qristianobis leqsikoni

qristianobis
leqsikoni
piero petrozilo

sulxan-saba orbelianis
saswavlo universitetis gamocema
Tbilisi
2011

Piero Petrosillo
Il Cristianesimo
dalla A alla Z
Lessico delle fede cristiana
Milano
Edizioni San Paolo
1995

italiuridan Targmna
marika saakaSvilma
redaqtori
merab RaRaniZe

ydaze:
bernardo dadi, netari qalwuli mariamis gvirgviniT Semkoba (1340)
ydis dizaineri
zaza CugoSvili

sulxan-saba orbelianis

ISBN 978-9941-0-3408-4

saswavlo universiteti
qristianuli Teologiisa da
kulturis centri

sarCevi
merab RaRaniZe
qristianobis leqsikonis gamo 6

a 11
b 33
g 
47
d 
58
e 71
v 90
z 
100
T 
103
i 
114
k 
136
l 
167
m 
179
n 225
o 
233
p 
239
J 
264
r 
265

s 
277
t 
336
u 
344
f 
352
q 360
R 
367
y 371
S 374
C 385
c 
387
Z 393
w 395
W 
406
x 
407
j 
413
h 
417
AZ 423
Semoklebani 

432

qristianobis leqsikonis gamo

qarTulad gamocemuli enciklopediebis, leqsikonebisa Tu cnobarebis
ukiduresma simwirem,miT umetes, roca saqme Seexeba religiur Tematikas,gadagvawyvetina, mkiTxvelisaTvis migvewodebina qristianobis leqsikoni,
romlis wyarodac SeirCa piero petrozilos farTod aRiarebuli da sandod
miCneuli naSromi: qristianoba anidan hoemde: qristianuli sarwmunoebis leqsikoni.
wignSi anbanuradaa dalagebuli cnebebi da cnobebi, romlebic mokled,Tumca safuZvlianad da mTlianobaSi,warmoaCens qristianul samyaros: saRmrTo
werilsa da saRmrTo gadmocemas, eklesiis moZRvrebas sarwmunoebisa da zneobis Sesaxeb, aRmosavleTisa Tu dasavleTis sulier da liturgiul cxovrebas,
eklesiis istoriis ganmapirobebel movlenaTa ganviTarebasa da Tanamedrove
mdgomareobas, kanonikuri samarTlis debulebebsa da RmrTismosaobis praqtikebs; cal-calkea daxasiaTebuli qristianobis sxvadasxva mimdinareobaTa,
swavlebaTa, dajgufebaTa warmoSoba da raoba; amave dros, guldasmiTaa SerCeuli da mowodebuli umTavresi monacemebi msoflios yvela gavrcelebuli
religiisa Tu religiur moZraobaTa Sesaxeb.
amdenad, rogorc ki mkiTxvels dasWirdeba romelime aucilebeli cnebis
mniSvnelobis gageba an dadgena warsuli Tu amJamindeli religiuri cxovrebidan, igi leqsikonSi umal ipovis am cnebisTundac eskizur, magram sarwmunoganmartebas. wignis TandaTanobiTi gacnobisas cxadi xdeba, rom mis
furclebze panoramuladaa gadaSlili religiuri cxovrebis is didZali memkvidreoba, rac adamians sulier ZiebaTa gzaze Tu gzebze daugrovebia.
magram leqsikonis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa misi myarad gamokveTili pozicia:
is ara marto umTavres yuradRebas miapyrobs qristianobas da gansakuTrebul
adgils uTmobs sayovelTao eklesias, aramed miznad isaxavs, rom qristianuli Tu araqristianuli samyaro danaxuli iqnes qristianuli TvalTaxedviT,
sayovelTao eklesiis samzeridan, eklesiis moZRvrebis mtkice midevnebiTa da
erTgulebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom leqsikonSi gadmocemulia, ras metyvelebs
eklesia Semoqmedis, samyarosa da adamianis Sesaxeb.
amis miuxedavad,an, SesaZloa, swored amitom,wigni gankuTvnilia rogorc qristian morwmuneTa, ise sxvadasxva religiis mimdevarTa Tu urwmunoTaTvis; rogorc kaTolike eklesiis, ise qristianobis sxva mimdinareobaTa

qristianobis leqsikonis gamo

wevrTaTvis; rogorc eklesiur, ise eklesiidan sruliad Sors mdgom adamianTaTvis. migvaCnia, rom am ukanasknelTurwmunoebTan erTadis gzas gaukvalavs, Tu ara imdenad Tavad sarwmunoebisaken, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi ukeT
gagebisa da codnisaken (Tan, sagulisxmoa, rom codnis wyaro am SemTxvevaSi
Sinagani codnis sivrceSi imyofeba), xolo morwmune Tu eklesiur qristianT
ki leqsikoni survils gauCens da saSualebas miscems, ufro Rrmad da safuZvlianad Caswvdnen TavianT sarwmunoebas, Seudaron da Seupirispiron is imas,
rac sxvas swams an ar swams.
is, rom wigni saqmis profesiuli codniTaa dawerili, xels ar uSlis misi
calkeuli statiebis misawvdomobas. maTi aRqma ar gauWirdeba arc imas, vinc
aqamde Cauxedavi iyo amgvar sakiTxebSi da amJamad gadawyvets, im TemaTa Sesaxeb
pirveladi codna moipovos, romelTa ganmartebasac hpirdeba mas warmodgenili
leqsikoni. ra Tqma unda, saleqsikono statiebs verc eqneba da arc moeTxoveba
imgvari amomwuraoba, ragvaric sakiTxs ZirisZiramde Cahyveboda, magram isini
uTuod biZgsac da swor orientaciasac miscems yuradRebian mkiTxvels, Tu
saiT warmarTos Tavisi kiTxvebi da sad moipovos Sesabamisi sakiTxavi.
leqsikonis gamosacemad momzadebisas did dabrkolebas qmnida terminologiis qarTulad gadmotanis problema, rac ganpirobebulia, jer erTi, dasavlurqristianuli Teologiuri teqstebis qarTulad TiTqmis sruli uTargmnelobiT da, Sesabamisad, saWiro terminologiis uqonlobiT; meore,rac
ufro gadamwyvetia,im garemoebiT, rom qarTuli saeklesio cxovreba bolo
aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi sruliad gansxvavebul inteleqtualur kalapotSi
miedineboda, vidre evropuli Teologiuri, filosofiuri, sulieri Tu kanonikuri mdinarebani. sxva Tu araferi, terminologiuri aradiferincirebulobis
gamo qarTulad xSirad Zneli mosapovebeli xdeba ganmasxvavebeli sityvebi im
Sinaarsobriv gansxvavebaTa gadmosacemad, rasac evropul enebSi ramdenime cneba
emsaxureba, an piriqiT: is, rac evropul enebSi (magaliTad, laTinurad) erTi
Camoyalibebuli cnebaa, qarTulad mas ramdenime sityva Seesabameba. samagaliTod Tundac sarwmunoebisa da rwmenis gamijvnis sirTulec kmara...
mkiTxvelis yuradRebas imasac mivapyrobT, rom leqsikonis qarTuli versiis
momzadebisas erTmaneTs erwymoda survili miviwyebuli leqsikis gacocxlebisa
da mcdeloba axali leqsikis Seqmnisa, Semotanisa, damkvidrebisa. amave dros, uprianad miviCnieT, gvesargebla xelsayreli saSualebiT Zvel wyaroebSi Senaxul
sityvaTa, gamoTqmaTa Tu formaTa aRsadgenad an maTTvis swori, Tavdapirveli
mniSvnelobis dasabruneblad (magaliTad, leqsikonis sxvadasxva TaviseburebaTa Soris mkiTxveli uTuod SeniSnavs, rom cneba monazoni gamoyenebulia
rogorc qal, ise mamakac moweseTa mimarT,Zveli qarTuli tradiciisa da
terminis pirveladi berZnuli warmoSobis kvalobaze).
yovel cnebas leqsikonSi Tan mohyvebafrCxilebSiitaliuri Sesatyvisi
cneba, romelic ara marto aadvilebs Sesabamisobis garkvevas wignis originalTan (da Targmanis terminologiuri sisworis Semowmebasa Tu dazustebas), ar-

