Introduction To Quantum Computation

Introduction to Quantum
Computation
Ritajit Majumdar, Arunabha
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Introduction to Quantum Computation

Part - I
Motivations for Quantum

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Uncertainty Principle
Ritajit Majumdar, Arunabha Saha
Postulates of Quantum
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
University of Calcutta
November 23, 2013
Ritajit Majumdar, Arunabha Saha (CU)
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Computation
Saha
Introduction
Motivations for Quantum Computation
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Linear Algebra
Postulates of Quantum Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Classical Computation vs Quantum

Computation
Computation
Saha
Outline
It may be tempting to say that a quantum computer is

one whose operation is governed by the laws of quantum
mechanics. But since the laws of quantum mechanics
govern the behaviour of all physical phenomena, this
temptation must be resisted.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Computation
Saha
Outline

Moores law roughly stated that computer power will
double for constant cost approximately once every two
years. This worked well for a long time. However, at
present, quantum eects are beginning to interfere in the
functioning of electronic devices as they are made smaller
and smaller.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Computation
Saha
Outline

Moores law roughly stated that computer power will
double for constant cost approximately once every two
years. This worked well for a long time. However, at
present, quantum eects are beginning to interfere in the
functioning of electronic devices as they are made smaller
and smaller.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
One possible solution is to move to a dierent computing

paradigm. One such paradigm is provided by the theory of
quantum computation, which is based on the idea of using
quantum mechanics to perform computations, instead of
classical physics.
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Computation
Computation
Saha
Outline
Quantum systems are exponentially powerful. A system of

500 particles has 2500 computing power. Quantum
Computers provide a neat shortcut for solving a range of
mathematical tasks known as NP-complete problems.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
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Computation
Computation
Saha
Outline
Quantum systems are exponentially powerful. A system of

500 particles has 2500 computing power. Quantum
Computers provide a neat shortcut for solving a range of
mathematical tasks known as NP-complete problems.
For example, factorisation is an exponential time task for
classical computers. But Shors quantum algorithm for
factorisation is a polynomial time algorithm. It has
successfully broken RSA cryptosystem.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/crypto.jpg
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Faster than light (?) communication.
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Highly parallel and efficient quantum algorithms.
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Quantum Cryptography.
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
and many more...
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Qubits: The building blocks of Quantum

Computer
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
In classical computer, bits of digital information are either 0 or

1. In a quantum computer, these bits are replaced by a
superposition of both 0 and 1.
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
1 or
their linear combination.
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Qubits: The building blocks of Quantum

Computer
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
In classical computer, bits of digital information are either 0 or

1. In a quantum computer, these bits are replaced by a
superposition of both 0 and 1.
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
Qubits are represented as |0i and |1i . Qubits have been

created in the laboratory using photons, ions and certain sorts
of atomic nuclei.
1 or
their linear combination.
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Computation
Superposition Principle

Saha
Suppose we have a k-level system. So there are k

distinguishable or classical states for the system.
The possible classical states for the system: 0, 1, ..., k
Outline
Introduction
1.

Computation
Qubit
Superposition Principle
Linear Algebra
If a quantum system can be in one of k states, it can also be in

any linear superposition of those k states.
Mechanics
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Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/superposition1.jpg
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Computation
Superpostition Principle

Saha
|0i, |1i, ..., |k 1i are called the basis states. The

superposition is denoted as a linear combination of these basis.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
0 |0i + 1 |1i + ... + k
|k
1i
where,
Qubit
Linear Algebra
i 2 C
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
X
i
|i |2 = 1
(more on this later)

Two level systems are called qubits. (k = 2)
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Qubit: Physical Interpretation
Computation
Saha
We may have various interpretations of qubits.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
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Computation
Saha

Consider a Hydrogen atom. This atom may be treated as
a qubit. To do so, we define the ground energy state of
the electron as |0i and the first energy state as |1i.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha

Consider a Hydrogen atom. This atom may be treated as
a qubit. To do so, we define the ground energy state of
the electron as |0i and the first energy state as |1i.
The electron dwells in some linear superposition of these
two energy levels. But during measurement, we shall find
the electron in any one of the energy states.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/qubit1.png
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Other examples of Qubits
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction

/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/photon.jpg
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Figure : Photon Polarization: The orientation of electrical field

oscillation is either horizontal or vertical.
Mechanics
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Reference
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Other examples of Qubits
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction

/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/photon.jpg
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Figure : Photon Polarization: The orientation of electrical field

oscillation is either horizontal or vertical.
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/spin.jpg
Figure : Electron spin: The spin is either up or down

