21

West Bengal State Electricity

Transmission Company Limited
(WBSETCL)
West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Company Limited (WBSETCL) was
set up in 2007 following the unbundling of the state electricity board of West Bengal.
With a share of 4 percent each in the total intrastate transformer capacity, WBSETCL is
the eleventh largest of the 23 state transmission utilities in the country. It is responsible
for power transmission across the state at the 400 kV, 220 kV, 132 kV and 66 kV
Voltage levels. The company also manages the state load dispatch center, which
monitors and controls the grid operations.

Network Growth
Company's transformation capacity stood at about 16,350 MVA as of March 2010.
Capacity at the 220 kV and 132 kV levels constituted a roughly similar share of 40
percent of the total. WBSETCL recorded the highest compound annual growth
rate (CAGR) of 13.5% in transformer capacity during 2006-07 to 2009-10 among all
state utilities.
At the end of 2009-10, its transmission line length stood at over 11,450 ckt. km, growing
at a CAGR of 6.5% from 2005-06. About 60% of its line network is at the 132 kV level.
Across all voltage levels, its 400 kV network(constituting 14% of its network) has grown
the fastest in the past five years, with a CAGR of about 20 percent

Future Plans
WBSETCL plans to add over 2,000MVA to its transformer capacity and 900 ckt. km to
its transmission line network in the current fiscal year (201011). A capex of over Rs 8
billion has been outlined in 2010-11 on various capacity augmentation projects. About
10 new substations would be commissioned by WBSETCL in the current fiscal(2010

21

11), which would add 2,180 MVA to its existing transformer capacity. These include a
400 kV substation at Kharagpur, two 220 kV substations at Singur and Dalkhola, and
five 132 kV substations at Chalsa, Kurseong, Khatra, Mohispota and Salt lake (this will
be GIS substation).
Besides the commissioning of new sub-stations, capacity augmentation would be
undertaken at 12 existing substations, of which five are at the 220 kV level. Over
912ckt. km of transmission line would also be added in the current fiscal through 19
ongoing transmission line projects. The estimated cost of these transmission line is Rs.
4.63 billion.
In order to reduce transmission losses further, the installation of 33 kV capacitors at
EHV substations and installation of EHV substations near the load centers are some of
the important strategies being deployed by WBSETCL

Growth Statistics[edit]
[2]

2008-09

2009-10 Growth (%)

Line length (ckt. km)

11,089.50 11,456.90 3.31

Substations (no.)

93

102

9.68

Transformation capacity (MVA) 13,951.20 16,347.70 17.18

Transmission Losses (%)

3.90

2.74

21

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I being a student of electrical engineering from express
my sincere gratitude and heartfelt thankfulness to the
WEST BENGAL STATE ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
COMPANY LIMITED for granting us the opportunity to
receive training under this esteemed organisation, from 2
nd of January 2015 to 16th January 2015, in
BONGAON(Chalki power station).
We gained a lot of theoretical as well as a fabulous
practical experience in this short period of time. Our
special thanks extends to the Assistant Engineer of the
substation, Mr. Prosenjit Sarkar. and all the employees of
the substation, who were very helpful and co-operative to
help us learn and understand.
Overall it was an awesome experience as we got to learn
about the practical purposes of our trade.

21

TRANSMISSION
Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy from generating
power plant to electrical substation located near demand centers. This is distinct
from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is
typically referred to as electric power distribution. Transmission lines, when
interconnected with each other, become transmission networks. These are typically
referred to as power grids or just the grid.
Transmission lines mostly use high-voltage three phase alternating current
(AC), although single phase. AC is sometimes used in railway electrification system.
High voltage direct current (HVDC) technology is for greater efficiency in very long
distances (typically greater than 400 miles, or 600 km) sub marine power cables
(typically greater than 30 miles, or 50 km). HVDC links are increasingly used as
isolating features to stabilize against control problems in large power distribution
networks where sudden new loads or blackouts in one part of a network can
otherwise result in synchronization problems that may bring the rest of the network
down. Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (110 kv or above) to reduce the
energy lost in long-distance transmission. Power is usually transmitted through
overhead power lines. Underground power transmission has a significantly higher
cost and greater operational limitations but is sometimes used in urban areas or
sensitive locations. A key limitation in the distribution of electricity is that, with
minor exceptions, electrical energy cannot be stored, and therefore must be
generated as needed. A sophisticated system of control is therefore required to
ensure electric generation very closely matches the demand. If supply and demand
are not in balance, generation plants and transmission equipment can shut down
which, in the worst cases, can lead to a major regional blackout. To reduce the risk
of such failures, electric transmission networks are interconnected into regional,
national or continental wide networks thereby providing multiple redundant.
Alternate routes for power to flow should (weather or equipment) failures occur.
Much analysis is done by transmission companies to determine the maximum
reliable capacity of each line ensure spare capacity is available should there be any
such failure in another part of the network.

METHODS OF TRANSMISSION
OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION
High-voltage overhead conductors are not covered by insulation. The
conductor material is nearly always an aluminum alloy, made into several strands

21
and possibly reinforced with steel strands. Copper was sometimes used for
overhead transmission but aluminum is lower in weight for only marginally reduced
performance and much lower in cost. Overhead conductors are a commodity
supplied by several companies worldwide. Improved conductor material and shapes
are regularly used to allow increased capacity and modernize transmission circuits.
Conductor sizes range from 12 mm2 (36 American wire gauge) to 750 mm2 (1,590,000
circular mils area), with varying resistance and current carrying capacity. Thicker
wires would lead to a relatively small increase in capacity due to the skin effect that
causes most of the current to flow close to the surface of the wire. Because of this
current limitation, multiple parallel cables (called bundle conductors) are used when
higher capacity is needed. Bundle conductors are also used at high voltages to
reduce corona discharge energy loss.
Today, transmission-level voltages are usually considered to be 110 kv and
above. Lower voltages such as 66 kv and 33 kv are usually considered sub
transmission voltages but are occasionally used on long lines with light loads.
Voltages less than 33 kv re usually used for distribution. Voltages above 230 kv are
considered high voltages are requiring different designs compared to equipment
used at lower voltages.
Science overhead transmission wires depend on air for insulation, design of
these lines require minimum clearances to be observed to maintain safety. Adverse
weather condition of high wind and low temperatures can lead to power outages:
wind speeds as low as 23 knots (43 km/h) can permit conductors to encroach
operating clearances, resulting in a flashover and loss of supply. Oscillatory motion
of the physical line can be termed gallop or flutter depending on the frequency and
amplitude of oscillation.

UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION :The design and construction of underground transmission line differ from
overhead linens because of two significant technical challenges that need to be
overcome. There are: 1) providing sufficient insulation so that cable can be within
inches of grounded material; and 2) dissipating the heat produced during the
operation of the electrical cables. Overhead lines are separated from each other and
surrounded by air. Open air circulating between around the conductors cools the
wires and dissipates heat very effectively. Air also provides insulation that can
recover if there is a flashover. In contrast, a number of different systems, materials,
and construction methods have been used during the last century in order to
achieve the necessary insulation and heat dissipation required for undergrounding
transmission lines. The first underground transmission line was a 132 kv line
constructed in 1927. The cable was fluid-filled and paper insulated. The fluid was
necessary to dissipate the heat. For decades, reliability problems continued to be

21
associated with constructing longer cables at higher voltages. The most significant
issue was maintenance difficulties. Not until the mid-1960s did the technology
advance sufficiently so that a high-voltage 345 kv line could be constructed
underground. The lines though were still fluid filled. This caused significant
maintenance, contamination, and infrastructure issues. In the 1990s the first solid
cable transmission line was constructed more than one mile in length and greater
than 230 Kv.

SUB-STATION

Introduction:
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution
system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform
any of several other important functions. Electric power may flow through several
substations between generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in
several steps.
A substation may include step-up transformers (that increase the voltage while
decreasing the current) or step-down transformers (that decrease the voltage while
increasing the current) for domestic and commercial distribution. The
word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid.

ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION MODEL SIDE VIEW

A:Primary power lines' side

B:Secondary power lines' side

21
1.Primary power lines 2.Ground wire 3.Overhead lines 4.Transformer for
measurement of electric voltage 5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker 7.Current
transformer 8.Lightning arrester 9.Main transformer 10.Control building
11.Security fence 12.Secondary power lines
Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to protect
people from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults
at a substation can cause a ground potential rise.

SELECTION AND
SUBSTATION

LOCATION

OF

SITE

FOR

The following factors are considered while making site selection

for a
substation: Type of substation:(a) 400 kv substation
(b) 220 kv substation
(c) 132 kv substation
Availability of suitable and Sufficient Land:Type of substation

(a). 400 kv substation

(b). 220 kv substation
(c). 132 kv substation

Area required

50 acres
25 acres
10 acres

Communication Facility:-

Suitable communication facility is desirable at a

proposed substation both during and after its construction . It is better,
therefore, to select the site along side on existing road to facilitate an easier
and cheaper transportation.

Atmospheric facility:Atmosphere around factories, which may produce

metal corroding gases, air fumes, conductive dust etc..., and nearer to sea
coasts, where air may be more humid and may be salt loaden , is detrimental
to the to the proper running of power system and therefore substation
should not be located near factories or sea coast.

Availability of Essential Amenities To The Staff:-

21
The site should be
such where staff can be provided essential amenities like school, hospital,
drinking water housing etc.

Drainage Facility:-

The site selected for the proposed substation should

have proper drainage arrangement or possibility of making effective drainage
arrangement to avoid pollution of air and growth of micro-organisms
detrimental to equipment and health.

Classification OF SUB-STATIONS:
On the basis of Nature of Duties
1. Step-up or Primary Substation
2. Primary Grid Substation
3. Step-Down or Distribution Substation

On the basis of Service Rendered

1. Transformer Substation
2. Switching Substation
3. converting Substation

On the basis of Operating Voltage

1. High voltage Substation
2. Extra High Voltage Substation
3. Ultra High Voltage Substation

On the basis of Importance

1. Grid Substation
2. Town Substation

On the basis of Design

1. Indoor Substation
2. Outdoor Substation

Indoor Substation also Sub-Divided into following

Categories
1. Substation of The Integrated Built type
2. Substation of The Composite
3. Unit Type factory Fabricated Substation and Metal Clad Switchboards

21

Outdoor Substation also Sub-Divided into following

Categorie
1. Pole-Mounted Substation
2. Foundation Mounted Substation

On the basis of working field

1. Bulk supply and industrial sub-stations
2. Mining sub-stations
3. Mobile sub-stations
4. Cinematograph sub-stations.

The step-up sub-station are associated with the generating stations.

