times the slab thickness
+ The effective overhanging flange should not exceed the clear distance to the
next beam.
In this case, the flange width is the smallest of:
1
1
xl
x19 4.75 ft 57in

1
4
4
b f min 8 x 2 xhslab bw 8 x 2 x3.5 8 64in

l
2 x 2 7.5 ft 90in
2
The width of 57in is chosen.
(2), (3), (4) To determine whether the neutral axis is in flange or in web:
+ Assume that the stress-block depth is equal to the slab thickness
+ Take the steel area As from the equation:
Mu
As
a
f y ( d )
2
Where:
Mu is factored moment.
is strength reduction factor, and is assumed to be equal to 0.9
fy is tensile strength of steel, equal to 40000psi, in this case.
D is effective depth of beam.
A is the stress-block depth of the beam, and was assumed to be
equal to the slab thickness.
+ Calculate the stress-block depth:
As f y
a
0.85 f c 'b
Where:
As is the steel area calculated above.
Fy is tensile strength of steel, equal to 40000psi, in this case.
Fc is compressive strength of concrete, which is equal to 1667, in
this case.
B is width of beam, which is, in this case, equal to the flange
width.
If the stress-block depth is greater than the slab thickness, the neutral axis is in the
web, if it is not, the neutral axis is in the flange.
(5),(6) By theory of elasticity, ACI code 8.4 permits designers to reduce maximum
negative and positive factored moment by not more than 1000t percent, with a
maximum of 20 percent, provided that t at the section where moment is reduced is not
smaller than 0.0075 and moment is calculated by exact method.
(7): is strength reduction factor and varies linearly between 0.65 and 0.9 based
on net tensile strain t. In this case, should be assumed to be equal to 0.9.
Mu
(8): R is flexural resistance factor and is calculated as: R=
.b.d 2
Where, Mu is factored load moment
is strength reduction factor and is assumed to be 0.9.
b and d are the width and effective depth of the beam which are 57in and
18.2in
(9): is reinforcement ratio and is, in this case, taken from equation:
fy
R=fy(1-0.59 '
fc
Where R is flexural resistance factor as calculated above
sis steel area of the beam and is computed as s =.b.d
Where is reinforcement ratio, taken by solving the equation above
b and d are the width and effective depth of beam, which are 57in and
18.2in
(11)As.min is provided by ACI code 10.5.1 as equal to
As.min 3
fc'
fy
bw d 3
1667
8 x18.2 0.44in 2
40000
Where fy is tensile strength of steel, which is equal to 40000psi.

bw is the web width of the beam.
D is the effective depth of the beam.
(12)ACI code 7.7.1 (c) provides that the minimum concrete cover of beam is 1-1.5in
(db is bar diameter).
In addition, ACI code 7.6.2 requires that the distance between two layers is
greater than 1in.
Choose the concrete cover of 1in and distance between layers of 1in to calculate
effective depth of beam.
As f y
0.85 f c 'b

b is width of beam, which is equal to 57in.
a
(14) c is the distance to neutral axis, calculated as c=
0.85
Where, a is the depth of compressive stress block computed above.
d c
(15),(16) t is net tensile strain and is calculated as t u t
c
Where u is compressive strain limit, which is equal to 0.003.
d t is he depth to the centroid of the farthest steel layer of the beam.
c is the distance to neutral axis as calculated above.
ACI code 10.3.5 expresses a minimum net tensile strain t of 0.004 to ensure the
beam is underreinforced.
(17) is exactly calculated to verify its assumed value. In this case, t is greater than
0.005, therefore, is verified as 0.9.
(18) Spacing between bars is calculated as s=(bw-2cc-ndb)/(n-1)
Where bw is web width of beam.
cc is thickness of concrete cover.
db is bar diameter.
n is the number of bars.
(19) ACI code 7.6.1 states that the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a
layer shall be db, but not less than 1 in. In this case, the value of 1in is chosen.
ACI code 10.5.1 limits the maximum spacing between bars to the value of
40000
40000
smax= 15x(
) 2.5cc=15x
- 2.5x1=12.5in
fs
40000
(cc is thickness of concrete cover)
40000
40000
but not greater than 12x
=12x
=12in
fs
40000
The maximum spacing in this case is 12in.
b. Determination of steel area at support:

