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  • Anza, Ca. 6500-5000 B.C.: A Cultural Yardstick For The Study of Neolithic Southeast Europe - Marija Gimbutas

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    Sonjce Marceva
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    The site of Anza is of major importance by virtue of its geographical position in the central Balkans and its unique stratigraphy. The excavations at Anza have yielded a variety of types of information that add to our understanding of the early stages of the [Pottery] Neolithic period, of the succeeding Starčevo Neolithic culture, and of the formation of the Vinča civilization. Macedonia, geographically midway between the Aegean Sea and the drainage basin of the Danube river, also mediated culturally between these important termini. The essential factor for cultural transmission was precisely this strategic geographical location. The information obtained from archaeological research in Macedonia is therefore relevant not only to the immediate zone of investigation, but it also carries implications for the entire Balkan peninsula and for the rest of Central Europe as well. Macedonia is geographically defined as that territory drained by the rivers Vardar and Haliakmon and their tributaries. Its inherent connections are with the continental land mass of the Balkans rather than with the maritime peninsula of Greece. Access to the interior from the coast begins some 20 miles southwest of Thessaloniki, on the Thermaic Gulf where the Vardar discharges into the Gulf slightly north of the Haliakmon, and proceeds by way of the Haliakmon, along the tributaries of the rivers, into the lowlands between the rivers and their valleys. At the southern end the narrow defiles which characterize the Vardar were probably less often used for ingress. Progress northward toward this major waterway is marked by the present towns of Edessa and Prilep on the way to the area of Veles and Skopje on the Vardar. The Bregalnica River, which joins the Vardar just south of Veles, drains the district of Ovče Pole to the northeast and provides transit eastward. Neolithic mounds and later Roman roads mark these very ancient routes. There is also archaeological evidence that the upper Morava served as a direct connection between Macedonia and the area to the north and west that is drained by the Danube River system. On the northeast Macedonia is separated from Bulgaria by the steep watershed of the Thracian Mountains, a natural boundary between Thrace and the central Balkans that was always utilized.

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    Anza, ca. 6500-5000 B.C.: A Cultural Yardstick for the Study of Neolithic Southeast Europe - Marija Gimbutas

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    The site of Anza is of major importance by virtue of its geographical position in the central Balkans and its unique stratigraphy. The excavations at Anza have yielded a variety of types of information that add to our understanding of the early stages of the [Pottery] Neolithic period, of the succeeding Starčevo Neolithic culture, and of the formation of the Vinča civilization. Macedonia, geographically midway between the Aegean Sea and the drainage basin of the Danube river, also mediated culturally between these important termini. The essential factor for cultural transmission was precisely this strategic geographical location. The information obtained from archaeological research in Macedonia is therefore relevant not only to the immediate zone of investigation, but it also carries implications for the entire Balkan peninsula and for the rest of Central Europe as well. Macedonia is geographically defined as that territory drained by the rivers Vardar and Haliakmon and their tributaries. Its inherent connections are with the continental land mass of the Balkans rather than with the maritime peninsula of Greece. Access to the interior from the coast begins some 20 miles southwest of Thessaloniki, on the Thermaic Gulf where the Vardar discharges into the Gulf slightly north of the Haliakmon, and proceeds by way of the Haliakmon, along the tributaries of the rivers, into the lowlands between the rivers and their valleys. At the southern end the narrow defiles which characterize the Vardar were probably less often used for ingress. Progress northward toward this major waterway is marked by the present towns of Edessa and Prilep on the way to the area of Veles and Skopje on the Vardar. The Bregalnica River, which joins the Vardar just south of Veles, drains the district of Ovče Pole to the northeast and provides transit eastward. Neolithic mounds and later Roman roads mark these very ancient routes. There is also archaeological evidence that the upper Morava served as a direct connection between Macedonia and the area to the north and west that is drained by the Danube River system. On the northeast Macedonia is separated from Bulgaria by the steep watershed of the Thracian Mountains, a natural boundary between Thrace and the central Balkans that was always utilized.

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    254 views42 pages

    Anza, Ca. 6500-5000 B.C.: A Cultural Yardstick For The Study of Neolithic Southeast Europe - Marija Gimbutas

    Uploaded by

    Sonjce Marceva
    The site of Anza is of major importance by virtue of its geographical position in the central Balkans and its unique stratigraphy. The excavations at Anza have yielded a variety of types of information that add to our understanding of the early stages of the [Pottery] Neolithic period, of the succeeding Starčevo Neolithic culture, and of the formation of the Vinča civilization. Macedonia, geographically midway between the Aegean Sea and the drainage basin of the Danube river, also mediated culturally between these important termini. The essential factor for cultural transmission was precisely this strategic geographical location. The information obtained from archaeological research in Macedonia is therefore relevant not only to the immediate zone of investigation, but it also carries implications for the entire Balkan peninsula and for the rest of Central Europe as well. Macedonia is geographically defined as that territory drained by the rivers Vardar and Haliakmon and their tributaries. Its inherent connections are with the continental land mass of the Balkans rather than with the maritime peninsula of Greece. Access to the interior from the coast begins some 20 miles southwest of Thessaloniki, on the Thermaic Gulf where the Vardar discharges into the Gulf slightly north of the Haliakmon, and proceeds by way of the Haliakmon, along the tributaries of the rivers, into the lowlands between the rivers and their valleys. At the southern end the narrow defiles which characterize the Vardar were probably less often used for ingress. Progress northward toward this major waterway is marked by the present towns of Edessa and Prilep on the way to the area of Veles and Skopje on the Vardar. The Bregalnica River, which joins the Vardar just south of Veles, drains the district of Ovče Pole to the northeast and provides transit eastward. Neolithic mounds and later Roman roads mark these very ancient routes. There is also archaeological evidence that the upper Morava served as a direct connection between Macedonia and the area to the north and west that is drained by the Danube River system. On the northeast Macedonia is separated from Bulgaria by the steep watershed of the Thracian Mountains, a natural boundary between Thrace and the central Balkans that was always utilized.

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    of 42

    Anza,

    ca.
    Yardstick
    Southeast

    6500-5000 B.C.:A
    for
    the
    Europe

    Study

    of

    Cultural
    Neolithic

    MarlJaelm rutas
    ..

    _.

    Universityof Californiaat Los Angeles

    Thesite of Anzais of majorimportanceby virtueof its geographical


    positionin
    thecentralBalkans(FIG. 1)andits uniquestratigraphy.Theexcavationsat Anza
    haveyieldeda varietyof typesof informationthataddto ourunderstanding
    of the
    earlystagesof the [Pottery]NeolithicperiodJof thesucceedingStarcevo
    NeolithiccultureJ
    andof theformationof the Fincacivilization.
    Introduction.
    Macedonia, geographicallymidway between the Aegean Sea and the
    drainagebasinof the Danuberiver,also mediatedculturallybetweenthese important termini.The essential factor for culturaltransmissionwas precisely
    this strategicgeographicallocation. The informationobtainedfrom archaeological researchin Macedoniais thereforerelevantnot only to the immediate
    zone of investigation,but it also carries implicationsfor the entire Balkan
    peninsulaand for the restof CentralEuropeas well.
    Macedoniais geographicallydefinedas that territorydrainedby the rivers
    Vardarand Haliakmonand theirtributaries.Its inherentconnectionsarewith
    the continentalland massof the Balkansratherthan with the maritimepeninsula of Greece.l Access to the interiorfrom the coast begins some 20 miles
    southwestof Thessaloniki,on the ThermaicGulf wherethe Vardardischarges
    into the Gulf slightly north of the Haliakmon,and proceedsby way of the
    Haliakmon,along the tributariesof the rivers,into the lowlandsbetweenthe
    rivers and their valleys. At the southern end the narrow defiles which
    characterizethe Vardarwere probablyless often used for ingress. Progress
    northwardtoward this major waterwayis markedby the present towns of
    Edessaand Prilepon the way to the areaof Titov Velesand Skopjeon the Vardar. The BregalnicaRiver, whichjoins the Vardarjust south of Titov Veles,
    drainsthe districtof OvEePoljeto the northeastandprovidestransiteastward.
    Neolithic mounds and later Roman roads mark these very ancient routes.
    Thereis also archaeologicalevidencethat the upperMoravaservedas a direct
    connection between Macedoniaand the area to the north and west that is
    drainedby the DanubeRiversystem.On the northeastMacedoniais separated
    from Bulgariaby the steep watershedof the ThracianMountains,a natural
    boundarybetweenThraceand the centralBalkansthatwas alwaysutilized.
    The presentinvestigationconcernsthe region called OvEePolje, a shallow
    basin approximately150sq. km. in diameter,that was once partof a neogenic
    lake bottomin the centralportionof YugoslavMacedonia.
    The site name Anza is derivedfrom that of the near-byvillageAnzabegovo
    (Amzibegovo),which lies 1.5 km. to the north and is 2 km. from the railway
    1. N.G.L. Hammond,A History f Macedonia I: Historical Geography and Prehistory, (Oxford
    1972).

    MediterrsnesnSes

    Figure 1. Map of Central Balkans (outlined), surrounding neolithic cultures, ca. 6300-5300 s.c.,and major sites.

    28 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    station at OvLePolje. The village belongs to the administrativeunit of Sv.
    Nikole, 10 km. northof the excavatedsite. The railroadwhichgoes fromTitov
    Veles to Stip cuts throughthe southernsectionof the site, and the discoveryof
    the site is due to this circumstance.Anza is referredto in the earlierliterature
    as Barutnica,after the Eleldon which it is located. The excavationis situated
    some 34 km. east of Titov Velesand 18km.westof Stip(FIG. 2).
    Figure2. Mapof Macedoniawithindication of excavatedneolithicsites(+).

    The Elrstarchaeologicalexplorationof Barutnica(Anza) was carriedout in


    two campaignsin 1960by the ArchaeologicalMuseumof Skopje,directedby
    Josip KoroNecof LjubljanaUniversity and SarYoSarYoskiof the Skopje
    Museum.2At this time Elvesquareswereopened,with an excavatedsurfaceof
    58 sq.m. Thesesquaresareindicatedon the site plan by dottedlines(FIG. 3).
    The excavationof 1969-70was on a muchlargerscalethan that of 1960.The
    campaignwas a joint effort of Yugoslav and AmericanpersonnelSoperating
    independently for two seasons in the field. There were two Principal
    of the Universityof Belgradeand the author
    Investigators:MilutinGaraNanin
    (for the AmericanUCLA excavation).The Yugoslavstaff was responsiblefor
    Anzabegovo,"ArchPreg 2 (1960)44-46;P. KoroNec,
    2. J. KoroNecand S. Sartoski,4'Barutnica,
    Barutnica, Neolitska Naselba (ArheoloNkoDruNtvoJugoslavije,Beograd1972).

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 29


    I

    -__L

    _9

    _m

    -o

    theexcavation
    of ninesquares,each5 x 5 m. at thecenterof themound,north
    of thewoodedzone(FIG. 3, A-L). TheAmericanstaffexcavated
    24 squares(FIG.
    3, I-XXIV, TP [TEST PITS] 1-4), the majoritycentrallylocatedand the others
    radiallydistributed
    in orderto explorethe extentof settlementboundaries
    at
    different
    periodsof habitation(FIGS.4,5).3
    Thetechniques
    andobjectivesof theAmericanandYugoslavteamswereentirely distinctand different.The resultsof the Yugoslaveffort are being
    publishedby MulutinGaraNanin,
    Sarlo Sarloski,andVojislavSanevwho is
    the Directorof the NationalMuseumat Stip.4Thepresentcontentsconcern
    solelytheresultsof theAmerican
    investigation.5
    The"American"
    squareswere
    3. The informationin fig. 5 is basedon materialfromexcavation,surfacecollection,and studyof
    the railroadtrenchprofile.
    4. See M. Garasanin,"Barutnica,Anzabegovo,"ArchPreg11(1969)15-19;and M. Garasanin,V.
    Sanev,D. Simoska,and B. Kitanovski,Predistoriski
    KulturivoMakedonija(NarodenMuzej,Stip
    1971),which includesin the Neolithic catalogue(passim)items from Anza.
    5. The supervisionof fieldactivitieswas undertakenby Gene Sterudin 1969andGeoffreySayerin
    1970,both of UCLA at that time. The diggingresponsibilitiesweresharedby PeterBanksof the

    Figure 3. Site plan. Prepared by Georgi


    Dalev.

