Laboratory of Electric Systems

Experiment One

Generation power station

* Objectives:
- To be familiar with generating station components.
- To identify the step-up transformer ratio.
- To evaluate the line-to-line and phase voltages and currents.
- To evaluate the generator impedance.

* Procedure:
1- Examine the board of generation and define the function of
each element.
2- Connect the power and measurement circuits at no-load. The
transformer is connected in -Y configuration.
3- Measure the L-L voltages at the generator terminals and at
the configuration output. What are the values of currents in
lines?
L1-L2

L1-L3

L2-L3

I1

I2

I3

4- Connect as before with the secondary winding halved (120

KV). Carry out the previous measurements.
L1-L2

L1-L3

L2-L3

I1

I2

I3

5- Introduce a symmetrical load directly the output of the

transformer. Find the impedance of the three phases.
R1

X1

Z1

R2

X2

Z2

R3

X3

Z3

6- Connect the transformer in Y- connection and give the

readings as above.
L1-L2

L1-L3

L2-L3

I1

I2

I3

7- Connect a symmetrical load and give the value of phase

currents and L-L voltages.
L1-L2

L1-L3

L2-L3

I1

I2

I3

8- Connect asymmetrical load and notice the values of currents

in the lines.

Laboratory of Electric Systems

Experiment Two

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Laboratory of Electric Power Systems

Experiment Three

Transmission Lines
* Objectives:
- To be familiar with transmission lines components.
- To identify the drop voltage at the transmission line.
- To be familiar the operation of two lines in parallel.
- To see the effect of capacitors on the transmission line.

* Procedure:
1- Define the impedance of each phase of the 3-phase
transmission line.
R1

X1

Z1

R2

X2

Z2

R3

X3

Z3

2- Measure the voltage at the beginning of the line and at the

end of the line, and define: V = Vi - Vo
Vi

Vo

3- Calculate the transmission line regulation.

4- Double the line length. Measure the transmission line
impedance, V, and regulation while the line is loaded.

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R1

X1

Z1

R2

X2

Vi

Z2

R3

X3

Z3

Vo

5- Operate two lines in parallel, and compare the values of phase

currents in steps 4 and 5 (while the transmission line is loaded).
Two lines in series
I1
I2
I3

Two lines in parallel

I1
I2
I3

6- Add a capacitive load component and note the changes in

voltages and reactive power readings.
Without capacitors
VL1-L2
VL1-L3
VL2-L3
Q1

Q2

Q3

With capacitors
VL1-L2
VL1-L3
VL2-L3
Q1

Q2

7- Write your observations about the experiment.

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Q3

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Laboratory of Electric Systems

Experiment Four

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Laboratory of Electric Systems

Experiment Five
Digital relay for protecting of electrical machines and
installations I
(Phase and over current relay)
The protection relay type RE/1 is based on an industrial Thytronic relay
type NA016 and provides the protection of machines and electrical lines
against overloads, the short circuits between phases and the earth faults.
It can be used as general protection of users linked to the distribution
network MV in compliance with the prescriptions CEI 0-16 in those
applications where are foreseen the functions of protection of max current
and earth fault.
RE/1 is particularly suitable to be used with simulators of electrical
station type CE-PE/2, transmission line type SLE/2, distribution line type
IDLE/3.
RE/1 is equipped with 4 current inputs and with 4 relay outputs.
RE/1 implements these functions of protection and control:
- 50/51 Max current
- 50N/51N Max residual current
- 74TCS Monitoring of open circuit of the switch
The relay is mounted in a box with external power supply and all
terminals are indicated on the front panel with terminals of 4 mm for
power circuits and of 2 mm for those of and control. The terminals on the
panel are identified by a number, that is precisely the same that is
indicated on the manual by the constructor, so it is possible to make all
examples of diagrams shown by the manual of the Thytronic company.
+24 V marked on the panel must NOT be used for power circuits but only
eventually to feed the digital inputs.
- Suggested Calibration Tables:
The trip current must be set considering the nominal current of the device
to be protected but taking into consideration also the selectivity.

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Take into consideration that the current setting must be calculated as a

ratio between the desired trip current and 5 A that is the nominal current
of the relay. For example, if I want to set a trip current of 2 A (as
threshold that makes the current trips) I have to insert 2 / 5 = 0.4
General notes on protection 50/51
The relay enables to insert a characteristic of max trip current that is
composed by 3 curves:
- The first section is an inverse time characteristic ( trip time that is
inverse proportional to the current)
- The other two characteristics are with independent time from the current
(constant delay)
Normally two characteristics are enough, the first at inverse time and the
second at definite time in which the inserted current is lower than the
short (estimated) circuit current and the trip time is 0.01 0.05 s (it
could be instantaneous if selectivity is not required)
We remind you that the inverse time characteristic starts with current >
1.1 for set current.