Assume that the effective depth of beam is 20in:
Unit
Second
Third
support
support
117.66
105.77
113.12
0.9
0.9
0.9
490
441
471
0.0157
0.0137
0.0149
max (1)
No
No
no
Factored load moment Mu
ft-kip
Assumed
R
psi
First support
As1(2)
in2
0.716(
0.477(
0.477(
Moment resistance contributed
ft-kip
40.22
26.80
26.80
ft-kip
77.44
78.97
86.32
0.9
0.9
0.9
323
329
360
9.30x10-3
9.50x10-3
0.0106
by compression steel (3)

Remaining moment (4)
Assumed
R
kip
As2
in2
1.488
1.52
1.70
Tensile steel area (5)
in2
Actual As
in2
yes
Yes
Yes
As>As.min
Validated d
in
20.00
20.11
20.00
a(8)
in
6.25
5.27
6.25
c(9)
in
7.35
6.2
7.35
t(10)
0.0054
0.007
0.0054
Tensile bar has yielded (11)
Yes
Yes
Yes
's
0.0024
0.0023
0.0024
Compression bar has yielded
Yes
Yes
yes
Validated
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.82
1.95
1.82
Yes
Yes
Yes
Spacing between bars

Spacing between bars meets the
ACI code requirement
in
- Determination of negative moment reinforcement area is done in the same way as

that above.
(1): The maximum reinforcement ratio max is:
max =0.851
fc'
u
1667
0.003
0.85x0.85
0.0129
f y u 0.004
40000 0.003 0.004
Where: 1 is equal to 0.85

u is compressive strain limit, and is equal to 0.003.
If is greater than max, the beam must be considered as doubly reinforced.
(2): Some bars at span should continue to support to become compression
reinforcement and the area of those bars is As1.
(3) Moment resistance contributed by compression steel is calculated as:
M1 = As1 f y (d d ' )
Where: A s1 is compression steel area.
d is effective depth of beam
d is distance from centroid of compression steel to compressive
face of beam.
(4) Total moment is partly resisted by compression reinforcement, therefore the
remaining moment is M 2 =M u M1
Determination of steel area resisting the remaining moment (As2) is carried out in the
same way as above.
(5) The tensile steel area is the sum of the steel area resisting M1 (As1) and those
resisting M2 (As2)
The steps to see whether the ACI code requirements are met are also similar to those
above.
However, there are some differences that:
( As As1 ) f y
a
0.85 f c 'b
b is width of beam, which is equal to 8in.

(1) Strain of compression steel could be calculated as:
c d'
u
c
Where: c is distance from compressive face of concrete to neutral axis.
d distance from compressive face of concrete to closest layer of
compression steel.
u is strain of compression face of concrete.
s'
Compression steel can be considered to be yielded if its strain is greater than

f
40000
y y
0.0138
Es 29000000
Where: y is yield strain of steel
fy yield strength of steel, which is equal to 40000psi
Es is modulus of elasticity of steel, which is equal to
2900000psi
c. Bars cut-off
Cut-off of bars at span:
Unit
First span
left
Second span
third span
right
Cut off bars
Remaining bars
Remaining As
in2
0.716
0.828
0.477
0.828
0.477
0.828
0.477
a after bars being cut-off
in
0.35
0.41
0.24
0.41
0.24
0.41
0.24
d after bars being cutoff
in
20.73
20.09
20.73
20.09
20.73
20.09
20.73
Mn of remaining reinforcement
ft-kip
44.15
49.74
29.49
49.74
29.49
49.74
29.49
Theoretical
Left side of the span
ft
7.42
7.28
5.4
6.62
4.86
cut off point
Right side of the span
ft
6.56
4.68
6.62
4.86
Actual
ft
5.61
3.67
4.94
3.13
cutoff point
ft
5.5
5.69
Development length
ft
1.48
Actual
ft
9.91
cutoff point
ft
3.74
3.83
2.01
4.88
2.95
4.94
3.13
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.08
1.48
1.08
8.42
4.32
8.42
3.78
8.42
3.6
8.42
3.78
First
first
first
first
First
first
first
first
5.5
3.5
4.5
4.5
2.5
4.5
6.13
4.02
first
First
Chosen
ft
cutoff point
ft
first
5.5
3.5
Location of cut off point is taken from center line of support