    \*

    30 Anzala CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas

    l-gwv

    fX>

    rP 1-

    - 9

    wFsrwrs

    ANZA I (y}
    A44 N- J (tntdde)
    F^

    E3

    (1}

    .'

    ts

    STE#

    '

    RoMAN

    10

    IS

    20

    .
    ll

    /e

    rPI
    -

    'ssX

    /3

    Xf

    j
    4N

    -SM
    v
    -

    Z
    t

    Mcos/=-

    SCd/Qw/ :1OO

    x-r $G31Q 1: 1000

    ,oX {.v
    X -

    30 40 S

    l_

    2nSwos

    2+

    Figure 4. The distribution of American


    excavated squares with indication of
    cultural strata.

    excavated both by arbitrarylevel and by natural unit according to the


    demands of soil and features. Provenanceis herein indicated by Squarein
    Roman numeralsand Unitin arabicnumerals.All excavatedsoil (exceptfrom
    test pits) was sieved,and from certainsquareswas consistentlyflotated.Many
    minisculefindssuchas seedsand beadswerethus retrieved.
    Full-length reports on geology, vegetation, domesticatedplants, fauna,
    ceramictechnology,flintknapping,quantitativeanalysesof pottery and flint
    tools, as well as typologiesand cataloguesof findswill appearin a monograph
    entitled Neolithic Macedoniaas ReJlectedby the Excavationat Anza, Ovee
    The presentinterimreportwill integratein summarythe informationof
    variousaspectsand fieldsof study.
    Polje.6

    University of California at Davis, Joan Carpenter and Judith Rasson of tJCLA, Dr. Margaret
    Weide of California State at Long Beach, and Serge Cleuziou and Jean Demoule of Paris University. The field laboratory was under the care of Anne Sterud (1969) and Renita Mock (1970), both of
    tJCLA. Excavated materials were studied by the Principal Investigator as well as by Mrs. E.
    Gardner, Miss R. Mock, Mr. B. Smoor, Mr. M. Winn, and Mr. D. Shimabuku in the Naroden
    Muzej of Stip in 1971.
    The field project of 1969 and 1970 and post-excavation research in 1971 were made possible by
    the Foreign Currency Program of the Smithsonian Institution, the grant equally apportioned to
    the YugoslaYian and American contingents. Additional funds were granted by the Samuel H.
    Kress Foundation for photography and drawing, and by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for the
    study of chronology. It is my pleasant duty to express thanks and appreciation for the assistance.
    6. Special studies to be published in the forthcoming monograph were conducted by the following

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 31

    OtherNeolithicSites in Macedonia.
    In the plain of Macedonia,north and east of the lower Haliakmon,many
    prehistoricsites are known from surfacecollectionsor soundings,but only in
    two localitieshave settlementsof a neolithicage been dug on a largerscale. In
    1961-63,an Early Neolithic site was excavatedat Nea Nikomedeia, on the
    recently-drainedlake of Yiannitsanear Verroia.'The culturalremainsof the
    EarlyNeolithic period from this site are relatedto those of the earliestvillage
    at Anza and provide a connecting link between Thessaly and Yugoslav
    Macedonia.Servia,anotherneolithicsite of GreekMacedoniaon the southern
    bank of the Haliakmon,was excavatedin 19308and 1971.9A Middleand Late
    scholarsand institutions:geology, Dr. David Weide,Universityof Nevada;palaeobotany,Dr.
    Hans-JurgenBeug, Dr. EberhardGruger(Instituteof Palynology,Universityof Gottingen)and
    Dr. Jane M. Renfrew(Southhampton);palaeozoology,Dr. Sandor Bokonyi (Archaeological
    Institute, Budapest);palaeodemographyand physical anthropology, Dr. Janos Nemeskeri
    (Instituteof PopulationStudies,Budapest);radiocarbondating,Dr. HansSuess(UCSD) and Dr.
    Rainer Berger(UCLA); thermoluminescence
    dating, Dr. M. Aitken (OxfordUniversity).The
    followinggraduatestudentsof UCLA took part in analyzingthe excavatedmaterials:Ernestine
    Elster (flint technology);ElizabethGardner(pottery technology);Renita Mock (quantitative
    analysisof Anza I-IIIpottery);LindaMount-Williams(analysisof Anza IV pottery);CharlesA.
    Schwarz(animalbones);andBertSmoor(polishedstoneandbonetools).
    7. R.J. Rodden,A.D. Western,E.H. Willis,et al., "Excavationsat the EarlyNeolithicSiteat Nea
    Nikomedeia,Greek Macedonia(1961 season),"ProcPs 28 (1962)267-288;"RecentDiscoveries
    from PrehistoricMacedonia,an InterimReport,"Balkan Studies 5 (1964) 109-124;"An Early
    NeolithicVillagein Greece,"ScientlficAmerican 212(1965)82-92.
    8. W.A. Heurtley,Prehistoric Macedonia (Cambridge,England:CambridgeUniversityPress
    1939).
    9. G. Ridleyand K. Rhomiopoulou,"PrehistoricSettlementof Servia,W. Macedonia,Excavation
    1971,"AAA5 (1972)27-29.

    Figure5. Distributionof AnzaI, II-III,IV


    settlements

    32 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    Neolithic stratiE1ed
    site havingintimateconnectionswith the Sesklo and Late
    Neolithic culturesof Greece,Serviamust be considereda northernoutpost of
    the ThessalianNeolithicculture.
    In western Macedonia rich neolithic deposits were uncoveredduring the
    excavations of 1953-54 in Porodin at Bitola.l This site yielded materials
    parallelto Anza Ib and Anza II. Unfortunately,the ecology of the site was not
    investigatedand its precisechronologicaland stratigraphicalposition is only
    vaguelyknown.
    On the Vardarat Skopje,the only site excavated(and that on a small scale)
    was at Zelenikovo.It yieldedtwo strata:one of the neolithicperiodcontaining
    culturalremainsof CentralBalkanStartevocharacterparallelto those of the
    Anza II settlement,and one belongingto the chalcolithic,includingmaterials
    of Vinta character.ll
    Two sites in the OvEePolje,VrBnikand Rug Bair,revealeda stratiElcation
    of
    neolithicand chalcolithicdepositsalmost identicalwith that of Anza. VrBnik,
    located 11 km. north of Stip at the villageof Tarinci,was exploredin 1958by
    O. and M. Garasanin.'2Rug Bair, 6 km. west of Sv. Nikole and 16 km.
    northwestof Anza, was soundedby Mr. SarzoSarzoskiin 1960,and in 1970by
    our American-Yugoslavteams. The reportwill be publishedby the Yugoslav
    staff.
    The existenceof three neolithic-chalcolithicsites includingculturallayers
    from the same periodsreflectsthe extent of the temporaland spatialoccupation of the OvEePolje.We now know that in the periodbetween6500and 5000
    B.C. settlementof the area was relativelydense. After the EarlyVinta period
    (ca.5100/5000B.C.) until the reoccupationduringthe Roman period, there is
    no indicationof humansettlementof any duration.
    GeneralClassificationof CulturalRemains.
    The radiocarbondatesand the stratigraphicandtypologicalevidencepermit
    a chronologicaldivisionas follows.l3
    Anza I. ca. 6500-6000B.C. (in dendrochronologicallyrecalibrateddates):a
    Macedonianvariantof the EarlyNeolithicof the CentralBalkans.
    Anza II-III. 6000-5450 B.C.: Middle Neolithic of the Central Balkans
    (Startevoculture).
    10. M. Grbic, P. Matkic, S. Nadj, D. Simoska,and B. Stalio, Porodin. Kasno neolitski naselVena
    tumbi k kod Bitole (Bitolj1960).

    11. Radoslav Galovic, "Zelenikovo,eine neolithischeSiedlung bei Skoplje (Makedonien),"


    RGKomm43-44(1962-63) 11-25.

    12. Milutin Garasanin,"Fouilles archeologiquesa Taranci-'Vrsnik'," Zbornik na Stipskiot


    Naroden Muzej I (gtip 1958); M. and D. Garasanin,"Iskopavanjau Tarincimana Iokalitetu
    'Vrsnik' kaj selo Tarinci," Zbrnek na Stipskiot Naroden Muzej, Vo1. II (Recueil du Musee
    National de Stip [1960-61]) 7-40.
    13. Thanks to the gracious cooperationof the Universityof CaliforniaRadiocarbonDating
    Laboratoriesat San Diego and Los Angeleswe arein possessionof 21 dates;see TableI. The distributionof datesis illustratedin fig. 6. Datesarefromcharcoalsamplesandfromstratigraphically
    controlledexcavationunits,exceptUCLA 1705B and C whichare fromsheepbonesand derive
    fromthe squaresexcavatedby the Yugoslavstaff.The majorityof the datesare fromSquareVII;
    cf.fig.8.
    The LJ analyseswere supervisedby Hans Suess, assistedby Linda Mount-Williams(LJ=La
    Jolla, Universityof California,San Diego). This work was made possibleby a grantfrom the
    National ScienceFoundation.The UCLA dates(fromYugoslavexcavatedsquares)weresupervised by Rainer Bergerassistedby Reiner Protsch.Other abbreviationsin Tables I-IV are P
    (Universityof PennsylvaniaLaboratory);
    sc ("smallcontainer,"
    underone liter:lessexact).

    Journalof Field Archaeology/Vol. 1, 1974 33

    CAARB8ON A N Z A

    TRUE AGE

    A N ZA

    BC

    BP
    5900

    5 100

    5200

    5300

    5500

    5 700

    5800

    6 000

    6100

    6 300

    6100

    Zi
    r-

    --.

    6300

    6500

    6700

    6 900

    7 100

    7300

    7500

    Figure6. Distributionof radiocarbondates.

    34 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    Table 1. RadiocarbondatesfromAnza.
    Anza
    Periods Provenance

    IV

    III

    II

    Ib

    Ia

    Laboratory
    Number

    Uncorrected
    RadiocarbonDates
    Before1950A.C.
    (5568Half Life)

    Datessjc.

    TrueAge Based
    onTree-Ring
    Calibration

    VIII,55
    XX, 190
    VII, 87

    LJ2411,sc
    LJ2329
    LJ2178

    6070+200 BP
    6290i80BP
    7050i 150

    4120:t200s.c.
    4340:t80s.c.
    5100:t150

    ca. 5100 B.C.

    V62
    L- 19
    VII, 191
    L-20
    VII, 117

    LJ2185
    UCLA 1705B
    LJ2345
    UCLA 1705C
    LJ2344,sc

    6510i100BP
    6540i120BP
    6600i 110BP
    6700i80BP
    7000i300 BP

    4560:t100R.c.
    4590+120s.c.
    4650:t110s.c.
    4750:t80s.c.
    5050+300s.c.

    ca.5500 B.C.

    VII, 177
    VII, 213 & 215
    VII, 124
    VII, 122
    VII, 156

    LJ2338
    LJ2405
    LJ2351
    LJ2337
    LJ2409

    6800i150 BP
    6940i80 BP
    7060i80BP
    7080i60BP
    6850i50BP

    4870+15OB.C.
    5050+85s.c.
    5110+80s.c.
    5200+75s.c.
    4900+50s.c.

    ca. 5800 B.C.

    VIIs253
    VIIs251
    VII, 240
    VII, 188
    VII,256

    LJ2333
    LJ2342
    LJ2339
    LJ2341
    LJ2332

    6840+100BP
    7100i80 BP
    7120i70 BP
    7230i170BP
    7110i120 BP

    4890i100s.c.
    5150i80B.C.
    5170+80s.c.
    5280+170s.c.
    5160i120s.c.

    ca.6000 B.C.

    V, 107
    VII,257
    V, 111

    LJ3032
    LJ2330/31
    LJ2181

    7160i50
    7170i50
    7270i140

    5210i50
    5220i50
    5320i140

    ca. 6200 B.C.

    AnzaIV. 5450-5300B.C.:Late Neolithic/Chalcolithicof the CentralBalkans


    (EarlyRlintaculture).l4
    The synchronismbetweenthe variousphasesof Anza andthe sites southand
    north of Macedonia based on radiocarbon dates and supported by
    stratigraphicand typologicalevidenceis shown in the following three tables
    II,III,andIV).ls
    (TABLES

    Dating.
    Thermoluminescent
    M.J. Aitkenand J. Huxtableof the ResearchLaboratoryfor Archaeologyin
    Oxfordfurnishedthe followinginformationon TL dating.
    Of the fourteensherds(all from SquareXIII, ANZA Ib layer), four were
    rejectedas beingtoo small and six as havingunsatisfactoryTL characteristics.
    The dates obtainedfor the remainingfour were:6830B.C., 6730 B.C., 6530 B.C.
    and6390B.C. The fine-graintechniquewas used.l6
    14. Only small traces of copper discovered.
    15. Lepenski Vir I and II in the Danube Iron Gate region are parallel to the Anza l-lll phases and
    hence cannot be considered to be of pre-Startevo age. Cf. the 14Cdates and the chronological
    classiElcation of the Lepenski Vir materials in Dragoslav Srejovic, "Europe's First Monumental
    Sculpture: New Discoveries at Lepenski Vir," New Aspects of Antiquity, ed. M. Wheeler (London
    1972). A neolithic culture, analogous to Anza I, extended as far north as Transylvania as indicated
    by the stratigraphy and the typological comparisons of Gura Baciului and Donja Branjevina (unfortunately 14Cdates are not available).
    16. D.W. Zimmerman, 'SThermoluminescentdating using Elnegrains from pottery," A rchaeometry
    13:1 (1971)29-52.

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 35


    TableII. Radiocarbondatesfromthe sites of northernGreece(Thessalyand Macedonia)comparedto Anza periods.
    Anza
    Periods

    Northern Greece:
    Cultures

    IV

    Dimini

    III

    Late Sesklo

    SESKLO

    II

    EarlySesklo

    ACHILLEION

    Sites

    Radiocarbon Dates
    No dates equivalent to early Vinta
    in Thessaly or Macedonia (but are
    known from KNOSSOS, CRETE: STRATUM Vl
    and V and SALIAGOS on ANTIPAROS
    ISLAND)

    Earliest Sesklo

    ACHILLEION

    P 1672:6504i85BP(4554
    P1675:6694i87BP(4744
    P1677:6741i163BP(4791

    B.C.)
    B.C.)
    B.C.)

    P2130:7084i91BP(5134B.c.)
    P2125:6964i87BP(5014 B.C.)
    P2124:7086i85BP(5136 B.C.)
    UCLA 1882 A: 6930i155BP(4980
    LJ 2941:6930i50BP(4980 B.C. )
    LJ 2943:7020i100BP(5070 B.C.)
    LJ 2942:7200i50BP(5220 B.C. )
    P 2117:7273i76BP(5323 B.C.)
    P2121:7107i85BP(5157
    B.C.)
    P2122:7181i85BP(5231
    B.C.)
    UCLA 1882B:7260i155BP(5310

    B.C. )

    B.C. )

    I
    Proto-Sesklo
    and Early Pottery

    ACHILLEION

    P 2118:7471i77BP(5521 B.C.)
    P 2120:7342i68BP(5392 B.C.)
    UCLA 1896 A: 7460i175BP(5510
    NEA NIKOMEDEIA P 1203 A: 7281i74BP(5331 B.C. )
    SESKLO
    P 1680:7300i93BP(5350 B.C. )
    P1678:7422i78BP(5477 B.C.)

    B.C. )

    TableIII. Chronologicaltableof CentralBalkanand Djerdap(DanubeIronGate) sites.


    RadiocarbonDates
    beforepresentand

    Tentativetrue
    age (corrected
    14C dates)

    Anza

    From 6800 to 6400/6300


    BP (4850-4450/4350 B.C.)