qristianobis leqsikonis gamo

amed, amasTanave, Canasaxovani saxiT, saSualebas iZleva, xelT gvqondes qarTulitaliuri religiur terminTa leqsikoni. da kidev: cnebis Semdeg kvadratul
frCxilebSi mocemuli etimologiuri ganmarteba xSirad swored italiuri
(an laTinuri) sityvis warmoSobas ganmartavs, Tumca amgvar ganmartebaTa
datoveba mainc zedmetad ar miviCnieT, Tundac ama Tu im cnebis lingvisturi
konteqstis gasaTvaliswineblad...
leqsikonis erTi,SesaZloa, arcTu sanaqebo,Tviseba isicaa, rom, Tuki
ama Tu im cnebisaTvis qarTulad aqamde ar mogvepoveboda sagangebo termini,
mas arcTu iSviaTad vtovebdiT imgvarad, uTargmnelad, rogorc is evropul
enebSi (gansakuTrebuladlaTinurad) ixmareba. amjerad aseTi gadawyvetileba vamjobineT, raki darwmunebuli varT, rom qarTuli Sesatyvisis moZebnas
momavalSi dro, garemo da Targmanis monawileTa simravle gaaiolebs.
bunebrivia, rom leqsikonSi, romelsac safuZvlad daedo italiuri originali, sruliad araa asaxuli qarTuli sinamdvilis monacemebi. magram am guldasawyveti viTarebis miuxedavad, SeuZleblad miviCnieT avtoriseulmwyobr
da integralurteqstSi unebarTvo da udieri Careva. amave dros, naklulobis es grZnoba imeds gviCens, rom arc ise Soreul momavalSi Seiqmneba
rogorc calke qarTuli qristianuli tradiciisa da kulturis leqsikoni,
ise ukve qarTulad dawerili da Sedgenili qristianuli leqsikoni, romelSic
qarTuli masalac Tavis Sesabamis da ueWvelad kuTvnil adgils daiWers. am imedis erTi sayrdeni Tavad am wignis mSobliur enaze Targmna da gamoqveynebaa, da
es imitomac, rom es wigni namdvilad gamoadgeba da gzis siZneles gauadvilebs
yvela imas, vinc SemdgomSi qarTul qristianul leqsikografiaSi rame siaxlis
Setanas gadawyvets.
gacveTili iqneba imis Tqma, rom leqsikonis Semdgomi gamocemisaTvis misi
gaumjobeseba, dazusteba, SesaZlo SecdomaTa gasworeba ivaraudeba, magram wignis xelaxali, gadaxeduli da Secvlili gamocemis aucilebloba maSin dadgeba,
roca Cveni sityvaTxmareba bevrad ufro gamdidrdeba qristianuli cnebebiT:
Zvelic gacxoveldeba da axalic daimkvidrebs Tavis adgils. es ki maSin moxdeba, roca Tundac Cveni codna qristianobis Sesaxeb, Tundac Cveni gonebrivi
Tu sulieri ganviTareba qristianobis wiaRSi ufro cocxali, ufro zrdadi,
ufro qmediTi gaxdeba, ragvar saRmrTo saqmesac Tavisi knini wvlilisul
mcire biZgis saxiTvinZlo winamdebare leqsikonmac Sehmatos.

merab RaRaniZe
2011, ianvris 28
wmida Toma akvinelis dRe

qristianobis leqsikoni

abakumi(Abacuc)n.winaswarmetyvelTa
wignebi.

abdia (Abdia) n. winaswarmetyvelTa

wignebi.

abakusi (Abaco) [berZ. abax, Semdeg laT.

abacus (saangariSo) dafa] presbiteriumSimRvdlis samyofelSimdgomi patara magida, romelzec wirvis aRsrulebisaTvis saWiro wmida WurWeli
da sxva liturgiuli sagnebi lagdeba.
arqiteqturaSi: svetis kapitelis zeda
nawili, romelsac eyrdnoba arqitravi
an TaRi.

abitino (Abitino) sityva samosis

(abito) kninobiTi forma: qsovilze
naqargi an qsovilis patara parkSi Casmuli mcire zomis wmida xati,
romelsac yelsabamis msgavsad, tansacmlis qveS atareben mowiwebis niSnad.

abati (Abate) [aram. abb mama] monazvnobis sawyis periodSi, umTavresad egviptesa da siriaSi, ase uwodebdnen sulier moZRvrad arCeul monazons. dRes
es sityva aRniSnavs damoukidebeli monastris winamZRvars, arCeuls monastris
kapitulumis mier saidumlo kenWisyriT, romelsac aqvs sruli Zalaufleba
monastris Sida Tu gare saqmianobaSi,
Tanamdebobaze misi yofnis dro ki ganisazRvreba calkeul monasterTa Tu
ordenTa wesdebiTa da konstituciiT.
es ar gamoricxavs, rom abati SeiZleba
eqvemdebarebodes samonastro kongregaciis upiratess an winamZRvars.
abatisa (Badessa) [aram. abb, mama,
laT. abbatissa] qalTa monastris winamZRvari.

aborti (Aborto) [laT. abortus, warmoebuli zmnidan aboriri (uaryofiTi

nawilaki ab+oriri dabadeba)] orsulobis nebayoflobiTi Sewyveta anu
nayofis ganadgureba arasicocxlisunarian asakSi saSvilosnodan misi gandevnis gziT. abortis dagmoba eklesiis moZRvrebis ucvleli sakiTxia,
rac vatikanis II krebamac ganamtkica
Semdegi sityvebiT: aborti, iseve rogorc bavSvis mkvleloba, saSineli danaSaulia (GS, 51). aborti gankveTiT
isjeba (CIC, kan. 1398).
absoluturi (Assoluto) [laT. absolutus, namyos mimReoba zmnisa absolvere ganTavisufleba] is, rac araa
ganpirobebuli an damokidebuli rame
sxvaze, srulia TavisTavad da TavisiT, araa dakavSirebuli warmavalobis
qmnadobasTan da droisa da sivrcis
kategoriebTan.

agape

agape n. kacTmoyvareoba.
agnosticizmi(Agnosticismo)[berZ.
gnostos ucnobi] es sityva 1869
wels Seqmna ingliselma naturalistma
T. haqslim (1825-1895). agnosticizmi
aRniSnavs im adamianis pozicias, romelic Tavs ikavebs mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT gadauwyvetel problemaTa
Sesaxeb mosazrebis gamoxatvisagan.
filosofiaSi agnosticizmi aRniSnavs
sulier damokidebulebas, romelic
uars ambobs, gamoxatos sakuTari gansja absolutisa da RmrTaebrivis arsebobisa da bunebis Sesaxeb.
agrafa (Agrapha) [berZ. -grapha (lgia) dauwereli (sityvebi)] am sityviT aRiniSneba iesos kanonikur saxarebaSi Cauwereli sityvebi, gadacemuli
tradiciisa da apokrifebis meSveobiT.
adventi (Avvento) [laT. adventus
mosvla] qristianuli saxeldebiT,
adventi aRniSnavs mesiis mosvlas, visac xangrZlivad eloda ebraeli xalxi
da rac qristianTaTvis ieso qristes
gankacebiT aRsrulda. magram qristes
mosvla jer srulad ar ganxorcielebula: msxemi eklesia isev elis parusias,
didebiT mis dabrunebas. liturgiaSi
adventi ewodeba Sobis wina periods,
romelic liturgiuli wlis dasawyiss aRniSnavs. misi pirveli nawili
morwmuneebs qristes didebuli mosvlis molodinisaTvis ganawyobs, meore
ki (17-24 dekemberi) Sobis zeimisTvis amzadebs. romaul wesSi adventi
oTx kviras grZeldeba, ambrosiseulSi
kieqvs kviras.

12
adventistebi(Avventisti)[laT.ad
ventus mosvla] ase uwodeben
calkeul qristianul seqtaTa mimdevrebs, romlebic axlo momavalSi
elian ieso qristes meore da saboloo
mosvlas. am moZraobis fuZemdeblad
miCneulia uiliam mileri (1782-1849),
baptisti
fermeri
masaCusetsidan,
romelmac JamTa dasasrulis dadgoma 1843 wlisTvis ivarauda. amJamad 50ze meti adventisturi seqta arsebobs.
maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia meSvide
dRis adventistebi.
ad limina n. Ad limina; viziti ad limina.
administratori(Amministratore)
kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsi administratoris sam saxeobas ayalibebs: a)
samociqulo administratori: piri,
romelsac akisria samwyso xelmZRvaneloba da marTva umaRlesi pontifeqsis
saxeliT RmrTis xalxis gansazRvruli nawilisa, romelic sagangebo da
gansakuTrebulad Rrma mizezTa gamo
ar aris daarsebuli diocezad (CIC,
kan. 371); mas ewodeba samociqulo savikariuso an samociqulo prefeqtura.
b) sadiocezo administratori: piri,
romelsac evaleba diocezis marTva im
periodSi, rodesac episkoposis Tanamdeboba vakanturia (CIC, kan. 421); g)
samrevlo administratori: episkoposis
mier daniSnuli piri, romelic ganagebs
sakrebulos, rodesac vakanturia winamZRvris Tanamdeboba, an winamZRvars
ar SeuZlia samwyso saqmianobis ganxorcieleba (CIC, kan. 539).
administracia, samociqulo n. samociqulo administracia.

13
adonai (Adoni) [ebr. sityva ufalo
Cemo] RmrTis sazogado mimarTvamoxmoba (dab. 15:2.8; 18:3.27, Smd.; 19:18)
da saxeli (es. 6:1). babilonis tyveobis
Semdeg man Secvala wmida teqstebSi
iahves (Jhwh) saxeli, romlis warmoTqmac SeuZlebeli iyo. saxel Jhwh-s
TanxmovanTa Soris sityva adonai-s
xmovanTa Casmis Sedegad (=JaHo WaH)
warmoiqmna Sua saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli mcdari gamoTqma iehova. n. iehovas
mowmeebi; ufali; kirios.
adopcionizmi/adopcianizmi (adozionismo/adozianismo) II saukunidan aRmocenebuli eresi, romelic gavrcelda espaneTSi jer IV saukunis dasasruls, xolo Semdgom VIII saukuneSi da,
romlis Tanaxmadac, ieso nazareveli
RmrTis mier ayvanil Svilad miiCneoda. am aRmsareblobis mimdevarTaTvis ieso iyo ubralo adamiani, romelmac Tavisi siqveliTa da morCilebiT
RmrTisagan Svilad ayvanis pativi daimsaxura.
adreqristianuli (Paleocristiano) [paleo (berZ. palais, Zveli) da cristiano qristianuli] aRniSnavs yovelives (xelovnebas, literaturas da
sxva), dakavSirebuls qristianobis
sawyis xanasTan, dasabamidan daaxloebiT VI saukunemde.
avgustineli (Agostiniano) ukavSirdeba hiponel wmida avgustines (354-430)
an erT-erT im religiur ordens, romlebic wmida avgustines wesdebas misdevs. avgustineloba Sua saukuneebSi
aRmocenda da gavrcelda, rodesac avgustinelTa religiuri gamocdileba
iuridiulad Camoyalibda regularul