The generation voltage is limiting to a low value and needs to be steeped up to
the primary transmission voltage so that huge blocks of power can be carried
over long distances to the load centres economically.
The primary grid sub-station are created at suitable load centres along the
primary transmission lines. The primary transmission voltage is steeped down to
a number of suitable secondary voltages. From here secondary transmission
lines are carried over to the load points. Along these secondary transmission
lines secondary sub-stations are created at actual load points where the voltage
is further steeped down to sub-transmission and primary distribution voltage.
The Distribution sub-station are created where the sub-transmission
voltage/primary distribution voltage is steeped down to supply voltage ; these
sub-station feed the actual consumers through a network of distributors and
service lines.
The bulk supply and industrial sub-stations are generally distribution substations with the difference that the sub-station is created separately for a
consumer and subsequent distribution of the electric power is left to the
particular consumer of large or medium supply group as may be designated by
the standards laid down by the electric supply undertaking.
The mining sub-station, as their name indicates, are sub-stations required for
very special purpose ; they need special design consideration because of the
extra precautions for safety needed in the operation of the electric supply.
The mobile sub-stations are also of special purpose and designs ; they are
needed primarily for temporary requirements such as for construction purposes.

21
The cinematograph sub-stations are also specific purpose sub-stations are
required to meet special requirements.
Depending on the constructional features the sub-station may be further subdivided into : 1. Outdoor type
2.Indoor type 3.Basement or Underground
type 4.Pole mounting-open or kiosk type.
For reason of cost and safety it is common to have Outdoor sub-stations for 33
kv and above.

BONGAON 132/33/11 KV SUB-STATION.

Introduction:
Electrical power system has generally three steps, 1. Generation 2. Transmission
and 3.Distribution.The electric power is generate at the power plant. It is delivered
to the consumers through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many
places in the line of the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change
some characteristics (e.g. voltage, a.c to d.c, frequency, power factor etc) of electric
supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station.
Sub-Stations are important part of power system. The wrtinuity of supply depends
to a considerable extend upon to successful operation of sub- stations. It is
therefore, essential to exercise utmost care while designing and building a substation. The following are the important points which must be kept in view while
laying out a substation
1. It should be located at proper site. As far as possible, it should be located at
the centre of gravity of load.
2. It should be provide safe and reliable arrangement.
3. It should be easily operated and maintained.
BONGAON(132/33/11 KV) Sub- Station was built up under JBIC project(about 9 year
ago) having 2x31.5. 132/33 kv transformer capacity power to this sub-station is
feed from jeerat 400/200/132 kv sub-station through double circuit 132 kv line
namely JEERAT-BONGAON feeder I & II. A separate 132 kv double circuit has also

21
commissioned for feeding power to KRISHNAGAR 132 kv sub-station. These feeder
have been designed as BONGAON-KRISHNAGAR feeder I & II.

IN 132 KV SIDE, THE BAYS ARE:i)

ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)

JEERAT-BONGAON feeder I :1nos.

JEERAT-BONGAON feeder II : 1nos.
BONGAON KRISHNAGAR feeder I : 1nos.
BONGAON KRISHNAGAR feeder II : 1nos.
BUS-COUPLER 1nos.
Transformer bay : 2nos.(132 kv side of 31.5 mva transformer)

IN 33 KV SIDE, Total no of BAYS ARE:i)

Feeder bay 5 nos:a)GAIGHATA 33 kv feeder

b)BONGAON-I 33 kv feeder
c)BONGAON-II 33 kv feeder
d)HELENCHA 33 kv feeder
e)GAGNAPUR 33 KV feeder
ii)Transformer bay : 2 nos.(33 kv side of 31.5 MVA transformer)
iii)Transformer Bus Coupler : 1 no
iv)Transformer Bay : 2 nos.(33 kv side of 6.3 MVA 33/11 KV transformer)

IN 11KV Side, Total no of Panels Are:-

i)

Out going feeder 4 nos:a)Gopal nagar 11 kv feeder

b) Belta 11 kv feeder
c) Mamudpur 11 kv feeder
d) Nahata 11 kv feeder.

ii)

Incomming from 6.3 MVA 33/11 KVA Transformer : 2nos.

iii)

Bus coupler : 1 nos.

The main parts of sub-station are ~

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

Transformer
Circuit Breaker
Power Line Carrier Communication(PLCC)
Lightning Arresters
Battery Bank
Insulator
Isolators
Bus-bars

21
I.
J.
K.
L.

Capacitor bank
Metering and Indicating Instrument
Air Conditioner
Operating Computer

Details descriptions of the system are describe next. The layout designed of the
Sub-Station and other circuit designs are shown next

21

21

a.TRANSFORMER
Introduction:
A transformer is a static device which consists of two or more stationary
electrical circuits of transferring electrical energy between then. The transfer of
energy from one circuit to another takes place without a charge in frequency.

Here M is flux

Arrangement of a simple transformer

POWER TRANSFORMER

21

A power transformer is used in a sub-station to step-up or step-down the voltage.

The entire sub sequent sub-stations use step down transformer to gradually reduce
the voltage of electric supply and finally delivers it at utilizations voltage. In that
Bongaon 132/33/11 k v sub-station two 31.5 MVA power transformer. They are
connected in parallel and two 6.3 MVA traction transformer are used.
The modern practice is to use 3-phase transformer in sub-station, although 3
single phase bank of transformer can also be used. The use of 3-phase bank of
transformer i.e. 3-phase transformer permits two advantages. Firstly, only one 3phase load tap changing mechanism can be used. Secondly, its installation is much
simpler than the three single phase transformer.

POWER

TRANSFORMER (132/33 kv 31.5 MVA)

DIFFERENT PARTS OF POWER TRANSFORMER:-

21

CONSERVATOR TANK:-

Conservator is a small
auxiliary oil tank(an air tight cylindrical dram) that may be
mounted above the transformer and connected to the main
tank by a pipe. Its function is to keep the main tank of the
transformer completely filled with oil in all circumstances
despite expansion or contraction of oil with the change of
temperature-conservator is always partly filled with oil and
absorbs the expansion and contraction of oil and keeps the
main tank full oil. It also reduces the rate of oxidation of oil,
partly because less oil surface is exposed to air and partly
because of reduced temperature of the oil exposed to air.
Normally the capacity of conservator should be approximately
10-12% of the oil volume of the main tank.

BREATHER:-

When the transformer becomes warm, the

oil and gas expand. The gas at the top of the oil expelled out.
When the transformer cools, air is into the transformer. Unless
preventive measures are taken, moisture is drawn during this
process, called the breathing. This moisture is readily
absorbed by the oil, and the dielectric properties of oil are
correspondingly reduced. The air entering the transformer is
made moisture free by letting it pass through an apparatus
called the breather. A breather consists of a small container
connected to the vent pipe and contains a dehydrating
material like silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt
chloride. The material is blue when dry and a whitish pink
when damp. It sucks the moisture from the air which is taken by transformer so that
dry air is taken by transformer.

TAPPING:- The transformers are usually provided with

few tappings so that output voltage can be varied over a
small range for constant input voltage, most industrial
transformers are provided with four tappings on the hv
winding, two on each side of the normal voltage, so that
the tap changer has five position. In special cases there
may be tappings on the lv winding, usually in addition to
those provided on hv winding. Though the tappings can
be changed while the transformer is supplying load by
making some suitable arrangement but in most of the

21
transformers the tappings are to be changed after disconnecting them from the
supply mains.

Buchholz Relay:- It is every sensitive gas and

oil operated instrument which safely detect the
formation of gas or sudden pressure inside the oil
transformer. In the field of electric power
distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay is a
safety device mounted on some oil-filled
power transformers and reactors, equipped with an
external
overhead
oil
reservoir
called
a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a
protective device sensitive to the effects
of dielectric failure inside the equipment. When gas
produced in the tank due to a minor fault surfaces
to accumulate in the relay chamber within a
certain amount (0.3Q-0.35Q) or above, the float lowers and closes the contact,
thereby actuating the alarm device. In the event of a major fault, abrupt gas
production causes pressure in the tank to flow oil into the conservator. In this case,
the float is lowered to close the contact, thereby causing the Circuit Breaker to trip
or actuating the alarm device.

RADIATOR-Radiators

are used in a transformer to cool

the transformer oil through natural air or forced air flowing in
these radiator fins. As the transformer oil temperature goes
down due to cooling it goes to the transformer tank from
bottom ,cool the windings and gets heated, and then returns
to the radiator for next cooling .This cycle repeats as the oil
flow is also natural due difference in temperature of oil on
bottom and top.
In big power transformers this oil circulation is forced by oil
pumps for effective cooling.
The radiator has many small fins and there are 4-10 radiator
banks in a transformer depending on capacity and make of
the transformer.

In BONGAON(132/33/11 kv)sub-station there are two 31.5 MVA power

transformer are used, and two 6.3 MVA traction transformer are use.

21
Two 31.5 MVA power transformer (at rating 132/33 KV) for step down
from 132 KV primary voltage to 33 KV secondary voltage. The outgoing lines are
Gagnapur, Helencha, Bongaon-1, Bongaon-2, and Chandpara.
Two 6.3 MVA power transformer (33/11 KV) are use for step down from
33 KV primary to 11 KV secondary and the outgoing lines are Mamudpur,
Gopalnagar, Belta, and Nahata

SPECIFICATION [31.5 MVA POWER TRANSFORMERS]

MVA
NO LOAD
HV
NO LOAD
AMPERES
AMPERES
PHASE
FREQUENCY

31.5
132 KV
LV
HV
LV

TYPE OF COOLING
RATING OF MVA
CONNECTION
SYMBOL
NO LOAD LOSS
AUXILLARY LOSS
HEAVIEST PACKAGE
WITH OIL kg

ELECTRICAL SPEC NO.

OGA DRG NO.

