Solubility data, however, have indicated that potential reduction in oil

volumesmaybeappreciableifthetrappedoilhasasignificantsolutionGOR
asitperhapshadwhenencroachmentoccurred.
For example, removal of all the solution methane from the N sand crude
wouldresultinarelativeoilvolumereductionof14percentbasedondata
from Standing and PVT analysis. The potential error due to shrinkage is
negative and may be major, depending on the properties of the crude, the
amountofwaterexposureandtherockpropertiesofthesystem.
The effect of the borehole environment (see Figure 1) on log response was
initiallysuspectedtobemajor.Thecasing,thecementsheath,thewellbore
fluidsandthegravelpack,composedofascreenandlinerand0.017x0.033
gravel,couldadverselyaffectlogmeasurements.
While this is the case with the TDTK, fullscale laboratory tests by
Schlumberger indicated that these conditions have minimum affect on the
modified PNC response. Perforations, however, slightly change the apparent
geometry around the borehole and possibly the capillary properties of the
nearby rock. These effects were believed minimal and were not investigated
further.
Xswerecorrectedtoinsitutemperatureandpressureconditions.Some
coolingoftheformationduetoinjectionwasexpected,butaccuraterelative
correctionsofxwouldnotbepossibleifasignificantdifferencein
formationtemperatureoccurredbetweenlogruns.Duetotherelativelysmall
volumeoffluidsinjectedandthetimerequiredforinjection,nosignificant
errorswereintroduced.Maximumrecordingthermometersrunwiththelogs
indicatedatemperaturechangebetweenlogrunsofonlytwoorthreedegrees.
Auniforminjectionprofilewasdesirable,butifforsomereasonthiswas
notobtained,knowledgeoftheactualprofilewouldallowthisdatatobe
screened.Theverylowinjectionratesprecludedtheuseofconventional
techniquesfordefiningtheinjectionprofiles,andapreciseprofilecould
notbeobtainedalthoughthisinformationisdesirable.Contrasting
salinitiesexistedbetweenthetwofluids,thus,theTDTKresponse
representedthebestinjectionmonitoreventhoughitwouldprovideonlya
qualitativeassessmentoftheprofile.Inretrospect,forthispurposeit
wouldhavebeenbettertoinjectthehighsalinityfluidfirst.Approximately
85 barrelsofeachfluidwereinjectedintotheformationtoinsuretotal
displacementofthewateraroundthewellbore.
Thisvolumeofbrinepassesseveralporevolumesthroughthemaximumradius
ofinvestigationoftheloggingdevices.

RESULTS
Thistestyieldedtwoprimarydeterminations.Foremostisthesatisfactory
resolutionofSorusingthemodifiedPNClog.Additionallycalculationswere
madebasedontheTDTKresponseandwerecomparedwithmodifiedPNCresults.
Figure2showsatypicalTDTKresponseforeachofthethreelogruns.
RobinsondeterminedthattheNsandSorwas27.4,28.6and12.0percent
respectivelyforthethreeintervalsanalyzed.Eachofthesezoneshasa
porosityof32.5percent(seeTables1and2).Asummaryoftheaverage
valuesofSorforthissandfromotheravailablesourcesisshowninTable3.
The12percentSorintheintervalfrom7532to7533appearsanomalous.This
intervalisthoughttobedifferentfromtheremainderofthesectionbecause

italonedidnotappeartoinitiallyhavefreegaspresentwhenresultsfrom
thebaselogandLogAarecomparedwiththeresultsfromLogsAandB.
AcomparisonbetweentheresponsesofthemodifiedPNCandtheTDTKisshown
inTables1and2,andFigures3and4.Tables1and2depictthecalculated
valuesfor(ZAzB)and(O*Sw),respectively.Notincludedisthevaluefor
Sorbecauseanindependentmeasureofporosityisrequiredtocalculateits
value.
Thesetablesalsopresentthevaluesof(ZAZB)and(@*Sw)fromtheTDTK
whicharecorrectedfortheeffectofdiffusionusingSchlumbergerscurves
forseveninchcasinginateninchboreholeandfor17and36percent
porosity.Thesecorrectionsarenotsufficienttoreconciletheresultsof
thetwotools,andbecausealargescatterresultedduetothesecorrections,
noattemptwasmadetointerpolatetotheactualporosityof32.5percent.
Thesecurvesdonot,however,includeadiffusioncorrectionforthescreen
andlinerandgravelpack,andthiscouldbethesourceoftheobserved
differencebetweentheresults.Figure3isacomparisonbetween(xAXB)
fortheTDTKandthemodifiedPNCwithstatisticaluncertaintiesindicated.
Figure4comparestheTreadingsforthetools.Thislastfiguresuggestsa
systematicerrorexistsintheTDTKresponseincomparisonwiththemodified
PNC.Analysisofthesedataindicatesthatthestandardtoolshouldnotbe
usedinSordetermination,unlessthenecessarydeparturecurvesforthe
actualconditionsencounteredcanbemadeavailable.However,theTDTKis
usedextensivelyintheS.P.Block27 Fieldtoevaluatedrainageconditionsin
oilandgasreservoirs.