    5500 B.C.

    III

    Obre IA, G. Tuzla Vl in Bosnia


    Kotacpart, SE Hungary
    Deszk, SE Hungary
    Starcevo IIb, near Belgrade
    Let, II-III, Perieni in Moldavia
    ()ura Baciului III, in Transylvania
    Gladnice Ib, near Pristina
    Tecic, central Yugoslavia

    Padina B-3
    LV II, Houses IX,
    XXXII

    From 7100/7000 to
    6800 BP (5150/50504850 B.C)

    5800 B.C.

    II

    Let,I, Transylvania
    Starcevo IIa at Belgrade
    Divostin, central Yugoslavia
    Crnokalacka Bara near Nis
    Gladnice Ia near Pristina
    Donja Branjevina II, NW Yugoslavia
    Gura Baciului II, Transylvania

    Padina B-a and 2


    LV I b-d: Houses I,
    9,37

    From 7360+ 100 BP


    (5140 B.C.) to 7100 BP

    6000 B.C.

    Donja Branjevina I, in Transylvania


    Gura Baciului I, NW Yugoslavia

    LV Ia: House 36

    B.C.

    (5150

    B.C.)

    LepenskiVir(LV)
    and Padina

    b
    I

    6400-6200 B.C.

    OtherNeolithiccentralBalkan
    and Danubiansites

    36 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas

    TableIV. Listof EarlyVinta, ButmirI, and KaranovoIII siteswith radiocarbondates equivalentto Anza IV.
    SITE

    CULTURE

    LABORATORY

    OBRE II

    BUTMIR I

    LJ 2327

    OBREII

    BUTMIR I

    OBRE II

    14 C DATES TRUE AGE


    14CDATES
    B.C.
    BEFOREPRESENT

    6020i150

    4070

    4950

    UCLA 1605A

    6020i60

    4070

    4950

    BUTMIR I

    Bln 792

    6075i100

    4125

    4970

    OBRE II

    BUTMIR I

    G r N 5683

    6110+ 65

    4160

    5000

    OBRE II

    BUTMIR I

    Bln 639

    6175 i 80

    4225

    5060

    PLOVDIV
    (Jasatepe)

    KARANOVO III

    Bln 338

    6080 i 80

    4130

    4970

    MEDVEDNJAK

    VINtA

    LJ2523

    6100+ 100

    4150

    5000

    MEDVEDNJAK

    VINtA

    Bln480

    6050 i 100

    4100

    4840

    STAROSELO

    VINtA

    LJ 2521

    6100 + 100

    4150

    5000

    VINtA

    VINtA Bl

    GrN 1546

    6190 i 60

    4240

    5100

    PREDIONICA

    VINtA

    Bln435

    6270+ 100

    4330

    5320

    SITAGROI

    KARANOVOIII

    Bln778

    6030 i 150

    4080

    SITAGROI

    KARANOVO III

    Bln 648

    6265 i 75

    4315

    5320

    SITAGROI

    KARANOVOIII

    Bln778

    6425 i 100

    4475

    5450

    KARANOVO

    KARANOVOIII

    Bln 158

    6360+ 100

    4410

    5400

    4960

    This degreeof scatteris reasonablefor materialof the samedate, but we are


    reluctantto regardthe average(ca. 6600 B.C.) as definitivefor the level.This is
    becauseof the unsatisfactorycharacteristicsof the other sherds,whichmay be
    influencingthese four to a smallextent,makingthe TL date more recentthan
    the truedate by a few hundredyears.The datesobtainedfor four sherdswhich
    had poor TL characteristics,but for whichit was in fact possibleto calculatea
    result,were:5880 B.C., 5300 B.C., 4600 B.C., and 3100B.C. Thereis no question
    of suggestingthat these ought to be regardedas significant;they are quotedto
    illustrate a stronger interferenceby the adverse characteristicl7which is
    thoughtto affect the first four quoted to only a smalldegree.Hencethereis a
    need to treat the average with caution and reserve.However, as indicated
    above, the truedate for the level is likelyto be less recentthanthe TL date. It is
    to be noted that this is in conflict with the calibrateddate of ca. 6000 B.C.
    obtainedfrom radiocarbondating. However,on accountof the unsatisfactory
    TL characteristicsof the samplesfrom this site, thereis no basis for questioning the radiocarbonresults.
    Stratigraphy.
    The majorsoil unitsweremappedand incorporatedinto the isometricstruc17. "Anomalous fading," see A.G. Wintle, "Anomalous Fading of Thermoluminescence in
    Mineral Samples," Nature 254 ( 1973) 143-144.

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 37


    turalproElleby D. Weide,expeditiongeologist(FIG. 7).
    The fact that the chronologyof Anza I, II, and III is dated on the basis of
    radiocarbonanalysesof samplesobtainedfrom SquareVII makesit necessary
    to presentthe stratigraphyof excavationunits in some detail.This is shownin
    the idealizedproElle(FIG.8).
    Square VII.

    In 1970,excavationof this squarewas resumedat the depthof 3 m. Sinceit


    was noted that the culturelayersslantedfrom northeastto northwest(FIG. 8: II
    and III), the 1969 excavating method of horizontal levels of 10 cm. was
    abandoned and the square was thereafter excavated in natural levels or
    "units."
    Anza

    down

    horizon

    lay

    into

    earliest

    this

    Anza
    from

    m.

    soil.

    date

    3.00

    7170+50

    deposits
    m.

    down

    of the

    date

    from

    the

    of this
    to

    phase

    3.90-4.20

    were
    m.

    and,

    Table

    to

    Ib phase

    units

    sample

    charcoal

    recovered

    BDP

    of Anza

    excavation

    B.C.): see

    BP (5220+50

    pit

    referred

    silt layer

    gravelly

    part

    m. (in the eastern

    (hereafter

    A large

    disturbance,

    in a brown

    4.20

    and

    point,

    soil.

    virgin

    were

    square

    square)

    datum

    the

    of this

    radiocarbon

    The
    the

    below

    In spite

    of the

    remains

    middle

    above

    immediately

    Ib. The
    ca.

    cultural
    (in the

    4.57

    to

    intact.

    produced

    3.90

    of ca.

    square)

    were

    earliest

    Ia. The

    at a depth

    had

    This

    been

    248,

    236-238,

    collected

    of the

    as BDP).

    in unit

    dug

    257-260
    257

    has

    I.

    in the eastern
    including

    the

    of the

    section
    depth

    of

    the

    square
    pit,

    this

    Figure 7. Major soil relationships of the


    Anza site. Based on excavated Squares 11,
    V, VII, K, XXI, and Test Pits 1-4.

    38 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas

    Figure8. Idealizedprofileof SquareVII


    below3 m. BDPandlocationof Anza
    I-IIIexcavation.

    layerreachedsterileground.Radiocarbondatesfromunits 256, 251, 240, and 188very


    consistentlyindicatea singletime horizon,i.e., the end of the 7th millenniumB.C. The
    date for VII, 253 (6890+100 BP) seems to be too low; the "probe"diggingmay have
    confusedhereAnza Ib withAnza II deposits.
    AnzaII. The Anza II layerof brownclayeysilt cut into Ib and Ia deposits.At the bottom, the depositsof Anza II wereabout a meterthickandincludedmanysmallpits and
    charcoallensesof earlierand laterphases.Unit 156, a smallpit ca. 0.30 m. deep, contained charcoalwhich producedthe date (6850+50 BP). Since it was a pit dug into a
    somewhat earlier Anza II deposit, we may surmisethat the beginningof Anza II
    antedatesunit 156.The radiocarbondate fromunit 177 whichwas also a smallpit dug
    next to, and partiallyinto, pit 156, quite consistentlyproduceda laterdate (6800+150
    BP). The span of Anza II was probablyabout2QOyears.The radiocarbondatedunits
    124 177, 213, 215 yieldedthe richestnumberof diagnosticmaterialsof the Anza II
    phase.
    Anza III. Anza III deposits overlayAnza II in a yellow-to-brownsilt. Excavation
    units 117 to 124forma transitionzone betweenthe two phases,as the potterytypology
    indicates. tJnits 90 to 112, above the units shown in Figure 8, containedAnza III
    materialsexcept whereseveralVinta or Anza IV pits had been dug into the Anza III
    deposits.The radiocarbondate obtainedfromthe samplefromunit 191(6660+110BP)
    suggestsa periodabout200 yearslaterthanthat of Anza II. The samplecomesfromthe
    Anza III pit dug into the Anza II and Ib deposits.
    Square
    V.

    SquareV was equallyimportantfor the study of neolithicremainssin particularof the Anza I period.In this squaremost of the botanicalsampleswere
    recovered,and the best examplesof Anza I pottery came to light. Figure9
    showsthe proElleof the east scarpof SquareV, and Figure10presentsthe summaryof stratigraphyof the wholesquarewith an indicationof excavationunits
    (culturallevels), disturbedareas(Roman walls and pits), and post holes. The
    square was 3 x 3 m. and was dug to 4.60 m. depth. Modern and Roman
    materials(trenches,pits, and walls)mixedwith Anza 111materialsin the upper
    deposits overlay Anza II, Ib, and Ia layers. A huge Roman pit had unfortunatelybeendugin the middleof this squaredownto the Anza Ib layer.

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.1, 1974 39

    sSe:

    fl-:ww-: :E:: 2Bt

    8s\1o 1

    \&

    5
    ^

    Stones

    t"""2 4

    S/2

    1::: l 10

    HR = House
    R u bble

    Figure 9. Stratigraphy in Square V: profile of east scarp. Key: 1) Sterile, light, fine-grained sandy silt. 2) Moderately loose
    medium to dark-brown gravelly silt. 3) Moderately compact light-gray sandy silt with charcoal bits. 4) Very loose grayish
    fine gravelly silt; disturbed. 5) Fine-grained yellow silt alternating with layers including charcoal bits: a-d. 6) Charcoal lens.
    7) Moderately compact fine-grained medium-brown silt. 8) Moderately compact to loose fine-grained orange silt with large
    bits of house rubble. 9) Moderately compact yellow-gray clayey silt. 10) Moderately compact fine-grained yellow-brown to
    brown silt.

    -**
    ....

    ***
    -0
    * **---*-*e .- X X @...

    @ebe

    @*

    X@

    *e

    40 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    Anza Ia. Soil 2, containingthe earliestculturalremains(Anza Ia), was a brown
    gravellysilt from ca. 3.60-4.60m. BDP. It overlaythe sterilesandysilt layer.Compact
    yellow lenses, probablytracesof severalhabitations,were intermittentlydepositedin
    this layer.Its bottomwas unevenand composedof verydarkandheavysoil. Most finds
    and carbonizedwood pieces came from here. ExcavationUnits 64 to 128, with the
    exceptionof pits and post holesfromthe upperlayers,belongto thisperiod.
    Anza Ib. Soil 5, of yellowishsilt, extendedfrom ca. 3.00-3.60m. BDP. Priorto its
    depositiona considerabledisturbance,representedby a loose gravellysilt layer,was evident (FIG. 9: 4). In the profileof the westernwall of the square(not illustratedhere)it was
    associatedwith a large fire-hardenedfeature.In the southernpart of the square,post
    holes and deep pits of Anza Ib weredug into Soil 2 of Anza Ia (FIG. 10). In the southern
    partof the square,burnthouserubblelay directlyaboveSoil 2. Severalbuildingperiods

    Figure 10. Idealized profile of Square V.


    Summary of units.

    I DEALIZED

    PROFILE

    OF

    SQUARE

    ...6-** * .. .
    *-@ *..
    * * @b *
    e e * e @ * @@

    200

    . - * . -

    .
    @

    T77i

    .- X . -

    .
    . - .

    ..

    - . -

    - .

    @
    *

    . . - - . . - . . - - . - - 6 @.

    . . X

    :'

    *
    X

    ':

    . .

    0 s
    *

    @*

    t t
    %
    *

    @ *

    .
    .

    .
    *

    WF*:00-0:s

    C00:S

    ** *w- *.----*-::*-:
    .

    @
    *

    0-

    ;-.*
    *

    *.---:-.
    *

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 41


    are likely duringthe span of Anza Ib since this yellow silt layerwas interspersedwith
    houserubble,charcoal,and ashes.Units 50 to 58 containeddiagnosticE1nds
    of Anza Ib.
    AnzaII. A layerof brownsilt with charcoallenses(FIG. 9: 6) overlayyellowSoil 5. It
    was of uneventhicknessat a depthof 2.75-3.10m. On top of this horizonwas a 10cm.
    thick depositof burnthouse rubble(FIG. 9: 7). In the southernpart of this square,post
    holes of Anza II had been dug into the layerof Anza Ib (Soil 5). Units 20-33belongto
    this periodand representthe laterpartof Anza II.
    Anza III. Soil 8, a layer of clayey silt, may representanotherbuildingperiodwith
    depositionof Anza III materials.The brownsilt layer(Soil 9), from2.11-2.50m. depth
    in the easternportionof the squareanddownto 2.80m. in its south-westerncorner,was
    much disturbedby Roman walls and pits. Throughoutthis layer finds of Anza III
    characterwereencountered.
    Square
    2.11

    V contained

    m.

    BDP,

    modern

    pits

    The

    of

    II;

    Anza

    topped

    by

    Three
    of

    unit
    Ia

    deposits

    the

    the

    Vinta

    (Anza

    disturbed,

    of

    pre-Vinta

    and

    IV)

    as

    one

    or

    two

    materials.

    mentioned

    Soil

    10,

    above,

    21,

    and

    going

    layer

    (V,

    107,

    62,

    of the

    down

    to
    V,

    with

    Level

    at

    Ia;

    of

    by

    from

    1.62-

    Roman

    and

    19,

    unit

    62);

    seven

    or three

    Anza

    habitation

    of Anza

    III,

    Ib;

    mixed

    two

    with

    and

    period.

    obtained

    a 1 m.

    least

    two

    Roman

    (TABLEI) were

    connected

    and

    represent

    of Anza
    horizons

    remains

    dates

    (V,

    two

    disturbed

    architectural

    III

    Square

    culture:

    radiocarbon
    Anza

    Early
    zone

    trenches.

    cultural
    of

    no

    a plow

    and

    horizons

    pit

    is

    from

    deep

    pit

    the

    second

    Square

    V: one

    starting

    in

    and

    third

    from

    the

    Level

    from

    7,

    Anza

    III).

    Chronologyof ArchitecturalRemains.
    Architectural

    remains

    stratigraphy

    and

    architecture

    in

    center

    of

    The

    the

    will

    be

    chronology
    detail

    was

    discussed

    of

    the

    a special

    site.
    task

    here
    As

    only

    as

    previously

    of

    the

    they

    are

    related

    mentioned,

    Yugoslav

    team

    the

    to

    the

    study

    of

    excavating

    in the

    mound.

    sequence

    of the

    architectural

    traditions

    at Anza

    is as follows.