ELECSPES
BH8002
MA1 08802A

33
137.78
551.10
3
50 HZ
ONAN/ONA
F
20.5/31.6

MAKERS WO NO.
MAKERES SERIAL NO
DIAGRAM DRG NO.
YEAR OF MFG.
UNTAKING MASS kg

BH8802
BH8802/13
MA3 08802C
2000-2001
31.150

TOTAL OIL kg/l

13,300/15,200

TOATL MASS kg

59,500

YNd1

GUARANTEED TEMP. RISE OIL *C

50

LOAD LOSS

102 KW MAX

GUARANTEED TEMP. WDG. *C

HEAVIEST PACKAGE WITH OUT
OIL kg

55

19 KW
MAX
2 KW MAX
49,500

39,500

21

VECTOR GROUP

YNd1

SPECIFICATION [6.3MVA POWER TRANSFORMERS]

TYPES OF COOLING

ONAN

MVA RATING
MAKE
YEAR OF MFG.
MAIN TANK OIL QUANTITY(KILOLITRES)
TOTAL WEIGHT(METTRIC TONES)
RATED VOLTAGR(KV)
RATED VOLTAGR(KV)
PHASE
MAXIMUM VOLTAGE(KV)
MINIMUM VOLTAGE(KV)
NO. OF TAPS

VECTOR GROUP

HV
LV

6.3
I.M.P.L
2001
3.315
12.65T
ON
33
11
3
34.05
29.7
7

Dyn11

21

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
A transformer that transfers primary current, voltage, or phase values to the
secondary circuit with sufficient accuracy to permit connecting an instrument to the
secondary rather than the primary; used so only low currents or low voltages are
brought to the instrument.
An instrument transformers role is to provide accurate inputs to protection, control
and metering systems including revenue metering. It also measuring a large current
in a d.c. circuit.
The main tasks of instrument transformers are:
To transform currents or voltages from a usually high value to a value easy to
handle for relays and instruments.
To insulate the metering circuit from the primary high voltage system.
To provide possibilities of standardizing the instruments and relays to a few rated
currents and voltages.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER :
In electrical engineering, a current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of
electric currents. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately
proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to
measuring and recording instruments.

Circuit Diagram
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

21

SL
NO.

EQUIPMENT/FEEDER

C.T RATIO

SIDE OF
C.T

1
2
3
4
5
6

600-300/1A
600-300/1A
600-300/1A
600-300/1A
800-400/1A
300-150/1A

LINE
LINE
LINE
LINE
LINE
LINE

300-150/1A

LONE SIDE

8
9
10
11
12
13

132 KV JEERAT-BONGAON CKT-I

132 KV JEERAT-BONGAON CKT-II
132 KV KRISHNAGAR-BONGAON CKT-I
132 KV KRISHNAGAR-BONGAON CKT-II
132 KV TRANSFORMAR BUS COUPLER
132 KV SIDE OF 31.5 MVA
TRANSFORMER-I
132 KV SIDE OF 31.5 MVA
TRANSFORMER-II
33 KV GAIGHATA FEEDER
33 KV BONGAON I FEEDER
33 KV BONGAON II FEEDER
33 KV HELENCHA FEEDER
33 KV GAGNAPUR FEEDER
33 KV TRANSFORMAR BUS COUPLER

LINE
LINE
LINE
LINE
LINE
LINE

14

33 KV SIDE OF 31.5 MVA TRANSFORMER-I

15

33 KV SIDE OF 31.5 MVA TRANSFORMER-II

16
17
18

33 KV SIDE OF 6.3 MVA TRANSFORMER-I

33 KV SIDE OF 6.3 MVA TRANSFORMER-II
11 KV SIDE OF 6.3 MVA TRANSFORMER-I

19

11 KV SIDE OF 6.3 MVA TRANSFORMER-II

20

11 KV GOPALNAGAR FEEDER

21

11 KV MAMUDPUR FEEDER

22

11 KV BELTA FEEDER

23

11 KV NAHATA FEEDER

400-200/1A
400-200/1A
400-200/1A
400-200/1A
400-200/1A
1000800/1A
1000800/1A
1000800/1A
200-100/1A
200-100/1A
400-200/5A
400-200/1A
400-200/5A
400-200/1A
200100/5+5A
200100/5+5A
200100/5+5A
200100/5+5A

SIDE
SIDE
SIDE
SIDE
SIDE
SIDE

SIDE
SIDE
SIDE
SIDE
SIDE
SIDE

LINE SIDE
LINE SIDE
LINE SIDE
LINE SIDE
LINE SIDE
LINE SIDE
LINE SIDE
LINE SIDE
LINE SIDE
LINE SIDE

C.T RATIO of different feeder and transformer

21

Bongaon 132/33/11 kv sub-station

SPECIFICATION [132 KV CURRENT TRANSFORMER ]

STANDARD

HIGEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE KV

IS.2705

145

INSULATION LEVELKV/KVP

275/650 KVP

SHORT TIME CURRENT KA

31.5/3SEC

RATED DYNAMIC CURRENT (1

DYNAMIC)
RATED PRIMARY CURRENT AMPS.

78.8 KAP

300

RATED FREQUENCY

50 Hz

ELEC SPEC

635716

ELEC SPEC

635716

21

YEAR OF MFG.

2001

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER :
The instrument potential transformer (PT) steps down voltage of a circuit to a low
value that can be effectively and safely used for operation of instruments such as
ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, and relays used for various protective
purposes.
Potential transformers (P.T.) are instrument transformers. They have a large
number of primary turns and a few numbers of secondary turns. It is used to control
the large value of voltage. The potential transformer works along the same principle
of other transformers. It converts voltages from high to low. It will take the
thousands of volts behind power transmission systems and step the voltage down
to something that meters can handle. These transformers work for single and three
phase systems, and are attached at a point where it is convenient to measure the
voltage.
The magnetic core of a potential transformer usually has a shell-type construction
for better accuracy. It orders to provide
adequate protection to the operator, one
end of the secondary winding is usually
grounded.

Circuit Diagram
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

21

ADVANTAGES OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

The errors due to stray inductance and capacitance in shunt, multipliers and their
leads are eliminated.
The measuring circuit is isolated from the transformer.
We can use low-range and accurate A.C. instruments.
The length of the connecting leads from the transformer to the instrument is of
lesser importance and leads may be of small cross section area.
By using a clip-on type of transformer core, the current is heavy-current conductor
can be measured without breaking the circuit.

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER :A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage transformer
(CCVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage
signals and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a
protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two
capacitors across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to
tune the device to the line frequency, and a transformer to isolate and further step
down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The of the divider to
the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less sensitive to changes in the
burden of the connected metering or protection devices. The device has at least
four terminals: a terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground
terminal, and two secondary terminals which connect to the instrumentation or
protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase device used for measuring voltages
in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of wound primary voltage
transformers would be uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C1 is often constructed
as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large voltage
drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2.

21
The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in combination
with wave traps are used filtering high frequency communication signals from
power frequency. This forms a carrier communication network throughout the

transmission network.
A CAPACITOR VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER

STATION-SERVICE TRANSFORMER
Station-service transformer or Earthing transformers are used to create a neutral
point in a three-phase system, which provides possibility for neutral earthing. The
earthing can be through an arc-suppression reactor, a neutral earthing reactor or
resistor or directly in these earth transformers. Earthing transformers are usually oil
immersed and may be installed outdoor. In cases where a separate reactor is
connected between the earth transformer neutral and earth, the reactor and the
transformer can be incorporated in the same tank. Neutral earthing transformers
are normally provided in 3-phase system, which is without neutral and earth fault
protection. Neutral earthing transformer is having zig-zag (interstar) winding to
achieve the required zero phase impedance. In addition an auxiliary winding can
also be provided to meet the requirement of auxiliary power supply in these
earthing transformers. ONAN /ONAF cooling with conventional pressed steel
radiators. The range includes up to 33 KV systems and as per the site requirements.

21
In this Bongaon132/33/11 kv Sub-Station two nos. of Earthing transformers or
station service transformer are used( 100 KVA). This transformer is simply a well
designed step down transformer. The stepped down voltage is measure with a low
range A.C. voltage. It orders to provide adequate protection to the operator one end
of the secondary winding is usually grounded.

SPECIFICATION [STATION SERVICE TRANSFORMER]

TYPE OF COOLING -ONAN

KVA

100

VOLTAGE
H.V.

33000
V

AT
NO LOAD
L.V.
AMPERES
H.V.

0.415 V
1.75A

VECTOR GROUP -- ZNYN ~

11
IMPEDANCE VOLTS 4.70 %

L.

139.12
A

QUANTITY OF OIL -- 1110

LITRES

WEIGHT OF OIL -- 970 Kg

CORE & WINDING-- 1600 Kg

V.
PHASE
H.V.

L.

FREQUENCY -- 50 Hz

V.
DIAGRAM DRG NO.

Pt-242

TEMP.RISE 0*C --OIL 50 &

WDG 55

Vector group
ZNYN 11

B. CIRCUIT
BREAKER

A circuit breaker is
defined as a mechanical
device capable of
making, carrying and
breaking currents under
normal circuit conditions
and also making, carrying for a specific time and breaking currents under specific
abnormal circuit conditions such as those of short circuit.
YEAR OF
MANUFACTURE

200

TOTAL WEIGHT -- 3470 Kg

The circuit breaker serves two basic purposes

Switching during normal operating conditions for the purpose of operation and
maintenance.
Switching during abnormal conditions such as short circuit and interrupting fault
currents.
Circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately

21
discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume
normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices
that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to
protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
Miniature low-voltage circuit breakers use air alone to extinguish the arc.
Types Of Circuit Breaker :
In larger ratings, oil circuit breakers rely upon vaporization of some of the oil to blast
a jet of oil through the arc.
Gas (usually sulpher hexafluoride) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the arc using
a magnetic field, and then rely upon the strength of the sulpher hexafluoride (SF 6)
to quench the stretched arc.
Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing (as there is nothing to ionize other
than the contact material), so the arc quenches when it is stretched a very small
amount (<23 mm). Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in modern
medium-voltage switchgear to 35,000 volts
Air circuit breakers may use compressed air to blow out the arc, or alternatively, the
contacts are rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber, the escaping of the
displaced air thus blowing out the arc.Circuit breakers are usually able to terminate
all current very quickly: typically the arc is extinguished between 30 ms and 150 ms
after the mechanism has been tripped, depending upon age and construction of the
device.
In this Bongaon 132/33/11 kv sub-station two types of circuit breaker are
used. SF6 circuit breaker and vacuum circuit breaker. SF6 breaker are use in 132 kv
sides and vacuum breaker are used in 33 kv sides and SF6 breakers.

SULPHER HEXAFLOURIDE (SF6) CIRCUIT BREAKER

In such circuit breaker, SF6 gas is used as the arc quenching medium. The
SF6 is an electro negative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons.
The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high pressure flow of sf 6 gas and arc is
stuck between them. The conducting free electrons in the arc are rapidly captured
by the gas to form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conducting
electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough insulation strength to extinguish the
arc. The SF6 circuit breakers have been found to be very affective for high power
and high voltage service.

21

CONSTRUCTION :
It consists of fixed and moving contacts
enclosed in a chamber (called arc interruption
chamber) containing SF6 gas. This chamber is
connected to SF6 gas reservoir. When the
contacts of breaker are opened, the value
mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas
from the reservoir to flow towards the arc
interruption chamber. The fixed contact is
hollow cylindrical current carrying contact
fitted with an arc horn. The moving contact is
also a hollow cylinder with rectangular holes
in the sides. To permit the SF6 gas to let out
through these holes after flowing along and
across the arc. The tips of fixed contact,
moving contact and arching horn are coated
with copper-tungsten are resistance material. Since SF 6 gas is costly, it is
reconditioned and reclaimed by suitable auxiliary system after each operation of the
breaker.