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Qubit: Mathematical model
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Mathematically, a quantum state (which, as we shall see later,

is a vector) is represented by a column matrix. The two
fundamental states that we introduced before, |0i and |1i form
an orthonormal basis. We shall see more of orthonormality
when we see inner products.
The matrix representation of |0i and |1i:
1
|0i =
0
0
|1i =
1

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
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Computation

Saha
So a general quantum state | i = |0i +

as
|1i is represented
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/basis1.jpg
Mechanics
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Reference
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Computation

Saha
So a general quantum state | i = |0i +

as
|1i is represented
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/basis1.jpg
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
The matrix notation will be

| i=
=
+0
0+
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Computation
Qubit: Sign Basis

|0i and |1i are called bit basis since they can be thought of as
the quantum counter-parts of classical bits 0 and 1
respectively. However, they are not the only possible basis. We
may have infinitely many orthonormal basis for a given space.

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Another basis, called the sign basis, is denoted as |+i and | i.

|+i =
| i=
p1
2
p1
2
|0i +
|0i
p1
2
p1
2
|1i
|1i
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/basis.jpg
Figure : Geometrical model of bit basis and sign basis

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Qubit: Change of Basis
Computation
Saha
Outline
Measure | i =
1
2
|0i +
3
2
Introduction
|1i in |+i/| i basis.

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
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Computation

Saha
Outline
Measure | i =
1
2
|0i +
3
2
Introduction

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
It can be checked that:

|0i =
|1i =
p1
2
p1
2
|+i +
|+i
p1
2
p1
2
| i
| i
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha
Outline
Measure | i =
1
2
|0i +
3
2
Introduction

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra

|0i =
|1i =
| i=
1
2
|0i +
3
2
p1
2
p1
2
|+i +
|+i
p1
2
p1
2
| i
| i
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
|1i
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Computation

Saha
Outline
Measure | i =
1
2
|0i +
3
2
Introduction

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra

|0i =
|1i =
p1
2
p1
2
|+i +
|+i
p1
2
p1
2
Mechanics
| i
| i
Next Presentation
Reference
| i = 12 |0i + 23 |1i
= 12 ( p12 |+i + p12 | i) +
3 p1
2 ( 2
|+i +
p1
2
| i)
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Computation

Saha
Outline
Measure | i =
1
2
|0i +
3
2
Introduction

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
|0i =
|1i =
p1
2
p1
2
|+i +
|+i
p1
2
p1
2
Mechanics
| i
| i
Next Presentation
Reference
| i = 12 |0i + 23 |1i
= 12 ( p12 |+i + p12 | i) +
= (2
1
p
p
p3 ) |+i
2 2
3 p1
2 ( 2 |+i
p
1
p3 ) |
( 2p
2
2 2
+
i
p1
2
| i)
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Computation
Linear Algebra

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/la2.png
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Linear Algebra
A very short introduction
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Vector Space

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
A vector space consists of vectors(|i , | i , | i), together

with a set of scalars(a, b, c,....)2 , which is closed under two
operations:
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Vector addition
2 the
Reference
scalars can be complex numbers
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Computation
Vector Space

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
A vector space consists of vectors(|i , | i , | i), together

with a set of scalars(a, b, c,....)2 , which is closed under two
operations:
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Vector addition
Reference
Scalar multiplication
2 the
scalars can be complex numbers
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Computation
Vector Addition

Saha
Outline
The sum of any two vectors is another vector

|i + | i = | i
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
3 |0i
and 0 are dierent
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Computation
Vector Addition

Saha
Outline

|i + | i = | i
Vector addition is commutative
|i + | i = | i + |i
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
3 |0i
and 0 are dierent
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Computation
Vector Addition

Saha
Outline

|i + | i = | i
|i + | i = | i + |i
It is associative also
|i + (| i + | i) = (|i + | i) + | i
3 |0i
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
and 0 are dierent
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Computation
Vector Addition

Saha
Outline

|i + | i = | i
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
|i + | i = | i + |i
|i + (| i + | i) = (|i + | i) + | i
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
There exists a zero(or null) vector with the property

|i + |0i = |i ,
3 |0i
8 |i
and 0 are dierent
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Computation
Vector Addition

Saha
Outline

|i + | i = | i
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
|i + | i = | i + |i
|i + (| i + | i) = (|i + | i) + | i
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
There exists a zero(or null) vector with the property

|i + |0i = |i ,
8 |i
For every vector |i there is an associative inverse

vector(| i) such that
|i + | i = |0i
3 |0i
and 0 are dierent
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Computation
Scalar Multiplication

Saha
Outline
The product of any scalar with any vector is another

vector
a |i = | i
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
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Computation