avxorcoba

kanonikosTa, samonastro-samxedro ordenebisa (n. maltis ordeni; tevtonTa

ordeni da a.S.) da upovarTa ordenebis
saxiT. Sua saukuneebSi, aseve, daarsda
avgustinel qalTa sxvadasxva monasteri, SemdgomSi kisaeroTa mesame
ordeni.
avgustineseuli wesdeba(Regola agostiniana) avgustineseuli wesdeba (mas
misdevdnen avgustinelni, dominikelni,
premonstratebi, regularuli kanonikosebi), romelic gansakuTrebiT Sua
saukuneebSi iyo gavrcelebuli, ori
fsevdoavgustinuri samonastro wesdebis Serwymis Sedegad Seiqmna: erTi
maTgani iyo De ordine monasterii (II
wesi), meoreInformatio regularis (III
wesi). piradad avgustines mier dawerili wesdebis ararseboba jer kidev
XI saukunemde dadginda. VII sukuneSi
hiponis qalTa monasterSi arsebuli
dapirispirebis sakiTxze dawerili avgustines werili (ep. 211, 1-4) qalTa
samonastro ordenis wesdebis safuZvlad iqna aRebuli (ep. 211, 5-16, egreT
wodebuli Regula ad virgines, I wesi),
ris nimuSadac, SesaZloa, iqca Informatio regularis.
avxorcoba(Lussuria)[laT.luxuria,sityvidanluxus,TavSeukavebloba]Svid
mTavar mankierebaTagan erT-erTi,ampartavnebasTan, sixarbesTan, mrisxanebasTan, gaumaZRrobasTan, SurTan,
mconarobasTan erTad. avxorcoba sqesobrivi siamovnebis mouwesrigebeli
survili an zRvardagasuli miRebaa.
seqsualuri siamovneba zneobrivad
mouwesrigebelia, rodesac is TviTmiznad iqceva da STamomavlobis Seqm-

aTeizmi

nasa da ori adamianis urTierTkavSirs

ar ukavSirdeba (CCC, 2351).
aTeizmi(Ateismo)[berZ. a-thes sityvasityviT RmrTis gareSe, uRmrTo] aRniSnavs im adamianTa ideologiur pozicias, vinc uaryofs
RmrTis arsebobas. aTeizmi SeiZleba
iyos: Teoriuli anu gansjiTi, rodesac RmrTis arsebobis formalur
uaryofasTan gvaqvs saqme; praqtikuli,
rodesac adamiani ise iqceva, TiTqos
RmerTi ar arsebobdes; skeptikuri,
rodesac adamians gadaulaxavad miaCnia eWvi RmrTis arsebobis Sesaxeb; agnostikuri, rodesac RmrTis arsebobis
daumtkicebloba absoluturad miiCneva; Teoriul-pozitiuri, rodesac
saqme gvaqvs RmrTis arsebobis nebismieri mtkicebulebis uaryofis mcdelobasTan da imis mtkicebasTan, rom
namdvili mtkicebuleba arasodes warmodgenila da misi warmodgena verasodes gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
aiazmis sasxurebeli n. usupi.
aiaTola (Ayatollah) [arab. ayat Allah
RmrTis niSani] Siiti muslimebi ase
uwodeben did Teologebs, moZRvrebsa
da yuranis ganmmarteblebs, romlebsac
xalxze religiur-politikuri gavlena aqvT.
akoliTosi (Accolito) [berZn. aklythos Tanamgzavri, is, vinc mihyveba da, farTo mniSvnelobiT, is, vinc
emsaxureba; gvianlaT. acolthus] ase
ewodeba daniSnul da ara xeldasxmul
RmrTismsaxurs, romelsac evaleba wirvis momsaxureba, mRvdlisa da diakvnis
daxmareba liturgiul msaxurebaSi,

14
gansakuTrebiT, wirvis aRvlenis dros;
mas, sagangebo msaxuris xarisxSi, SeuZlia ziarebis micema, wmida nawilebis
gamotana TayvaniscemisaTvis morwmuneTa winaSe da Semdeg misi kvlav Senaxva
tabernakulumSi.
akrZalul wignTa nusxa (Indice dei libri proibiti) [laT. index librorum prohibitorum] im wignTa Tu publikaciaTa
nusxa, romlebsac wmida saydari gmobda wmida uwyebis kongregaciis saSualebiT, rogorc cru, mavnebel, an rwmenisa da zneobisaTvis saxifaTo ideaTa gamavrcelebels. akrZalul wignTa
pirveli sia 1559 wels papma pavle IV-m
gamoaqveyna. sarwmunoebis moZRvrebis
kongregaciis mier 1966 wels gamocemul dekretSi ganmartebulia, rom
Tumca akrZalul wignTa sia kvlavac
inarCunebs morwmuneTaTvis aRmzrdelobiT zneobriv mniSvnelobas, is ukve
aRar warmoadgens kanonis Zalas Tan
darTuli akrZalviT. eklesia kvlavac
ganagrZobs wignebis gansjas moZRvrebis marTebulobis TvalsazrisiT.
uaryofiTi daskvnis gamotanis SemTxvevaSi wignis avtors Secdomis gamosworebis rCeva eZleva. Tu avtori amaze
uars ityvis, wmida saydari itovebs
uflebas, sajarod dagmos Txzuleba.
alahi (Allah) RmrTis saxeli islamSi; Sedgeba sityvisagan RmerTi,
romelsac darTuli aqvs nawevari.
alahis Sesaxeb yvelaze mniSvnelovan
debulebas warmoadgens islamuri sarwmunoebis aRsarebis, Sahadis, pirveli
fraza: ar arsebobs sxva RmerTi garda RmrTisa (la ilaha illalah).

15
islamis Tanaxmad, adamianur sazomTa
meSveobiT RmrTis ufro zusti gansazRvrebis SeuZlebelia, radganac RmrTis
msgavsi araferi arsebobs (yurani, 112,4;
42,11). Tumca, imave yuranSi RmrTis
konceptualuri gansazRvrebis mizniT
moyvanilia egreT wodebuli 99 keTili saxeli, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad
aRwers RmrTis Tvisebebs (mag. alahi
mowyalea, lmobieria, Semoqmedia, msajulia...).
albigoelebi n. kaTarebi.
alegoria (Allegoria) [gvianlaT. allegoria (berZ. llos gansxvavebuli+warmoebuli forma sityvidan agornein
laparaki)] ritorikuli simbolo
garkveuli realobis gadmosacemad,
romlis meSveobiTac adamianma misgan
gansxvavebuli sxva realoba SeiZleba
igulisxmos. cnobilia bibliis alegoriuli interpretacia. wmida ambrosim
amgvarad gansazRvra alegoria: Allegoria est, cum aliud geritur et aliud
figuratur (alegoria isaa, riTac sxva
gamoixateba da sxva Camoyalibdeba).
aleluia (Alleluia) [ebr. hallel (brZanebiTi kilo sityvisa hillel) adideT da jah (Semoklebuli forma
sityvisa Jhwh) ufali] liturgiuli SeZaxili, romelic win uZRvis
fsalmunebs 104-106; 111-113; 115-117; 135;
146-150. saaRdgomo periodis tipuri
SeZaxili. xSirad galobiT Serulebuli aleluia wirvisas win uZRvis
saxarebis wakiTxvas, garda didi marxvis
periodisa.
aliansi (Alleanza) calkeul protestantul organizaciaTa saxelwodeba:

aliturgiuli

a) evangeluri aliansi (Evangelical Alliance) daarsda 1846 wels, londonSi,

sxvadasxva seqtisa da sxvadasxva eris
warmomadgeneli 800 delegatis mier.
cxra punqtisgan Semdgar mis samoZRvro safuZvelSi Camoyalibebulia
saRmrTo werilis interpretaciisas
pirovnuli Sefasebis ufleba da valdebuleba, amasTanave, codvis mxolod
rwmeniT gamarTleba; b) presviteruli
aliansi anu reformirebul eklesiaTa aliansi, romlebic presviteruli
sistemis Tanaxmad moqmedebs. es gaerTianeba 1875 wels daarsda calkeul
presviterul eklesiaTa Soris urTierTobaTa da maTi misioneruli
saqmianobis xelSewyobis mizniT; g)
msoflio baptisturi aliansi (Baptist
World Alliance): 1905 wels daarsebuli es organizacia daaxloebiT 112
qveynis 137.000 adgilobriv eklesias
aerTianebs, misi mTavari centri vaSingtonSi mdebareobs. organizacia
miznad isaxavs, iyos mTeli msoflios
baptistTa saSualeba sami miznis misaRwevad. es miznebia: aa) baptistur
eklesiaTa Soris erTianobisa da megobrobis ganmtkiceba da xelSewyoba;
bb) religiuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa da dacva; gg) saerTo [baptisturi] rwmenis mTavari principebis
gancxadeba~.
aliansi, sayovelTao bibliuri n. sayovelTao bibliuri aliansi.
aliturgiuli (aliturgici) [uaryofis
gamomxatveli TavsarTi a
+liturgiuli] ase ewodeba dReebs, rodesac evqaristia ar aRsruldeba: did paraskevsa
da did SabaTs. ambrosiseul liturgi-