Advantages :
i) Due to the superior are quenching properties of SF 6. Such circuit breakers have
very short arching time. ii)Since the dielectric strength of SF 6 gas is 2 to 3 times
that the air, such breakers can interrupt much larger currents. The closed gas
enclosure keeps the interior dry so that there is no moisture problem and there is no
risk of fire in such breakers because SF 6 gas is non-inflammable. iii)There are no
carbon deposits so that tracking and insulation problems are eliminated.

Disadvantage :
i)SF6 breakers are costly due to high cost of SF 6.Since SF6 gas has to be
reconditioned after every operation of the breaker , additional equipment is required
for this purpose. ii)SF6 is to some extent suffocating. In case of leakage in the
breaker tank, this gas, being heavier than air settles in the surroundings and may
lead to suffocation of the operating personnel.

SPECIFICATION (SF6 CIRCUIT BRAKER(33 KV ))

TYPE

30 - SF6P - 25 A

RATED FREQUENCY

50 Hz

21
RATED VOLTAGE

33 KV

RATED NORMAL
CURRENT

RATED MAKING CURRENT

1250 A

RATED SHORT TIME CU

RATED SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING CURRENT

1.5

RATED OPERATION SEQ.

0 - 0.3 SEC - CO - 3 MIN - CO

RATED LIGHTNING IMPULSE WITHSTAND VOLTAGE

1.7 Kg

750 Kg

5 Kg / CM^2 - G (AT 20 * C)

GAS PRESSURE ( LOCK OUT )

4 Kg / CM^2 - G (AT 20 * C)

GAS PRESSURE ( ALARM )

MOTOR VOLTAGE

170 KVp

TOTAL WT.

GAS PRESSURE (NORMAL)

RATED COIL VOLTAGE

25 KV , 3
SEC

25KA

FIRST POLE TO CLEAR FACTOR

GAS WT.

62.5 Kap

4.5 Kg / CM^2 - G (AT 20 * C)

CLOSING 220 VDC

230 VAC

AUX. CURRENT

RATED POWER FREQUENCY WITH STAND VOLTAGE

TRIPPING 220 VDC

230 A at 50 Hz

80 KV (R.M.S.)

SPECIFICATION (SF6 CIRCUIT BRAKER (132 KV))

OPERATING MECHANISM

OPENIN
G
CLOSIN
G

HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
HYDRAULIC PRESSURE

21

NO.OF TRIP COILS

TRIP CKT VOLTAGES

2 COMMON FOR 3
POLES
220 VOLTS

PRESURE(QUINCHING)(KG/CM2)

PRESSURE(OPERATING)
(KG/CM2)

TESTING
TEMP.
20*C

NORMAL

NORMAL
ALARM
LOCK
OUT

7.5
bar
6.7ba
r
6.5ba
r

ALARM
LOCK
OUT

Vacuum circuit breaker:

Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing
(as there is nothing to ionize other than the
contact material), so the arc quenches when it
is stretched a very small amount (<23 mm).
Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in
modern medium-voltage switchgear to 35,000
volts

Advantages :
High breakdown strength for short gaps.
Half-cycle interruption of power currents.
Small
and
compact
size
of
the
interrupting unit and mechanism.

Disadvantage :
Seals ware not capable of withstanding
the stresses of high short-circuit currents.

340 bar
272 + 3 bar
>353&<273 bar

21
Electrode material gave out large amounts of gases at large and vacuum was
destroyed.
Current dropping resulted in severe surge voltage. At times the surfaces of
the contacts produced strong welds in vacuum with normal contact pressure
at normal current.

SPECIFICATION (VACUM CIRCUIT BRAKER)

TYPE

PVN 36

OPERATION SEQENCY
RATED NORMAL
1250 A
CURRENT
SYM BREAKING CAPACITY
SHORT TIME CURRIENT
DURATION
MAKING CAPACITY
P.F WITHSTAND
IMPULSE
SHUNT TRIP COIL
SPRING REL COIL
TOTAL WIGHT
SPEC

RATED FREQUENCY

50 Hz

0 - 0.3 SEC - CO - 3 MIN - CO

25 KV , 3
RATED SHORT TIME CU
SEC
20 KA
20 KA
3SC
50 KPA
75 KV
170 KVP
220 VDC
220 VDC
900 KG
IS 13118/IEC 56

C. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (P.L.C.C)

INTRODUCTION:
Communication between various stations is essential for power system to maintain
a co-ordination between various units and to obtain an optimised working condition.
Power line carrier communication has found to be most economical and reliable
method of communication for medium and long distance in a power network.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF POWER LINE CARRIER

COMMUNICATION
Transmission of speech and data for system operation, monitoring and
control.
Tele-metering of measured and Tele-indication of status of switching
equipment like circuit breakers etc.
Transmission of carrier protection signals.
Transmission of operational data for generation of reports.

21
Management information system of monitoring of project implementation, system
hazards, power station status, equipment failure and rectification report etc...
PLCC COMMUNICATION

Operating principle:
In power line carrier communication, the carrier signal is transmitted through
r and b phase. This Bongaon 132/33/11 kv sub-station the carrier transmitted to the
b phase. The carrier frequency used in this communication. Range from 50 kHz to
500 kHz. The carrier signal is modulated by speech signal and sent over power line.
In this communication system amplitude modulation is not use due to its broad
bandwidth requirements. The carrier signal used for the communication is not
entering in power equipment in the power station. For this purpose a line trap and
wave trap which is nothing but a inductance produce negligible impedance to RF
carrier power frequency coupling capacitor is also connected with parallel with line
trap, that it can be pass high frequency to flow through P.L.C.C.

VARIOUS COMPONENTS:
LINE TRAP OR WAVE TRAP :
As discussed earlier the function of a line trap is to
present high blocking impedance for the carrier
frequency, while introducing negligible impedance at the

21
power frequency. Web traps fall into two main categorise, Turned and
unturned. The tuned type of line trap is essentially a parallel l-c network with
variations in the tuning circuit.
This sub-station(Bongaon 132/22/11 kv) here four wave trap are used. Two
wave traps are connected to the incoming line KRISHNAGAR and others two
wave trap are connected another incoming line JEERAT.

Coupling capacitor:
The function of the coupling capacitors is to present a high blocking
impudence for the power frequency and low negligible impendence at the
carrier frequency.

PROTECTIVE DEVICES:
A three elements protective device is used as outdoor equipment to
protect the communication system from dangerous over voltages. It usually
consists ofI.
ORAINAGE COIL.
II.
LIGHTNING ARRESTER.
III.
EARTHING SWITCHES.

LINE MATCHING UNIT (L.M.U) :

It is a unit, which is present in line current to match impedance and
thus transfer maximum power to the carrier set. LINE MATCHING UNIT
consists of the drainage coil, lightning arrester, matching transformer and
earth switching.

CO-AXIAL CABLE:
The H.F. cable shall have a dielectric strength about 2 KW against
ground. Cables are partly of single-centre-conductor type; the wire serving for
carrier energy transmission and the cable heat as return path.

CARRIER SET:
Its basic version the signal channel multipurpose set (ETBA) is fully equipped for
duplex transmission of a speech channel, with two and four wire inputs and outputs,
an AF hybrid and the input and the relay output for the associated calling and
dialing signals.
Current power line carrier communication devices use old
technologies and are slow and simple. It can be seen that for reliable performance
in a hostile communication environment, a PLCC system must use frequencyhopping communication technology to avoid superimposed charging noise, and
efficient error correction method to errors encountered. The method used for
coupling signal to the power line must be able to operate in a number of

21
unpredictable channel impedance. Lastly, the modulation technique of choice is
frequency shift being reliable in an environment of unpredictable phase shift.

CIRCUIT

DIAGRAM OF
BONGAON
SUB STATIONS. PLCC CONNECTION(CIRCUIT TO CIRCUIT)

D. LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect
the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning. The typical
lightning arrester also known as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal and a
ground terminal. When a lightning surge or switching surge travels down the power
system to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted around the protected
insulation in most cases to earth.
Lightning arresters are protective devices for limiting surge voltages due to
lightning strikes or equipment faults or other events, to prevent damage to
equipment and disruption of service. Lightning arresters are installed on many
different pieces of equipments such as power poles and towers, power transformers,
circuit breakers, bus structures, and steel superstructures in substations.

21

LIGHTENING ARRESTER

ACTIONS OF A LIGHTNING ARRESTER: Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts
no current to earth or the gap is non-conducting.
On the occurrence of overvoltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks
down and an arc is formed, providing a low resistance path for the surge to
the ground. In this way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is
harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being
sent back over the line.

SPECIFICATION (132 KV LIGHTNING ARRESTER)

MODEL NO.

ZLAX2KC

YEAR OF MFG.

2000

SR .NO

10297

RATED VOLTAGE

120 KV

SYSTEM VOLTAGE

132 KV

MCOV

102

NOM. DISCH. CURRENT

10 KAP

LD CLASS

21

PR.RELIF CURRENT

40 KA

APPR. WEIGHT

12O kg

SPECIFICATION (33 KV LIGHTNING ARRESTER)

MODEL NO.

ZLAX2KC

YEAR OF MFG.

2000

SR .NO

10446

RATED VOLTAGE

42KV

SYSTEM VOLTAGE

33 KV

MCOV

36 KV

NOM. DISCH. CURRENT

10 KAP

LD CLASS

PR.RELIF CURRENT

40 KA

APPR. WEIGHT

40 kg

E. BATTERY BANK & BATTERY CHARGER

Introduction:Battery bank and battery charger system plays an important role in sub-station
controlling and metering the circuits and communication system. From an auxiliary
transformer AC power of three phase is taken and with the help of a rectifier ac
voltage is connected into step down dc voltage this power is used to charged the
battery. Battery bank is Heart of the sub-station.
There are two methods of charging a Battery
1. FLOAT METHOD,
2. BOOST METHOD.

21
1. FLOAT CHARGING METHOD :
In this method all the cells are charged
together. The auto/manual selector switch is set to auto i.e.. the voltage and
current are selected automatically.
2.

BOOST CHARGING METHOD

: In this method is used when quick

charging of battery is needed. In this charging method some selected cells
are charged together. The auto/manual switch is set to manual i.e., the
voltage and current are set manually.