CONCLUSIONS
ThistestverifiesthatSorcanbedeterminedwithgoodaccuracyusingthe
LILPNCtechnique.Thefollowingitemsshouldbecarefullyconsideredby
thoseplanningasimilartest:
1. Fluidsutilizedforinjectionshouldbemixedinsinglebatches.
2. 2.Thetwofluidsinjectedshouldhavethemaximumpossiblecontrastin
salinityorcapturecrosssection.
3. Injectionratesshouldbekeptlowtoavoidstrippingbyviscous
forces.
4. Sufficientfluidmustbeinjectedtoinsurecompletedisplacement
withintheradiusofinvestigationoftheloggingdevice.
5. Alargeexcessofinjectionfluidsshouldnotbeusedbecauseof
possiblevolubilityeffectsandfortheactualvolumeoffluidusedthe
shrinkagefromvolubilityeffectsshouldbeassessed.
6. InjectionprofilesshouldbedeterminedindependentlyofthePNCor TDT
Kmeasurementsifpossible.
7. Theeffectoftemperaturechangescausedbyinjectionsshouldbe
analyzed.
8. Thelikelihoodofthepresenceoffreegasshouldbeconsideredand
stepsshouldbetakentoremoveanyfreegasthatisinitiallypresent.
9. Recognitionshouldbegiventothefactthatforcertainreservoir
crudesafreegasphasecanbecreatedbythepreesuredropassociated
withproducingthewell.Considerationsshouldbethewell.
Considerationsshouldbegiventonotproducingthewellpriortothe
test.
10.Porositymust bedeterminedaccurately.

11.Thetestshouldonlybeperformedinanewlyperforatedinterval
becausetheeffectsofstrippingandchangesinrockcharacteristics
aroundtheboreholecausedbysandproductionandformationslumping
maycausemeasuredSorvaluesnottoagreewiththeactualSorvalues.
Ifanewcompletionisnotavailable,thetestshouldnotberuninor
nearaninjector.
12.OnlythespeciallymodifiedFNCtooloranequivalentdeviceshouldbe
usedpendingdevelopmentofdeparturecurveswhichcorrecttheresponse
ofthestandardtoolsfortheactualconditionsencountered.However,
duetothelargenumberofpossibleboreholeconfigurationsandthe
currentavailabilityofthemodifiedPNCwhichisnotaffectedbythe
borehole,developmentofthesedeparturecurvesmaynotbepractical.

NOMENCLATURE

REFERENCES
1. Richardson,J.E.,Wyman,R.E.,Jorden,J.R.andMitchell,

F.R.:MethodsforDeterminingResidualOilSaturationwith
PulsedNeutronLogs,J.PetroleumTech.(May,1973)593606.
2. Robinson,J.D.:NeutronDecayTimeintheSubsurface:Theory,
ExperimentandanApplicationtoResidualOilDetermination,Paper
SPE5119presentedatSPE49thAnnualFallMeeting,Houston,October6
9,1974.
3. Dalton,R.L.,Deans,H.A.,ShallenbergerL.K.andTomich,J.F.:
SingleWellMethodtoMeasureResidualOilSaturation,J.Petroleum
Tech.(February,1973)211218.
4. Abrams,Albert:TheInfluenceofFluidViscosity,Interracial
Tension,andFlowVelocityonResidualOilSaturationLeftby
Waterflood,PaperSPE5050presentedatSPI49thAnnualFallMeeting,
Houston,October69,1974.
5. Standing,M.B.:VolumetricandPhaseBehaviorofCilFieldHydrocarbon
Systems,ReinholdPublishingCorp.,NewYork(1952)3342.
6. Pickell,J.J.,Swanson,B.F.andHickman,W.B.:TheApplicationof
AirMeccuryandOilAirCapillaryPressureDataintheStudyofPore
StructureandFluidDistribution,SocietyPetroleumEngr.,J.(March,
1966) 55-63.

1.
1. Uncorrecte
dfordiffusioneffects.
2. CorrectedfordiffusioneffectsusingSchlumbergersdeparturecurves
for111/16TDTKin7casingand10borehole(ChartTcor4
Schlumbergerloginterpretationcharts)for0 = 17%.

3. Correctedasabovefor0=36%.

1. Uncorrectedfordiffusioneffects.
2. CorrectedusingSchlumbergersdeparturecurvesfor111/16TDTK
in7casingand10borehole(ChartTcor4Schlumbergerlog
interpretat~oncharts)for0= 17%.
3. Correctedasabovefor0=36%.

*Thisvaluehasnotbeencorrectedforshrinkage;ifapplied,thiscorrection
couldraisethevalueofSortoapproximately33%.
**Formalstatisticaluncertaintyoncurvefitonly.Ashrinkagecorrection
wasassumedandthepartitioningcoefficientfortheweatheredprcduccdcrude
wasassumedapplicabletothetrappedcrude.
***Thesevaluesarefromrubbersleevecoresandarecorrectedforblow
down.