ACI code 12.11.1 provides that at least one-fourth of the positive moment steel
be continued uninterrupted along the same face of a beam a distance at least 6in.
in to the support.
Moment capacity of reinforcement is computed as:
a
M n As f y ' (d )
2
Where: As is reinforcement area.
fy is yield strength of steel, and is equal to 40000psi
d is the effective depth of the beam
a is the stress-block depth of the beam, and is calculated as
As f y
a
0.85 f c 'b
Use SAP2000 and the calculated moment capacity to determine the theoretical
cut-off point.
ACI code 12.10.3 expresses that bars must extend beyond the point at
which it is no longer required to resist flexure for a distance equal to d (d
is the effective depth of beam) or 12db (db is diameter of bar), whichever is
greater. The distance of d (the effective depth of the beam) controls in this
case.
+ However, ACI code 12.10.2 also provides that full development length
must be provided beyond critical section (critical section is the point of
maximum stress or the point at which the bars are terminated).
t e s
3 fy
ld
d
40 f ' (c K b
b
tr
c
d

b
In this case:
of fresh concrete beneath the horizontal bars (the concrete cover is
just 1in) so t is equal to 1.


cb is concrete cover and is equal to 1 in.
db is diameter of bar and is equal to.
According to ACI code 12.11.1, at least 1/4 positive moment reinforcement must
continue along the same face of a beam a distance 6in. in to the support.
Cut-off bars at support

Unit
Second support
1
2
2
2
+2
1.597
0.973
5.64
3.43
19.94
20.61
82.02
55.15
Third support
1
2
2
2
+2
1.762
0.973
6.28
3.43
19.82
20.61
88.17
55.15
6.22
0.86
0.8
2.52
2.46
3.03
3.53
3.53
second
second
3.5
3.5
4.57
4.06
6.29
5.78
0.84
0.83
2.49
2.48
3.03
3.53
3.53
second
second
3.5
3.5
4.5
4.36
6.22
6.08
5.11
4.86
4.74
5.01
4.97
Requirement
Left side of support
first
controls
Right side of support
first
first
Chosen cutoff
ft
6.5
point
ft
6.5
6
first
first
6.5
6.5
Bars being cut off

Remaining bars
Remaining steel area
a depth after bars being cut-off
d after bars being cut-off
Moment capacity of remaining
reinforcement
Theoretical cut Left side of support
off point
Actual cutoff
point
Development length
Actual cutoff
point
in2
In
in
ft-kip
Chosen cutoff
point
Inflection point

ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft

ft
ft
Cut-off point
beyond inflection
point
Actual cutoff
point of remaining
bars
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
First support
1
2
2
2
+2
1.762
0.973
6.28
3.43
19.82
20.61
88.17
55.15
0.96
2.08
2.61
3.03
3.80
2.46
3.53
3.42
second
first
3.5
4.5
1.83
1.71
3.97
3.79
1.94
2.8
2.74
first
first
4
4
Determination of cut-off point of negative moment steel is the same of that of positive
moment steels. However, there are some additional works that:
ACI code 12.12.3 states that at least one-third the total tension reinforcement
provided for negative moment at a support shall have an embedment length beyond
the point of inflection not less than d, 12db, or ln/16, whichever is greater.
The distance of d is chosen.
Use SAP2000 to determine the inflection point.
However, ACI code 12.10.2 also suggests that the development length must be
provided beyond the point at which the adjacent bars terminated.
1.98
1.94
3.70
3.66
2.46
3.3
3.2
first
first
4
4
ACI code 12.12.1 states that negative moment reinforcement in a continuous,