Bongaon 132/33/11
Charger:-

KV

Sub-Stations

Battery

Bank

&

Battery

I visited BONGAON 132/33/11 kv sub-station and here a battery bank. Battery bank
is Heart of the sub-station. Here 15 nos. of cells each are 2v total 15*2=30v
battery are employed for the 11 kv control, protection and indication. The capacity
of this Battery Bank is 75 AH and this type is YKP-7.
Another side 24 nos. of cell each are 2 V total 24*2=48v Battery Bank are
used for Power Line Carrier Communication (P.L.C.C) equipments. This Battery Bank
capacity 100 AH and the type YKP-9.
Other side 110 nos. of cell each 2v having total 110*2=220 v. it is used for
132/33 kv system control, protection, indication and annunciation. Capacity of this
Battery Bank 200AH and type is YKP-17.All cells specific gravity are from 1200 to
1180.
220V DC supply has been effected through Battery. The caldyne
battery charger is provide with separate Float and Boost charger. Normally float
charger is parallel with battery will eater total D.C load of the system. If battery is
drained for a considerable time. It is advisable to change the battery on boost from
Battery charger. Incoming D.C has been brought to D.C distributer main D. C is
distributed to different locations. From D.C distributer main D.C has been
terminated at terminals of Bus- Coupler panel(control switch) from terminals
through fuse, bus wire has been formed to feed control and annunciation sets.

Diagram (charger + battery

bank):When AC supply available at charger :
When AC supply not available at charger :

21

CHARGING AND DISCHARGING METHOD DIAGRAM

CHARGING PROCESS ( REVERSE OF

DISCHARGING )
2PbSO4 + H2O

PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4

CHARGING PROCESS ( REVERSE OF

CHARGING )
PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4

2PbSO4 + H2O

SPECIFICATION (220 V FOLAT & BOOST CHARGER)

21

AC INPUT
SUPPLY
OUT PUT
FLOAT

400 VOLTS + 10%

3 PHASE 4 WIRE 50 HZ

BATTERY
BANK

242
VOLTS
25
AMPS.
D.C
CONTINOUS
480
mA
TRICKLE
CHARGING
CURRRENT
110 NOS. LEAD ACID CELL OF
200 AH. CAPACITY

OUTPUT
BOOST

STRING RATE 28 AMPS

FINISHING RATE 14 AMPS

MAX.OPERATI
NG TEMP.
TYPE
SL. NO

50*C

YEAR

2001

FCB
677/8

SPECIFICATION (30 V FOLAT & BOOST CHARGER)

AC INPUT
SUPPLY

240 VOLTS + 10%

1 PHASE 2 WIRE 50 HZ

OUT PUT
FLOAT

32.25 VOLTS 6AMPS. D.C

CONTINOUS
180 mA TRICKLE CHARGING
CURRRENT
15 NOS. LEAD ACID CELL OF
75 AH. CAPACITY

BATTERY
BANK
OUTPUT
BOOST

36 VOLTS 10 AMPS

MAX.OPERATI
NG TEMP.
TYPE
SL. NO

50*C

YEAR

2001

FCB
677/8

21

D.C is distributed through fuse

In each 132KV panels, D.C is distributed through fuse

as below:i) C.B. Remote close & local operation Fuse FS 2, FS 3
ii) Remote and Protection trip through TC 1 F use FS 4, FS 5
iii) Remote and Protection trip through TCII Fuse FS 6, FS 7
iv) Indication circuit Fuse FS 8,FS 9
v) Isolator Control Fuse FS 10,FS 11
vi) Syn. Scheme socket circuit Fuse FS 18, FS 19
vii) D.C Emergency Circuit Fuse FS 14,FS 15
viii) Protection Relay Circuit Fuse FS 16,FS 17

In each 33KV panels, D.C is distributed through fuse

as below:i) Local closing & Remote & Protection trip -

Fuse FS 2, FS 3

Through TC 1 & TC 2
ii) C.B Remote close operation iii) Indication Circuit iv) D.C Emergency circuit v) Protection Relay Circuit -

Fuse FS4
Fuse FS 8, FS 9
Fuse FS 14, FS 15
Fuse FS 16, FS 17

21

F. CAPACITOR BANK
A capacitor bank is a grouping of several identical capacitors interconnected in
parallel or in series with one another. These groups of capacitors are typically used
to correct or counteract undesirable characteristics, such as power factor lag or
phase
shifts
inherent
in
alternating (AC) electrical power
supplies. Capacitor banks
may
also be used in direct current (DC)
power supplies to increase stored
energy and improve the ripple
current capacity of the power
supply. While the primary power
requirement of the industry and
community is that of reactive
Power.
The
reactive
power
invariably associated with the
active power consumption of
various system components and nature of loads to be controlled and compensated
to a level where the primary object of economic supply of good quality active power
is achieved without over burdening the sources. Depending upon specific effects of
reactive power at a given point in the system, different configurations are advised.
Mainly two types of compensations are involved inductive and capacitive. In the
country with power shortage, inductive compensation is restricted to trunk
transmission system. Mainly in case of minimize the heavy valve load the capacitor
bank is needed.
Capacitor banks control the level of voltage supplied by minimizing voltage
drops and absorbing energy from a line spike. The banks also provide Volt / VAR
Control by switching in capacitor banks to compensate for VAR losses when large
inductive loads occur, such as when air conditioners, furnaces, dryers, and/or
industrial equipment start.

Capacitor Bank of Bongon 132/33/11 kv sub-station :-

33kv,10MVAR

Capacitor Bank

Advantages of Capacitor Bank :

1. Increased voltage drop resulting in poor regulation.
2. Undesirable losses rendering the line efficiency to go down to a value less
than the designed
3. Unnecessary utilization of thermal capabilities and burdening of lines ,
transformers and cables due to higher currents
4. Save much power factor. And save huge amount of financial lose.

21
5. There are large amount of harmonics introduced in the system due to
pulsating loads and saturating system components which cause distortion in
wave forms detrimental to certain consumer equipments.

SPECIFICATION [CAPACITOR BANK]

SERIAL NO.

SR-149

TYPE NO.

09NO V. 30

RATED OUTPUT

13260 KVAR

RATED VOLTAGE

38KV

CONNECTION

3-PHASE

R.FREQUENCY

50 Hz

U.TEMP.CAT

50*C

NO. OF PHASES

THREE

INS LEVEL

70/170 KV

DIELECTRIC

P.P.

IMPREGNANT

N.P.C.B

CAPACITOR BANK

OUT DOOR

DISCHARGE TIME

50V-600
SEC.

STANDARD IS: 13925 (PART 1): 1998

TOTAL WEIGHT
(APPROX)

3120 KGS.

CUSTOMER WBSETCL

21

g. BUS BARS.

Introduction:
An aluminum or copper conductor supported by insulators that interconnects the
loads and the sources of electric power in an electric power system. A typical
application is the interconnection of the incoming and outgoing transmission lines
and transformers at an electrical substation. Bus-bars also interconnect the
generator and the main transformers in a power plant. In an industrial plant such as
an aluminum smelter, large bus-bars supply several tens of thousands of amperes
to the electrolytic process. See also Electric power sub-station.

TYPES:
The major types are (1) rigid bus-bars, used at low, medium, and high voltage; (2)
strain bus-bars, used mainly for high voltage; (3) insulated-phase bus-bars, used at
medium voltage; and (4) sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)-insulated bus-bars, used in
medium- and high-voltage systems.

In sub-station there are use ~ 132 KV transfer bus, 132 KV main bus, 33 KV main
bus and 33 KV sub bus, 11 KV main bus and neutral bus.

Common arrangement of bus-bars:

1.Single Bus-bar
2.Single Bus-bar with Bus Sectionalizer
3.Double Bus-bar
4.Double Breaker Scheme 5.Breaker and half scheme 6.Main and Transfer Bus-bar
7.Double Bus-bar with Bypass Isolators and 8.Mesh Scheme
In this BONGAON 132/33/11 kv sub-station are used Main and Transfer Busbars.

21

h. INSULATOR.
An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of electric
charge. In insulating materials valence electrons are tightly bonded to their atoms.
These materials are used in electrical equipment as insulators or insulation. Their
function is to support or separate electrical conductors without allowing current
through themselves. The term also refers to insulating supports that attach electric
power transmission wires to utility poles or pylons.

Insulator

21

Some materials such as glass, paper or Teflon are very good electrical
insulators. Even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, a much larger class of
materials are still "good enough" to insulate electrical wiring and cables. Examples
include rubber-like polymers and most plastics. Such materials can serve as
practical and safe insulators for low to moderate voltages (hundreds, or even
thousands, of volts).

I. ISOLATER.
In electrical engineering, a dis connector or isolator switch is used to make sure that
an electrical circuit can be completely de-energised for service or maintenance.
Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications
where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or
repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow
isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers and transmission
lines, for maintenance. Often the isolation switch is not intended for normal control
of the circuit and is only used for isolation.
In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated
circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to
circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both end of the circuit
need to be isolated. An isolator is an off-load device intended to be opened only
after current has been interrupted by some other control device. Safety regulations
of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the dis connector while it supplies a
circuit.

21

In that sub-station(BONGAON 132/33/11 k v sub-station) Single make single

break, Double make double break, isolators are used.132 kv side single make single
break and 33 kv side double make double break isolator are used. Double make
double break isolator are Mechanically operated and single make single break
isolator are operated by electrically and mechanically.

SPECIFICATION [ISOLATOR 33 KV SIDE]

TYPE :

CENTER RATING DOUBLE BREAK ISOLATOR(Manually

operated )

RATED VOLTAGE:

SYSTEM FREQUENCY:

50 HZ

RATED CURRENT:

PHASE

RATED S.T.C

WEIGHT OF ISOLATOR:

RATED INUSULATOR LEVEL:-

EARTH AND BETWEEN POLES:

170 KVp

ACROSS ISOLATING DISTANCE:

195 KVp

ONE MINUTE POWER FREQUENCY WITHSTAND VOLTAGE:-

170 KVp
195 KVp

270.5 kg
(APPROX
)

21

EARTH AND BETWEEN POLES:

ACROSS ISOLATING DISTANCE:

J. METERING & INDICATING INSTRUMENTS

There are several metering and indicating instrument (e.g. Ammeters, Voltmeters,
Energy meter etc.) installed in a sub-station to maintain watch over the circuit
quantities. The instrument transformers are invariably used with them for
satisfactory operation.

K.AIR CONDITIONER
It is used in control room to protect the equipments from heat. It controls the
desirables air temperature of substation control room which leads to temperature
control of the equipment also.

L. OPERATING COMPUTER
There are two computers in that substation, one in control room other in office
room. They are used to store various data of sub-station like load voltage
fluctuations, monthly data, power consumption, load curve data etc.