Saha
Outline

vector
a |i = | i
Scalar multiplication is distributive w.r.t vector addition

a(|i + | i) = a |i + a | i
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha
Outline

vector
a |i = | i

a(|i + | i) = a |i + a | i
And with respect to scalar addition also

(a + b) |i = a |i + b |i
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha
Outline

vector
a |i = | i

a(|i + | i) = a |i + a | i

(a + b) |i = a |i + b |i
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
It is also associative w.r.t ordinary scalar multiplication

a(b |i) = (ab) |i
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Computation

Saha
Outline

vector
a |i = | i

a(|i + | i) = a |i + a | i

(a + b) |i = a |i + b |i
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
It is also associative w.r.t ordinary scalar multiplication

a(b |i) = (ab) |i
Multiplication by scalars 0 and 1 has the eect

0 |i = |0i ;
1 |i = |i
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Computation
Basis Vectors

Saha
Linear combination of vectors |i, | i, | i,... is of the form

|i + | i + | i + . . .
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
A vector | i is said to be linearly independent of the set

of vectors |i, | i, | i,. . . ,if it cannot be written as a
linear combination of them.
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Basis Vectors

Saha

|i + | i + | i + . . .
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit

A set of vectors is linearly independent if each one is
independent of all the rest.
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Basis Vectors

Saha

|i + | i + | i + . . .
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit

Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
If every vector can be written as a linear combination of

members of this set then the collection of vectors said to
span the space.
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Computation
Basis Vectors

Saha

|i + | i + | i + . . .
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit

Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference

span the space.
A set of linearly independent vectors that spans the space
is called a basis.
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Computation
Basis Vectors

Saha

|i + | i + | i + . . .
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit

Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference

span the space.
A set of linearly independent vectors that spans the space
is called a basis.
The number of vectors in any basis is called the
dimension of space.
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Computation
Inner product

Saha
Outline
An inner product is a function which takes two vectors as input

an gives a complex number as output.
The dual(or complex conjugate) of any vector |i is h|
|i = h|
4 This
is a complex number;h| i 2 C

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
The inner product of two vectors (|i, | i) written as h| i4

which has the properties:
h| i = h |i
Introduction
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Inner product

Saha
Outline

|i = h|

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra

h| i = h |i
Introduction
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
h|i > 0, and h|i = 0 , |i = |0i
4 This
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Computation
Inner product

Saha
Outline

|i = h|

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra

h| i = h |i
Introduction
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
h|i > 0, and h|i = 0 , |i = |0i

h| (b | i + c | i) = b h| i + c h| i
4 This
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Computation
Inner Product Space

Saha
A vector space with an inner product is called inner product

space.
i.e. the above conditions satisfied for any vectors
|i, | i, | i 2 V and for any scalar c
n
e.g. C has an inner product defined by
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
2 3
b1
X
6 7
h| i
ai bi = [a1 . . . an ] 4 ... 5
i
Next Presentation
Reference
bn
2 3
2 3
a1
b1
6 .. 7
6 .. 7
where |i = 4 . 5 and | i = 4 . 5
an
bn
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Computation
Orthonormal Set
Inner product of any vector with itself gives a non-negative
number its square-root of is real which is called norm
p
k k= h|i
It also termed as length of the vector.

A unit vector one whose norm is 1 is said to be normalized5 .

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
5 Normalization:
|ek i =
|ki
kkk
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Computation
Orthonormal Set
p
k k= h|i

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra

Two vectors whose inner product is zero is said to be

orthogonal
Next Presentation
Mechanics
Reference
h|i = 0
5 Normalization:
|ek i =
|ki
kkk
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Computation
Orthonormal Set
p
k k= h|i

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra

Two vectors whose inner product is zero is said to be

orthogonal
Next Presentation
Mechanics
Reference
h|i = 0
A mutually collection of orthogonal normalized vectors is
called an orthonormal set
(
= 0, i = j
hi |j i = ij , where ij
6= 0, i 6= j
5 Normalization:
|ek i =
|ki
kkk
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Computation
Orthonormal Set(Contd.)