    AnzaI. Mud-brickarchitecture.
    AnzaII andIII. Houses8-10 m. long and 4 m. wide built of timberuprightsdaubed
    withclay. Stonefoundationsarealso found(Squares,I, XI, XII, XVIII).
    AnzaIV. Split-plankwallsdaubedthicklywith chaff-temperedmudas muchas 15-20
    cm. thick. Floorsof tampedearth.The sizeof houseswas 8 x 3 or 4 m.
    The

    only

    area

    I. Unbaked
    was

    much

    house.

    of

    established

    mud

    Mud-brick
    thin,
    of
    der

    the

    (D.

    holes

    Ib.

    ca.

    The

    of

    The

    by

    Roman

    five

    or

    six

    was

    wall)

    modern

    II period

    of

    in

    Square

    layer

    the

    that

    Anza

    II

    IV

    in
    were

    by

    in the

    (Early
    all

    timber

    II

    above

    was

    not

    built

    1 1 shows

    were

    squares,
    superimposed

    of

    rows

    squares

    deposits

    by

    but

    houses

    Yugoslav

    excavated

    the

    is thus

    season.

    Figure

    Vinta)

    revealed

    care,

    excavation

    together.

    uncovered

    found
    architecture

    utmost

    the

    Anza
    close

    were

    mud-brick
    with

    activity

    horizons

    was
    silt

    foundation

    extending

    Anza

    observed

    in a yellow

    (FIG. lOa).

    Anza

    standing

    a long

    stone

    uncovered

    replaced

    been

    found

    of the

    of

    Garasanin.
    and

    the

    the

    was

    have

    were

    wall

    of

    posts

    habitation

    bricks

    chronology
    wall

    and
    M.

    and

    impossibility

    15 cm.)

    (a corner

    direction

    disturbed
    Square

    figurines

    architecture

    round

    post

    and

    of the

    pits

    a collapsed

    bricks.

    as Anza
    because

    mud
    shape

    later

    represent

    sherds

    wall

    of

    plano-convex
    by

    bricks

    Diagnostic

    removed

    remains

    of

    disturbed

    The

    fallen

    where

    bricks

    unmuch
    but

    in
    lime

    42 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    Figure lOa. Anza Ib, ca. 6000 s.c.,Square
    1. Contours of plano-convex bricks are
    discernible in a fallen wall which is the
    earliest example of mud brick architecture
    in Europe.

    Figure 11. Remains of Anza II houses


    built of timber uprights.

    plaster floors. An idealized stratigraphyof this square (1969 season) is illustratedin Figure 12.
    Threesuperimposedhouse floors were uncovered,and anotherearlierfloor
    was excavatedbelow these. The uppermostfloor was madeof lime plasterand
    had evidentlybeen twice replastered.This latest, uppermostfloor was hardpackedand flat. Overthis floor, a burnedwall shows evidenceof wattle-anddaub construction,as well as split planks(up to 2.5 cm. thick by 15 cm. wide)
    alternatingwith beamstuds.On the exteriorthe timberwas daubedwiththick,
    chaff-temperedmud in which impressionsof grain husks and strawhad been

    75 \

    [LEVEL
    /////////////

    />>j*j

    1l 3

    Superimposed
    1
    _

    {1969)

    NortheastQuad

    NorthwestQuad
    BDP
    CM
    85

    ==--$,, l

    So

    SoutheastQuad

    SURFACE

    g5

    LEVEL
    1

    105

    LEVEL
    2

    Scatterofwalling
    andCeramic

    LEVEL
    3

    115
    125

    LEVEL
    4
    \ \\\\K\\\\\\\\\\\\

    155

    LEVEL
    7

    l l

    162

    LEVEL
    8

    |Nga

    LEVEL
    9

    Pit

    \\\\\\\\\\

    Pit
    4

    Pit

    _Fallen ll/all

    Figure12. Stratigraphyof Square X ( 1969


    season)showing superposition of three
    Anzafloors.

    H//g/SSt//zat
    m

    FallenWall

    ',g,Xft&,i,N,,$\g^XW
    Earliest
    F

    unexcalvated

    \\X\

    14

    Disturbed
    Area /

    ---=-=v

    unexcavated

    jPitllPiltl

    44 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    petrifiedwhen the structureburned.A final coat of clay silt had been applied
    over the mud to create a smooth surface.The wall had burnedall the way
    through,probablyas a resultof smoulderingover a periodof time.The second
    replasteredfloor also had a hardcompactsurface.The firstof the threefloors
    was not as hard-firedas the uppertwo, but it was the most extensive,covering
    an areaof at least42 sq. m. The earliestfloor had not beenburnedandwas of a
    differenttexturethan the laterfloors. It was 2 cm. thick,grayishin color, compact, with small pebbles and sherdsembedded.It consistedof tampedearth
    and organicmaterial.House rubbleabove the floor was porous and not hardfired.

    Ecology.
    Climate.
    The informationabout the climatewas obtainedfrom the analysisof wood
    samplesand the patternof soils. Unfortunately,the analysisof pollen samples
    by E. Grugerrevealeda high degreeof oxidationwithin the upper3-4 m. of
    soil, and recoveryof identifiablepollenhas provedextremelydifficult.
    The resultsof the analysisof wood samplesdone by H.J. Beugis givenbelow
    in TableV.
    Conceivably,the charcoalrangefor the variousperiods-showssomethingof
    the changingvegetationalcoverduringneolithicsettlement.Thus,the diversity
    of charcoalfromAnza Ia variesfromthat of the laterperiods.The amountsof
    Juniperushereare conspicuouslylow, and those of Quercusquitehigh. In spite
    of the relativelyinferiornumberof specimensin Anza Ia, more woody plant
    genera have been establishedin this time than in other periods. One may
    assumethe charcoalrange from Ia is representativeof the then still extensive
    primordialvegetationsituation;that in the courseof settlement,Juniperlls,being most affectedby man,acceleratedthe replacementof the forest.
    Basedon the majorsoil relationshipsas illustratedin Figure7 the following
    tentativesequenceof ;;soil-forming"events is proposedby Weide to account
    for most of the non-culturalvariationsamongthe soils of the Anza site.
    1) With upliftand deformationof the soft lacustrinesedimentsthat formthe
    base of the site, intense and widespreadmechanicaldisintegrationof the
    siltstonesand fine-grainedsandstonesproduceda uniformand relativelythick
    blanketof sandymaterialacrossthe uplandmarginsof the ancientlake.
    TableV. Distributionof charcoalfinds fromthe periodsAnza I-IV
    lal
    Specimen

    Juniperus
    Pinus
    Quercus
    Ulmus
    Castanea
    Ligustrum
    Evonymus
    Fraxinus
    ct Platanus
    Salix

    9
    3
    12
    7
    1
    2
    2

    25.0
    8.3
    33.4
    19.5
    2.8
    5.5
    5.5

    Total

    36

    Ia2
    Specimen

    Ibl

    Specimen

    65

    98.5

    1.5

    66

    Ib2

    Specimen

    271

    83.3

    74

    93.6

    46
    4
    2

    14.3
    1.2
    0.6

    4
    1

    5. 1
    1.3

    1
    1

    0.3
    0.3

    325

    II
    %

    92
    2
    12
    1

    85.3
    1.9
    11.1
    0.9

    1
    79

    111

    Specimen

    108

    Specimen

    IV

    Specimen

    33

    61.6

    85.8

    19
    8

    35. 1

    3.8

    14.2

    0.9

    Total

    550
    5
    93
    14
    3
    2
    2
    3
    1
    2

    54

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 45


    2) This surfacedepositwas subjectto localizedfluvialerosionthat produced
    gullies and concentrated coarse debris in channels and other shallow
    topographicdepressions.
    3) During initial phases of occupation (Anza I), chemical weatheringof
    sands and silts, plus the addition of culturaldebris, led to the formationof
    local pockets of clay-richsoils. In general,however,the soils associatedwith
    the earliestphases of occupationare less modifiedthan the later soils which
    overliethem.
    4) Continued occupation, coupled with perhaps slightly more humid
    climaticconditions,intensiEledthe productionof clay-richsoils from the underlyingsands and silts. During periods of intensivelocal runoff small lenticulardepositsof coarsergravel and rock fragmentswere formedon the soil
    surface. Usually such deposits were scattered or quickly buried. The soil
    formedduringthis phasewould correspondwith the unit of darkgray-brown,
    heavyclay soil withgravellenses(Anza II).
    5) Minor environmentalchanges are indicated by the deposition of soil
    unitswheresandand Elnegravelaredepositedat the expenseof clay.
    6) At some point in time afterthe formationof the above soil unit, deposition of the light-brownclay-siltloams began underconditionsof continuous
    occupation(Anza III and IV). The verticaltransitionwithinthis unit in the
    form of coarsesands and gravelsthroughzones whereclay predominatesand
    into the upper silt dominatedareas indicatesthe possibilityof a gradual
    though continueddeclinein availablemoisturethroughoutthe generalregion
    of centralMacedonia.
    7) Conditionsof aridityare indicatedby the presenceof a fairly high carbonatecontentin the light-brownsandysilt horizon.
    8) Reoccupationof the Anza site duringRomantimes appearsto have been
    responsiblefor the destructionof at leastpartof the carbonate-richhorizon.
    9) Modernfarmingpracticesaccountfor the uniformdepthof the disrupted
    ploughzone, while the ratherlow rainfallregimenow characteristicof interior
    Macedoniaappearsto be reflectedin the vertisolstructuresnow formingin the
    upper 1 m. of soil. Calciumcarbonateprecipitationand accumulationare also
    a partof the currentpedogeneticprocess(or havebeen activein the immediate
    past as shownby the carbonatecoatingsof most of the potterysherdsthat date
    to Romantimes).
    Pollen studiesfromcentraland westernEuropeansites have shown that the
    Europeanclimateseemsto havechangedquiteoften duringpost-glacialtimes.
    The comparisonof the data on climaticconditionselsewherein Europeas outlined by Frenzell8with the evidencefor climatichistoryand chronologyat Anza, as outlinedabove,givesthe followingpicture(TABLEVl):
    TableVI. Tentativeclimatichistory.
    Anza periods

    True Age B.C. (approx.)

    Climatic Condition

    Anza IV
    Anza III
    Anza II
    Anza Ib
    Anza Ia

    5450 - 4850
    5750 - 5450
    6050 - 5750
    ca. 6200 - 6050
    6500 - ca.6200

    warm and/or dry


    cool and/or mist
    cooling and/or wetter
    warm and/or dry
    cool and/or wet

    18. B. Frenzel, "ClimaticChanges in the Atlantic/Sub-BorealTransitionon the Northern


    Hemisphere:BotanicalEvidence,"Proceedings of the Interntional Symposium on World Climate
    8000-OBC(London- RoyalMeteorologicalSociety1966)108,fig.4.

    46 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    The Elvesequential climatic changes apparentlydid not severely affect
    agricultureat Anza; we cannot concludefrom stratigraphyand the radiocarbon datesthat the site was temporarilyabandonedfor any lengthof time during the overall period of occupation.The abandonmentof the site after the
    EarlyVincaperiod(AnzaIV) appearsto havetakenplaceat the onset of a 400year period markedby generallywarm and/or dry conditions.PerhapsAnza
    was then unsuitablefor agriculture.At the sametime othersites at Ovce Polje,
    Rug Bairand Vrsnik,also wereabandoned.Vincasites of a laterage arefound
    to the north in the Morava and Danube basins of centralYugoslavia,a
    forested area of rolling hills. The modern climate representsperhaps the
    warmestand driestof the climaticpatternsthat could haveoccurredduringthe
    neolithichabitationof the Ovce Polje.
    CultivatedPlants.
    The seeds from Anza were analysedby Jane M. Renfrew.The identified
    speciesare given in TableVII:
    TableVII. Seedsfoundat Anza
    1969and 1970. VII, 122is a pit of
    Anza III perioddug into II and
    Ib layers. The 14Cdatefromits
    bottomis of Anza II age. Arabic
    numeralsindicatenumberof
    seeds. XXX = chiefcomponent;
    XX = moderatelyfrequent;X =
    present.

    Species

    Ia

    Ib

    (VII,122)
    large
    deposit

    II

    III

    IV

    Emmerwheat
    Einkornwheat
    Wheatspikeletforks
    Clubwheat
    Six-rowbarley
    Barleyrachis
    Grassseed
    Oat
    Lentil
    Pea
    Vetch
    Apple
    Corneliancherry
    Wildgrape
    Hazelnut
    Fat hen
    Blackbindweed
    Knotgrass
    Dock
    Greaterbladderwort

    40
    S

    XX
    XX
    XXX

    30
    3
    26

    2
    2
    1

    20
    23
    19

    X
    X
    X
    X
    X

    4
    3
    1

    7
    2

    15
    12
    1
    2
    3

    X
    X
    X
    1
    X
    X
    X

    10
    1
    1

    Since all this materialwas recoveredby flotationand most of it occurredin


    very small quantitiesin each sample,it is likelythat we have a fairlyrepresentative collection of informationabout the developmentof crop husbandry
    aroundthis site in the earlyand laterneolithicperiods.It appearsthat emmer
    wheat,supportedby smalleramountsof einkorn(untilthe increasein this crop
    in Anza IV) and hulled six-row barley,was the basic mainstayof the cereal
    crops as it was also in other areasof southeasternEuropeand the Near East.
    The hexaploidclub wheatappearsin the Ia deposit,but not later.Peasand lentils representthe pulsecrops.It is clearthat wild fruitsweregatheredin season
    to supplementthe food supply.
    Accordingto Jane Renfrewthe appearanceof the hexaploidwheatis most
    interesting;the closelyrelatedforms,breadwheatand clubwheat,do not haoe
    a wild form and arise as a result of hybridizationof a tetraploidwheat and
    another (unknown)species which contributedthe D genome. They seem to

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.1, 1974 47


    have been particularlyfrequentin neolithicdepositsof the southernBalkans,
    occurringonly occasionallyin the Near East,Anatolia,and Crete.Thistype of
    wheatis muchbettersuitedto bakingpurposesthan einkornor emmer,which
    lack gluten in their flour and so cannot be baked into anythinglighterthan
    biscuits.
    Domestic Animals.