almucia

aSi, aseve, aliturgiulia didi marxvis

yoveli paraskevi.
almucia (Almuzia) [gvianlaT. almutia] bewvis/tyavis mosasxami kapiuSoniT,
romelsac atarebdnen kanonikosebi.
ewodeboda, agreTve, moceta.
amartiocentrizmi (Amartiocentrismo) [berZ. amarta codva+sityva
centris warmoebuli forma] Teologiuri koncefcia, romelic codvas
centralur adgils aniWebs istoriaSi
da mas miiCnevs umniSvnelovanes da
ganmsazRvrel elementad.
amaRleba (Ascensione) [laT. ascensio
aRmasvla, asvla] dResaswauli, romelic aRiniSneba aRdgomidan ormoci
dRis Semdeg mkvdreTiT aRmdgari iesos
cad amaRlebis mosagoneblad (Sdr. saq.
1:4-12) da romelic asrulebs iesos
gandidebas, dawyebuls misi aRdgomiT.
ambioni (Ambone) [berZ. anabinein asvla] gansxvavebiT mqadageblis kaTedrisagan, ambioni qvis an xis
SemaRlebaa, saidanac liturgiis dros
cxaddeba RmrTis sityva, fsalmunis
responsoriumi, saaRdgomo sadidebeli.
ambionidan SesaZleba qadagebisa da sayovelTao locvis warmoTqma.
ambrosiseuli (Ambrosiano) milanis
(mediolanis) episkoposis, wmida ambrosis, saxelTan dakavSirebuli. ambrosiseuli wesi ewodeba liturgiul
wess, gavrcelebuls milanis TiTqmis
mTel diocezsa da ramdenime mimdebare
zonaSi. is garkveuli TaviseburebebiT
xasiaTdeba: adventi grZeldeba eqvs da
ara oTx kviras, rogorc es romaul
wesiTaa miRebuli; didi marxva iwyeba

16
ara nacris oTxSabaTs, aramed mis momdevno kviradRes; wirvisas Serigebis
xelisCamorTmeva win uswrebs Sewirulebas; mrwamsi Sewirulebas mosdevs,
puris gatexa ki evqaristiuli locvis
dasasruls, mamo Cveno-s locvamde
sruldeba.
amen (Amen) [ebr. fuZidan aman,
gaZleba, mtkiced dgoma] niSnavs
asea, marTalia, ueWvelad, namdvilad. septuagintaSi esaias sityvebi WeSmariti RmerTi (es. 65:16)
iTargmneba rogorc thes amen. ioanes
gamocxadebaSi qristes ewodeba ameni
(gamocx. 3:14), radganac is WeSmaritebas amowmebs. aqvs, amasTanave, zmnizeduri funqciac da gamoxatavs msmenelis Tanxmobas (diax, ueWvelia) mosaubris sityvebis mimarT, Serwymuls
naTqvamis axdenis survilTan (Sdr.
3mef. 1:36; ierem. 11:5; 28:6). amgvarad
ameni religiuri SeZaxilis mniSvnelobas iZens, gansakuTrebiTsakulto msaxurebaSi (Sdr. neem. 5:13; 8:6).
damaxasiaTebelia iesos mier amen-is
gamoyeneba: esaa damadasturebeli formula: amen getyvi Tqven/Sen (Amen
dico vobis/tibi), romelic 28-jer gvxvdeba maTes, 14-jer markozis, 7-jer
lukasa da 26-jer, ormagi formiT,
ioanes saxarebebSi: amen, amen getyviT
Tqven~ (Amen, amen, dico vobis) anu
WeSmaritebas geubnebiT Tqven. amen
spontanurad
gadmovida
ebrauli
liturgiidan qristianulSi, rogorc
damswreTa Tanxmobis gamomxatveli
SeZaxili.
amerikanizmi (Americanismo) es cneba
gulisxmobs eklesiis moZRvrebasTan dapirispirebul SexedulebaTa kompleqss,

17
romelic iziarebs amerikuli liberaluri azrovnebis calkeul niSnebs.
is gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs qristianis bunebriv siqveleebs,
avtoritetis principis Semsubuqebasa
da gansazRvrul dogmaTa axleburi
interpretaciis aucileblobas. amerikanizms ukavSirdeba, aseve, swrafva
sindisis Tavisuflebisa da kaTolikeTa
qmedebis meti Tavisuflebisken. amave
dros, misi momxreebi mxars uWerdnen
eklesiis met gaxsnilobas Tanamedrove
kulturis moTxovnilebaTa mimarT
(American Way of Life). amerikanizmis
gamoCenili warmomadgeneli iyo yofili redemptoristi isaak hekeri (
1888). man 1858 wels daafuZna wmida
pavles saxelobis misioneruli sazogadoeba, romlis mizani iyo protestant
morwmuneTa kaTolike eklesiis wiaRSi
moqceva.
amiqtusi (Amitto) [laT. amictus
zeda tansacmeli] TeTri selis qsovili, TiTqmis yovelTvis oTxkuTxa
formisa, romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri
mxrebsa da kiserze moidebs, rogorc
upirveles liturgiul samosels, wirvis aRvlenis an sxva liturgiuli wesis aRsrulebis dros. is welze ori
zonriT magrdeba.
amosi (Amos) n. winaswarmetyvelTa
wignebi
ampartavneba (Superbia) [laT. superbia]
Svid mTavar mankierebaTagan erT-erTi
(Sdr. CCC, 1866). warmoadgens uzomo
siamayes, sakuTari Tavis gadaWarbebul
Sefasebas, rasac adamiani mihyavs sxvaTa
ugulebelyofamde da RmerTze misi
damokidebulebis uaryofamde.

anazRaureba

ampolina (Ampolline) n. sura/ampolina.

ampula (Ampolla) n. sazeTe/ampula.
amuleti (Amuleto) [laT. amuletum]
n. Tilisma.
anabaptistebi (Anabattisti) [berZn.
anabaptists, warmoebuli zmnidan
anabaptzein xelaxla monaTvla;
Semdeg laTinurSi miiRo forma anabaptista]
anabaptistebi XVI s.-dan
aRniSnavs, aseve, katabaptistebad, baptistebad an xelaxla mnaTvlelebad
wodebul protestantebs. amasTanave,
gadataniTi mnivnelobiT anabaptisti
aRniSnavs im protestantebs, romlebic uaryofen bavSvebis naTlobas da
mxolod zrdasrul adamianebs naTlaven, Tanac naTloba sruldeba ara
rogorc saidumlo, aramed, rogorc
mcneba. viwro istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, anabaptistebi, luTeris gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, is fanatikosebi
arian, romlebic cvikaus winaswarmetyvelebs uwodebdnen Tavs da
romelTa meTauric 1520 wels gaxda
Tomas miunceri valdSudan. igi, milenaristuli da socialisturi ideebiT STagonebuli, 1525 wlis glexTa
omSi Caeba egreT wodebuli Tormeti
muxlis dasacavad. damarcxebis Semdeg
miunceri daatyveves da Tavi mokveTes,
Tumca meTauris sikvdilis Semdeg seqtas arseboba ar Seuwyvetia,is umTavresad germaniaSi, Sveicariasa da
niderlandebSi gavrcelda.
anazRaureba (Riparazione) [gvianlaT. reparatio, gadakeTeba, xelaxla gakeTeba] Tavisi morCilebiT

anaTema

sikvdilamde iesom aRadgina adamianis

codvebiT
SebRaluli RmrTaebrivi
samarTali (Sdr. CCC, 615-626). garda
amisa, zneobrivi da materialuri anazRaureba aris vadebuleba, gamomdinare
samarTlianobisa da WeSmaritebis winaaRmdeg Cadenili yoveli danaSaulidan.
anaTema (Anatema) [berZ. anthema
(zmnidan anatithnai zemodan dadeba)] RmrTisadmi miZRvnili aRTqmuli Sesawiravi; Semdeg, bibliur berZnul enaSi aRniSnavda RmrTisaTvis
pativis misagebad ganadgurebul pirs
an sagans; dasasrul, qristianuli
gagebiT, am sityvam SeCvenebis mniSvneloba SeiZina. saeklesio enaSi anaTema
eretikuli an araswori debulebis
dagmobas an gankveTas aRniSnavs. es
ukanaskneli warmoadgens gamajansaRebel damsjel sanqcias an saeklesio sadisciplino zomas, romlis ZaliTac
morwmune gamoricxulia eklesiasTan
erTianobisagan da moklebulia sulier sikeTes.
anamneza/gaxseneba (Anamnesi) [berZ.
anmnesis gaxseneba] evqaristiuli
locvis nawili, romelic mosdevs dafuZnebis Txrobasa da kurTxevas da
romliTac eklesia ixsenebs qristes
vnebas, sikvdilsa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomas, Sesabamisad iesos brZanebisa: es
gaakeTeT Cems mosagoneblad (luk. 22,
19).
anafora
(Anafora)
[berZ.
anaphor, momdinare zmnidan anaphrein
aRyvana] evqaristiis centraluri
sakulminacio momenti, prefaciodan
qeba-didebamde, evqaristiuli locvis

