Professional Documents
Culture Documents
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
Standard Practice
Developed and Approved by the
Manufacturers Standardization Society of the
Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc.
127 Park Street, NE
Vienna, Virginia 22180-4602
Phone: (703) 281-6613
Fax: (703) 281-6671
E-mail: standards@mss-hq.org
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
MSS
www.mss-hq.org
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
This MSS Standard Practice was developed under the consensus of the MSS Technical Committee 114 and the MSS
Coordinating Committee. The content of this Standard Practice is the resulting efforts of competent and experienced
volunteers to provide an effective, clear, and non-exclusive standard that will benefit the industry as a whole. This
MSS Standard Practice describes minimal requirements and is intended as a basis for common practice by the
manufacturer, the user, and the general public. The existence of an MSS Standard Practice does not in itself preclude
the manufacture, sale, or use of products not conforming to the Standard Practice. Mandatory conformance to this
Standard Practice is established only by reference in other documents such as a code, specification, sales contract, or
public law, as applicable. MSS has no power, nor does it undertake, to enforce or certify compliance with this
document. Any certification or other statement of compliance with the requirements of this Standard Practice shall
not be attributable to MSS and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.
Unless indicated otherwise within this MSS Standard Practice, other standards documents
referenced to herein are identified by the date of issue that was applicable to this Standard
Practice at the date of approval of this MSS Standard Practice (see Annex B). This Standard
Practice shall remain silent on the validity of those other standards of prior or subsequent dates of
issue even though applicable provisions may not have changed.
By publication of this Standard Practice, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any potential claim(s) or
of any patent rights in connection therewith. MSS shall not be held responsible for identifying any patent rights.
Users are expressly advised that determination of patent rights and the risk of infringement of such rights are entirely
their responsibility.
In this Standard Practice, all text, notes, annexes, tables, figures, and references are construed to be essential to the
understanding of the message of the standard, and are considered normative unless indicated as supplemental. All
appendices, if included, that appear in this document are construed as supplemental. Note that supplemental
information does not include mandatory requirements.
U.S. customary units in this Standard Practice are the standard; (SI) metric units are for reference only.
This document has been substantially revised from the previous 2010 edition. It is
suggested that if the user is interested in knowing what changes have been made,
that direct page by page comparison should be made of this document and that of
the previous edition.
Non-toleranced dimensions in this Standard Practice are nominal and, unless otherwise specified, shall be considered
for reference only.
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
Excerpts of this Standard Practice may be quoted with permission. Credit lines should read Extracted from
MSS SP-134-2012 with permission of the publisher, Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and
Fittings Industry'. Reproduction and/or electronic transmission or dissemination is prohibited under
copyright convention unless written permission is granted by the Manufacturers Standardization Society of
the Valve and Fittings Industry Inc. All rights reserved.
Originally Approved: February 2005
Originally Published: July 2006
Current Edition Approved: December 2011
Current Edition Published: May 2012
MSS is a registered trademark of Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc.
Copyright 2012 by
Manufacturers Standardization Society
of the
Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc.
Printed in U.S.A.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
i
Not for Resale
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
PAGE
SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 1
CLASS/SIZE DESIGNATION ............................................................................................................... 2
MATERIALS .......................................................................................................................................... 2
DESIGN .................................................................................................................................................. 2
GATE AND GLOBE VALVES .............................................................................................................. 3
BALL & BUTTERFLY VALVES .......................................................................................................... 4
EXTENSION LENGTH .......................................................................................................................... 4
FABRICATION ...................................................................................................................................... 4
PRODUCTION PRESSURE TESTING ................................................................................................. 4
LOW TEMPERATURE CRYOGENIC TESTING ................................................................................ 5
TABLE
1
2
A1
A2
FIGURE
1
2
3
4
A1
ANNEX
A Low Temperature Cryogenic Testing .................................................................................................... 11
B Referenced Standards and Applicable Dates ......................................................................................... 15
APPENDIX
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~:::
ii
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
2.7 Non-Cold
Box
Extension
A
body/bonnet extension that is used for valves
that are normally individually insulated.