    Of ca. 45,000animalbones, 19,185specimenswereidentifiedby S. Bokonyi.


    The E1vedomesticspecies(cattle, sheep, goat, pig, dog) are in overwhelming
    majority,of which 10 percentare wild. The 15-17wild species(aurochs,red
    deer, wild swine, badger, brown bear, wolf, fox, a small carnivore,beaver,
    brownhare,a smallrodent,2-4 birds, 1-2 tortoises)representunder6 percent.
    No fish boneswererecovered(TABLESVIII-IX).
    Throughout the four Anza periods caprovines are the most frequent
    domesticspecies,followedby cattle,pig, and dog respectively.In the courseof
    occupationcaprovinenumbersgraduallydecreased,while pig and cattle increased,exceptfor a recessionin PeriodIII. Wild aurochswerethe most common wild species,followedby reddeer,brownhare,and wild swine.In general,
    the faunalassemblageresemblesthat of neolithicGreece;the domesticfaunais
    similarto that of the Koroscultureof southeasternHungaryand northeastern
    Yugoslavia.
    The domestic cattle were large or medium-sized.Individualstransitional
    betweendomesticand wild cattleattestto some local domestication.The sheep
    were small animalsof a primitivetype, the males heavilyhorned,the females
    hornless or with small rudimentaryhorns. Goats were heavily horned and

    TableVIII.Neolithicvertebratefaunaof Anza:numberof specimens.

    cattle
    sheep/goat
    pig
    dog
    dom. animals
    aurochs
    red deer
    roe deer
    wild swine
    badger
    brownbear
    wolf
    fox
    carnivore
    beaver
    brown hare
    rodent
    birds
    tortoise
    wild animals
    Total

    Period I

    Period II

    Period III

    Period IV

    Total

    spec.

    spec.

    spec.

    spec.

    spec.

    115
    938
    99
    5
    1157
    15
    4
    0
    7
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    2
    0
    1
    12
    41
    1198

    9.60
    78.30
    8.26
    0.42
    96.58

    101
    543
    74
    10
    728

    ) 3.42

    9
    5
    2
    1
    0
    0

    0
    0
    0
    3
    0
    0
    2
    22

    \
    j
    t
    t

    1
    /

    750

    So
    13.47
    72.40
    9.87
    1.33
    97.07

    89
    995
    115
    28
    1227

    2.93

    2
    3
    11
    5
    0
    1
    0
    1
    0
    1
    8
    0
    8
    35
    75
    1302

    %
    6.84
    76.42
    8.83
    2.15
    94.24

    496
    2067
    351
    36
    2950

    5.76

    22
    21
    0
    5
    1
    0
    1
    2
    0
    0
    5
    1
    0
    60
    118
    3068

    From A1mixed together


    layers
    spec. spec.

    16.17
    67.40
    11.44
    1.17
    96.18

    801
    4543
    639
    79
    6062

    1605
    9557
    1308
    80
    12550

    2406
    14100
    1947
    159
    18612

    3.82

    48
    33
    13
    18
    1
    1
    1
    3
    0
    1
    18
    1
    9
    109
    256

    113
    51
    5
    27
    0
    1
    2
    6
    4
    0
    42
    0
    10
    56
    317

    161
    84
    18
    45
    1
    2
    3
    9
    4
    1
    60
    1
    19
    165
    573

    6318

    12867

    19185

    48 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas

    TableIX. Neolithicvertebratefaunaof Anza:numberof individuals.


    Period II

    Period I
    So

    ind.
    cattle
    sheep/goat
    pig
    dog
    dom. animals

    12
    80
    8
    2
    102

    aurochs
    reddeer
    roe deer
    wildswine
    badger
    brownbear
    wolf
    fox
    carnivore
    beaver
    brownhare
    rodent
    birds
    tortoise
    wildanimals

    3
    2
    0
    2
    0
    0

    0
    0
    0
    1
    0
    1
    2
    11

    Total

    113

    10.62
    70.80
    7.08
    1.77
    90.27

    1
    j
    t
    )

    l
    1
    1

    9.73

    So

    ind.
    12
    49
    7
    3
    71
    2
    2
    1
    1
    0
    0

    0
    1
    0
    0
    1
    8
    79

    Period III
    SZo

    ind.

    15.19
    62.03
    8.86
    3.80
    89.88

    10
    85
    11
    5
    111

    10.12

    2
    2
    3
    2
    0
    1
    0
    1

    1
    2
    0
    3
    3
    20
    131

    7.63
    64.89
    8.40
    3.82
    84.74

    \
    j

    1
    ) 15.26
    l
    1
    1

    Period IV
    %

    ind.
    48
    161
    32
    7
    248
    5
    4
    0
    2
    1
    0
    1
    1

    0
    2
    1
    0
    4
    21
    269

    Total
    ind.

    17.84
    59.85
    11.90
    2.60
    92.19

    82
    375
    58
    17
    532

    7.81

    12
    10
    4
    7
    1
    1
    1
    2

    1
    6
    1
    4
    10
    60
    592

    largerthan sheep. Pigs were small;therewas no evidenceof local domestication. Dogs weresmall,or less often medium-sized.
    The wild animals,aurochs,wild swine,red deer,and roe deerweregenerally
    smallto mediumin size;badgerand fox large;brownharesmall.Cattle,goats,
    aurochs,red deer,and harewerekilledat maturity;sheepand pig at a juvenile
    or sub-adultstage.
    Sources.
    In the attempt to locate as many source areas as possible for the raw
    materialsused in the constructionof neolithictools, the stone implementsfrom
    the excavationwerefirstclassiEledas to composition.
    Four basic categories were established. These included 1) grinding implementsused in the preparationof cereal crops, 2) polished stone tools, 3)
    chippedstone objects,and4) miscellaneouslithicartifacts.Over300 tools from
    these categories were examined and catalogued on the basis of their
    macroscopicpetrologyby Weide.The resultsof his researchare presentedin
    the followingtables(TABLES X-XII).
    It is apparentthat the majority(81So)of the stone implementswere composed either of andesite (a partiallyvesicularextrusiveigneous rock) or a
    medium to fine-grainedwell-cementedsandstone. Of the chipped stone artifacts, well over 50Sowere eitherquartzor cryptocrystallinesilicatematerial
    fromvolcanicrocks.Groundstone objects,on the otherhand,werealmostentirelyderivedfromdense,extremelyfine-grainedmetamorphicrocks.
    To determinesourceareasof the specificrocks,geologicalreconnaissanceof
    possible outcrops was done during the course of general field mapping.
    Investigationof availablematerialwas based on the fact that the bulk of the

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 49


    TableX. GrindingImplements.
    Rocktype
    Andesite
    Sandstone(mediumto finegrained)
    Basalt
    Quartzlatite
    Metamorphic(undifferentiated)
    Limestone(finegrained)
    Quartzite
    TOTAL

    No.

    16
    26
    4
    2
    2
    1
    1

    31
    50
    8
    3.5
    3.5
    2
    2

    52

    100

    TableXI. ChippedStone.
    Rocktype
    Yellow-browntranslucentjasper
    Quartz
    Yellow-redopaquejasper
    Miscellaneousrockfragments
    Chertbreccia
    Chalcedony
    Opalite(hydrated& non-hydrated)
    TOTAL

    Sq.

    Sq.

    Sq.

    XI

    XIV

    XVII

    No.

    25
    29
    9
    17
    7
    5
    6

    8
    18
    6
    9
    1
    5
    4

    18
    39
    16
    26
    1
    2
    4

    51
    86
    31
    52
    9
    12
    14
    255

    20
    34
    12
    20
    3.5
    5
    5.5
    100

    TableXII. GroundStoneComposition.
    Recrystallizedfelsite
    Lime-silicatehornfels
    Serpentinite
    Fine-grainedmeta-basalt
    Flint

    Fine-grainedgabbro
    Talcschist(steatite)
    Jadeite
    Jasper

    stone objects recovered from the Anza site are of three forms of cryptocrystallinesilicatematerial.These are, in approximateorderof importance:
    1) a cryptocrystallinerock derived from an extrusive volcanic terrain
    (technicallyjasper);2) quartzand/or chalcedony;and 3) hydratedand nonhydratedopalites.
    Jasper,in cobbleto bouldersize angularblocks,is sparselydistributedalong
    stream courses throughout the north and northeast OvEe Polje. In all
    probabilitythe outcropsof Tertiaryvolcanicslyingnortheastof Sv. Nikole are
    the original source area of the jasper. The Geological Map of Yugoslavial9
    shows an area of such volcanicsextendingover approximately600 sq. km. in
    this region.Colors rangefrom a light golden brownto opaqueblack.Colorin
    transmittedlight(seenin specimensup to 1.5cm. thick)is a cleargoldenyellow
    to clear brown.Fragmentsfrom the archaeologicalexcavationsoften retaina
    white to light-yellowweatheredcortex. This cortex is also common on the
    larger blocks recoveredfrom stream channels. Other varieties of volcanicderivedjasper include a dark-redsemi-granularform and a yellow-brown
    opaque form which was apparentlydistributedat random throughoutthe
    culturaldeposit.Selectionfor redjasperincreasestremendouslyin Anza IV. Of
    19. 1953, 1:500,000.

    50 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    all redjasperpiecesexamined,8 370
    are fromAnza I contexts;16<37o
    fromAnza II
    and III;and fully76<37o
    fromAnza IV.
    Quartz(with its amorphouscounterpart,chalcedony)constitutesa major
    component of the local streamgravels and is common both as culturaland
    non-culturalmaterialwithinthe Anza site. The form which predominatesis a
    milky-to-whiteamorphousor cryptocrystallinequartzwith numerousinternal
    fractures.This high degreeof internalstrainingis evidentin the abundanceof
    randomfractureson workedpieces. Pebblesand cobblesof similarquartzare
    locally quite common as skeletalmaterialin the soils of the low hills and rolling uplandsthat formthe marginof the basin.
    Opalites and hydrated opalites form approximately 15So of the cryptocrystallinechipped stone tools. It is most probablethat this materialwas
    originallyderivedfromthe rhyoliticportionof the Tertiaryvolcanicsnortheast
    of Sv. Nikole that supplied the jasper, andesites, and basalts used in the
    manufactureof grindingtools. Nodules of opalite were probablyobtainedas
    alluvial debrisin local streamchannelsand from lenses of cobbles contained
    withinthe olderstreamterraces.
    Grindingstones of volcanic rock probablyhad their source in the region
    northeastof Sv. Nikole. Underthe presenterosionregime,volcaniccobblesof
    a size suitablefor artifactmanufactureare not foundin the vicinityof the Anza
    site. In the presentparticle-sizegradientalong the channelof the Sv. Nikole
    River,such cobblesdo not occursouth of the town of Sv. Nikole, over 14 km.
    distant. Well-cementedsandstones, however, similar in lithology to those
    forming50 percentof the Anza grindingstones, are foundin outcropless than
    4 km. to the south. No speciElcquarrieswere located. It is interestingto note
    that, assumingstreamdirectionswere the same duringthe Neolithic as today,
    natural stream transportcould not have carriedlarge cobbles of this wellcementedsandstonenorthwardto the vicinityof the Anza site.
    The last categoryof materialto be consideredconsistsof the rocksutilizedin
    the manufactureof polished stone axes and other groundtools. Two source
    areas are possible for this material.First, small pools of jadeite and serpentinite are numerousin the basic, ultrabasic,and metamorphicrocks along the
    north and northeastflanks of Bogoslav Mountain.Althoughin situ outcrops
    of this materialare generallymaskedby soil and colluvium,roundedclasts up
    to 20 cm. in lengthmay be foundalong streamcoursesand erosiongullies.The
    second majorsource,especiallyfor the isexotic"rock types such as quartzite,
    felsite, and fine-grainedlimestone,may be the small lenses of conglomeratic
    materialthat occur both in the Tertiarymarinesection and, to a lesserdegree
    in the coarsersand units of the PesirovoFormation.At the presenttime it is
    impossibleto determinethe originalsourceareaof theseclasts.
    PolishedStoneTools.
    Forty-three polished tools were recovered, including reconstructible
    fragments.Theirtemporaldistributionis as follows:3, Anza I; 1, Anza II; 4,
    Anza III; 27, Anza IV. Their stratigraphicand chronologicalplacementis
    quite unequivocal.The very large numericalincreasein Anza IV suggestsincreasedand variedactivity.
    The stone implementsare classiEledas axes, adzes,picks,andhammerheads.
    They are madeof "greenstone,"a mineralcompositeof mainlyserpentineand
    jadeitewith intrusionsof asbestos,whichis abundanton the slopesof ttwenearby BogoslavMountain.A few of the smalltools are of purejade, little pods of
    whichoccurin thejadeite.The color of greenstonerunsthe gamutof shadesof

    1,1974 51
    JournalofFieldArchaeology/Vol.
    green,fromalmostwhiteto almostblack.At timesthe rock is veined,mottled,
    or spottedin beautifulcombinationsof patternsand contrasts.
    The axes fall into two categories:miniature,2-5 cm. long;and large,5-10cm.
    long. Smallaxes appearin Anza I, increasingin numberin Anza II-IIIand IV.
    The wedge shape with roundedor pointed butt, with slight variationsin size
    and thickness,is constantthroughoutthe threephasesfor the small axes (FIG.
    13).There is, however, a trend toward the reductionof width in the crosssection. The same is true of the chisels:the earlierare almost round in crosssection, the laterones are thin and flat. The chisel-likesmallertools and those
    of somewhatlargersize tend to be parallel-sided.The largeaxes and axe adzes,
    consistentlywider at the cuttingedge than at the butt end, are reminiscentof
    the so-called "shoelast axes." Picks exhibit considerablesrariationof size.
    Lengthsare from 3.0 cm. to 8.4 cm.; widths are from 1.5 cm. to 5.1 cm. In
    cross-sectionat maximumwidth the size rangesfrom 0.35 cm. to 5.0 cm. The
    earlierpicksaremoreroundedthanthe later.
    The largerstone implementsshow greatvarietyin size and shape,particularly in cross-section.Somearerounded,othersrectangularand almostcompletely flat.
    In addition to the criteriasuggestedby Semeonov,20the characteristically
    flat back of the adze was taken into considerationfor purposesof typology.
    Otherfeaturesto whichattentionwas directedwereas follows.
    1) The "cuttingplatform"(the Rattenedarea,in most casesonly on the back,but in a
    few isolatedinstancesalso on the front)of an axe, adze,or chisel.Thisarea,endingat
    the sharpedge of the tool, was found to varygreatly.In some instancesit was under
    0.5 cm. in width,in othersover2 cm.
    2) Assymetry.Thiscan be ascribedto the resharpeningof the tool. It is equallyplausible thatthe formof the tool is intentionalandthatthis featureis relatedto function.
    3) Absenceof the platforms.Many of the Anza IV tools, especiallythe largeones,
    show no cuttingplatformsat all;the backsaregraduallyroundedtowardsthe cutting
    edge,withouta traceof dividingline.
    4) Grooves.Someof the implementsbearseeminglyintentionalgrooves.