18
sinonimi. Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda
evqaristiuli wesis aRsrulebisas Sesawirav purs.
anaqoreti (Anacoreta) [berZ. anachorein gandgoma; Semdgom, saeklesio
laTinurSi damkvidrda forma anachoreta] gandegili, romelic udabnoSi
an sxva ganmartoebul adgilas saxldeba, raTa, asketizmisa da mWvretelobis meSveobiT, RmerTTan siRrmiseuli
erTianoba moipovos. III s.-Si amgvari
gandegilobis mimdevarTa simravlis
gamo am movlenam mniSvnelovanwilad
samoweseo xasiaTi SeiZina. anaqoretTa
mier arCeuli ganmartoebis yvelaze
cnobili adgili iyo Tebaidis udabno
egvipteSi.
angelosi (Angelo) [berZ. nghelos
(rac warmoadgens Targmans ebr. sityvisa maleak) macne; Semdgom laTinurSi
damkvidrda forma angelus] adamiansa
da RmerTs Soris Sualeduri bunebis
mqone sulieri qmnileba, RmrTis macne.
bibliaSi angelosis mravali movlinebaa aRwerili, umeteswilad adamianuri
ieriT. ase gamoecxada angelosi agars
(Sdr. dab. 16:7), abrams (Sdr. dab. 18:12), lots (Sdr. dab. 19:1), iakobs (Sdr.
dab. 28:12). Zveli aRTqma gamokveTilad
ar aRwers angelosTa Seqmnas, Tumca
es TavisTavad igulisxmeba im faqtidan
gamomdinare, rom erTaderTi RmerTia yvela arsebis Semoqmedi (Sdr.
gam. 20:11; fsalm. 148:1-5). miwier samoTxeSi gvelis saxiT macduris arseboba
(Sdr. dab. 3:1-15) angelosTa dacemisa
da demonebad maTi gadaqcevis faqtze
miuTiTebs. angelosebi zrunaven adamianebze: ixsnian lots (Sdr. dab. 19),

19

anglikaneloba

tobiasa da saras (Sdr. tob. 12:14-15),

sam axalgazrdas RumelSi (Sdr. dan.
3:49). zogjer, RmrTaebrivi brZanebiT,
sjian adamianebs (Sdr. dab. 19:11; 4mef.
24:16-17). Zvel aRTqmaSi gvxvdeba aseve
gansakuTrebuli angelosiesaa iahves
angelosi, romelic RmrTaebrivi macnis
saxiT warmodgeba da amasTan, saubrobs
da moqmedebs, rogorc RmerTi (Sdr.
dab. 16:10-13; 31:11-13 da sxv.). eklesiis
araerTma mamam da moZRvarma es arseba Teofaniad (adamianTaTvis RmrTis
gamocxadebad) miiCnia. axal aRTqmaSi
angelosebi warmoadgenili arian im
uxilav (Sdr. kol. 1:16) sulebad (Sdr.
ebr. 1:14), romelTac ara aqvT xorcieli urTierTobebi (Sdr. maT. 22:30).
aq garkveviTaa saubari maTi dacemis
Sesaxeb (Sdr. iud. 6; 2pet. 2:4). ioanes
gamocxadeba gansakuTrebiT mdidaria
angelosTa xatebiT, rac am nawarmoebis
literaturuli JanriTacaa ganpirobebuli. fsevdodionise angelosebs
cxra dasad, anu kategoriad yofs,
romlebic sami safexuris mixedviTaa
dajgufebuli: serafimni, qerubimni,
saydarni; uflebani, Zalni, xelmwifebani; mTavrobani, mTavarangelosni, angelosni.
angelosi, mfarveli n.
gelosi.

mfarveli an-

angelosman (Angelus) [laT. Angelus angelosi] tradiciuli locva

wmida mariamisadmi, agebuli xarebisa
da qristes gankacebis saidumloebaze.
locvis saxelwodeba misi pirveli sityvidan momdinareobs. locva sami antifonisagan Sedgeba, TiToeul maTgans
mosdevs: gixaroden. sruldeba erTi

muxliTa da locviT. saaRdgomo periodSi nacvlad locvisa angelosman

aRevlineba dedofalo zecisao. XIII
saukuneSi papma grigol IX-m daamkvidra am locvisangelosmandiliT, SuadResa da saRamos aRvlenis
tradicia.
angelusi n. angelosman.
angia (Aggeo) n. winaswarmetyvelTa
wignebi.
anglikaneloba (Anglicanesimo) inglisis eklesiis (Church of England)
instituciaTa da moZRvrebaTa erToblioba. anglikaneloba, aseve, aRniSnavs didi britaneTisa da sxva qveynebis
anglikanur erTianobasa da kenterberis mTavarepiskoposis daqvemdebarebaSi myof eklesiaTa erTobliobas.
anglikanizmis fesvebi 1215 wlis dokumentSi, Tavisuflebis did qartiaSi
(Magna carta libertatum), SeiZleba
moiZebnos. romis eklesiasTan sqizma
1534 wels moxda, rodesac inglisis
parlamentma daamtkica uzenaesobis
aqti, romelic mefe henri VIII-s (da
taxtis momdevno memkvidreebs) inglisis
eklesiis erTaderT da uzenaes meTaurad aRiarebda (supreme head in earth
of England). romTan ganxeTqileba ganaaxla dedofalma elisabed I-ma (15581603) dokumentiT Tanabrobis aqti
(1559) da egreT wodebuli 39 muxliT (1563). anglikanelobaSi swrafad
gamoikveTa gansxvavebuli poziciebi
(rac ekonomikur-sicialuri viTarebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli), romelTa
safuZvelzec Camoyalibda: a) maRali
eklesia (High Church), romelmac
meti erTianoba SeinarCuna kaTolike

anTropomorfizmi

eklesiasTan rogorc liturgiuli, ise

saeklesio organizaciis TvalsazrisiT;
b) dabali eklesia (Low Church), romelic xazs usvams protestantizmis
inovaciur ideebs da mxars uWers presviterul protestantizmTan solidarobas; g) farTo eklesia (Broad
Church), romelsac dRes liberalurs uwodeben. es ukanaskneli Riaa
Tavisufali interpretaciis poziciaTa
mimarT, romlebic upirispirdeba mkacr
marTlmorwmuneobas. dRes anglikaneloba moicavs xalxebs, romlebic
dedofals sakuTari eklesiis meTaurad
aRiareben; mas daaxloebiT 65 milioni
morwmune iziarebs. saepiskoposoebi
(saerTo jamSi 365 diocezi) kenterberis moqmed mTavarepiskoposs eqvemdebareba. inglisis eklesiis kanonmdebeli organoa episkoposTa, mRvdelTa
da saeroTa sami palatisgan Semdgari
erovnuli asamblea. inglisis eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi
moiTxovs parlamentis dadasturebasa
da monarqiseul ratifikacias.
anTropomorfizmi (Antropomorfismo)
[berZ. ntropos adamiani+warmoebuli forma sityvisa morph forma]
adamianis midrekileba, sakuTari Tavi
da sakuTari Sinagani samyaro garemomcveli samyarosa da RmrTaebriobis aRqmaze gadaitanos.
animizmi (Animismo) [laT. anima
macocxlebeli qrola] filosofiaSi am sityviT aRiniSneba yvela is koncefcia, romelTa Tanaxmadac TiToeul
arsebas aqvs samSvinveli, rogorc aqtivobis Sinagani sawyisi; eTnologiaSi
kizogierTi pirvelyofili xalxis

20
miswrafeba, miakuTvnon samSvinveli
ara mxolod adamians, aramed, aseve,
sagnebsac. animisturs uwodeben gansakuTrebiT im tomebs, romlebSic micvalebulTa da samSvinvelTa sagangebo
kultia gavrcelebuli.
anomoelebi (Anomei) [berZ. anmoios gansxvavebuli] ase ewodeboda
arieli eretikosis eciusis (IV s.) mimdevrebs. eciusis mtkicebiT, mxolod
mama iyo RmerTi, rogorc Seuqmneli,
Ze ki misgan sruliad gansxvavebuli
(anmoios) bunebisa iyo. cnobili arian
aseve eciuselTa saxeliTac.
antiklerikalizmi (Anticlericalismo)
[anti+clerikus-is warmoebuli forma]
ideaTa, damokidebulebaTa, tendenciaTa erToblioba, romelsac axasiaTebs
mtruli damokidebuleba samRvdeloebis an saero da politikur sferoebSi saeklesio Zalauflebis pirdapiri
Tu arapirdapiri Carevis mimarT. XIX
saukunis politikur-ideologiur debatebSi polemikurad gamoyenebuli
es cneba aRniSnavda samRvdeloebisa
da saeklesio ierarqiis arareligiur
sferoebSi Carevis aRkveTisken mimarTul nebismier iniciativas. is, aseve,
aRniSnavda Tanamedrove saxelmwifos
mier saeklesio Zalauflebis daqvemdebarebis mcdelobebs, an, dasasrul, kritikul damokidebulebas samRvdeloebis, rogorc privilegirebuli klasis, an mis mier sakuTari misiis Sesasruleblad gamoyenebuli meTodebis
mimarT. cnebis gamoyeneba arazusti
iqneba, Tuki mas movwyvetT XVII-XVIII
saukuneebis, ufro metad kiXIX saukunis istoriul garemos, romelSic