Saha
Outline
Introduction
If an orthonormal basis is chosen then the inner product of

two vectors can be written as
h| i =
a1 b1
a2 b2
+ ... +
an bn
hence the norm(squared)

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
h|i = |a1 | + |a2 | + . . . + |an |
Reference
each components are

aj = hej |i ,
where ej s are basis vector
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Computation
Linear Operator and Matrices

Saha
A linear operator between vector spaces V and W is

defined to be any function A : V ! W which is linear in
its inputs
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
X
i
ai | i i
Linear Algebra
X
i
ai A(| i i)
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha

its inputs
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
X
i
ai | i i
Linear Algebra
X
i
ai A(| i i)
another linear operator on any vector space V is Identity

operator, Iv defined as Iv | i | i.
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha

its inputs
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
X
i
ai | i i
Linear Algebra
X
i
ai A(| i i)

Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
Zero operator which maps all vectors to zero vector,

0 | i |0i.
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Computation

Saha

its inputs
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
X
i
ai | i i
Linear Algebra
X
i
ai A(| i i)

Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
Zero operator which maps all vectors to zero vector,

0 | i |0i.
Let V, W, X are vector spaces, and A : V ! W and

B : W ! X are linear operators. Then the composition of
operators B and A denoted by BA and defined by
(BA)(| i) B(A(| i))
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Matrix Representation of Linear Operators
Computation
Saha
already we have seen that matrices can be regarded as

linear operators..!!
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha

does linear operators has a matrix representation..??!
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
/Users/mindSpace/Deskto
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha

Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
yes it has..!!
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha

Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
yes it has..!!
say, A : V ! W is a linear operator between vector spaces
V and W. Let the basis set for V and W are
(| 1 i , . . . , | m i) and (|!1 i , . . . , |!n i) respectively. Then
we can say For each k in 1,2,....,m, there exist complex
numbers A1k through Ank such that
A|
ki
X
i
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
Aik |!i i
The matrix whose entries are Aik is the matrix

representation of the linear operator.
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Computation
Identity Matrix

Saha
Outline
The exotic way to express 1
Introduction
Definition

Computation
Identity matrix is one with the main diagonals and zeros

everywhere. it is denoted by In or I
Qubit
Matrix representation of Identity operator

2
3
1 0 ... 0
6 0 1 . . . 07
6
7
6 .. .. . . .. 7
4.. . .5
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
0 0 ... 1
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Computation
Identity Matrix

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Definition

Computation

Qubit

2
3
1 0 ... 0
6 0 1 . . . 07
6
7
6 .. .. . . .. 7
4.. . .5
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
0 0 ... 1
It satisfies the property In A = AIn = A
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Identity Matrix

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Definition

Computation

Qubit

2
3
1 0 ... 0
6 0 1 . . . 07
6
7
6 .. .. . . .. 7
4.. . .5
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
0 0 ... 1
compact notation: (In )ij =
ij
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Computation
Identity Matrix

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Definition

Computation

Qubit

2
3
1 0 ... 0
6 0 1 . . . 07
6
7
6 .. .. . . .. 7
4.. . .5
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
0 0 ... 1
compact notation: (In )ij =
ij
It satisfies Idempotent law, I.I = I
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Pauli Matrices

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Pauli matrices are named after the physicist Wolfgang

Pauli.

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Pauli Matrices

Saha
Outline
Introduction

Pauli.
These are a set of 2 x 2 complex matrices which are
Hermitian and unitary.

Computation
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Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Pauli Matrices

Saha
Outline
Introduction

Pauli.
These are a set of 2 x 2 complex matrices which are
Hermitian and unitary.
They look like
10
,
01
0
Y
i

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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i
,
0
X
3
Reference
01
10
1
0
0
1
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Computation
Pauli Matrices(properties)

Saha
Some properties of Pauli matrices

2
1
2
2
2
3
1 2 3
Outline
1 0
=I
0 1
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha

2
1
2
2
det( i ) =
2
3
1 2 3
Outline
1 0
=I
0 1
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha

2
1
2
2
det( i ) =
2
3
1 2 3
Outline
1 0
=I
0 1
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Tr ( i ) = 0
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha

2
1
2
2
det( i ) =
2
3
1 2 3
Outline
1 0
=I
0 1
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Tr ( i ) = 0
Each Pauli matrices has two eigenvalues +1 and -1.
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha

2
1
2
2
det( i ) =
2
3
1 2 3
Outline
1 0
=I
0 1

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Tr ( i ) = 0
Each Pauli matrices has two eigenvalues +1 and -1.
Normalized eigenvectors are

1
1
1
p
p
,
x+ =
x =
2 1
2

1
1
1
p
p
,
y+ =
y =
2
2
i

1
0
,
z+ =
z =
0
1
Introduction
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
1
1
1
i
November 23, 2013
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Pauli Matrices and Quantum Computation
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Pauli matrices are used here as rotation6 operators.
Linear Algebra
On the basis of Pauli matrices the X, Y, Z quantum gates are

designed.
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
The Pauli-X gate is the quantum equivalent of NOT

/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images
gate. It maps |0i to |1i and |1i to |0i.
6 rotation
7 all
of Bloch sphere
acts on single qubit
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Pauli-Y gate maps |0i to |1i and |1i to
|0i.
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Pauli-Y gate maps |0i to |1i and |1i to
|0i.
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop
Pauli-Z gate leaves the basis state |0i unchanged and

maps |1i to -|1i.
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/sigz.jpg
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Hilbert Space

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Hilbert Space
/Users/mindSpace/D
Mechanics
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Reference
Wave functions live in Hilbert space
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Hilbert Space: Few Basics
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
The mathematical concept of Hilbert space named after

David Hilbert, but this term coined by John von Neumann.