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- Procedure:
1) Connect the Distribution module to an RLC load through the
protection relay RE 1 as in the diagram.
2) From the Set menu select Relays then select the relay K1 and change it
to Trip I> .
3) Select the mode to De-energized and to No-latched.
4) Now select the 50/51 relay and select the following:
Icurve : IEC / BS A
I>inv : 0.2 In
t>inv : 0.15 s
5) Make the load current 1A, then gradually start increasing the current
by increasing the load, make this four times, and each time record the
time required for tripping after the relay starts.
6) Draw the time current characteristics for this relay.

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Current

Time ( for tripping )

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Laboratory of Electric Systems

Experiment Six
Digital relay for protecting of electrical machines and
installations II
(Phase and over current relay)
The protection relay type RE/1 is based on an industrial Thytronic relay
type NA016 and provides the protection of machines and electrical lines
against overloads, the short circuits between phases and the earth faults.
It can be used as general protection of users linked to the distribution
network MV in compliance with the prescriptions CEI 0-16 in those
applications where are foreseen the functions of protection of max current
and earth fault.
RE/1 is particularly suitable to be used with simulators of electrical
station type CE-PE/2, transmission line type SLE/2, distribution line type
IDLE/3.
RE/1 is equipped with 4 current inputs and with 4 relay outputs.
RE/1 implements these functions of protection and control:
- 50/51 Max current
- 50N/51N Max residual current
- 74TCS Monitoring of open circuit of the switch
The relay is mounted in a box with external power supply and all
terminals are indicated on the front panel with terminals of 4 mm for
power circuits and of 2 mm for those of and control. The terminals on the
panel are identified by a number, that is precisely the same that is
indicated on the manual by the constructor, so it is possible to make all
examples of diagrams shown by the manual of the Thytronic company.
+24 V marked on the panel must NOT be used for power circuits but only
eventually to feed the digital inputs.

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- Procedure:
1) Connect the Distribution module to an RLC load through the
protection relay RE 1 as in the diagram.
2) From the Set menu select Relays then select the relay K1 and change it
to Trip I> .
3) Select the mode to De-energized and to No-latched.
4) Now select the 50/51 relay and select the following:
Icurve : IEC / BS A (standard inverse)
I>inv : 0.2 In
t>inv : 0.15 s
5) Make the load current 1A, then gradually start increasing the current
by increasing the load, make this four times, and each time record the
time required for tripping after the relay starts.
6) Draw the time current characteristics for this relay.
7) Now make the same for Icurve : IEC / BS B (Very Inverse) and draw
the time current characteristics.
8) Now make the same for Icurve : IEC / BS C (Extremely Inverse) and
draw the time current characteristics.
9) Draw the time current characteristics for all the three curves.
Curve Typre

Current

IEC / BS A
Standard Inverse

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Time ( for tripping )

IEC / BS B
Very Inverse

IEC / BS A
Extremely Inverse

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Laboratory of Electric Systems

Experiment Seven
PHASE & RESIDUAL OVERCURRENT,
PHASE & GROUND DIRECTIONAL,
UNDER/OVERVOLTAGE
PROTECTION RELAY
DESCRIPTION
The protection relay type RE/2 is based on an industrial Thytronic relay
type NA60 and provides the protection of machines and electrical lines
against overloads, the short circuits between phases and over heating, the
earth faults and the reverse flow of the energy.
It can be used as general protection of users linked to the distribution
network MV in compliance with the prescriptions CEI 0-16 in those
applications that foresee the functions of protection of max current and
earth fault.
RE/2 is particularly suitable to be used with simulators of electrical
station type CE-PE/2, transmission line type SLE/2, distribution line type
IDLE/3.
It can be used as general protection of users linked to the distribution
network MT in compliance with the prescriptions CEI 0-16 in those
applications that foresee the functions of protection of max directional
and not directional phase current and earth directional current.
The relay can be used on radial networks and/or meshed MV and LV and
to protect lines and power transformers:
On radial lines, in ring or in parallel of any length in systems with neutral
connected to earth, insulated, with Petersen coil and/or resistance.
For protection of earth fault for generators connected in parallel directly
to the same bar.
RE/2 is equipped with 4 current inputs , of 4 voltage inputs and of 6 relay
outputs. RE/2 implements these functions of protection and control.
The relay is mounted in a box with external power supply and all
terminals are indicated on the front panel with terminals of 4 mm
for power circuits and of 2 mm for those of auxiliary and control.
The terminals on the panel are identified by a number, that is
precisely the same that is indicated on the manual by the

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constructor, so it is possible to make all examples of diagrams

shown by the manual of the Thytronic company.
+24 V marked on the panel must NOT be used for power circuits
but only eventually to feed the digital inputs.
In the following pages there are two typical schematic:
Fig. 1 Only for current circuit, no energy flow sense and no
directionality
Fig. 2 Voltage and current circuits, so the relay can sense the
flow of energy

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Calibration:
The trip current must be set considering the nominal current of the
device to be protected but taking into consideration also the
selectivity.
Take into consideration that the current to be set must be
calculated as a ratio between the desired trip current and 5 A that
is the nominal current of the relay. For example, if I want to set a
trip current of 2 A (as threshold that makes the current trips at
dependent time) I have to insert 2 / 5 = 0.4
General notes on protection 50/51
The relay enables to insert a characteristic of max trip current that
is composed by 3 curves:
The first section is an inverse time characteristic ( trip time
that is inverse proportional to the current)
The other two characteristics are with independent time
from the current (constant delay)
General notes on protection 50/51
The relay enables to insert a characteristic of max trip current that
is composed by 3 curves:
Thefirst section is an inverse time characteristic ( trip time
that is inverse proportional to the current)
The other two characteristics are with independent time
from the current (constant delay)
Normally two characteristics are enough, the first at inverse time
and the second at definite time in which the inserted current is
lower than the short circuit current and the trip time is 0.01
0.05 s (it could be instantaneous if selectivity is not required)
We remind you that the inverse time characteristic starts with
current > 1.1 for set current.