restrained, or cantilever member, or in any member of a rigid frame, shall be
anchored in or through the supporting member by embedment length, hooks, or
mechanical anchorage.
The development length of hooked bars is taken from ACI code 12.5.2 that
0.02 e f y
d
ldh
f' b
c
ACI code 12.5.3 permits development length of hooked bar to be multiplied with
the modification factors.
In this case, being inside the spandrel beam, the side cover of those bars is well
greater than 2.5in and the 180 degree hook is used so ACI code 12.5.3(a) is
applicable, which means that the development length of hooked bar can be
multiplied with 0.7.
(*) Theoretically, 2 bars no.20 at top layer can be cut off, however, they should,
practically, continue through the span in order to keep stirrups in place and
provide additional negative moment capacity.
Design of hook:
The hook design is controlled by ACI code 7.1.1 and 7.2.1 that the bars are bent
180o plus 4db extension at the free end but not less than 2.5in and the minimum
diameter of bend is not less than 6db.
Bar number:
Development length with hook
Factored development length
with hook
Chosen development length
Diameter of bend
Length of extension
in
in
20
15.42
10.79
18
13.87
9.71
in
in
in
11
5
3.5
10
4.5
3
d. Design of stirrups:
No.8 double-legs stirrups should be used.
Unit
Left side Right side
Left side
Right
Left
of first
of first
of second
side of
side of
span
span
span
second
third
span
span
Maximum shear force
kip
33.26
30.58
32.53
32.48
32.98
Location where Vu=0
ft
10.74
9.8
10.4
10.4
10.6
Modified maximum shear
kip
28.10
25.38
27.32
27.27
27.79
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
force (1)
Strength reduction factor
Vc (3)
kip
13.07
13.07
13.07
13.07
13.07
smax (5)
in
10
10
10
10
10
Vu of smax
kip
19.04
19.04
19.04
19.04
19.04
Location where smax can be
ft
4.4
3.7
4.3
4.3
4.5
s1(4)
in
5.00
5.93
5.27
5.29
5.14
Practical s1
in
5.5
Length of distribution of s1
ft
applied
Number of stirrups
Remaining shear force
kip
23.97
21.22
23.15
23.11
23.65
s2
in
6.52
8.10
6.92
6.94
6.67
Practical s2
in
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
ft
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.5
Number of stirrups
Location where smax can be applied is taken from center line of support.
(1) ACI code 11.1.3.1 permits section located less than the distance d (effective depth of the
beam) to be designed for shear force Vu computed at distance d.
(2) Strength reduction factor for members subjected to shear force is, according to ACI code
9.3.2.3, equal to 0.75.
(5) According to ACI code 11.1.1, the design of beams for shear is based on the relation:
VuVn,
where Vu is total shear force due to factored loads.

Vn is nominal shear strength and is taken as Vn=Vc+Vs.
where Vc and Vs are contributions of concrete and
steel in shear resistance of beam, relatively.
If shear force is greater than contributions of concrete in shear resistance, web
reinforcement is required.
(3) Contribution of concrete to moment resistance is, according to ACI code 11.2.1.1,
calculated as:
Vc 2 fc ' bw d
Where:
is light weight concrete factor, and is equal to 1 (according to ACI code
8.6.1)
fc is compressive strength of concrete, and is equal to 1667.
bw, d are the width and effective depth of beam.
(4) Spacing between web reinforcement is, according to ACI code 11.1.7.2, computed as:
Av f yt d Av f yt d
s
Vs
Vu Vc
Where: is strength reduction factor.
Av,min is total cross-section area of 1 stirrup.
fyt is yield strength of web steel.
d is the effective depth of beam.
Vc and Vs are contributions of concrete and steel in shear resistance of
beam, relatively.
Vu is shear force.
(5) ACI code 11.4.5.1 limits the spacing between shear reinforce to d/2 (d is effective depth
of beam) or 24in.
ACI code 11.4.6.1 and ACI code 11.4.6.3 also express that minimum shear
reinforcement should be provided in flexural members where Vu is greater than Vu/2
(even if shear reinforcement is not needed). Minimum shear reinforcement is calculated
as:
Av ,min 0.75 f c '