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
8 any Cauchy sequence of functions in Hilbert space converges to a

function that is also in the space.
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction


Computation
Basically this is the generalization of the notion of

Euclidean space i.e. it extends the methods of algebra
and calculus of 2D Euclidean plane and 3D space to space
of any finite or infinite dimensions.
Linear Algebra
Qubit
Mechanics
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Reference

November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction


Computation

Linear Algebra
Hilbert space is an abstract vector space with inner

product defined in it, which allows length and angle to be
measured.
Reference
Qubit
Mechanics
Next Presentation

November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction


Computation

Linear Algebra
Hilbert space is an abstract vector space with inner

product defined in it, which allows length and angle to be
measured.
Reference
Qubit
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Hilbert space must be complete.8

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Hilbert Space: Formal Approach
Computation
Saha
The set of all functions of x constitute a vector space. To

represent a possible physical state,the wave function needed to
be normalized
R
| |2 dx h | i = 1
The set of all square-integrable functions on a specified
interval,9
Rb
f (x) such that a |f (x)|2 dx < 1,
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
constitutes a smaller vector space. It is known to

mathematician as L2 (a, b); physicists call it Hilbert space.
Definition
A Euclidean space Rn is a vector space
pendowed with the inner
product hx|y i = hy |xi norm k x k= hx|xi and associated metric
k x y k, such that every Cauchy sequence takes a limit in Rn .
This makes Rn a Hilbert space.
9 The
limits(a and b) can be 1
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Computation
Observables

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Observables
/Users/mindSpace/D
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
woow..! It looks good..!!
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Observables

Saha
Outline
A system observable is a measurable operator, where the

property of the system state can be determined by some
sequence of physical operations.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Observables

Saha
Outline

In quantum mechanics the measurement process aects
the state in a non-deterministic, but in a statistically
predictable way. In particular, after a measurement is
applied, the state description by a single vector may be
destroyed, being replaced by a statistical ensemble.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Observables

Saha
Outline

In quantum mechanics the measurement process aects
the state in a non-deterministic, but in a statistically
predictable way. In particular, after a measurement is
applied, the state description by a single vector may be
destroyed, being replaced by a statistical ensemble.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
In quantum mechanics each dynamical variable (e.g.

position, translational momentum, orbital angular
momentum, spin, total angular momentum, energy, etc.)
is associated with a Hermitian operator that acts on the
state of the quantum system and whose eigenvalues
correspond to the possible values of the dynamical
variable.
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Computation
Observables

Saha
Outline
Introduction
e.g. let |i is an eigenvector of the observable A, with

eigenvalue a and exits in a d-dimensional Hilbert space,
then
A |i = a |i

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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November 23, 2013
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Computation
Observables

Saha
Outline
Introduction

then
A |i = a |i
This equation states that if a measurement of the

observable A is made while the system of interest is in
state |i, then the observed value of the particular
measurement must return the eigenvalue a with certainty.
If the system is in the general state | i 2 H then the
eigenvalue a return with probability | h| i |2 (Born rule).

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Observables

Saha
Outline
Introduction

then
A |i = a |i
This equation states that if a measurement of the

observable A is made while the system of interest is in
state |i, then the observed value of the particular
measurement must return the eigenvalue a with certainty.
If the system is in the general state | i 2 H then the
eigenvalue a return with probability | h| i |2 (Born rule).

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
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Reference
More precisely, the observables are Hermitian operator

so its represented by Hermitian matrix.
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Hermitian Operator

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Hermitian
/Users/mindSpace/D
Mechanics
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Reference
hmmm...sounds like me!! is it a new breed ??!!
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Hermitian Operator

Saha
Outline
Introduction
No, its nothing new. Its the self-adjoint operator.