    McPherron,in excavatingthe site of Divostin in Yugoslavia, has found


    evidencethat axes were sawed out of the solid rock with the help of abrasives
    and water. Just before the end of this time-consumingprocessit would have
    beeneasy to breakoff the axe-likeshape,leavinga rough,scar-likeareaon one
    side.2lOn the other hand, the possibilityis not excludedthat the groovesare
    connectedwith some hafting device. Although there is as yet no evidenceof
    haftingfromsites in southeasternEurope,it is inconceivablethat axesor adzes
    could have otherwisebeenput to use. Perforatedstone axeswerefoundonly in
    the Anza IV period.
    usedby Semeonov
    The techniquesof micro-analysisand micro-photography
    (see Note 20) were appliedby B. Smoor to the few wedge-shapedsmall axes
    with quitesurprisingresults(the largeaxes and adzescould not be takenout of
    Yugoslavia).Underthe microscopethe frontsof all these axes show extremely
    fine parallelstriationsperpendicularto the cuttingedge(FIG. 14). Figure14:3of
    Anza IV shows additionalstriationson the left side at an angleof 45. According to the findings of Semeonov and Kantman this would indicate the
    characteristicsof an adze. However,when we look at the wear patternof the
    20. "An axe is recognized by its symmetrical proElle,an adze or hoe by its assymetry, and a chisel
    (London 1970).
    by its small size." S.A. Semeonov, PrehistorieTeehnology
    21. A. McPherron and D. Srejovic, Divostin(Belgrade 1974).

    fl

    1 1
    1,,, 1 l

    j i
    /

    :A
    2

    Figure 13. Wedge-shaped,greenstone


    axes.Anza11.
    I) FromSquareVll, 159.
    2) FromSquareVll, 216.

    f'

    X4

    52 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas

    backsof thesetools,in eachcasethewearpatternis different.


    In summary,sincenone of the wearpatternsconformsto the S;typical''
    characteristics
    of eitheranaxeor anadze,it wouldseemthatallof thesamples
    wereS;multiple-purposes'
    tools,servingforthemanufacture
    of vesselsandcontainers,for the cuttingdownof smalltrees,andforthe smoothingof planks.
    Theymayhavebeenusedforotherpurposesaswell.
    BoneTools.
    Sixtybonetoolswerefoundat Anza.Thetypologydividestheartifactsinto
    fourcategories:
    awls;needles;spatulae;
    andothers.
    The spatulaeare an interestingfeatureof Anza.In AnzaI thereis onlya
    singlefragment,
    whichcouldalsohavebeena polisher.(Bonepotterypolishers
    are deElnitely
    presentin Anza III, and in Anza IV they are abundant.)
    Althoughmostof theAnzaspatulaewerefragmentary,
    oneexamplewascomplete(FIG. 15) andmanymoreof thetypeareknownin relatedsites;it is not
    thereforedifElcult
    to reconstruct
    the spatulaefragments.In all casesthe thin
    blade-liketip has beenpreserved.
    Thespatulaecouldhavehad severalfunctionsssuchaspigmentmixersor simplyas smallspoons.

    g\4

    tj

    Figure 14. Wedge-shaped axes as examined under microscope. Anza II (1,4), Anza III (2,5,6), Anza IV (3).
    I) Extremely fine striations running at 45 angle angle from left, and a small section of striations running from the right, all
    covering the cutting platform which in this unique case is double. 2) Fine parallel striations on the back, perpendicular to
    the cutting edge. Another series of fine striations perpendicular to the left side of the axe higher up. 3) The pattern is similar
    to that of (4): a series of striations starting on the left side and perpendicular to that side, gradually vanishing towards the
    center of the axe. 4) A series of fine striations on the back, starting on the left and perpendicular to this side, gradually
    fading out towards the middle of the axe. The cutting platform shows no striations. 5) Small jade tool with diagonal
    striations forming a cross pattern on the front. On the back, however, the striations are perpendicular to the axis of the tool.
    6) A chisel, the back of which is unfortunately chipped off, with a series of striations running at an angle of 45 from left to
    right.

    ,X,,;_

    -t

    The
    are truncated-globe,
    quite frequent.

    redTall or
    slender
    brown-burnished,
    jars with cylindrical
    is the most common
    neck occur.
    shape in
    -I I|

    2|

    !!I I| |I _-

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 53


    Severalobjectswere unique:a violin-shapedobject,the functionof whichis
    problematic,especiallyin view of the small perforation;and the perforated
    caputof a bovid femurwhose function,becauseof its fragmentarystate, is difficult to determine.On the whole, the bone tools are similarto those found in
    sites of the same chronology,especiallyat VrBnikand Rug Bair, sites close to

    : >;k
    S:

    Sunsnwrvof PotteryTypologyandTechnolocy-

    Colorfulvases probablymade especiallyfor religiousceremoniesand other


    vessels found in the earliest culturallayer are of fine quality. By no means
    "primitive,"they are undoubtedlythe productof a long technicaltradition.It
    is not germane at this point to bring up the problem of earlier prototypes-these have not been found in the Vardarregion; possibly they will
    appearas a result of futureexplorations.We are confident,nevertheless,that
    the earliestAnza pottery is autochthonous.Admittedlyit is relatedin quality
    and form to that of the "EarlyCeramic"(Fruhkeramikum)stage in Thessaly
    and early Nea Nikomedeia, as well as to that of Hacilar IX-VI in Central
    Anatolia. But we do not infer from this fact that the Anza potteryis imported
    from those areas. At this stage, the Anza ceramicstyle alreadyhas its own
    "Macedonian"character.
    Thereare threecategoriesof wares accordingto quality:very fine, medium
    thick,and coarse.
    The finest pots are maroon-slippedand red-burnished;they are extremely
    thin-walled,of well-fired clay almost without temper. The bonding of the
    maroon iron oxide slip to the orange clay body has not workedwell, and the
    slip peels off easily. The maroon-slippedcategoryincludeselegantjars with
    body flared at the base (FIG. 16:2), and open straightwalled bowls (FIG 16:1).
    The red-burnishedjars are globularwith gracefullyswungprofile(FIG.16:3,5).
    Vesselformsarerounded,withoutlip or carination.
    A smallamountof medium-finewareis decoratedand seemsto representan
    initialstage of painting.Thesepots arethickerthanthe maroon-slippedor redburnished;the clay is temperedwith grit or pebblesand has a dark-browncore.
    The surfaceis orange-slipped,with designs, includingtriangles,curvedlines,
    ovals, and net pattern,overpaintedin white.
    The medium-coarseware is brown-slippedor pink-buffburnished.Jarsand
    bowls have flaringrims (FIG. 16:6,7). Globularjars with a flat or concave base
    and two string-holelugs at body center appear(FIG. 16:4). Thickerpots have
    appliedcrescentlugs. Ring bases of jars are commonin the earliesthorizonof
    this phase. A distinctiveform is the quatrefoilbase dividedinto four sections
    with an excisedV in each (FIG. 17).
    The coarse ware is unslipped salmon-pinkor buff. The clay is coarsely
    temperedwithgrit, and the vesselsarepoorlyfired.

    A nza Ib.

    Globularjars and open bowls remainthe basic categoriesof shapesas in la.


    the fine ware category.Necks and rims, varyingin height and degreeof flare,
    Medium-thickbuff or pink-buffburnishedjars with two solid or string-hole
    lugs seem to have become popular (FIG. 18). The perforationof the lug is

    _
    _

    i8il |

    l l | l 311

    Figure 15. Bone spatula from Anza II,


    SquareA.

    54 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    Figure 16. Group of Anza Ia pots
    (reconstructed). 1) Maroon-slipped from
    Square V, 97. 2) Maroon-slipped from
    Square V, 92. 3) Red burnished from
    Square V, 109. 4) Buff from Square V,
    125. 5) Red burnished from Square V,
    125. 6-7) Buff from Square VII, 259.

    b
    Figure 17. Quatrefoil base of Anza Ia pot,
    divided into four sections with excised V
    in each (from Square V, 82).
    a) ProSlle.
    b) Bottom.

    O
    .

    Figure18.AnzaIb pink-buffburnishedjar withperforatedlugs(SquareV, 36) andlugof anotherjar (SquareVl1,222).

    3F
    .

    Journal of Field Archaeology/Vol. 1, 1974 55

    usuallyhorizontal,but some lugs areverticallyperforatedas in Hacilar,central


    Turkey.Coarsewareis decoratedwith finger-tipimpressions,stabbing,and incisions. Ring, flat, and quatrefoil bases continue from Anza Ia. Miniature
    cupssometimeshavea quatrefoilbase.
    Painted vases are thin-walled,the fabric usually without temper. Vessels
    were paintedwith iron oxide pigments,and afterwardburnished.Paintedornamentationis most commonlywhiteon a groundof red, brown,or black(the
    blackbackgroundthe resultof intentionalsmoking).An orange-redpainton a
    cream-slippedbackgroundis also found. Characteristicof this phasearewhirl
    patternsmadeof triangles,geometricizedleavesand buds,and rowsof dots attachedto whitelines,probablyabstractplantdesigns(FIG. 19). Symbolicdesign
    also includedeggs and moon crescents.So far there are no close analogiesin
    either Greece, Yugoslavia, or Bulgaria, for this surprisingly rich and
    aestheticallypleasing painted pottery. It representsa local ceramicdevelopmentwhichreacheda climaxin the periodfollowingAnza Ia.
    A nza 11.

    Changesin shapes,colors,and designsbetweenAnza Ib and II aremarked.


    Fine ware of burnishedmaroon-slippedstraight-walledbowls, highly burnished red-slippedjars on a raised foot, and well-burnishedblack ware with
    profiled or everted lip continue in the tradition of Anza I, but the almost
    mirror-likesheen of the vessels exhibits progress in the technique of burnishing. The use of a new manganesepigment initiates a new decorative
    style: chocolate-brownpainting on orange-slippedvases. This mode persists
    until the startof the Vinta (Anza IV) period;the designsare curvilinear(FIG.
    20) but the symbolic elements of the earlier period, such as triangles,consecutive dots and lines, and the net pattern, continue in the repertoire.
    Exclusiveto Anza II was also paintingin red-on-redor on maroon (FIG. 21),
    brown-on-red, or red-on-brown, and occasionally brown-on-cream.The
    coarseclay with vegetabletempercontrastswith the untemperedfabricof the
    verythin vasesof Anza Ib.
    The shapes of globularand oval pink-buffand gray coarsewaresare more
    variedthan in earlierphases.Thoughbases are uniformlyflat, necksare cylindrical, sharplyeverted,or with an outwardflare at the rim (FIG. 22). A great
    variety of techniqueswere also employed in the plastic decoration of the
    vessels: streaking,incising, stabbing, shell impressing,pinching with finger
    nails, stamping. Decoration is confined to the portion below the neck, and
    either covers the entire body or only the lower part. A style of decoration
    called "Barbotine,"accomplishedby thick but randomsmearingwith heavy
    slip, is commonon large,yellow-slippedgrayjars and bowls(FIG. 23).

    :;

    A nza 111.

    Thereis no abruptchangeof style betweenAnza II and III. Fine and coarse


    vesselscontinuethe sametraditions.Maroon-slippedand red-slippedvasesare
    prominentin the fine warecategory,whichis outstandingfor its quality.Even
    the shapesof the maroon-slipped,usuallystraight-walledopen bowlscontinue.
    Orange-redslippedfooted vases are decoratedwith brownpaintas in Anza II.
    The painteddesign is more tectonicthan in Anza II; convergingverticallines
    are paintedlengthwisefromtop to foot, or alternatewith thick lines or lenses.
    Around the rim there is a simple or indentedband, a row of crosses or net
    design, or a band of garlands(FIG. 24). Slightlybiconicalblack-burnishedor

    b
    Figure 19. Painted designs of Anza Ib.
    a) Whirl pattern composed of triangles
    painted white on black burnish.
    b) White designs painted on red or brown.

    XA@

    f-*

    Figure 20. Vases with painted design in


    chocolate-brown on background of
    orange-slip (reconstructions). Anza II
    (Squares I, VII).

    s
    x
    .
    o

    Figure21. Vasewithdesignpaintedred
    on maroon-slip.AnzaII (SquareVII,
    127).
    a

    \\

    :x
    c

    Figure23. Fragment of large pot with


    "Barbotine"decoration. Anza II (Square
    VII,204).

    Figure22. Anza II. a) Sharply everted rim


    fromSquare VII, 145. Medium-coarse
    warewith outward flaring rims: b) from
    SquareVII, 209; c) from Square VII, 149.

    '

    8 -

    Figure24. Anza III. Brown-on-orange


    paintedjars (reconstructions).
    a)From Square VII, 98.
    b)From Square VIII, 18; XIX, 225.
    c)From Square XVIII, 141.

    Vol.I, 1974 57
    of FieldArchaeology/
    Journal
    maroon-slippedpots are present.Beadedand slightlyout-turnedand sharply
    evertedrims are as frequentas duringAnza II.
    The impressed,stamped,and barbotinedecorationof mediumand coarse
    utilitywarescontinuefromAnza II. The largepots areglobularjars withcylindrical neck and open bowls with straight,out-turned,or somewhatinverted
    rim.They rangefrombrown-andyellow-slippedto pinkish-buffburnishedand
    grayor dark-grayunslippedvarieties.The largestoragejars, usuallygray,-have
    a raisedridgewith fingertip impressionsaroundthe middle(FIG. 25).
    Anza IV.