Where:
bw s (50bw s)
f yt
f yt
fc is compressive strength of concrete, and is equal to 1667.

bw is the width of beam.
fyt is yield strength of web steel.
s is spacing of web reinforcement.
Therefore, spacing of web reinforcement provided by Av,min is:
Av ,min f yt
Av ,min f yt
s
50bw
0.75 f c ' bw
The maximum spacing between web reinforcement is the smallest of:
Av ,min f yt
Av ,min f yt
'
50bw
15.4in
0.75 f c bw
10in
d / 2
24in
24in
smax =10in is chosen.

At the regions of beam where Vu Vc, according to ACI code 11.4.6.1, the stirrups are
not required.
However, in order to keep the longitudinal bars in place and provide additional shear
capacity, it is reasonable to continue the stirrups through those regions at the maximum
spacing of 10in.
D. Main beam:
Make a trial dimension of beam of 12x30in
1. Load computation:
Dead load from weight of beam:
cxbbeamx[(hbeam-hslab)xL1-(hbeam-hslab)xbbeam]=156.07x1x[(2.5-0.29)x7.5-(1.830.29)x0.67]=2425lb
Dead load transmitted from beam:
DLrib L2 721.2119 13703lb
Total dead load of beam:
DLbeam=2425+13703=16128b/ft
Live load transmitted from beam:
LLbeam= LLrib L2 1409.4 19 26778lb
2. Structural analysis:
ACI code 8.11.2 limits various combinations of load to 2 cases:

+ Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on two adjacent
spans; and
+ Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on alternate spans.
Combination 1:
Combination 2:
Combination 3:
ACI code 9.2.1, eq.9-2 requires that dead load must be multiplied with 1.2 and
live load must be multiplied with 1.6 when total load is calculated.
Using SAP2000 to calculate moment and shear force of those combination, the
results are:
Moment diagram
Shear force diagram
The determination of steel area, cut-off point, stirrups is the same as that of secondary
beam, so it is reasonable not to show the explanation of calculation here.

a. Determination of steel area at span:
Location of cross-section
unit
first span
second span
Mu
ft-kip
226.90
227.70
Flange width
in
67.5
67.5
Trial As
in2
2.90
2.91
Trial a
in
1.21
1.22
Location of neutral axis
in
In flange
In flange
Assumed t
Redistributed Mu
0.02
ft-kip
Assumed
R
psi
182.16
0.9
0.9
58
46
1.48x10-3
1.17x10-3
As
in2
2.77(=1735mm2)
2.19(=1426mm2)
Practical s
in2
yes
Yes
As>As.min
Verified d
in
27.9
28
in
1.17
0.92
in
1.39
1.08
0.059
0.077
u can be redistributed
yes
yes
Rebar has yielded
yes
yes
Validated
0.9
0.9
2.4
2.5
Yes
yes
in
Spacing between bars meets

the ACI code requirement
b. Determination of steel area at support:

Unit
First support
Second support
Factored load moment Mu
ft-kip
380.81
339.01
0.9
0.9
559.5
498
0.0192
0.0161
max
No
no
Assumed
R
psi
As1
in2
1.58(
1.25(
Moment resistance contributed
ft-kip
123.74
98.04
Remaining moment
ft-kip
257.07
240.97
psi
377.7
354
0.0112
0.0104
by compression steel
As2
in2
3.696
3.432
As
in2
mm2)
mm2)
Actual As
in2
As>As.min
yes
Yes
Validated d
27.67
27.7
in
8.98
8.14
in
10.57
9.58
0.0051
0.0059
Tensile bar has yielded
Yes
Yes
's
0.0026
0.0025
Compression bar has yielded
Yes
Yes
Validated
0.9
0.9
2.03
2.19
Yes
Yes