Computation
Qubit
Definition
Linear Algebra
Hermitian matrix is a square matrix with complex entries that

is equal to its own conjugate transpose i.e. the element in
the i-th row and j-th column is equal to the complex conjugate
of the element in the j-th row and i-th column, for all indices i
and j.
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
mathematically aij = aji or in matrix notation, A = (AT )

In compact notation, A = A
November 23, 2013
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Hermitian Operators: Expectation Value
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
As previously said that the measurements are

non-deterministic, so we can get a probabilistic measure of any
observable, that is known as expectation value
D
E
R
=
hQi
Q =
Q
Operators representing observables have the very special
property that,D
E D
E
= Qf
f
f Qf
8f (x)

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
More strong condition

D
E forDhermiticity,
E
g
f Qg = Qf
8f (x) and g (x)
November 23, 2013
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Hermitian Operators:Properties
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Eigenvalues of Hermitian operators are real.
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit

Eigenfunctions belonging to distinct eigenvalues are
orthogonal.
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit

Eigenfunctions belonging to distinct eigenvalues are
orthogonal.
The eigenfunctions of a Hermitian operator is complete.
Any function(in Hilbert space) can be expressed as the
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/uncertain.jpg
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Wave Particle Duality

Saha
According to de Broglie hypothesis:
Outline
Introduction
p=
2~
where p is the momentum, is the wavelength and h is called

Planks constant. It has a value of 6.63 10 34 Joule-sec.
h
~ = 2
is called the reduced Plank constant.

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Wave Particle Duality

Saha
According to de Broglie hypothesis:
Outline
Introduction
p=
2~
where p is the momentum, is the wavelength and h is called

Planks constant. It has a value of 6.63 10 34 Joule-sec.
h
~ = 2
is called the reduced Plank constant.
This formula essentially states that every particle has a wave
nature and vice versa.

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/duality.jpg
November 23, 2013
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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
The Uncertainty Principle is a direct consequence of the wave

particle duality. The wavelength of a wave is well defined, while
asking for its position is absurd. Vice versa is the case for a
particle. And from de Broglie hypothesis, we get that
momentum is inversely proportional to wavelength. Since every
substance has both wave and particle nature -

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
One can never know with perfect accuracy both the position
and the momentum of a particle.
November 23, 2013
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Uncertainty Principle: Mathematical Notation
Computation
Saha
According to Heisenberg, the uncertainty in the position and

momentum of a substance must be at least as big as ~2 . So we
can write the mathematical notation of the uncertainty
principle:
x. p
~
2
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/identity.jpg
November 23, 2013
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Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
Computation
Saha
Not only is the Universe stranger than we

think, it is stranger than we can think
- Warner Heisenberg
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/quantum.png
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Quantum Mechanics

Saha
By the late nineteenth century the laws of physics were

based on Mechanics and laws of Gravitation from Newton,
Maxwells equations describing Electricity and Magnetism
and on Statistical Mechanics describing the state of large
collection of matter.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Quantum Mechanics

Saha

These laws of physics described nature very well under
most conditions. However, some experiments of the late
19th and early 20th century could not be explained.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Quantum Mechanics

Saha

Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
The problems with classical physics led to the development

of Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity.
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Quantum Mechanics

Saha

Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
The problems with classical physics led to the development

of Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity.
Some of the problems leading to the development of
Quantum Mechanics are
I
I
I
I
Black Body Radiation

Photoelectric Eect
Double Slit Experiment
Compton Scattering
November 23, 2013
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Double Slit Experiment: Setup
Computation
Saha
This experiment shows an aberrant result which cannot be

explained using classical laws of physics.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Double Slit Experiment: Setup
Computation
Saha
This experiment shows an aberrant result which cannot be

explained using classical laws of physics.
The experiment setup consists of a monochromatic source of
light and two extremely small slits, big enough for only one
photon particle to pass through it.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/ds1.png
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Double Slit Experiment: One Slit Open

Saha
If initially only one slit is open, we get a probability distribution

as shown in figure.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
So if the two slits are opened individually, the two distinct

probability distributations are obtained in the screen.
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Double Slit Experiment: The Classical

Expectation

Saha
Outline
Since the opening of two slits individually are independent

events, classically we expect that if the two slits are opened
together, the two probability distributions should add up giving
the new probability distribution.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Double Slit Experiment: The Anomaly
Computation
Saha
What we observe in reality when both slits are opened

together, is an interference pattern.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Double Slit Experiment: Quantum Explanation

Saha
There is no classical explanation to this observation.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha

However, using quantum mechanics, it can be explained.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation

Saha

However, using quantum mechanics, it can be explained.
It is the wave particle duality of light that is responsible
for such aberrant observation. The wave nature of light is
responsible for the interference pattern observed.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Double Slit Experiment: Complete Picture
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/doubleslit.jpg
Next Presentation
Reference
Figure : Double Slit Experiment showing the anomaly - deviation of

the observed result from the one predicted by Classical Physics.
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Nobody understands Quantum Mechanics
Computation
Saha
Outline
Quantum mechanics is a very counter-intuitive theory.

