1.

ln(x2 + 1)dx.

INTEGRATION BY PARTS, POLYNOMIAL DIVISION

2x
and v = x.
x2 + 1

Let u = ln(x2 + 1) and dv = dx. Then du =

So
Z

ln(x2 + 1)dx = x ln(x2 + 1) 2

Polynomial division gives

Z

x2
dx
x2 + 1

2
x2
=2 2
. So
2
x +1
x +1

Z
Z
x2
dx
dx = 2 dx 2
2
2
x +1
x +1
= 2x 2 tan1 (x) + C

So,
Z

2.

ln(x2 + 1)dx = x ln(x2 + 1) 2x + 2 tan1 (x) + C.

x2 + 1
dx.
x2

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUION, INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Let x = tan(t). Then dx = sec2 (t)dt and
Z 2
Z
Z
Z
x +1
tan2 t + 1
sec3 t
2
dx =
sec tdt =
dt = sec t csc2 tdt.
x2
tan2 t
tan2 t
Let u = sec t and dv = csc2 tdt, so that du = sec t tan tdt and v =
cot t. Then
Z

sec t csc tdt = sec t cot t +

cot t sec t tan tdt

= sec t cot t + ln | sec t + tan t|.

Now, we need to get back in terms of x. To do this, draw a triangle
with angle t having opposite side length
x and adjacent side length 1,
so that the hypotenuse has length 1 + x2 . (This makes x = tan t,
1


which was how we defined t.) Then sec t = x2 + 1, cot t = x1 , and the
above becomes:

Z 2

x +1
x2 + 1
dx
=

+
ln
|
x2 + 1 + x| + C.
x2
x
3.

2x 7
dx.
x6

x2

PARTIAL FRACTIONS
We write x2 x 6 = (x + 2)(x 3) and use partial fractions:
2x 7
=
(x + 2)(x 3)
(multiply by denominator) 2x 7 =
(expand right side)
2x 7 =
(collect coef f icients)
2x 7 =
(equate coef f icients) A + B = 2 and

A
B
+
x+2 x3
A(x 3) + B(x + 2)
Ax 3A + Bx + 2B
(A + B)x + (3A + 2B)
3A + 2B = 7

We see that A = 2 B, so 3(2 B) + 2B = 7 and 5B = 1, so

B = 51 . Then A = 2 B = 2 + 51 = 11
. So,
5
Z

4.

Z
0

11 Z dx
1 Z dx
11
1
2x 7
dx
=

=
ln
|x
+
2|

ln |x 3|.
x2 x 6
5
x+2 5 x3
5
5
1
2

cos( x1 )
dx
x2

IMPROPER INTEGRAL, CHANGE OF VARIABLES

This is an improper integral, so well need to write
1
2

Z
0

Z 1
1
cos( x1 )
2 cos( )
x
dx = lim
dx.
t0 t
x2
x2

Let u = x1 . Then du = x2 dx. As t 0,

1
s = 1t . When x = 2
, u = 2. So we have:
lim

t0 t

1
2

cos( x1 )
dx =
x2
2

lim (

1
t

Z 2
s

. For short, write

cos(u)du)

=
=
=
=

lim

Z s

s 2

cos(u)du

lim sin(u)|s2

lim (sin(s) sin(2)

lim sin(s))

which doesnt exist. Hence, This integral diverges.