21
is aRmocenda. volteriseuli xasiaTis
inteleqtualurma antiklerikalizmma
politikur-socialuri ganzomilebas
miaRwia, gansakuTrebiT, safrangeTis
revoluciis dros: samRvdeloebasTan,
umTavresadmaRal samRvdeloebasTan
brZola Zvel reJimTan (Ancien Rgime) brZolis arsebiT nawilad iqca.
cnebis polemikuri warmoSoba gansakuTrebulad naTelia italiaSi, sadac eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris
damokidebulebaTa problema romis
sakiTxma gaarTula. papis miTiTebaTa
erTgulad aRmsrulebel yvela kaTolikis aRsaniSnavad sityva klerikalurs iyenebdnen. amitomac SesaZlebeli
iyo antiklerikalizmSi dadanaSauleba
mTeli liberaluri politikuri klasisa, romelic zomier kaTolikeebsac
moicavda. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi,
radikaluri Tu socialisturi mimarTulebis partiaTa da organizaciaTa
aRmocenebasTan erTad, gamoikveTa antiklerikalizmis yvelaze eqstremistuli da antireligiuri aspeqtebi,
riTac man glexobisa da proletarTa
didi masebi miizida. XX saukuneSi
momxdar socialur, politikur da
kulturul cvlilebaTa Sedegad antiklerikalizmi,yovel SemTxvevaSi,
mecxramete saukuneSi damkvidrebuli
misi forma,TandaTanobiT Sesustda.
antikonkordatisti/antikonkordatizmi (Anticoncordatario) saxelmwifosa da wmida saydars Soris urTierTobaTa konkordatis meSveobiT
warmarTvis winaaRmdeg ganwyobili
piri an amgvari damokidebuleba. istoriulad ase uwodes sqizmatikos frang
episkoposebs, romlebmac 1801 wels

antipendiumi

londons Seafares Tavi da uari Tqves,

gadamdgariyvnen, rasac maTgan papi pius
VII moiTxovda napoleonTan konkordatis Sedegad.
antikonfesiuri
(Anticonfessionale)
[anti+confessione-s warmoebuli forma; aRmsarebloba, aRiareba, aRsareba] nebismieri saxis religiuri
aRmsareblobis sawinaaRmdego.
antipapi (Antipapa) piri, romelic
arakanonikuri gziT moipovebs papobas
da am Tanamdebobis Rirsebisa da Zalauflebis matareblad acxadebs Tavs.
maSasadame, saubaria (zogjer keTili
zraxviT moqmed) uzurpatorze, romelic mis xelT ararsebul Zalauflebas aRasrulebs, radganac ar gaaCnia legitimuri daniSnuleba, marTos
eklesia. eklesiis istoriaSi antipapTa
ricxvi 25-dan 40-mde meryeobs. pirveli
antipapi iyo wmida ipolite, romaeli
mRvdeli (217-235), romelic kalisTes
winaaRmdeg iqna arCeuli samoZRvro
mizezebis gamo, SemdgomSi pap pontianes
Seurigda da masTan erTad mokvda mowamebrivi sikvdiliT. ukanaskneli antipapi iyo feliqs V (amadeus VIII savoieli).
is bazelis saeklesio krebam airCia evgeni IV-is winaaRmdeg da 1440 wlis 24
ivliss ekurTxa papad, Semdeg ki imave
krebis mier iqna gadayenebuli. igi daeqvemdebara pap nikoloz V-s, romelmac
mas kardinalis wodeba uboZa. misi gardacvalebis TariRia 1451 weli.
antipendiumi (Antependio) [laT. ante
win+pendere CamoSveba, dakideba]
sakurTxevlis wina mxaris dekoratiuli morTuloba.

antisemitizmi

antisemitizmi
(Antisemitismo)
[anti+semitis warmoebuli forma]
aRniSnavs ebraelTa mimarT mtrul
damokidebulebas.
istoriulad
es
mtroba asureTSi, babiloneTSi, Sua da
zemo egvipteSi dasaxlebuli ebrauli
diasporis TemTa winaaRmdeg aRmocenda
(V s.-dan qristemde), oden ebraelTaTvis damaxasiaTebel monoTeizmze
reaqciis saxiT (rogorc aTeizmisa da
kacTa modgmis mimarT upativcemlobis braldeba). miuxedavad imisa, rom
iudeveloba religio licita-ad (nebadarTul religiad) iyo aRiarebuli, am
braldebas kvlav miubrundnen romis
imperiaSi, rasac saxelmwifos mxridan zomebis miReba mohyva: imperatorma klavdiusma ebraelebi romidan
gandevna (saqm. 18:2); maT winadacveTa
da ierusalemSi Casvla, romaelebs ki
iudaizmis miReba aekrZalaT. ebraelTa
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebebi Semdeg qristianebsac Seexo da esec gaxda
imis mizezi, rom 140 wlidan qristiani apologetebi TavianT nawerebSi
iudaizmis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebdnen.
ase daedo safuZveli qristianul antisemitizms da eklesiis Semdgomi
ganviTarebidan
iudeoqristianobis
gaqrobas. qristianma imperatorebma
(konstantinem 315 wels; Tevdosi II-m
417 da 423 wlebSi; iustinianem 534
wels) ebraelebs yovelgvari ufleba
CamoarTves. ebraelTa Seviwroeba da
maTze Zaladoba (pogromebi) Sua saukuneebSi evropis yvela kuTxeSi grZeldeboda, rac adasturebs im faqts,
rom ebraelebi sxvadasxva krizisul
viTarebaSi gantevebis vacad miiCneodnen. mxolod ganmanaTleblobam
gauxsna gza humanisturi arsis mqone

22
filosemitizms. aman xeli Seuwyo
ebraelTa
emansipacias
umTavresad
ekonomikur sferoSi. XIX saukuneSi
sarwmunoebriv antisemitizms daerTo
racionaluri tipis antisemitizmi,
romelic XX saukuneSi, sxvadasxva germanul moZraobaTa iracionalur fanatizmTan erTad, ebraelTa sawinaaRmdego ganwyobis masazrdoebel wyarod
iqca. amgvarma ganwyobam Seamzada adamianebi ebraelTa ganadgurebis (holokosti) hitlerul ideaTa misaRebad.
meore msoflio omis Semdgom, miuxedavad antisemitizmis sxvadasxva formis
arsebobisa, es movlena sayovelTaod
iqna dagmobili. rac Seexeba religiur
sferos, vatikanis II saeklesio krebam
dagmo antisemitizmi dekretiT Nostra
aetate, romelSic xazgasmulia qristianTa da ebraelTa saerTo sulieri
memkvidreoba. papma ioane pavle II-m xelaxla aRniSna es Tavisi oficialuri
vizitis dros romis sinagogaSi 1986
wlis 13 aprils.
antifoni (Antifona) [berZ. antiphon
xma xmis pirispir] IV saukunidan
aRniSnavs sagaloblis Sesrulebas ori
gundis mier imgvarad, rom erTma maTganma meores upasuxos. es Sesruleba
gansxvavdeba Sesrulebis ufro adrindeli xerxis, responsoriumisagan, romlis drosac solists upasuxebs mTeli
xalxi fsalmunis win gamocxadebuli
antifoniT. ioane oqropiri adasturebs: raki xalxma mTlianad ar
icis mTeli fsalmunni, man Sesabamisi
erTi muxli unda igalobos, romelic
garkveul umaRles WeSmaritebas Seicavs. SemdgomSi antifoni wirvis
Semadgeneli nawili gaxda calkeul

23
wesTaTvis (dawyeba, Sesawiravi, ziareba) Sesavlis saxiT. JamTa liturgiaSi
antifons fsalmunis literaturuli
Janris gansazRvris funqcia akisria. is fsalmuns pirovnul locvad
aqcevs, ukeT gamokveTs sayuradRebo
frazas; gansakuTrebul JReradobas
aniWebs romelime fsalmuns, viTarebidan gamomdinare; exmareba fsalmunis
tipologiur da sadResaswaulo interpretacias, sasiamovnosa da mravalferovans xdis fsalmunTa Sesrulebas.
antifoniumi (Antifonario) [warmoebulia sityvidan antifoni] liturgiuli wigni, romelSic Jamnisa da wirvis antifonebia Tavmoyrili.
antiqriste (Anticristo) [berZ. antchristos antiqriste] sityva oTxjeraa naxsenebi axal aRTqmaSi da aRniSnavs
qristesadmi dapirispirebul istoriul Zalas, romelic umTavresad JamTa
aRsasruls amoqmeddeba da romelsac
Tavad qriste daamxobs saSinel samsjavroze (gamocx. 11, Smd.)
apokaliptika (Apocalittica) [berZ.
apokalyptiks (sityvidan apoklypsis gamocxadeba)] qristianobamdel
da qristianobisSemdgom iudaizmSi
(II s. qristemdeII s. qristes Semdeg)
gavrcelebuli literaturuli Janri,
romelic miznad isaxavda, gaecxadebina
kacobriobis aRsasrulis JamTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi. am Janris TiTqmis yvela teqsti apokrifulia, garda
ioanes gamocxadebisa, Tumca apokaliptikuri niSnebi calkeul kanonikur wignebSic SeimCneva. apokaliptikis
saxasiaTo Tvisebebia: fsevdonimuroba,
xilvebi, simbolizmi da ganmmartebeli

apokatastasisi

angelosi. qristianuli apokaliptika

amtkicebs mesiis didebiT dabrunebasa
da RmrTis sulieri da sayovelTao
xelmwifebis damkvidrebas.
apokalifsi/gamocxadeba (Apocalisse)
[berZ. apoklypsis gamocxadeba]
arsebiTi saxeli aRniSnavs gamocxadebas, gamoaSkaravebas, rac, upirveles
yovlisa, momaval droTa aRsasrulis
xilvasa da mis momaswavebel niSnebs
Seexeba. am saxelwodebas atarebs wmida
ioanes winaswarmetyveluri wigni, romelic apokaliptur literaturul
Janrs ganekuTvneba da axal aRTqmas
amTavrebs. prologisa da epilogis
garda, gamocxadeba ori nawilisagan
Sedgeba: pirveli maTgani moicavs werilebs Svidi eklesiisadmi, meore ki winaswaretyvelur xilvebs eTmoba. nawarmoebis mTavari ideaa dapirispireba or
xelmwifebas (eklesia da msoflio),
qristesa da antiqristes, rCeulTa da
daRupulTa Soris. es dapirispireba
gadawydeba samsjavroTi, romelsac
RmerTi warmarTavs iesosuflisa da
msajulismeSveobiT. gamocxadeba
qristologiur-soteriologiuri xasiaTis poemaa, romelsac aqvs Svidi
eklesiiT warmodgenili prokonsulis
gamgeblobaSi myofi aziis qristianTa
mimarT wargzavnili werilis forma;
amave dros, is aris axali aRTqmis ideaTa da imedTa sinTezi da axali da
ukanaskneli drois winaswarmetyveleba.
tradiciis Tanaxmad, gamocxadeba
domicianes mefobis dasasruls, daaxloebiT 95 wels Seiqmna.
apokatastasisi (Apocatstasi) [berZ.
apokatstasis xelaxla damkvidreba]