The results of quantum mechanics is nothing like what we
experience in everyday life. It is just that nature behaves
very strangely at the level of elementary particles. And
this strange way is described by quantum mechanics.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Nobody understands Quantum Mechanics
Computation
Saha
Outline
Quantum mechanics is a very counter-intuitive theory.

The results of quantum mechanics is nothing like what we
experience in everyday life. It is just that nature behaves
very strangely at the level of elementary particles. And
this strange way is described by quantum mechanics.
In fact, so strange is the theory that Richard Feynman
once said
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/feynman.jpg
November 23, 2013
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1st Postulate: State Space
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Postulate 1
Associated to any isolated system is a Hilbert Space called the
state space. The system is completely defined by the state
vector, which is a unit vector in the state space.

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/state.png
November 23, 2013
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State Vector: Mathematical Realisation
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Let us consider a quantum state | i = |0i +
|1i
Since a state is a unit vector, the norm of the vector must be

unity, or in mathematical notation,
h | i=1
Hence, the condition that | i is a unit vector is equivalent to

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
||2 + | |2 = 1
This condition is called the normalization condition of the state
vector.
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State: Why unit vector?
Computation
Saha
Outline
Let | i = 0 |0i + 1 |1i + . . . + k 1 |k 1i be a quantum

state. As we shall see later, the superposition is not observable.
When a state is observed, it collapses into one of the basis
states.
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/superposition.jpg
November 23, 2013
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State: Why unit vector?
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
The square of the amplitude |i |2 gives the probability that the

system collapses to the state |ii.
Since the total probability is always 1, we must have:
P
|i |2 = 1
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
This condition is satisfied only when the state vector is a unit

vector.
November 23, 2013
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Computation
2nd Postulate: Evolution

Saha
Postulate 2
Outline
The evolution of a closed quantum system is described by a

unitary transformation.
That is, if | 1 i is the state of the system at time t1 and |
time t2 , then:
|
2 i = U(t1 , t2 ) |
where U(t1 , t2 ) is a unitary operator.
1i
2i
Introduction
Computation
at
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
2nd Postulate: Evolution

Saha
Postulate 2
Outline
The evolution of a closed quantum system is described by a

unitary transformation.
That is, if | 1 i is the state of the system at time t1 and |
time t2 , then:
|
2 i = U(t1 , t2 ) |
where U(t1 , t2 ) is a unitary operator.
2i
1i
Introduction
Computation
at
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/evolution.png
Figure : Quantum systems evolve by the rotation of the Hilbert

Space
November 23, 2013
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Time Evolution: Schrodinger Equation
Computation
Saha
Outline
The time evolution of a closed quantum system is given by the

Schrodinger Equation:
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
i~ d|dt i
=H| i
where H is the hamiltonian and it is defined as the total energy

(kinetic + potential) of the system.
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Time Evolution: Schrodinger Equation
Computation
Saha
Outline
The time evolution of a closed quantum system is given by the

Schrodinger Equation:
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
i~ d|dt i
=H| i
Linear Algebra
where H is the hamiltonian and it is defined as the total energy

(kinetic + potential) of the system.
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
The connection between the hamitonian picture and the

unitary operator picture is given by:
|
2i
= exp
iH(t2 t1 )
~
where we define, U(t1 , t2 ) exp
1i
= U(t1 , t2 ) |
1i
iH(t2 t1 )
~
November 23, 2013
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Attempt at 3rd Postulate
Computation
Saha
Unlike classical physics, measurement in quantum

mechanics is not deterministic. Even if we have the
complete knowledge of a system, we can at most predict
the probability of a certain outcome from a set of possible
outcomes.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha

outcomes.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
If we have a quantum state | i = |0i + |1i, then the

probability of getting outcome |0i is ||2 and that of |1i is
| |2 .
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha

outcomes.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra

| |2 .
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
After measurement, the state of the system collapses to

either |0i or |1i with the said probability.
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Saha

outcomes.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra

| |2 .
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
After measurement, the state of the system collapses to

either |0i or |1i with the said probability.
However, after measurement if the new state of the
system is |0i (say), then further measurements in the
same basis gives outcome |0i with probability 1.
November 23, 2013
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3rd Postulate: Measurement
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Postulate 3