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Laboratory of Electric Systems

Experiment Eight
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION RELAY
FOR TWO WINDING TRANSFORMERS
DESCRIPTION
The protection relay type RE/3 is based on an industrial Thytronic relay
type NT10 and provides the differential protection (ansi code 87) of
electrical machines (generators, motors and transformers) against internal
faults.
It provide also additional protections:
Ansi code 37. undercurrent
Ansi code 46. reverse-phase or phase-balance
Ansi code 49. machine or transformer thermal relay
Ansi code 50. instantaneous overcurrent relay
Ansi code 51. ac time overcurrent relay.
Ansi code 50. instantaneous overcurrent relay
Ansi code 51. ac time overcurrent relay.
Ansi code 74CT. Trip Circuit Supervision
It can be used as differential protection of generator and transformer
series connectdet.
RE/3 is particularly suitable to be used with simulators of electrical
station type CE-PE/2, and distribution line type IDLE/3.
RE/3 is equipped with two group of 4 current inputs , 4 binary inputs, 6
relay outputs.

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In reality provision has to be made for nonzero differential

quantities under normal healty conditions.
These could result due to line charging current, CT mismatching,
transformer magnetizing current, transformer tapchanger, etc.
Current balance principle:

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The transformer differential protection should take account of different

magnitude and phase angle between primary and secondary currents.
The two winding power transformer has two separate electrical windings.
It is used to interconnect two electrical networks with typically different
voltage levels. Two winding power transformers with rating bigger than
5MVA are typically star (wye) connected or delta connected, and less
frequently, zigzag connected. Such power transformers introduce a fixed
phase angle displacement (i.e. phase angle shift) between the two
windings. The phase angle displacement can have a value of 30 or n x
30 where n is an integer between 0 and 11, and depends on the winding
connection details for the specific power transformer. Typically the high
voltage winding is used as reference for the phase angle displacement.

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transformer becomes a non-linear device. This non-linearity from the

differential protection point of view manifests itself as a magnetizing
current which is present whenever the power transformer is connected to
the electrical power system. The magnetizing current is used to produce

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necessary magnetic flux in the transformer core. The magnetizing

currents can be divided into two categories:
Steady-state magnetizing currents;
and Transient magnetizing current. Steady State Magnetizing Currents
The steady state magnetic flux in the core is proportional to the ratio of
the voltage and frequency applied to the power transformer winding, as
shown by the following equation:

where:
is the magnetic flux in the core;
C is a constant dependent on the particular power transformer
construction details;
U is the voltage
f is the frequency of the voltage signal.
Typically, a power transformer magnetic core is designed in such way
that it will tolerate 110% of rated U/f ratio being applied to the power
transformer without saturation. Under such steady state operating
condition (e.g. U/f < 110%) the magnetizing current drawn by the power
transformer will be quite small. A typical RMS value of the magnetizing
current is from 0.2% to 0.5% for power transformers with a rating above
30MVA . However, if the 110% over-excitation limit is exceeded the
magnetic core will start to saturate. This will result in a sharp magnitude
increase of the magnetizing current.

Current based differential protection has been applied in power systems

since the end of the 19th century , and was one of the first protection
systems ever used. Faults are detected by comparing the currents flowing
into and out of the protected object as shown in Figure 2 .

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Fig. 2 - Principal connections for transformer differential protection

Within the differential relay two quantities are derived:
the stabilizing current (often as well called bias or restraining current)
which flows through the restraining circuitry s shown in Figure 2; and
the differential current (i.e. the current Id shown in Figure 2).
The magnitudes of these two quantities are typically used in order to
determine whether the differential relay will operate (trip) or restrain
from operation. A typical numerical differential relay tripping
characteristic is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 : Differential relay tripping characteristic

Typically, differential protection provides for fast tripping with absolute
selectivity for internal, high-level shunt faults when the relay operating
point defined by the current pair [Ibias, Idiff] is above the tripping
characteristic (see Figure 3). Differential relays are often used as main
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protection for all important elements of the power system such as

generators, transformers, buses, cables and short overhead lines. The
protected zone is clearly defined by the positioning of the main current
transformers to which the differential relay is connected.
Transformer differential protection is as well quite specific because it has
to cope with non-linearity of the power transformer. This is traditionally
achieved by 2nd and 5th harmonic blocking/restraining features which
are typically found in all power transformer differential relays.

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