1
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
1.1 This
Standard
Practice
covers
requirements for material, design, dimensions,
fabrication, non-destructive examination and
pressure testing of stainless steel and other
alloy cryogenic service valves with
body/bonnet extensions. Requirements for
check valves for cryogenic service, which may
not require body/bonnet extensions, are also
covered. This Standard Practice applies to
cryogenic gate, globe, butterfly, ball, and
check valves, and may be used in conjunction
with other valve-specific standards; including
the following identified in this Standard
Practice as a parent standard:
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
3. CLASS/SIZE DESIGNATION
150
900
300
1500
400
2500
600
4500
DN
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
11/4
11/2
2
21/2
3
4
8
10
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
4. MATERIALS
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
2
--`,,```,,,,````-
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
SP-134
STANDARD PRACTICE
Body/Bonnet Extensions
3
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
5.5
SP-134
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
9. FABRICATION
8. EXTENSION LENGTH
8.1 Minimum extension lengths for rising
stem gate/globe valves and for quarter-turn
valves shall be per Tables 1 and 2, unless
otherwise specified in the purchase order.
4
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MSS
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
TABLE 1
Body/Bonnet Extension Length, U.S. Customary Units
Size
(DN)
15
20
25
40
50
80
100
150
200
250
300
Rising-Stem Valves
Cold Box
Non-Cold Box
425
300
425
300
425
300
500
350
500
400
600
450
650
550
750
600
900
700
1000
800
1150
900
6
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
TABLE 2
Body/Bonnet Extension Length, SI (Metric) Units
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
PART NAMES
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
Handwheel Nut
Identification Plate
Handwheel
Stem Nut
Gland
Gland Bolting
Yoke
Packing
Stem
Bonnet Extension
Bonnet Bolting
Bonnet
Gasket
Disc Nut
Disc
Body
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
FIGURE 1
Typical Outside Screw and Yoke Cryogenic Globe Valve
(For Illustration Only)
7
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
PART NAMES
Handwheel Nut
Identification Plate
Handwheel
Stem Nut
Gland Bolting
Gland
Packing
Stem
Bonnet Extension
Bonnet Bolting
Bonnet
Gasket
Seat Ring
Gate
Body
FIGURE 2
Typical Outside Screw and Yoke Cryogenic Gate Valve
(For Illustration Only)
8
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
PART NAMES
Body
Bonnet
Stem
Ball
Thrust Washer
Stem Bushing
Seat
Packing Flange
Gland Bushing
Packing Ring
Stud
Nut
Gasket
Handle
Spring
Bushing
Hex Head Caps Screw
Packing Washer
Extension
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
11.
12.
13.
15.
16.
19.
33.
46.
55.
56.
63.
90.
FIGURE 3
Typical Cryogenic Ball Valve
(For Illustration Only)
9
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
PART NAMES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
FIGURE 4
Typical Cryogenic Butterfly Valve
(For Illustration Only)
10
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Gear Actuator
Handwheel
Handwheel Pin
Mounting Bracket
Mounting Bolt
Upper Journal Bearing
Packing
Housing Extension
Stem
Stop Bearing
Thrust/Journal Bearing
Disk
Body
Packing Stud
Packing Bolt
Packing Follower
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
MSS
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
ANNEX A
Low Temperature Cryogenic Testing
A1. CRYOGENIC VALVE TEST FLUIDS
A1.1 Cryogenic valves constructed of
materials suitable for use in temperatures in the
-150 F to -425 F (-100 C to -255 C) range
(examples: Group 2 and Group 3 materials of
ASME B16.34) and requiring qualification or
production testing by the purchase order shall
be tested using liquid nitrogen as the immersion
and cool down test fluid.
A4. PURGING
A4.1 Gate and globe valves shall be partially
opened and ball and butterfly valves shall be
fully opened prior to immersion in liquid
nitrogen per Section A1.1 or other media per
Section A1.2.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
STANDARD PRACTICE
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
SP-134
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
A4.8.2 Shell test shall be performed while
the valve is still at cryogenic temperatures
from previous seat testing.
shall
be
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
SP-134
13
Not for Resale
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
MSS
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
TABLE A1
Allowable Helium Seat Leakage Rates
for Cryogenic Closure Tests
TABLE A2
Helium Test Pressures
Allowable Leakage
(scc/minute/NPS)
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
Seat Test
Gate, Globe,
Butterfly, Ball
Class
Size*
150
Metal
Seat
25
50
100
High pressure
Seat test for Class 150,
300 & 600 (Table A2)
75
150
300
100
200
400
(barg)
< NPS 24
230
15.8
300
< NPS 24
600
41.4
600
< NPS 18
1200
82.7
800
< NPS 8
1600
110.3
900
< NPS 8
1800
124.1
1500
< NPS 6
1800
124.1
FIGURE A1
Typical Test Set-Up
14
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
High pressure
Seat Test **
(psig)
Check
Soft
Seat
SP-134
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
ANNEX B
Referenced Standards and Applicable Dates
This Annex is an integral part of this Standard Practice and is placed after the main text for convenience.