    Anza IV is characterizedby great quantitiesof Dark Wares:gray-blackburnishedor black-slippedand hardfired,as well as by a muchgreatervariety
    of shapes and handles than during the previous periods. Flat and rounded
    plates, a variety of biconical vessels, carinated dishes, zoomorphic or ornithomorphicvases, and high-footedvases or "fruitstands"are now leading
    formsin the finewarecategory(FIGS. 26-32).
    Channelledand black-toppedvases (the black tops of dishes or biconical
    vesselswere obtainedthroughintentionalsmokingof the upperpartsof pots)
    representa new style of decoration.The new decorativetechniquescoincide
    with the appearanceof button handles in the earliesthabitationlevel of the
    EarlyVinta settlementat Anza, i.e., Anza IVa (FIG. 33). These featureshave
    parallelsin the East BalkanKaranovocultureand seem to be borrowedfrom
    the east. Handlesand lugs are imaginativeand stylisticallyuniqueduringIVb

    Figure25. AnzaIII:SquareV, 6. Fragmentof largegraystoragejar withfingertip impressionson raisedridgearound


    middle.

    ')

    ..

    (FIGS. 28, 30-32).

    Spoutedand perforatedvases (sieves or lamps)are also innovations.Three


    or four-leggedcult vessels incisedwith ideogramsor conceptualdesigns22are
    typical of the EarlyVinta complex,but in shape recallthe KaranovoIII and
    IV cult vessels(FIG. 34).
    The changesin ceramicart at this time, which correspondswith Karanovo
    III in central Bulgaria,are noticeable all over the central Balkan area and
    Northern Greece.23Anza IV pottery has close analogiesin a series of Early
    Vinta sites in Macedoniaand Serbia.An "easternshock" cannot be denied.
    The transformationfrom Anza III to Anza IV is synchronouswith the period
    of remarkableincrease of population and the expansion of Karanovo III
    elements from central Bulgaria(the Marica valley) to the Danube valley in
    southernRumania,hithertooccupiedby the Startevo(Cris)people, and south
    of the Rhodope Mountainsinto Greek Macedoniaand Thrace. A wave of
    Karanovo-basedinfluencesreachedthe centralBalkansat the same time. We
    emphasizethe word influences since Anza IV materialsdo not furnishus with
    substantialevidenceof such complete culturalchange as to imply an ethnic
    shift. The changeseems to be the effect of new inspirationon local traditions.
    So, at least,it is reflectedin the ceramics.
    Alongside the "exotic" features in Anza IV ceramic art such as button
    handlesand decorationby channellingand black-toppingwhichwe considerto
    be borrowingsfrom easternneighbors,other elementsof pottery-makingcontinued from the Anza III period. The "Vinta type" blackwaresstart in Anza
    brown, as well as coarse brown pottery, continue
    III. Fine and medium-Elne

    .,,4g3

    (,

    ..
    t
    a

    b
    22. I.e., various combinations of Vs, chevrons, three lines, groups of parallel lines, net, and
    checkerboard patterns.
    23. Cf. Arapi, upperlayer:H. Hauptmann and B. Milogtic, "Die Funde der fruhen Dimini-Zeit aus
    der Arapi-Magula, Thessalien," Beitrage zur ur- und fShgeschichtlichenArchaologiedes
    9 (Bonn:Rudolf Habelt 1969) pls. II and 17.
    Mittelmeer-Kulturraumes

    Figure26. AnzaIVdishes,flat androunded. a) Coarseware (IX, 55; I, 6, 9, 10).


    b) Fine, burnishedand decoratedwith
    channelingon interiorand black-topping
    (I, 10;X, 4; VII,66:X, 27).

    ?'"

    58 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    Figure 27. Anza IV. Carinated bowls with
    decorations of channeling and applied
    bosses. 1) Square XX, 10. 2) Square
    XXIV, 7. 3) Square I, 18. 4) Square
    XXIII, 16.

    A//)lolL-|tZ
    3

    Figure 28. Anza IVb. Vessels with long


    handles and narrowed mouths. 1) Square
    Vlll, 32. 2) Square VII, 83. 3) Square XV,
    9. 4) Square X, 13. 5) Square XIV, 15.

    Figure 29. Anza IV, flne ware. Brown


    footed vessel from Square X, 17.

    X cS

    3 cm

    from Anza III to the end of Anza IV. Biconical bowls and footed vessels,
    shapes which clearly dominatethroughoutthe Vinca civilization,have their
    beginningsin Anza III. Painting techniques also continue from Anza III.
    Whiteslip and red-on-whitepaintingis new, thoughseeminglya local innovation. The very frequentrepresentationof the BirdGoddess face on the cylindrical neck of vases during Anza IV has its roots in Anza III. The Bird
    Goddess continuesto be the most prominentdivinityat Anza, as reflectedby
    the miniature sculptures portrayinga Bird Goddess, the most numerous
    among the representationsof gods in both the Starcevo(Anza II and III) and
    the EarlyVinca(Anza IV) periods.
    The studyof potteryand figurinesdoes not supportthe hypothesisof an immigrationof the Vinca people from the east, i.e., from Anatolia, as has been
    presumedfor the last 30 yearsby a numberof archaeologists.The strorXg
    *mpact from the East BalkanKaranovocivilizationis neverthelessindicatedby
    manyfeaturesin the ceramicart, and its implicationscannotbe overlooked.

    {-}

    Figure 30. Anza IVb. Brown dish, ornithomorphic protomes from Square X,
    179.
    Figure 31. Anza IVb. Zoomorphic handle
    of black burnished vase from Square XVI,
    11.

    a cZ

    Figure 33. Anza IVa. Button handles of


    burnished gray vases. 1) Square XIX, 5.
    2) Square X, 27.

    >''*
    rx X

    10

    20

    Figure32. AnzaIVb.Grayburnished
    askosfromSquareXIII.

    t_

    __

    Figure 35. Anza Ib. I) Greenstone pendant from Square VI, 17. 2-3) Bone rings,
    Square XV, 8; VII, 219. 4) Stone beads,
    Square XIII.
    0

    Av.

    _t

    Figure 34. Anza IV. Cult vessel with incised decoration characteristic of Early
    Vinca culture from Square X, 27.

    Figure 36. Anza II. White marble toad


    from a sacrificial pit. Perhaps epiphany of
    the Goddess in birth-giving aspect.

    60 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/G.imbutas

    ct

    Figure 37. Anza IV. Terracotta torso fragment from Square VII, 10.

    Figure38. Anza II. Schematicfigurineof


    squattingfemalefromSquareVII, 196.

    Figure39. AnzaII. Seatedbeakedfemale


    fromSquareI, 36.

    OrnamentsandOtherSmallFinds.
    There are 77 items in this categoryincludinga considerablevarietyof ornaments,pendants,beads, discs, and braceletsmade of a varietyof materials:
    shell, bone, clay, and stone. The minisculeobjects,such as tiny annularbeads
    werefoundthroughflotation.
    Unique findsof Anza I aretwo fragmentsof musicalinstruments:pipeswith
    flattenedbaseandwindholes. Both aremadeof long bones,verywell polished;
    a groove on one indicates long use. So far, no parallels from Neolithic
    settlementsof the sameperiodare known.The instrumentsbelongto the Anza
    Ib phase. The preservedlength of one of the pipes (XIII, 63) is 4.63 cm., the
    cross-section1.63cm. at its widestdiameter,and the diameterof the hole, 0.06
    cm.
    The exquisitequalityof the Anza I stonecarvingtraditionmay be seen in the
    smooth greenstonependant (FIG. 35:1) and in the tiny annular,tubular,and
    disc-shaped beads made of various shades of greenstone (FIG. 35:4). For
    ornaments,as for the smallgreenstoneaxes and chisels,Anza I peopleselected
    stone of strikingor unusualcolor, light or dark,mottled,or with spotson dark
    green. Small discs of very rich dark green stone apparentlyservedas decoration for garments.Evidencefor this custom is presenton the figurineswhich
    displaytiny appliqueddiscs in a row acrossthe shouldersin front, or around
    the waistor hips.
    Stone ornamentsor amuletshaveparallelsin northernGreece.For instance,
    the pendantsectionedinto five partsby parallelgroovesis closelyanalogousto
    one at Nea Nikomedeia.24Probablyamulets representinga chrysalis,their
    significancerelatesto the concept of regeneration.The Anza I mode of stone
    carvingis similarto that of marbleand greenstonebeads,studs, and pendants
    in Thessalianand MacedonianEarlyPotterylayers.At Anza, however,studs
    (usuallycalled"earplugs"or 'nose plugs")havenot beendiscovered.
    The high standardof bone carvingis indicatedby the two fragmentsof pendants or rings from the Anza Ib deposits (FIG. 35:2,3). The ring illustratedin
    Figure 35:3 is exquisitelypolished.
    Ornamentsof Spondylusgaederopusshell, a musselnativeto the AegeanSea,
    known from all phasesof the Anza site, prove that for manycenturiespeople
    in the Vardar basin were getting this shell in trade with their southern
    neighbors.Spondylusbeadsand a ringcameto lightin Anza Ib deposits.
    Withthe exceptionof beads,stoneornamentsandpendantswerenot as popularas in Anza I, thoughtwo pendantsof bone anda marblebeaddo belongto
    Anza II-III. Instead,braceletsof Spondylusor clay becamefashionable.The
    Spondylusbraceletsbelong exclusivelyto the Anza II phase;those of clay to
    both Anza II and Anza III. Consideringthe long durationof Anza II and III,
    ornamentsare ratherlow both in quantity and quality. Standardswere apparentlynot as high as in Anza I. Ceramicdiscs,perforatedand unperforated,
    mayhave been used as spindlewhorlsor for garmentornamentsas in Anza I.
    Parallelsareknownfromalmostall Starcevoand Sesklosettlements.
    The Anza IV ornamentsincludea varietyof beads, bone and marblerings,
    andSpondylusbracelets.A considerablenumberof beads made of Spondylus
    and other shells, includingvery fragiletubularshells of Aegean origin, have
    close parallelsin the East Balkan area and in the Cyclades.Similartubular
    shellbeads from the island of Paros are on exhibitionin the AthensNational
    Museum.Marbleandgreenstonewereused for stonediscs.
    24.Rodden,op. cit. (in note7, 1964)pl. 4B.

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 61


    F*

    gurlnes.

    The total numberof figurinesdiscoveredduringthe two seasonsof excavation is 70. Comprisedin this numberare sculpturefragments,such as legs,
    heads, torsos, zoomorphicprotomesof cult vessels,and anthromomorphicor
    ornithomorphicvases.
    The chronologicalclassificationof the sculpturesis Anza I, 5; II-III, 16;IV,
    49.
    Provenance.

    The provenanceof the figurinesand cult vessels was in either of two contexts: 1) above the floors of houses or in the debrisof house walls, usuallyin
    association with fine pottery; 2) in pits, probably sacrificial,together with
    paintedor carefullyburnishedware,offeringtables,animalbones, teeth,claws
    or antlers,ceramicdiscs,and otherobjects.25
    Withinthe houses, figurinesseem to have been groupedin a single locality
    such as a dais or altar,since most of them werefound in clusters.Most of the
    figurinesand ornithomorphicvases and zoomorphicprotomesof cult vessels
    of the Anza IVb periodwere found in definiteassociationabove the floor of
    the last Vinca house in SquareX. The strikingnumberof ornithomorphicanthropomorphicvases and bizarrevesselswith hornedanimalprotomesthat
    accompaniedbeak-facedfigurines shows that this house either included a
    domesticshrineor was itselfa temple.
    Manufacture.

    Broken clay figurinesreveal certain details of manufacture.A round or


    cylindricalsolid core was preparedfroma lumpof well-temperedclay;thenthe
    desiredcontourswereaddedonto the core and shapedby fingermodeling(FIG.
    37).The variouspartsand limbs buttocks,legs, arms,necks,heads were
    individuallymodeled, then joined to the central core. On completion, the
    figurinewas smoothedwith a bone polisher,then eitherburnishedby rubbing
    with a pebble,or slipped(i.e. given a finishcoating)by dippingin a solutionof
    finely-grainedclay to which color had been added. Eyes, ornaments,dress,
    hair,or symbolicdecorationswereindicatedby excisionsencrustedwith white
    paste made of crushedshell, or by overpaintingin red. Red and white is the
    usual color combination throughout the whole sequence of the Anza
    settlement.
    Function.

    Despitethe varyingdegreeof schematizationthat prevailsin the art of Anza


    and in neolithic art in general (FIG. 38), some parts of the human body,
    buttocks,thighs, bellies, breasts,were occasionallyrenderedrealisticallywith
    masterfulskill.Howeverthe primaryfunction of sculpturewas not representational, but presentational:its aim was a plastic manifestationof an item in
    the symbolic and shared lexicon. A divinity is a corporate image of an
    amalgamatedmetaphysicalconcept; and a hybrid creature such as birdwoman, snake-woman,or other compoundwas by its form immediatelyintelligible in terms of the symbolic "language"of neolithic peoples. Thus an
    anthropomorphicfigure may have, instead of a human mouth and nose, a
    beak; instead of arms, arm-stumpsor other appendagesneither arms nor
    wings,but somethingsuggestiveof both.
    25. E.g., in figure 1, the contentsof the pit in Unit 213, SquareVII, whichcompriseda marble
    FIgurineof an anthropomorphized
    toad (fig. 36), a zoomorphic(deer) figurine,a bear claw, a
    ceramicdisc,a grindingstone,andbrown-on-red
    paintedvasesherdsof AnzaII.

    O
    _

    _t

    3 cn

    Figure 40. Anza II. Bird-woman from


    Square I, 9.