21

PROTECTIVE RELAY
Introduction:
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation
of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.

A Basic RELAY circuit

21

Some Important Relay And Their Functions

Buchholz Alarm Relay : In the field of electric power distribution and

transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled
power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil
reservoir called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective
device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. When
gas produced in the tank due to a minor fault surfaces to accumulate in the
relay chamber within a certain amount (0.3Q-0.35Q) or above, the float
lowers and closes the contact, thereby actuating the alarm device.
Buchholz Trip Relay :
In the event of a major fault, abrupt gas production
causes pressure in the tank to flow oil into the conservator. In this case, the
float is lowered to close the contact, thereby causing the Circuit Breaker to
trip or actuating the alarm device.
Over Current Relay :

This relay provides protection mainly against phase to

phase fault and over loading current.

Pressure Release Valve (PRV) : It provides the protection against undesirable
high pressure. If the pressure within the transformer tanks increases over a
certain level then pressure is release through PRV.
Winding Temperature Alarm :

When the winding of the transformer

increases more than the preselected value, then this relay provides an alarm.
Winding Temperature Trip :

When winding temperature of the transformer

crosses a certain value then this relay trip the circuit.

Oil Temperature Alarm :

This relay gives an alarm if the temperature of

the transformer increases above a certain value.

21
Low Oil Alarm :

If the level of the oil with in the main tank of the

transformer decreases below a certain level then this relay provides an alarm.
Differential Relay :

Generation trip E/F HV , Bias Trip OC-LV(R) ,H/S Trip OC-

LV(Y) , Differential(R) O/C-LV(B) , Differential(Y) EE-1 , Differential(B) W/O Trip,

O/C-HV(R) BU Trip O/C-HV(Y) BU Alarm O/C-HV(B) W/O Alarm.
Master Trip Relay :

This

relay s

functions

is correlated with all other

transformer relays. It operates when any other transformer relay operates.

Design
and
theory of these protective devices is an important part of the education of an
electrical engineer who specializes in power systems. Today these devices are
nearly entirely replaced with microprocessor-based digital protective relays
(numerical relays) that emulate their electromechanical ancestors with great
precision and convenience in application. By combining several functions in one
case, numerical relays also save capital cost and maintenance cost over
electromechanical relays. However, due to their very long life span, tens of
thousands of these silent sentinels are still protecting transmission lines and
electrical apparatus all over the world.
There are many types of relay-

Directional Over Current Relay

Auxiliary Relay
High Impedance Differential Relay
Directional Earth Fault Relay
Numerical Relay

21
AUXIALIARY, NUMERICAL AND PROTECTIVE RELAYS

IMTDL OVER-CURRENT RELAY

Frequency: 50 Hz
In: 1 Amp
M2: 0.5
Multiple of Setting
Time Setting(50
Hz)
Time Setting(60
Hz)

2
10.0

5
4.3

10
3.0

20
2.2

8.5

3.52

2.45

1.81

SENSESTIVE EARTH FAULT RELAY TYPE CTUM

CTUM 15ZG001A
N0130213130132019
Vx 24-250V
USE Rext 2700 FOR 220-250 V ONLY

Features of REL relay:Basic protection functionally of this relay is line distance, which comprises:
a) Simultaneous measurement of phase to phase and phase to earth impedance for
ease type of fault and ease distance
zone.
b) Five Zone of operation- Z1,Z2 &Z3 are for three Zones protection.Z4 for operation
Soft Z5 is for reverse direction.
Scheme communication logic with current reversal and weak and in feed logic.
c) Power swing Detection.
Additional protection functionality such as:
i) Phase over current, residual current and voltage functions.
ii) Breaker failure protection.
iii) Fuse failure and current transformer circuit supervision.
iv) Single or multi pole tripping.

Control:i) Command control

ii) Auto recessing and synchronies

21

Monitoring:i) Event Recorder.

ii) Disturbance Recorder
iii) Fault locator.

Through many functions can be used in the relay, have only Distance protection
function has been used with:
i) Fuse Failure supervision.
ii) Loss of voltage supervision.
iii) Power swing Detector.
iv) Switch auto fault protection (SOTF)
v) Broken conductor protection.
No other back up protection is used as separate O/C & E/F protection have been
provided.
Any disturbance will be recorded and maximum no. of recording is 10. New
disturbance will be recorded automatically
erasing the first one .Any disturbance record can be called from memory and
different information can be viewed.

21

Protection Relay In Bongaon 132/33/11 kv Sub -Station :-

SL
.N
O

RELAY

LOCATION OF RELAY

PROTECTION

2TJM10X3,IDMT

11 KV FEEDER PANELS

O/C & E/F

PROTECTION

2TJM12,67A &
2TJM12,67C

132 KV FEEDER PANEL

OVER
CURRENT

2TJM12,67N

132 KV FEEDER PANEL

EARTH FAULT

REL 511

132 KV FEEDER PANEL & T.B.C PANEL

DISTANCE

2TJM1051A,51B,51
C

BACK UP
OVER
CURRENT

RADSB

132 KV SIDE 31.5 MVA TRAN. PANEL

33 KV SIDE 31.5 MVA TRAN. PANEL &
& BOTH 132 KV & 33 KV TRANSFORMER BUS
COUPLER PANEL
132 KN TRANSFORMER PANEL

RADHD,64REF

2TJMH104 50/51 A

DIFFERENTIAL

132 KV SIDE 31.5 MVA TRAN.PANEL

33 KV SIDE 31.5 MVA TRAN. PANEL & 6.3 MVA
TRANSFORMER PANEL
33 KV FEEDER PANEL 6.3 MVA TRANSFORMER
PANEL

RESTRICTED
EARTH FAULT

CTUM15,50N

33 KV FEEDER PANEL,33 KV TRANSFORMER

BUS COUPLER PANEL

SENSITIVE E/F

10

RXIG22,50

33 KV SIDE 31.5 MVA TRAN.PANEL

SYSTEM
EARTH FAULT

11

RXFK2H

33 KV TRANSFORMER BUS COUPLER PANEL

UNDER
FREQUENCY

OVER
CURRENT

21

Relay Flags In Bongaon 132/33/11 kv Sub -Station :SL

NO.
1

REALY
FLAG
30A

LOCATION OF RELAY

30B

IN ALL PANELS

30C

IN ALL PANELS

30D

IN ALL PANELS

C.B oil Pr. low general

lockout
SF6pressure low/general
lockout
Oil/SF6/N2 Pr. low/general
lockout
Loss of N2 warning

30E

IN ALL PANELS

Motor o/l relay operated

30F

IN ALL PANELS

Motor M.C.B tripped

74B

TR. PANELS(33 KV)

86L

IN ALL PANELS

Master Trip Relay

95/86L

IN ALL PANELS

10

80A

IN ALL PANELS

Supervise healthiness of 86
relay
Protection D.C failed

11

195

IN ALL PANELS

TC1 unhealthy

12

295

IN ALL PANELS

TC2 unhealthy

13

74A

TR.PANELS(132 KV)

14

74B

IN ALL PANELS

Buchhloz Alram

15

74C

IN ALL PANELS

16

74D

IN ALL PANELS

Diverted tank oil surge

relay trip
PRV trip

17

74E

IN ALL PANELS

H.V wdg. temp. trip

18

74F

IN ALL PANELS

H.V WDG. Temp. Alarm

19

74G

IN ALL PANELS

Oil temp. Trip

20

74H

IN ALL PANELS

Oil temp. Alarm

21

74J

IN ALL PANELS

MOG alarm

22

74L

IN ALL PANELS

L.V WDG. Temp. Trip

23

74M

IN ALL PANELS

L.V WDG. Temp. Alarm

24

74A

TR. PANELS(33 KV)

Earthing Tr.Buchholz Trip

25

74C

TR. PANELS(33 KV)

26

74D

TR. PANELS(33 KV)

27

74E

TR. PANELS(33 KV)

Earthing Tr.WDG. Temp.

Trip
Earthing Tr.WDG. Temp.
Alarm
Earthing Tr. Oil Temp. Trip

28

74F

TR. PANELS(33 KV)

Earthing Tr. Oil temp. Alarm

29

74G

TR. PANELS(33 KV)

Earthing Tr. Oil level low

Alarm

IN ALL PANELS

MEANING

Earthing Tr. Buchholz Trip

Buchhloz trip

21

OPERATION GUIDE
Switching operation is a transmission sub-station is done is a very cautions way
as any mal-operation may cause power interruption of a very large area. Operation
is normally of two types. They are as following:

PRE-ARRANGED SHUTDOWN :
It means operation of various switching equipment for a pre-decided
maintenance, inspection or testing program for which a clearance from STATE
LOAD DISPATCH CENTER (SLDC) is required before taking the shut-down.
SLDC gives clearance of all pre-arranged and emergency shut down for
generating and transmission substation all over WEST BENGAL. Pre arranged
shut down may be of different types. In BONGAON 132 KV sub-station it may
be characterised into the following sections.
1. Shut down of a 33 KV line bay or equipment bay.
2. 33 KV Bus-section shut down.
3. Shut down of Power Transformer (132/33 ,31.5 MVA transformer 1 and
transformer 2)
4. Shut down of 132 KV line.
5. 132 KV bus section shut down.

EMERGENCY OPERATION :
In any emergency situation like - 1. Tripping of 132 KV /33 KV line, 2.
Tripping of 31.5 MVA transformers.
Switching operations are done in a fast but precise manner,
in order to ensure safe operation at the same time. In emergency situation all these
operations are carried out as per the adviser of SLDC.
A few special point need to be kept in mind
When two 132/33 KV Transformers are running in parallel, both the earthing
transformers should be kept connected to bus with Earthing Tr. Protection
selector switch in Both modes. If the transformers are required to be run
individually with bus section, then the switch should be kept in individual
mode.
In case of failure of feeder to trip on earth fault ,132 KV and 33KV Breakers of
both the transformers will trip. In such case , recording relay indication,
switch off all 33 KV feeders & open the faulty feeder isolator. And then
Energies the transformer one after another and then load the transformer
gradually. Inform SLDC and maintenance wing. In each, the transformer trips
on 64R-LV, both 132 KV and 33 KV side breaker will trip. Do not energies the
transformer and inform Testing wing.
Under frequency relay has been provided in 33 KV Bus-coupler panel for
tripping of all 33KV feeders. When it will be required to keep the total U/F
tripping out , switch off UFS at Bus-coupler panel. If any feeder requires to be

21
undisturbed in U/F tripping, individual switch situated inside each panel
should be kept off. Under frequency tipping will be controlled as per direction
of S.L.D.C.