Spacing between bars meets the
in
ACI code requirement

c. Bars cut-off
Cut-off of bars at span
Unit
First
span
Second span
Cut off bars
Remaining bars
2 4
2 4

in2
in
2.2
5.17
1.58
3.72
0.79
1.86
1.72
4.05
1.24
2.92
0.62
1.46
d after bars being cutoff
in
28.17
28.65
28.65
28.24
28.69
28.69
ft-kip
168.86
127.00
65.70
135.27
101.30
52.01
6.02
5.47
4.68
3.67
3.08
2.29
reinforcement
Theoretical cut
ft
8.83
7.10
6.23
off point
ft
6.4
5.61
4.45
Actual cutoff
ft
6.48
4.71
3.84
point
ft
4.05
3.22
2.06
Development length
ft
1.94
1.94
2.46
1.48
1.48
1.94
Actual cutoff
ft
13.06
6.89
4.64
6.02
4.54
3.53
point
ft
5.56
4.46
3.15
First/second
ft
First
first
first
first
first
first
requirement
ft
First
First
first
Chosen cutoff
ft
4.5
3.5
3.5
point
ft
controls
Cut-off of bar at support:
Unit
Bars being cut off
2
First support
Second support
4.22
3.04
3.54
2.36
in
in
9.93
7.15
8.38
5.55
d after bars being cut-off
in
27.97
28.51
27.95
28.57

reinforcement
ft-kip
291.24
227.41
252.33
182.63
Theoretical cut
off point
ft
1.35
2.45
ft
1.28
2.31
Actual cutoff
point
ft
3.68
4.97
ft
3.58
4.52
3.61
4.69
Development length
ft
4.59
4.59
4.59
4.59
Actual cutoff
point
ft
5.09
5.44
ft
5.09
5.37
Requirement
controls
second
second
second
second
Chosen cutoff
point
ft
5.5
5.5
ft
5.5
5.5
Inflection point
ft
ft
Cut-off point beyond inflection point
5.5
2.14
5.84
second
6
5.3
4.5
ft
6.88
7.38
4.74
4.43
4.60
first
Chosen cutoff point
5
7.68
ft
ft
Requirement
controls
5.09
second
ft
Actual cutoff point of remaining bars
1.25
first
ft
ft
first
8
7.5

(*) Theoretically, all 4 bars no.22 at top layer can be cut off, however, two outer bars
should, practically, continue through the span in order to keep stirrups in place and provide
additional negative moment capacity.
Design of hook:
Bar number:
Development length with hook
Factored development length
with hook(*)
Chosen development length
Diameter of bend
Length of extension
in
in
22
16.97
9.50
25
19.20
10.75
in
in
in
9.5
5.5
3.5
11
6
4
(*) The development length of hooked bar in this case is too long that multiplying
with modification factor 0.7 does not make it small enough to place in girder,
therefore, stirrups should be provided perpendicularly to bars with spacing not
less than 3db to make modification of 0.8 of ACI code 12.5.3 appliciable.
d. Design of stirrups:
No.10 double-legs stirrups should be used.
Unit
Maximum shear force
kip
Strength reduction factor
Left side of
Right side of
Left side of
first span
first span
second span
71.61
64.06
67.90
0.75
0.75
0.75
Vc
kip
27.39
27.39
27.39
s1
in
4.00
4.70
4.32
Practical s1
in
4.5
ft
7.5
7.5
7.5
23
20
23
Number of stirrups