apokrisiariosi

Tavdapirvelad winasokratelTa, Semdeg ki stoikosTa naazrevSi aRniSnavs

samyaros mudmivad moZravi ciklis
dasasrulsa da axal dasawyiss. qristianul samyaroSi damkvidrda upirvelesad aRmosavleli mamebisa da origenes mier rogorc mTeli Seqmnili
samyaros mibruneba sruli bednierebis
mdgomareobisaken.
apokrisiariosi (Apocrisario) [berZ.
apokrisirios pasuxis gadamcemi] sityva berZnul-romauli samarTlebrivi
wreebidan iRebs saTaves. V saukunis
Suaxanebidan aRniSnavda papisa da patriarqTa mudmiv warmomadgenels konstantinopolis imperatoris karze.
VI saukunidan apokrisariosi saepiskopoebsa da monastrebSic gavrcelda.
es wodeba da Tanamdeboba karolinguri karis meSveobiT Sua saukuneebSic ganagrZobs arsebobas: rogorc
Cans, klunielebsa da cistercielebs
apokrisiariosi romSi hyoliaT.
apokrifuli wignebi (Apocrifi, libri) [berZ. apkryphos damaluli,
Soreuli (zmnidan apokrptein dafarva)] qristemde II saukunidan qristianuli welTaRricxvis IV-VI saukuneebamde Seqmnili ebraul-qristianuli
religiuri nawerebi, romlebic araa Sesuli bibliis Semadgenel wignTa oficialur nusxaSi. ar aris zustad cnobili, sityva warmarTuli warmoSobisaa
Tu iudeuri wyaroebidan momdinareobs.
warmarTul samyaroSi apokrifi ewodeboda wigns, romelSiac gadmocemuli
moZRvreba dafaruli unda yofiliyo
gaundobelTaTvis (ezoTeruli naweri).

24
esevelebze msjelobisas ioseb flaviusic axsenebs wignebs, romlebic saidumlod inaxeboda, radganac ezoTerul
moZRvrebas Seicavda, Tumca ar aris
cnobili, rom ebraelebi aseT wignebs
apokrifebs uwodebdnen. arsebiTi saxelis Sesabamisi zedsarTavi saxeli ki
aRniSnavda dazianebis gamo liturgiisTvis gamouyenebel wmida gragnilebs,
romlebsac sakulto nagebobasTan dakavSirebul adgilas inaxavdnen, anu malavdnen (genuzim). ireneosi da tertuliane apokrifuls crus sinonimad iyenebdnen, xolo origene, ieronime
da avgustine apokrifuls uwodebdnen
Zveli aRTqmis im wignebs, romlebic
ebraul kanonSi ar Sedioda da mxolod
qristianuli kanonis nawils warmoadgenda. apokrifebi ewodeboda, aseve,
nawerebs, romlebic bibliis wignTa
nusxaSi ar Sedioda, magram saTauris,
Temis an dasaxelebuli avtoris mixedviT daimkvidres kanonikuri wignebis
Tanaswori wmida nawerebis avtoriteti.
Zveli aRTqmis apokrifebi istoriuli
(iubileTa wigni, adamisa da evas istoria, esaias cad amaRleba, iobis anderZi,
solomonis anderZi da a.S.); didaqtikuri (solomonis fsalmunebi, solomonis sagaloblebi, manases locva da
sxva) da apokaliptikuria (eTiopiuri
enoqis wigni, Targmnili ebrauli an
arameuli originalidan; slavuri enoqis wigni, Targmnili berZnuli originalidan; ebrauli enoqis wigni; abramis gamocxadeba; elias gamocxadeba da
sxva). kanonikur nawerTa msgavsad, axali
aRTqmis apokrifebi iyofa saxarebebad
(ebraelTa saxareba, petres saxareba,
Tormeti mociqulis saxareba, iakobis
pirvelsaxareba da sxva); saqmeebad (pe-

25
tres saqmeni, petres qadageba, pavles
saqmeni, ioanes saqmeni, andrias saqmeni da a.S.); werilebad (mociqulTa
werili, pavles werili laodikielTa
mimarT, pavles werili aleqsandrielTa
mimarT, pavles werilebi senekas mimarT
da senekas werilebi pavles mimarT da
a.S.); gamocxadebebad (petres gamocxadeba, pavles cad amaRleba da a.S.).
apolinarizmi (Apollinarismo) qristologiuri eresi, romlis saxelwodebac momdinareobs laodikieli
episkoposis, apolinariusis, saxelidan, romelic, qristes RmrTaebriobis
uarmyofel arianelobasTan dapirispireblad, amtkicebda, rom qristeSi
sityvam (n. logosi) iesos samSvinvelis
sulieri nawili Caanacvla. amgvarad
eWvqveS dgeboda qristes adamianurobis sisrule.
apologetika (Apologetica) [berZ.
apologhistai dacva] Teologiis is
nawili, romelic sarwmunoebis dacvasa
da gamarTlebas isaxavs miznad. qristianobis pirveli wlebidanve mravali apologeti werda warmarTTa da
ebraelTa winaaRmdeg. pirvel apologiebs TiTqmis yovelTvis imperatorisadmi mimarTvis an aramorwmuneTa
mimarT Segonebis forma hqonda. am
Janris pirveli mwerali iyo aTeneli
kvadratusi, romelmac daaxloebiT 125
wels imperator adrianes qristianobis apologia warudgina. II saukuneSi
yvelaze gamoCenili apologeti iyo
wmida iustine (pirveli apologia,
meore apologia, dialogi trifonTan). aseve, apologeturi naSromia

apostazia

ucnobi avtoris werili diognetesadmi, romelSic qristianulsa da

warmarTul kultebs Soris gansxvaveba
da qristianuli cxovrebis idealia
ganmartebuli. laTinur enaze dawerili tertulianes Apologeticum
qristianobis Cinebuli iuridiuli
dacvaa. apologetikis JanrSi Sua saukuneebSic moRvaweobdnen gamoCenili
mwerlebi: wmida isidore sevilieli,
wmida petre damiani, wmida ioane damaskeli (apologia muslimTa winaaRmdeg), wmida Toma akvineli (Summa
contra gentiesSejameba warmarTTa
winaaRmdeg). ufro axlo warsulSi
farTo gamoxmaureba pova blez paskalis (Penses sur la religionazrebi religiis Sesaxeb), alfonsus
de liguoris, Satobrianis (Le Gnie du Christianismeqristianobis genia) apologeturma naSromebma.
amJamad apologetika aRar ganixileba
damoukidebel mecnierebad, is fundamenturi Teologiis Semadgeneli
nawilia, romlis amocanaa gamoavlinos
da SeimuSaos qristianobis utyuarobis motivebi.
apologia (Apologia) [berZ. apologha
dacva] saubari an naweri, mimarTuli
vinmes an romelime moZRvrebis dasacavad. apologetebi ewoda eklesiis mamebs, romlebic qristianobis pirvel
saukuneebSi
(II-III ss.) qristianobas
warmarTTa Tavdasxmebisagan icavdnen.
n. apologetika.
apostazia (Apostasia) [berZ. apostasa gandgoma, warmoebuli zmnidan
aphstanai, daSoreba] monaTluli
adamianis mier rwmenis srulad uaryo-

apofaturi Teologia

fa. gansxvavdeba eresisagan, romelic

sarwmunoebis erTi an ramdenime WeSmaritebis jiut uaryofas warmoadgens
(CIC, kan. 751).
apofaturi Teologia (Teologia apofatica) [berZ. apophatiks uaryofiTi (warmoebuli sityvidan apphanai
uaryofa)] uaryofiTi Teologia,
romelic ganixilavs RmrTis transcendentulobas rogorc sruliad
gamouTqmels, ise, rom arc erT saxels
an gansazRvrebas ar ZaluZs misi Tundac analogiuri aRwera.
arameuli n. bibliis ena.
arianeloba (Arianesimo) IV saukunis qristologiuri da trinitologiuri eresi, romlis saxelwodebac
aleqsandrieli
mRvdlis,
ariosis
(336) saxelidan momdinareobs. ariosi
amtkicebda, rom sityva ar iyo mamis
Tanaarsi, is uaryofda aseve sityvis
RmrTaebriv bunebas da wmida samebis
meore piri dahyavda ubralo demiurgamde (sanaxevro RmerTamde), droTa sawyisamde Seqmnil srulyofil,
mag_ram ara maradiul arsebamde. sabolood, ariosis moZRvreba samebisa da
gankacebis saidumloebebs anadgurebda.
nikeis msoflio krebam (325), imperator konstantines meurveobiT, uaryo
ariosis ideebi da sazeimod gamoacxada,
rom ieso qriste, RmrTis Ze, aris Tanaarsi mamisa~ (homoosios ti patr).
nikeis simbolom, romelic safuZvlad
udevs mrwamss, agreTve, gamoacxada rom
RmrTis Ze aris RmerTi RmrTisagan,
naTeli naTlisagan, RmerTi WeSmariti
RmrTisagan WeSmaritisa, Sobili da ara
qmnili. magram arianelobas gavleni-