Computation
Quantum measurements are described by a collection {Mm } of

measurement operators. The index m refers to the
measurement outcomes that may occur in the experiment. If
the state of the quantum system is | i before experiment, then
the probability that result m occurs is given by,
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
p(m) = h | Mm .Mm | i
And the state of the system after measurement is
p
Mm | i
h |Mm .Mm | i
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So what is the Big Deal?
Computation
Saha
The postulate states that a quantum system stays in a

superposition when it is not observed. When a measurement is
done, it immediately collapses to one of its eigenstates. Hence
we can never observe what the original superposition of the
system was. We merely observe the state after it collapses.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
This inherent ambiguity provides an excellent security in

Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/observe.jpg
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Schrodingers Cat

Saha
This is a thought experiment proposed by Erwin

Schrodinger.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Schrodingers Cat

Saha

Schrodinger.
Place a cat in a steel chamber with a device containing a
vial of hydrocyanic acid and a radioactive substance. If
even a single atom of the substance decays, it will trip a
hammer and break the vial which in turn kills the cat.
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Schrodingers Cat

Saha

Schrodinger.
Outline
Introduction


Computation
Without opening the box, an observer cannot know

whether the cat is alive or dead. So the cat may be said
to be in a superposition of the two states.
Mechanics
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Next Presentation
Reference
November 23, 2013
63 / 70
Computation
Schrodingers Cat

Saha

Schrodinger.
Outline
Introduction


Computation
Without opening the box, an observer cannot know

whether the cat is alive or dead. So the cat may be said
to be in a superposition of the two states.
Mechanics
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Next Presentation
Reference
However, when the box is opened, we observe

deterministically that the cat is either dead or alive. We
can, by no means, observe the superposition.
/Users/mindSpace/Desktop/Images1/Schrodinger_
November 23, 2013
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4th Postulate: Composite System
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
What we have seen so far was a single qubit system. What

happens when there are multiple qubits? This is given by the
last postulate:

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Postulate 4
Next Presentation
The state space of a composite physical system is the tensor

product of the state spaces of the component physical systems.
Moreover, if we have n systems, and the system number i is
prepared in state | i i, then the joint state of the total system is
|
1i
2i
... |
Reference
ni
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Two Qubit System

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Let us consider a two qubit system. Classically, with two bits,

we can have 4 states - 00, 01, 10, 11. A quantum system is a
linear superposition of all these four states.
So, a general two qubit quantum state can be represented as
| i = 00 |00i + 01 |01i + 10 |10i + 11 |11i
10

Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
where,
|00 |2 + |01 |2 + |10 |2 + |11 |2 = 1
10 |0i
|0i |0i |0i |00i
November 23, 2013
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Measurement in Two Qubit System
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Measurement is similar to single qubit system. When we

measure the two qubit system we get outcome j with
probability |j |2 and the new state will be |ji.
That is for the system
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
| i = 00 |00i + 01 |01i + 10 |10i + 11 |11i,

we get outcome |00i with probability |00 |2 and the new state
of the system will be |00i.
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Computation
Partial Measurement

Saha
Outline
So what if we want to measure only the first qubit? Or maybe

only the second one?
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
We take the same two qubit system,

| i = 00 |00i + 01 |01i + 10 |10i + 11 |11i,
If only the first qubit is measured then we get the outcome |0i
for the first qubit with probability |00 |2 + |01 |2
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
and the state collapses to

01 |01i
| i = p00 |00i+
2
2
|00 | +|01 |
November 23, 2013
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Coming up in next talk...
Computation
Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Einstein-Polosky-Rosen (EPR) Paradox
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Bell State
Quantum Entanglement
Density Matrix Notation of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Gates
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
and many more...
November 23, 2013
68 / 70
Computation
Reference

Saha
Michael A. Nielsen, Isaac Chuang

Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
Cambridge University Press
David J. Griffiths
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition
Umesh Vazirani, University of California Berkeley
Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Computation
https://class.coursera.org/qcomp-2012-001/
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
Mechanics
Next Presentation
Reference
Michael A. Nielsen, University of Queensland

Quantum Computing for the determined
http://michaelnielsen.org/blog/
quantum-computing-for-the-determined/
James Branson, University of California San Diego
Quantum Physics (UCSD Physics 130)
http://quantummechanics.ucsd.edu/ph130a/130_
notes/130_notes.html
November 23, 2013
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Computation
Reference

Saha
Outline
Introduction
Computation
Qubit
Linear Algebra
N. David Mermin, Cornell University

Lecture Notes on Quantum Computation
Mechanics
Next Presentation
http://www.wikipedia.org
Reference
November 23, 2013
70 / 70

Introduction To Quantum Computation

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Introduction To Quantum Computation

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Highly parallel and efficient quantum algorithms.

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