Standard Name
Description
B16.34-2009
B31.3-2010
BPVC-VIII, Div. 1-2010
API; ANSI/API
6D-2008 (ISO 14313:2007)
600-2009
602-2009
603-2007
608-2008
609-2009
MSS
SP-96-2011
ASME
API
ISO
MSS
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
ASME; ASME/ANSI
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
APPENDIX X1
Guidance for Stem Strength Calculations
This Appendix is supplementary and does not include mandatory requirements.
X1.1 Valve Stems
X1.1.1 Gate and globe valve stems shall have an area and length to diameter (or radius of gyration) ratio that
precludes compression stress yield failure or elastic buckling while under compressive loading. Section 8.1
establishes a minimum extension length dimension that impacts on the stems length/diameter (or radius of
gyration) ratio.
X1.1.2 The following equations shall be used to determine the critical slenderness ratio of globe or gate
valve stems:
L
2CE
=
r
Sy
Equation #1
L
=
d 4
2CE
Sy
Equation #2
Where:
L/r = slenderness ratio for stems made from various stem cross section geometries,
L/d = slenderness ratio for stems made from round bar,
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
= unsupported length of a uniformly straight stem span between the upper stem guide and
stem-to-disc interface (see Figures 1 and 2),
= stem diameter,
Sy
= minimum moment of inertia about axis of bending through stems transverse area centroid,
I/A,
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
Suggested C = 2 for a stem of a globe or gate valve that has a stem guided disc/gate.
Suggested C = 4 for a stem of a globe or gate valve that has a body guided disc/gate.
Other Cs may be used at manufacturers option if representative of the design of their stem end
supports.
16
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
APPENDIX X1 (continued)
Guidance for Stem Strength Calculations
X1.1.3 Using the physical dimensions of the stem intended to be used in the globe or gate valve the stems
actual L/r or L/d ratio shall be determined. The actual ratio shall be compared with that determined by
calculation from Equation #1 or Equation #2. If the actual stem L/r or L/d ratio is greater than that
determined by Equation #1 or Equation #2 the potential failure mode is buckling. Use the methods in
Section X1.1.4.1 to calculate the critical load and safe load requirements. If the actual stem L/r or L/d ratio
is less than that determined by Equation #1 or Equation #2, the potential failure mode is combined
compression/buckling. Use the methods in Section X1.1.4.2 to calculate the critical load and safe load
requirements.
X1.1.4 Critical and Safe Load Calculations
X1.1.4.1 If the stems actual L/d or L/r is greater than that calculated by Equation #1 or Equation #2 the
stems failure mode would be buckling. The stems critical load to cause buckling and safe operating
closing force shall be calculated using Equation #3 and Equation #4:
Fc =
C 2 EA
(L / r )2
Fc =
C 2 EA
16( L / d ) 2
Where:
Fc = critical load to cause buckling.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The Safe Stem Load shall incorporate a factor of safety and be calculated as follows:
FS =
Fc
N
Equation #5
Where:
Fs = safe stem force,
Fc
If the actual closing stem force is less than the critical as determined by Equations #3 or Equation #4 the stem
will be acceptable for use and not expected to fail by buckling, but an appropriate factor of safety shall be
applied by Equation #5 to insure a safe load determination. If the actual stem load is greater than the critical
load (Fc), than the stems cross sectional dimensions shall be increased. Equation #3 or Equation #4 can be
used to determine the stem required cross section dimensions.
Stem dimensional changes will change the stems L/r or L/d ratio, which may move the critical load (Fc)
calculations to the Section X1.1.4.2 method.
17
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
APPENDIX X1 (continued)
Guidance for Stem Strength Calculations
X1.1.4.2 If the stems actual L/r or L/d ratio is less than that calculated from Equation #1 or Equation #2
the stem stress failure mode would be based on combined compression/buckling. The stems critical load
and safe operating closing force shall be calculated using Equations #6 or #7 and #8:
S y ( L / r )2
Fcr = S y A 1
4C 2 E
4 S y ( L / d )2
Fcr = S y A 1
C 2 E
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
Where:
Fcr = critical load to cause combined compression/buckling stem failure,
Other symbols are as defined in Section X1.1.2.
The safe stem load shall be calculated as follows:
Fs =
Fcr
N
Equation #8
Where:
Fs = safe stem force,
N
If the actual closing stem force is less than the safe stem force determined by Equation #6 or Equation #7 the
stem will be acceptable for use and not expected to fail by combined compression/buckling stress. If the actual
stem load is greater than the critical load (Fc) than the stems cross sectional dimensions shall be increased.