In case of any tripping of line and equipment

the following operations occurs sequentially
1. Accept the bell in the control panel of the faulty line of the transformer.
2. Note down the relays appeared.
3. Inform to the engineer-in-charge and SLDC (in case of 132 KV line and
transformer).
4. Try to reset the relay, flags and bell, facia.
5. In case of 33 KV feeder line may be charged after taking current from the
receiving end and to be informed to engineer-in-charge. In case of 33 KV
capacitor bank tripped with unbalanced relay protection should never be
charged again and to be declared break down after first tripping. If the 33 KV
line does not hold, the receiving sub-station should be informed immediately
and the relay should be accepted and rested. The feeder may be charged for
seriousness of the fault or tripping. In case the 33 KV line does not hold even
after the second charging , the line must be declared break down and to be
informed to the receiving sub-station through message and to be informed to
the engineer-in-charge and cannot be recharged without any clearance message
from the receiving end.
6.

In case of any tripping relays of transformer panel are to be accepted and the
33 KV feeder tripping as per load rejection scheme, may be charged or remain
unchanged depending on the load condition of the other transformers. The
incident has to be informed immediately to the engineer-in-charge , SLDC ,
control testing dept. and should not be charged without permission of engineerin-charge , SLDC and control testing department (if required).

7. In case of 132 KV line tripping the relays and facia of 132 KV line panel and the
33 KV feeder tripped in load rejection scheme are to be accepted and to be
informed in load rejection scheme may be switched on depending on the load
condition of the order line circuit. After taking permission from SLDC the line
may be charged by the sending end transmission sub-station and consequently
by BONGAON (receiving and sub-station) and the same to be informed
immediately to engineer-in-charge as advisor. If the line does not hold the same
also to be informed to the engineer-in-charge immediately.

21

21

PROTECTION
LOAD REJECTION SCHEME :
33 KV load rejection schemes at BONGAON are done in two
following ways :

Incoming Trip :
For BONGAON 132/33 KV sub-station there are two incoming lines.
They are a.
JEERAT, b. KRISHNAGAR. If any of the incoming line be tripped then
the whole load has to be carried out by the remaining incoming line. If the current
through that line exceeds 375 A then some selected feeders of 33 KV side will be
tripped. In incoming line CR panel there is an auxiliary relay. By this relay dc voltage
appears across the tripping circuit of the selected 33 KV feeders. As a result those
33 KV feeder gets tripped and total load of the sub-station is reduced to be less
than 375 A or at a lower value as far as possible.

Transformer Trip :
In case of transformer trip , if any of the transformer be tripped then
all the selected feeders of 33 KV side are tripped , this tripping does not depend
upon the amount of current carried by other transformers. By auxiliary contact of
trip relay of the faulty transformer tripping of the feeders of 33 KV side occurs.

GENERAL PROTECTION OF 33 KV FEEDERS:

In general there are four types of protection for 33 KV feeders. They are as follows
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Over Current Protection.

Earth Fault Protection.
Protection by Master Trip Relay.
DC Fail Protection.

OVER CURRENT PROTECTION :

There is an over current relay in the feeder. When over current
flows through the feeder circuit, then it trips the circuit.

21

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION :

The Substation earthing system which is provided for the following purpose:(a) Safety of Operational and Maintenance staff.
(b) Discharge of Electrical charges to Ground.
(c) Grounding of Overhead Shielding wires.
(d) Electromagnetic Interference.

PROTECTION BY MASTER TRIP RELAY :

Master trip relay operates by protection relay. When any fault
occurs then the no circuit of protection relay become NC circuit and protection relay
operates. By this protection relay master trip relay operates and trip the circuit. 86
R is the master trip relay.

DC FAIL PROTECTION :
Almost all the tripping and closing circuits are energized by DC
voltage. So supervision of that DC system ensures healthiness of the tripping and
closing circuits. An AC voltage is used for the relay auxiliary contacts and the
system DC is used for the relay coil. When the DC supply fails, the relay coil gets
disenergized and the auxiliary contacts are closed to give supply to DC fail bell.

21

ALARM ANNUNCIATION AND ACTION TO BE TAKEN

BY
OPERATING PERSONEL :A) 132 KV Line Feeder:SL.N
o

Annunciation

Distance
Protection

O/C
&
Protection

Action to be taken
Accept alarm. Normalize the discrepancy of control switch.
Observe the display window. Distance summary will be
automatically scrolled. Two latest disturbances (disturb
summary 1,which is the latest and Disturb summary 2,
Which is the second latest and disturb summary 3, which is
the third latest) are presented with
#Date and Time
# Selected indication
#Pre fault and post fault values,
#Nature of fault
Record all information and press C button to put the window
in idle mode. Rest 86 relay by pressing PB/86L. Yellow and
Red LED's of REL 511 will also reset. Reset all other relays, if
any. Reset annunciation. Contact SLDC. Getting their
clearance close the breaker. IF it trips again, repeat the
above and take action as per instruction of SLDC.

E/F Accept alarm .normalize discrepancy switch. Note relay

indication. Also note whether there is any message scrolling
in REL 511 window. Reset 86 relay. Reset annunciation. Take
for charging on clearance from SLDC.
CB SF6/Oil Pr.
Accept alarm. Check which of the relays 30A,B or C has
Low/N2
operated. Go to switchyard to check whether SF6 pressure
General Lock out is below 6.5 Bar, If Oil pressure is below 253 Bar and N2
Pressure is above 345 Bar, this alarm may come. See
whether pump motor starts. After some time reset 30 A,B,C
relays and annunciation. If the relays do not reset, divert the
feeder through Bus-coupler and inform Maintenance wing
for further checking.
CB /oil Presser
Low
warning closing
lock
out

Accept alarm. Check the switchyard and whether pump is

running to up oil pressure which has fallen to 273 Bar. Try to
reset after some time. If it is not reset divert the feeder
through Bus-coupler. Inform Maintenance wing.

21

CB Loss of SF6
warning

Accept alarm. Check whether SF6 pressure has fallen below

6.7 bar. If it is so, divert the feeder through bus-coupler.
Inform Maintenance wing.

CB Loss of N2 Accept alarm. Check whether 30D relays has operated. After
warning
some time reset the relay ,if the relay not reset check
hydraulic oil pressure .If oil pressure increase above 350
bar, divert the feeder through bus-coupler. Inform
Maintenance wing.

C.B
/motor Accept alarm. Check whether 30 E,F relay operated. An
O/L/MCB
attempt may be made to reset MCB/over load push and to
Trip
run the motor. If MCB again trip or O/L, operates, do not run
the motor again and inform maintenance wing.

Distance
protection
fuse fail

Accept alarm. Check the display in REL 511.Note the display

message. Check up P.T fuse (fuse FS 21, FS 22, & FS 23 IN
RELAY. Replace the damaged fuse. Reset annunciation and
display.

Back
Protection
MCB trip

of Accept alarm. Check whether MCB 2A in. Relay panel has

tripped. Close the MCB once. IF the trip again, Inform
Testing wing. The feeder need not be switched off or
diverted through Bus-Coupler as main protection is healthy.

10

Protection
supply
fail

D.C Accept alarm. Check up whether 80 A relay has reset. Check

the fuse FS 16 and FS 17 and replace. Reset 80A relay and
annunciation.

11

Distance
protection
Relay trouble

Accept alarm. Inform SLDC and divert the feeder through

Bus coupler with protection selection switch (PSS) in Feeder
Position. Inform Testing Wing.

12

TC1/TC2
unhealthy

13

Trip relay Coil

Unhealthy

Accept alarm. Check whether 195 or 295 relay have reset

depending on whether TC1 or TC2 is unhealthy. Divert the
feeder through Bud-Coupler Keeping TTS in Transformer
position Inform Maintenance Wing.
Accept alarm. Check whether 95/86L relay has reset. Inform
SLDC and divert the feeder through Bus-Coupler Keeping
PSS in Feeder position. Inform maintenance wing.

14

TTS
wrong

15

Power
Block

position Accept alarm. Check whether i) Feeder is fed through

normal breaker and TTS is in Transformer position. ii) Feeder
is fed through Bus-Coupler breaker and TTS is in Normal
Position. Inform maintenance wing. iii) Feeder is fed through
normal breaker but transfer bus is closed.
Change the position of TSS or isolator and reset alarm.
closing lock out
Swing Accept alarm. Note whether any tripping took place. If not,
note the time and record of the incident .Reset

21

16

17

operated
Distance
protection
Lose of voltage

annunciation.
Accept alarm. Check all the fuse in PT circuit FS 21, FS
22AND FS 23. Reset annunciation and display.

Broken
Conductor
protection
operated

Accept alarm. Record the massage from display of REF

511.Check whether load current is available in all 3-phase.
Cross check from other and also inform SLDC and taken
action as per their instruction.

B) 132 KV Transformer Panel:SL.N

o

Annunciatio
n

Action to be taken

Distance
protection
Operated

H.V
O/C Accept alarm. Note relay indications and annunciation. Check
Protection
up. Whether it has tripped on over load. It is so, energies and
operated
load the transformer .If tripping is due to fault, Inform Testing
wing & SLDC.

HV-CB
SF6
/OIL/N2 Pr.
Low
General
Lockout
4

Accept alarm. Check which of the relays 30A,B or C has

operated. Go to
switchyard to check whether SF6 pressure is below 6.5 Bar, If Oil
pressure is below 253 Bar and N2 Pressure is above 345 Bar,
this alarm may come. See whether pump motor starts. After
some time reset 30 A,B,C relays and annunciation. If the relays
do not reset, divert the feeder through Bus-coupler and inform
Maintenance wing for further checking

CB /oil Presser
Low
warning
closing
lock
out

Accept alarm. Check the switchyard and whether pump is

running to up oil
pressure which has fallen to 273 Bar. Try to reset after some
time. If it is not reset divert the feeder through Bus-coupler.
Inform Maintenance wing.

REF Protection
Trip

Accept alarm. Note Relay indication. Reset relays and

annunciation. Do not
energize the transformer. Inform testing Wing & CLD and all
concerned.

Accept alarm. Record the relay indication. Reset relays and

annunciation. Do not energies the Transformer. Inform Testing
Wing, SLDC and all concerned.

21

CB Loss of SF6 Accept alarm. Check whether SF6 pressure has fallen below 6.7
warning
bar. If it is so, divert the feeder through bus-coupler. Inform
Maintenance wing.

CB Loss of N2 Accept alarm. Check whether 30D relays has operated. After
warning
some time reset the relay, if the relay not reset check hydraulic
oil pressure .If oil pressure increase above 350 bar, divert the
feeder through bus-coupler. Inform Maintenance wing.

C.B
/motor Accept alarm. Check whether 30 E,F relay operated. An attempt
O/L/MCB Trip
may be made to reset MCB/over load push and to run the motor.
If MCB again trip or O/L, operates, do not run the motor again
and inform maintenance wing.