Vu at the middle region of span is smaller than Vc/2 so, according to ACI code 11.4.6.1,
the minimum area of shear reinforcement is not required.
However, in order to keep the longitudinal bars in place and provide additional shear
capacity, it is reasonable to continue the stirrups through the middle region of the span at
the maximum spacing of 10in. If it is done, the number of stirrups is
e. Design of beam-to-beam joint
7.5
10
12=9.
No design method is given by ACI code, however, ref. 5 (reinforcement concrete

mechanics and design 6e) proposes a method from Canada concrete Code, that is:
In addition to the stirrups provided for shear in beam, hanger stirrups with a
tensile capacity of:
h
Ah f yt rib Vu 2
hbeam
should also be provided within a length of bw2+h1/2+2(h1-h2) in main beam and
dbeam/4 in beams adjacent to each face of secondary beam.
Where, Ah is area of hanger reinforcement adjacent to one face of main
beam,
h1 is total depth of main beam
h2 is total depth of secondary beam
d is effective depth of secondary beam.
Vu2 is total factored shear.
Choose bars no.10 for stirrups.
Shear force
Area of hanger stirrups for beams
Number of stirrups
Length of distribution
spacing
Area of hanger stirrups for beam
Number of stirrups
Length of distribution
spacing
kip
in2
in
in
in2
in
in
62.198
1.52
7
35
5
0.76
4
5.5
1.3
References:
(1) ACI code 318-08 Building code requirements for Structural concrete.
(2) ACI detailing manual 2004.
(3) Arthur H.Nilson, David Darwin, Charles W.Dolan, Design of concrete structure, 7th
edition.
(4) Jack C.McCormac, James K.Nelson, Design of reinforced concrete, 7th edition.
(5) James K.Wright, James G.McGregor, Reinforced concrete mechanics and design, 6th
edition.
(6) V B Tm, H c Duy, n mn hc kt cu b tng, sn sn ton khi loi
bn dm.
(7) Nguyn nh Cng, Tnh ton thc hnh Cu kin b tng ct thp.

Design of 1 Way Concrete Slab

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Design of 1 Way Concrete Slab

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L c Hi Long-BKHCM-81101897

The ratio of longer span to shorter span is

2.5 2 so this slab should

be considered as one-way slab.

As per foot (4)

Reinforcing has yielded (12)

s max =min 18in

(7) As.min is provided by ACI code 10.5.1 as equal to

Where fy is tensile strength of steel, which is equal to 40000psi.

5. Shear strength check:

where Vc and Vn are contbeamutions of concrete and steel

ACI code 11.2.1 provides that Vc=2

Where, is light-weight concrete modification factor and is equal

Vc=2x1x 1667 xx2.6=2547lb

6. Temperature and shrinkage bars:

Cut off bars

Percentage of remaining bars (1)

Theoretical cut-off point (2)

Actual cutoff point (3)

Development length (4)

Actual cutoff point (5)

First/second requirement controls

Chosen cutoff point

Location of cut off point is taken from face of support

t is reinforcement location factor. There are not more than 12in

s is reinforcing size factor. The bars are smaller than bars

is light-weight aggregate factor. The normal-weight concrete is

Cut off bars

Percentage of remaining bars

Theoretical cut-off point

Actual cutoff point

Actual cutoff point

First/second requirement controls

Chosen cutoff point

Theoretical cut-off point (1)

Actual cutoff point (2)

Development length (3)

Determination of cut-off point of negative moment steel is the same of that of

s is reinforcing size factor. The bars are smaller than bars

is light-weight aggregate factor. The normal-weight concrete is

c. Bars anchorage and hook:

ACI code 12.12.1 states that negative moment reinforcement in a

A development length of 6.5in is chosen.

Shear force diagram

3. Determination of steel area:

Location of neutral axis(4)

the ACI code requirement(19)

ACI code 18.2 provides that:

x19 4.75 ft 57in

b f min 8 x 2 xhslab bw 8 x 2 x3.5 8 64in

Where fy is tensile strength of steel, which is equal to 40000psi.

Where As is steel area

b. Determination of steel area at support:

Factored load moment Mu

Moment resistance contributed

by compression steel (3)

Tensile steel area (5)

Tensile bar has yielded (11)

Compression bar has yielded

Spacing between bars

- Determination of negative moment reinforcement area is done in the same way as

Where: 1 is equal to 0.85

b is width of beam, which is equal to 8in.

Compression steel can be considered to be yielded if its strain is greater than