Equation #6 or Equation #7 can be used to determine the stem required cross section dimensions. Increased
stem dimensional changes will change the stems L/r or L/d ratio, but for moderate length stems, the method
of Section X1.1.4.2 can be used to validate final stem design.
X1.1.4.3 For stem unsupported spans that fit other column end restraint models, the manufacturer may
develop L/r or L/d equations for determination of the critical load and safe load incorporating a suggested
factor of safety (N) equal to two (2). For stems not of uniform diameter, the manufacturer shall execute
more extensive calculations or tests to assure that stem buckling or combined compression/buckling is
prevented.
X1.1.5 Extended stems in quarter-turn valves shall be proportioned so that, under torsional loading, the stem
torque is limited by the stem angle of twist and as a result also limited by the critical shear stress of the stem
material. Stem diameters and stem lengths shall be proportioned such that maximum applied torque meets the
requirements of Sections X1.1.6 and X1.1.7.
18
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MSS
STANDARD PRACTICE
SP-134
APPENDIX X1 (continued)
Guidance for Stem Strength Calculations
X1.1.6 Quarter-turn valve stem length and diameter combinations that limit stem torsional deflection or
angle of twist to /90 radians (2-degrees) as determined by the following equation:
TL
= GJ
90
Equation #9
Where:
= angle of twist, radians,
T
= length of stem from point of torque application to obturator attachment (see Figures 3 and 4),
= Poissons ratio,
X1.1.7 The stem torque shall not be greater than that which could cause the stem material to exceed its
shear stress limit at the outer fiber as calculated by the following:
TS
d S3 max
16 N
Where:
Ts = the manufacturers designated maximum stem torque,
max = the stem material shear stress limit,
ds = the stem diameter,
N
= 2, a factor of safety.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
X1.1.8 Valves with soft seats or a soft closing member insert to be used with flammable vapors or liquids
shall be designed in such a way that there is electric continuity between the body and stem of the valve. Such
a design must be qualified by testing the maximum electrical resistance, which shall not exceed 10 ohms
across the discharge path. To test for continuity, a new dry valve shall be cycled at least five times, and the
resistance measured using a DC power source not exceeding 12 volts.
X1.1.9 Valves in flammable fluid service shall be of fire-safe design, and in case the valve is equipped with
soft-seats or a soft-closing member, the design shall be successfully fire tested as per API 607, Fire Test for
Quarter-turn Valves and Valves Equipped with Nonmetallic Seats.
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@
19
Copyright MSS
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
SP-54-1999
SP-55-2011
SP-58-2009
SP-60-2012
SP-61-2009
SP-65-2012
SP-67-2011
SP-68-2011
SP-69-2003
SP-70-2011
SP-71-2011
SP-72-2010a
SP-75-2008
SP-78-2011
SP-79-2011
SP-80-2008
SP-81-2006a
SP-83-2006
SP-85-2011
SP-86-2009
SP-87-1991
SP-88-2010
SP-91-2009
SP-92-2012
SP-93-2008
SP-94-2008
SP-95-2006
SP-96-2011
SP-97-2012
SP-98-2012
SP-99-2010
SP-100-2009
SP-101-1989
SP-102-1989
SP-104-2012
SP-105-2010
SP-106-2012
SP-108-2012
SP-109-2012
SP-110-2010
SP-111-2012
SP-112-2010
SP-113-2012
SP-114-2007
SP-115-2010
SP-116-2011
SP-117-2011
SP-118-2007
SP-119-2010
SP-120-2011
SP-121-2006
SP-122-2012
SP-123-1998
SP-124-2012
SP-125-2010
SP-126-2007
SP-127-2001
SP-128-2012
SP-129-2003
SP-130-2003
SP-131-2010
SP-132-2010
SP-133-2010
SP-134-2012
SP-135-2010
SP-136-2007
SP-137-2007
SP-138-2009
SP-139-2010
SP-140-2012
SP-141-2012
SP-142-2012
SP-143-2012
(R YEAR) Indicates year reaffirmed Price List Available Upon Request MSS is an ANSI-accredited American National Standards developer
Copyright MSS
127
Provided by IHS under license with MSS
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Park Street, NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4620 (703) 281-6613 Fax # (703) 281-6671
for Resale
MSS-IHS Not
SP-134-2012
//^:^^#^~^^""~:""~#*^~@^"#:$@^^":#~:~$~::::#^^*^~@^~:\\
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
TITLE
SP-6-2012
SP-9-2008
SP-25-2008
SP-42-2009
SP-43-2008
SP-44-2010
SP-45-2003
SP-51-2012
SP-53-1999