    62 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    TypologyandInterpretation.
    In spite of the fragmentarynatureof some of the Elgurines,the following
    classificationcan be offered.
    1) Beaked,Elgurines
    with or withoutarm-stumps.Thesehaveincisedeyes or no eyes;
    no mouth;andthe headis usuallycrowned.
    2) Anthropomorphic-ornithomorphic
    vases with a bird beak and human eyes, in
    reliefor incised,on the cylindricalneck.
    3) SeatedElgurines
    of whichonly the buttocksare preserved.They are too fragmentary for the deElnitionof type represented,but some of these were probablyin a
    squattingposition.
    4) Legsof standingor enthronedElgurines.
    5) Phallicstands,somewithanimalheads,and figurineswithno femaleattributes.
    6) Animals.
    7) Zoomorphicprotomesof cult vases and animalfiguresshown in relief on large
    vases.
    TheBirdGoddess.

    l
    )

    O
    _

    cv

    _=;

    Figure 41. Anza IV. Terracotta


    figurine fragments from Square IX, 57.
    Upper: proposed reconstruction. Lower:
    front view and section showing perforation through crown.

    The beakedtype of Elgurineis dominant.More than 20 examplescame to


    light, includingcult vessel protomesand cylindricalnecks of vases on which
    beak and eyes areportrayed.Thereis no questionbut that the type representsa
    divinitywhichassumesa bird'sshape,herusualimagebeinga half woman-half
    bird. She has a bird'sbeak and neck, arm stumpsfor wings, femalebuttocks,
    and one or two conical legs. Her head is crowned.The type appearsin all
    phasesof occupationat the Anza site and has parallelsin many settlementsof
    the Neolithic and Chalcolithic.It is one of the stereotypesin the pantheonof
    gods of Old Europe.26
    Two almostfullypreservedsmallsculpturesof a BirdGoddessdate fromthe
    Anza II period. The Elrstis in the seated position and wears a hip-belt and
    crown (FIG. 39). The second hybrid has a fused conical leg and protrusions
    indicatingwings, a beaked face, and flattenedcrown (FIG. 40). The fusion of
    human and bird featuresand the combinationof abstractionand naturalism
    are impressive.The gracilityof a birdand the projectingbut perfectlymodeled
    female buttocks are molded into a single form. Although miniaturein size
    (both are little over 3 cm. high),they conveythe mysteryappropriateto an importantdivinity.Theirstatusis shown by the indicationof a crown:two semiglobularprojectionson the flattenedtop of the head and a slightlyprojecting
    edge. The seatedgoddessis paintedred. Aroundthe buttocksshe wearsa hipbelt, an excisedline encrustedwith white paste;the eyes and the lines around
    the semi-globularprojectionsof the crownare also encrustedwith whitepaste.
    The standingfigurineis burnishedorange-buffand the hip-beltis shown in a
    red-paintedline.
    Unquestionablepredominanceof the Bird Goddess image obtains also in
    the Anza IV period.The small beakedand crownedladieswith armstumps(if
    preserved),are stylisticallysimilarto those of earlierperiods, but are almost
    devoidof naturalisticdetails.Manyare rigidlystylized;even eyes arerare(FIG.
    41), but the symboliccrownis almost alwaysindicated.A badlydamagedvase
    protome in the shape of a head with two semi-globes (FIG. 42) iS highly
    reminiscentof the famous"Hydevase"fromthe Vinta site.27
    In addition to small Elgurinesand small cult vessels with Bird Goddess
    26. M. Gimbutas,The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe, 7000-3500 B.C.: Myths, Legends, and
    Cult Images (London 1974) 112-142.
    27. Ibid.,pls. 116,117.

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 63


    protomes,thereare largevases with cylindricalneck on which are represented
    two carefullymodeled eyes. Their eyebrowsin relief or incised meet in the
    center to suggest a "beak form." The large, plastically renderedeyes are
    human,but the beakis that of a bird(FIG. 43).
    The most magniElcent
    vase of Anza is a largepithos,92 cm. high and 60 cm.
    wide throughthe shoulders.Its cylindricalneck (D. 24 cm.) bears a pointed
    beak in relief,incisedlozenge-shapedeyes, red-paintedbandsover the cheeks,
    and a plastically renderednecklace below. The body is painted with red
    diagonal bands which meet in the front to form a multiple V or chevron
    pattern.The spacejust below the neck is paintedsolid red. The two bottom
    bandsbelow the shouldersare connectedby verticalstripesgivingthe impression of a belt, perhapsrepresentingan elaboratehip-belt(FIG. 44). This is the
    largestpithos so far knownin the Vinta culturearea,and at the sametime the
    most monumentalportrayalof the BirdGoddess.The Vs, chevrons,or extended and connectedVs formingzigzags,meanders,interconnectedVs, as well as
    two or three parallel lines sometimes connected by a vertical line, are
    ideogramsthat appearon schematicsculpturesof the Bird Goddess and on
    cult vessels which apparentlyserved in the ceremoniesconnected with her
    worship(cf. FIG. 34). Severalfragmentsof sacrificialvesselswere incisedwith
    morecomplicatedsignsin lines,28knownin the corpusof Vinta signs.29

    AV-

    The Snake Goddess.

    The Anza II bone Elgurinewith long cylindricalneckendingin a snakehead


    and a perforationthroughthe chest may verywell be an amuletin the likeness
    of the SnakeGoddess(FIG. 45). A snake-likehead (discoveredin Bloc F, Level
    12), also of the Anza II period with humaneyes, a bump-nose,and six holes
    representinga mouth may be attributedto a large figurine of the Snake
    Goddess. Some totally schematic versions of seated goddesses may be
    "shorthand"symbolsof this image(FIG. 38).

    Figure 42. Anza IV. Bird Goddess


    protome from Square XXIII, at depth of
    1.3-1.4 m. Upper: profile and front view.
    Lower: proposed reconstruction.

    The Male God and Phallic Stands.

    The existence of a male god cult at Anza during the neolithic and
    chalcolithicperiodscannot be establishedon the basis of the existingfigurine
    sample.A torso wearinga disc-shapedmedallionin frontand in back,fromthe
    Anza II period(FIG. 46) maybe male,sincebreastsarenot indicated;analogous
    male Elgureswearingsuch medallionsare knownfromLateVinta sites such as
    Valat at KosovskaMitrovica.30
    Phallus-shapedstands are numerous.Some have projectionsin the middle,
    possibly an indication of male genitalia. Others, topped by schematicized
    animalheads, are a frequentrepresentationof the Anza II (Startevo)period.
    Still anothertype is a standwith a roundflat basedecoratedwithpits.
    Animals.

    All periods of the site have yielded animal Elgurines.The more articulate
    sculpturescan be identifiedas those of dogs, rams, ibexes and he-goats,and
    28. Paula Korosec and Josip Korosec, Predistoriska naselba Barutnica kaj Amzibegovo vo
    AIakedonija. Izvestaj za iskopuvanjeto vo 1960 (Dissertationes et AIonographiae 15 [1973]) pl.
    XIII:S, 10.
    29. Milton McChesney Winn, "The Signs of the Vinca Culture: An International Analysis; Their
    Role, Chronology and Independence from Mesopotamia" (PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1973).
    30. Gimbutas, op. cit. (in note 26) pl. 16. In re to male gods, see discussion on the Year God, pp.
    2 16-234.

    4
    ---L--a=

    Figure 43. Anza IV. Bird Goddess face


    (reconstructed) from Square VII, 24.

    ws

    64 Anza,a Cultural
    Yardstick/Gimbutas
    Figure 44. Pithos with face of Bird
    Goddess on the neck.

    X
    ;

    .L

    J.'"L

    H)
    O

    Figure 45. Anza II-III. Snake-headed


    bone figurine perforated through chest
    from Square XIX, at depth of 1.55-1.65 m.

    toads (FIGS. 38, 47-48). Only a single fragmentedsculpture is construed as


    representinga bull; anotherbadlydamagedanimalhead, foundwith the marble figurineof a toad, is possiblythat of a deer. Of the total number,ten are
    discretesculptures,the othersare headsdecoratingcult vasesor shownin relief
    on large vases. A stylizedhead of a he-goat or ibex with brokenhorns from
    PeriodIa has a verticalperforationand mayhavebeena pendant(FIG. 47 ).
    The zoomorphicsculptures,like the anthropomorphic,areabstract,stylized,
    and symbolic.That they are sculpturesof mythicalanimalscan be concluded
    from the types representedin the Anza corpus, from their stylization and
    appearanceas protomesof elaboratecult vases, fromthe peculiarassociations
    with humanfigurinesand otherfinds,as well as fromparallelsin othersites.
    Conclusion.
    The figurinesand ceremonialvases are witnessto religiouspractices,to the
    worshipof variousgods, and to a richmythicaliconography.
    The corpus of Anza Elgurinesfrom variousperiodsof occupationincludes

    Journalof FieldArchaeology/Vol.I, 1974 65


    severaltypes of the femaledeitiesworshippedthereand of theirmanifestations
    in animal forms. All the images have close parallels at other sites of the
    Starcevoand Vinca periods in Yugoslavia.The Bird and Snake Goddess is
    variously represented.The morphologicalattributesmay refer to a single
    aspect,eitherBirdor Snake;or, in combinedform,to her dual aspectas both
    Bird and Snake. She is the dominantdeity at Anza as she seems to be in the
    case of othersettlementsof the Vincaperiod.
    Becauseof theirnumberand associationthe Anza figurinesprovidethe most
    importantsource so far availablefrom southernYugoslaviafor the study of
    the religionand artof the Starcevoand EarlyVincacultures.
    Recapitulation:
    Anzaas a CulturalYardstick.
    AnzaI, EarlyNeolithic.
    Despite affinitieswith the Aegean-Anatolianworld in ceramicart, stone and
    bone carvingtraditions,and mud-brickarchitecture,local personality" is obvious in the earlystages of Anza. The climatewas wetterthan at present,and
    the area, now bare, was forested.The oak and other genera(Quercus,Pinus,
    Juniperus,and Ulmus),well representedin Anza I, but decreasinglyso in
    followingphases,attestto probableencroachmentof agriculturaland pastoral
    activitieson forestedland. Emmerwheat, einkorn,and hulledsix-rowbarley,
    accompaniedby peas and lentils,werefoundat this earlystage.Hexaploidclub
    wheatwas limitedto Anza Ia. At this time, Ia is the only site in Yugoslaviaand
    the whole Danubianbasinthat can be shownto havehad undercultivationthe
    completerangeof neolithiccrops. Sheep,goats, cattle, and pig werebredand
    used for food;caprovineswerethe most frequentspecies.The numericalscarcity of wild animalbones shows that the dependenceon huntingwas small and
    demonstratesthe emphasisof the local economyon animalhusbandry.Sickle
    sheenon flakesand bladesis observablein the samplefromthe earliestvillage
    at Anza.
    The earliest pottery is advancedin technique, including thin fine wares,
    maroon-slips,burnishing,and painteddecorationof white on red. In addition
    to the coarse everyday ware, graceful jars and bowls were produced for
    ceremonial use. Polished pendants, beads, and amulets, as well as small
    delicateaxes and chisels,werecarvedof local greenstoneand marble.Bone artifacts includewell polishedspatulae,awls, perforatedneedles,pendants,and
    pipeswithwindholes (musicalinstruments).

    O
    _-

    t_K

    Figure 46. Anza II. Terracotta torso wearing disc from Square VII, 155.

    AnzaII-III,MiddleNeolithic.
    This is a long period of organic local development,gradually more individualizedand more homogeneouslycontinental,while at the same time
    preservingmanyelementsof earlierAegeanflavor.Local trendsbecomemore
    pronounced.Housesare now builtof timberuprights.Ceramicart and figurine
    style are typicallyBalkan-Starcevo.Trade relationswith the south are abundantlycontinuingevidencedby Aegeanshell ornamentsof Spondylus.Anza II
    coincideswith climaticconditionsslightlymorehumidthan those of Anza I. A
    gradual decline of available moisture ensued during Anza II. Caprovines
    decreased,while cattle and pigs increased;but agriculturalactivities,indicated
    by cultivatedplantsandstone tools, do not show markedchanges.
    AnzaIV.
    No clear hiatus separatesPeriod IV (Early Vinca) from Period III (Late
    Starcevo).The distinctionis perceptibleas a varietyof culturalmodiElcations.

    o1

    cf

    Figure 47. Anza Ia. Terracotta horned


    animal head from Square V, 118.

    66 Anza,a CulturalYardstick/Gimbutas
    Changesare seen in plant cultivationand husbandry.Along with the increase
    of einkorn wheat and lentils, cattle, and pigs, there was an increasein the
    numberandvarietyof stonetools, accompaniedby a wideexploitationof lithic
    materialsincludingredjasper.Copperappearedat this time.
    Innovationsin that sensitivearchaeologicalindicator,ceramicart, reflectinfluences from the eastern Balkans. The innovations, black-toppedfinish,
    handles, spouts, organicallyincorporatedzoomorphicforms, all are specific
    items of the KaranovoIII styles of centralBulgaria.The assimilationof the
    new elementsis demonstratedby enrichmentand ramificationvisiblein the indigenousproduct.The long-standingquestionas to the origin of the civilization called Vinca is resolvedat last by Anza. Local developmentin the course
    of Period IV clearly shows both embryonic form and its consequent
    florescence,whilethe figurinesarewitnessto the continuityof the pantheonof
    gods and religioustraditions.
    At the height of its development,the site of Anza was abandoned.Since
    thereis no evidenceof destructionor attrition,the reasoncannot definitelybe
    stated. Although Anza IV coincideswith a warmingand dryingperiod, the
    climatic change was a gradualprocess. The archaeologicalrecorddoes not,
    however,reflectthis fact as a necessarilynegativefactor. Thereis no sign of
    economic deteriorationor decline. Why it was abandonedis still a matterof
    conjecture.

    Figure 48. Anza IV. Terracotta ram's


    O
    4
    X
    3
    head figure, possibly from a cult vase,
    from Square X, 45.

    Affarija
    Gimbutas,Professorof EuropeanArchaeologyandCuratorof Old World
    Archaeologyat the Universityof California,Los Angeles,has excavated
    Neolithicstratifiedsites at Obrein Bosnia,at Sitagroiin Affacedonia
    and at
    Achillefonin Thessalyin additionto Anza. Her most recentbook is, The Gods
    and Goddessesof Old Europe,7000-3500B.C.: Myths,Legendsand Cult
    Images(London.ThamesandHudson,BerkeleyandLos Angeles:Universityof
    CaliforniaPress 1974).

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