Transformer
Trouble Trip

Accept alarm. Check and note the relay indication. If alarm is

due to operation of 74E,G,L check the switchyard. Record
physical temperature from wdg. And oil thermometers. Check
whether fans are running. After temperature falls by 10.
-15.energies and load the Transformer after resetting relays and
annunciation. In case of operation of 74 A,C,D. do not energize
the transformer. Inform Testing Wing and SLDC and all
concerned.

10

Transformer
Trouble Alarm

Accept alarm. Check and note the relay indication. If alarm is

due to operation of 74 B, J do not charge the transformer. Inform
Testing & SLDC. If it is due to operation of &74 F,H,M relays,
inspect the temp. indicator, Check whether fans are running.
After temp. falls by 10. C, energies and load the transformer
after resetting relay and annunciation. Reduce load, If required.
15 Differential Relay Loss of Voltage 2 O/C & E/F Protection
Operated 3 CB SF6/Oil Pr. Low/N2 General Lock out 4 CB /oil
Presser Low warning closing lock out

11

Protection D.C Accept alarm. Check up Whether 80 A relay has reset. Check the
Supply fail
fuse FS 16 and FS17 and replace. Reset 80 A and annunciation.

12

TC1/TC2
unhealthy

Accept alarm. Check whether 195 or 295 relay have reset

depending on whether TC1 or TC2 is unhealthy. Divert the feeder
through Bus-Coupler Keeping TTS in Transformer position Inform
Maintenance Wing.

13

Trip relay Coil

Unhealthy

Accept alarm. Check whether 95/86L relay has reset. Inform

SLDC and divert the feeder through Bus-Coupler Keeping PSS in
Feeder position. Inform maintenance wing.

14

TTS
position Accept alarm. Check whether i) Feeder is fed through normal
wrong
breaker and TTS is in Transformer position. ii) Feeder is fed
through Bus-Coupler breaker and TTS is in Normal Position.
Inform maintenance wing. iii) Feeder is fed through normal

21
breaker but transfer bus is closed. Change the position of TSS or
isolator and reset alarm.
15

Differential
Relay Loss of
Voltage

Accept alarm. Check up Whether 80 A relay has reset. Check the

fuse FS 16 and FS17 and replace. Reset 80 A and annunciation.
If fuse are in order, Inform Testing Wing.

C)132KV Transfer Bus Coupler Panel:SL.

No

Annunciation

Distance
protection
Operated

Action to be taken

Accept alarm. Normalize the discrepancy of

control switch. Observe the display window.
Distance summary will be automatically scrolled.
Two latest
disturbances (disturb summary 1,which is the
latest and Disturb summary 2, Which is the
second latest and disturb summary 3, which is the
third latest) are presented with
#Date and Time
# Selected indication
#Pre fault and post fault values,
#Nature of fault
Record all information and press C button to put
the window in idle mode. Rest 86 relay by
pressing PB/86L. Yellow and Red LED's of REL 511
will also reset. Reset all other relays, if any. Reset
annunciation. Contact SLDC. Getting their
clearance close the breaker. IF it trips again,
repeat the above and take action as per

21
instruction of SLDC.

O/C & E/F

Protection
operated

Accept alarm .normalize discrepancy switch. Note

relay indication. Also note whether there is any
message scrolling in REL 511 window. Reset 86
relay. Reset annunciation. Take for charging on
clearance from SLDC.
Accept alarm. Check which of the relays 30A,B or
C has operated. Go to switchyard to check
whether SF6 pressure is below 6.5 Bar, If Oil
pressure is below 253 Bar and N2
Pressure is above 345 Bar, this alarm may come.
See whether pump motor starts. After some time
reset 30 A,B,C relays and annunciation. If the
relays do not reset, divert the feeder through Buscoupler and inform Maintenance wing for further
checking. If annunciation is not reset after some
time, Inform CLD for isolation of CB.

CB SF6/Oil Pr.
Low/N2
General Lock out

CB /oil Presser
Low warning
closing lock out

Check the switchyard and whether pump is

running to up oil pressure which has fallen to 273
Bar. Try to reset after some time. If it is not reset
divert the feeder through Bus-coupler. Inform
Maintenance wing. If annunciation is not reset
after some time, Inform CLD for isolation of CB.

CB Loss of SF6
warning

Accept alarm. Check whether SF6 pressure has

fallen below 6.7 bar. If it is so, divert the feeder
through bus-coupler. Inform Maintenance wing

CB Loss of N2
warning

Accept alarm. Check whether 30D relays has

operated. After some time reset the relay, if the
relay not reset check hydraulic oil pressure .If oil
pressure increase above 350 bar divert the feeder
through bus-coupler. Inform Maintenance wing.

Main A.C supply

fail

Accept alarm. Check whether 80 A,C relay has

reset. Check Fuse FS31 and FS37 and replace
fuse. Reset relay and annunciation.

C.B Motor
O/L/MCB Trip

Accept alarm. Check whether 30 E,F relay

operated. An attempt may be made to reset
MCB/over load push and to run the motor. If MCB
again trip or O/L, operates, do not
run the motor again and inform maintenance
wing.

Distance
protection fuse
fail

Accept alarm. Check the display in REL 511.Note

the display message. Check
up P.T fuse (fuse FS 21, FS 22, & FS 23 IN RELAY.

21

10

Back of Protection
MCB trip

11

Protection D.C
Supply fail

12

TC1/TC2
Unhealthy

13

Distance
protection Relay
trouble

14

Trip relay Coil

Unhealthy

15

PSS Position is
Wrong

16

Power Swing
Block Operated

17

Distance
protection Lose of
voltage

18

Broken Conductor
protection
operated

Replace the damaged fuse.

Reset annunciation and display.
Accept alarm. Check whether MCB 2A in. Relay
panel has tripped. Close the MCB once. IF the trip
again, Inform Testing wing. The feeder need not
be switched off or diverted through Bus-Coupler
as main protection is healthy.
Accept alarm. Check up Whether 80 A relay has
reset. Check the fuse FS 16 and FS17 and replace.
Reset 80 A and annunciation.
Accept alarm. Press PB05 to confirm which of the
trip circuit is defective. Also check whether
corresponding 195 or 295 ha operated. If TC1 is
defective, check fuse FS4 and FS5 and replace IF
TC2 is defective , FS6 and FS7 may be checked. In
case of failure of one TC. Do not switch off the
breaker, Inform Maintenance wing.
Accept alarm. Inform SLDC and divert the feeder
through Bus coupler with protection selection
switch (PSS) in Feeder Position. Inform Testing
Wing.
Accept alarm. Check whether 95/86L relay has
reset. If the annunciation and 95/86L relay do not
reset, Inform SLDC .and If any feeder or
Transformer use the protection of Bus-Coupler.
With the concern of SLDC, switch off the
breaker. Inform Testing Wing.
Accept alarm. Check Whether i) PSS is in TR
Position but any one Transformer bus isolator of
any feeder
is closed. ii) PSS is in FR position but one of the
Transformer bus isolators of Transformer is closed.
Change the position of switch or isolator and
annunciation.
Accept alarm, Note Whether any tripping took
place. If not, note the time and record of the
incident. Reset annunciation.
Accept alarm. Check all the fuse in PT circuit FS
21, FS 22 and FS 23. Replace fuse. Reset
annunciation and display.
Accept alarm. Record the massage from display of
REF 511.Check whether load current is available
in all 3-phase. Cross check from other and also
inform SLDC and taken action as per their
instruction.

21

19

Earth fault
protection

Accept alarm. Check whether any Tr. Supervision

relay has operated. Check the switch yard and
physically check the concerned Transformer Which
is on Bus- Coupler. Check any other 132 KV Feeder
has tripped during the incident. If
everything is normal, the Transformer may be
energies and loaded after resetting relay and
annunciation.

Safety
Safety Precautions to be observed during Switching
Operations:Safety precautions are:-

21

i) Persons performing switching operations on high voltage apparatus shall do

so while using rubber gloves
or standing on insulated stools, platforms or
rubber mats.
ii) When low or medium voltage fuse
which are not in series with circuit breakers are
to be operated, the person shall use rubber
gloves, insulted platforms or rubber mats.
Where there is a possibility of arcing in
the switching operation, the operator shall use
goggles or eye shields and keep his body as far
as possible from the switch.
iii) When replacing a low voltage fuse
which is in series with the switch, the switch
shall first be opened.
iv) Where isolators are in use
breakers, the breakers shall always
before opening the isolators, and
when the circuit is being closed,
breakers shall be closed last.

with circuit
be opened
conversely
the circuit

v) Any abnormality in the condition or operation of any switch shall be

reported to the maintenance wing.
vi) Where there is interlock system to guard against irregular sequence of
operation in switching, the failure of interlock shall not be taken as an excuse for
incorrect operation.

CONCLUSION

The Industrial Training at WBSETCL has been a practical experience for all of us from
BONGAON Tr.(O&M) Sub-Division. We have been extremely fortunate to have got a
scope to learn the various intricate details of Power Transmission from the Engineers
and Officers of WBSETCL, Bongaon(132/33/11 kv sub-station). It was a firsthand

21
experience for all of us to see the various transmission methods that are employed
at a transmission sub-station. We got to understand how power from various
generating station is transmitted to a transmission sub-station and the several
processes that are undergone before transmitting the power to a distribution substation. While consuming a power we hardly cares about the fact that is the effort of
a million tireless people that we get to enjoy power at home.
We actually realize that power transmission is not an easy task and that it
comes after a lot of hard work and loss of innumerable energy. We also got to see
transformers and understand its functioning from very close quarters. We saw the
functioning of circuit breakers, isolators and capacitor banks all that we had been
only reading in textbooks. It was an enlightening experience to interact with the
engineers who had help us to enrich our knowledge.
During our visit I got a clear idea on how a sub-station works. I understood
the functions of different electrical equipments like C.B, C.T , C.V.T , P.T , BusBar ,
Lightning Arrester , Isolator , Insulator , Capacitor Bank and got some idea how a
Sub-Station tackles problem like various faults multi functioning of various
equipments , maintenance of different units and got a good exposure of the
SWITCHYARD and its layout which help me to understand Power System analysis ,
its transmission and distribution aspects.
We also learnt about PLCC and the various modes of communication that are
employed in power plants and other sub-stations. In all we had an overall
understanding and knowledge of the functions of a transmission sub-stations. We as
student fell proud to have been associated with the WBSETCL and hope to
strengthen our relationship in the near future.
We sincerely thank all the staff of WBSETCL, BONGAON (132/33/11 k v sub station)
for making our training a truly enriching and enjoyable.