26
ani mfarvelebi hyavda da man xelaxla
moikida fexi imperator kostancius
II-isa da nikomediis episkopos evsebis
daxmarebiT. marTlmadidebeli rwmenis
xelaxali gamarjveba mxolod iseT
gamoCenil pirovnebaTa mgznebare da
STagonebuli saqmianobis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli, romelTa Soris arian mravaljer gadasaxlebuli aTanase
aleqsandrieli, ilarius puatieli,
grigol nazianzeli, grigol noseli
da basili didi.
arkosoliumi (Arcosolio) [laT. arcum
TaRi+solium auzi, samarxi] ewodeba TaRis qveS moTavsebul samarxs,
rogorc kedelSi naSenebs, ise tufSi
nakveTs (katakombebis msgavsad).
arqidiocezi (Arcidiocesi) saeklesio
provinciis mTavari kaTedra,warmoadgens diocezs, romlis episkoposs
ewodeba mTavarepiskoposi da sufraganul diocezTa mitropoliti. SesaZloa, zogjer iyos mxolod sapatio
tituli, ganpirobebuli istoriuli
mizezebiT.
arqimandriti (Archimandrita) [berZ.
archimandrtes (arch meTauri da
mndra farexi) monastris meTauri] IV saukunidan aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi ase ewodeba monastris winamZRvars. VI saukuneSi am saxels atarebs
mxolod
monasterTa
gaerTianebis
meTauri. zogjer, gansakuTrebul damsaxurebaTaTvis, am wodebas, aseve, aniWeben im monazons, romelic araa monastris winamZRvari.
askeza (Ascesi) [berZ. skesis fizikuri varjiSi, Semdeg gvianlaT. dam-

27
kvidrda forma ascesis] Tavdapirvelad sityva aRniSnavda nebismier
varjiSs,fizikurs,
inteleqtualursa Tu zneobrivs,Sesrulebuls
garkveuli meTodiT winsvlis misaRwevad. qristianobaSi SeiZina TiTqmis
teqnikuri mniSvneloba da aRniSnavs
ZalisxmevaTa erTobliobas, romelTa
meSveobiTac adamians surs winsvla
zneobrivsa da religiur cxovrebaSi,
raTa miaRwios mTis qadagebaSi (maT.
5:1, Smd.) Camoyalibebul qristianuli
srulyofilebis ideals. qristianuli
asketizmi, romelic gandgomasa da sakuTari Tavis uaryofas gulisxmobs,
sulier cxovrebaSi RmrTis qmedebis
uzenaesobas eqvemdebareba.
asketika (Ascetica) [warmoebuli forma berZ. askets is, vinc varjiSobs]
Teologiuri gansja askezisa da yovelive masTan dakavSirebulis Sesaxeb.
calkeulma wmidanebma, magaliTad,
benediqte nursielma, bonaventuram,
egnate loiolam da sxv. mniSvnelovani
piradi wvlili Seitanes asketikaSi.
asuncionistebi (Assunzionisti) [ital.
Assunzione aRyvaneba] mowese mamakacebi da qalebi, wevrebi erT-erTi
im religiuri kongregaciisa, romlis saxelwodebac mariamis aRyvanebas
ukavSirdeba. mamakac moweseTa kongregacia (asuncionistebi anu avgustineli asuncionistebi) 1845 wels e.
dalconma daaarsa, is damtkicebuli
iqna 1864 wels. mowese qalTa kongregaciebia: mariamis aRyvanebis debi an
qalbatonebi (1839), mariamis aRyvanebis
monazvnebi (oblatebi) (1862) da mariamis aRyvanebis mcire debi (1865). asun-

aRapi, saZmo trapezi

cionistTa kongregacia miznad isaxavs

qristianuli moZRvrebis dacvas beWdviTi sityvis meSveobiT (La Croix, Documentation catholique...); mis wevrTa
moRvaweobis sferoebia, aseve, saskolo
swavleba, momlocveloba da misioneruli saqmianoba (aRmosavleTSi).
auditori (Uditore) [laT. auditor,
zmnidan audire mosmena] tribunalis msajulTa Soris an episkoposis
mier mowonebul pirTagan arCeuli
pirovneba, romelsac evaleba sasamarTlo saqmis winaswari gamoZieba. igi
moiZiebs mtkicebulebebs da gadascems
maT mosamarTles (CIC, kan. 1428). nunciaturis auditori ki wmida saydris
diplomatiur samsaxurSi msaxurobs da
sadespanos TanamSromelTa da mdivanTagan SeirCeva.
afsida (Abside) [berZ. apss, Semdeg
laT. damkvidrda forma absis] naxevarwriuli an waxnagovani arqiteqturuli forma, Cveulebriv dagvirgvinebuli naxevargumbaTiT (konqiT).
moTavsebulia
eklesiis
centraluri navis bolos da moicavs mTavar
sakurTxevels. SeiZleba mdebareobdes, aseve, saeklesio Senobis ganivi
mklavebis an transeptis boloebzec.
aqtiuri
(morwmune)
(Praticante)
[berZ. praktiks aqtiuri, (zmnidan
prssein, keTeba), Semdeg laTinurSi
damkvidrda practicus] piri, romelic
erTgulad asrulebs religiur wesebs.
aRapi, saZmo trapezi (Agape fraterna)
[berZ. gape siyvaruli] evqaristias
darTuli erToblivi trapezi, romelic adreul eklesiaSi saidumlo

aRdgoma

serobis magaliTiTa da mis gasaxseneblad imarTeboda, rogorc ukiduresad gaWirvebulTa mimarT siyvarulis,
TanagrZnobisa da maTTan erTianobis
gamoxatuleba. mokle xanSi mis safuZvelze aRmocenda iseTi gadaWarbebani,
romlebic mociqulma pavlem dagmo
werilSi korinTelTa mimarT (1 kor.
11:17-34). II saukunidan gancalkevda
evqaristiuli liturgiisagan.
aRdgoma (Risurrezione) [gvianlaT.
resurrectio gacocxleba] qristes mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saidumloeba qristianobis mTavari saidumloa (Sdr.
CCC, 638) da axali aRTqmis gzavnilis safuZvelia: Tu qriste ar aRmdgara, Cveni qadagebac fuWia da fuWia Tqveni rwmenac (1kor. 15:14). am
saidumlos arsebiTi movlena istoriuladaa dadasturebuli mowafeTa
mier, romlebic sinamdvileSi Sexvdnen
sicocxleSi qristes, da, amave dros,
aris saidumloebrivad transcendenturi, radganac esaa qristes adamianurobis Sesvla RmrTis didebaSi (Sdr.
CCC, 639-647). qristes, mkvdarTagan
pirmSos (kol. 1:18), mkvdreTiT aRdgoma yoveli adamianis mkvdreTiT aRdgomis winapiroba da sawindaria. is
warmogvidgeba sikvdilis Semdeg sulis
myisier gamarTlebad da sxeulis momaval gacocxlebad RmrTis didebaSi
(n. netari xilva). qristes mkvdreTiT
aRdgomis, anu aRdgomis saidumlos
aRniSvna liturgiis ZiriTadi nawilia.
misi gamoxatulebaa ara mxolod paseqis aRniSvna, aramed agreTve kviradRismkvdreTiT aRmdgari uflis
dRisevqaristiuli msaxureba. n. paseqi.

28
aRviareb (Confiteor) [TxrobiTi kilos awmyo drois pirveli piris forma
laTinuri zmnisa confiteri aRviareb]
codvaTa aRiareba wirvis dasawyisSi.
termini amgvari aRiarebisas gamoyenebuli formulis pirveli laTinuri
sityvidan warmoiSva.
aRzevebuloba (Eminenza) [laT. sityvidan eminentia amaRlebuli adgili, simaRle] kardinalis sapatio
wodeba (1630 wlis urban VIII-is dekretis safuZvelze). Sua saukuneebSi warmoadgenda agreTve tituls, romelsac
papi mxolod safrangeTis mefeebs uboZebda.
aRTqma (Testamento) [laT. testamentum (zmnidan testari, damowmeba),
romelic Seesatyviseba berZnul cnebas
diathke, is ki Tavis mxriv ebrauli sityvis berit aRTqma, Targmania] iuridiul institutTan analogiiT, termini
xazs usvams RmrTis iniciativas da
niWs, uboZos sakuTari Tavi adamians, am
mizniT debs aRTqmas israelTan, xolo
ieso qristes meSveobiT ki is TiToeul
adamians miecema. amitomac Zveli da axali aRTqmis xsenebisas Zvelsa da axal
SeTanxmebazea saubari. aRTqmis wignebi
erToblivad biblias Seadgens.
aRTqmis dadeba (Voto) [laT. votum
(zmnidan vovere kurTxeva)] esaa
RmrTisadmi mtkice da Tavisufali
dapireba SesaZlebeli da saukeTeso
sikeTisa (CIC, kan. 1191). samoweseo
cxovrebis SemTxvevaSi aRTqmis umTavresi arsia siRatakis, ubiwoebisa da morCilebis sami dapireba. pirovneba, romelic aRTqmis dadebiT uars acxadebs
sam did adamianur Rirebulebaze, amas

29
saxarebaSi mocemuli qristes magaliTis mibaZvis mizniT akeTebs (aqedan
momdinareobs gamoTqma saxarebiseuli
rCevebi, Sdr. maT. 19:16-21), rac mama
RmrTis srulyofilebisaken swrafvas
isaxavs miznad (maT. 5:48). aRTqma aris:
a) sajaro, Tu mas Caibarebs kanonieri
winamZRvari eklesiis saxeliT; amgvaria
samoweseo instituciaSi, samociqulo
cxovrebis sazogadoebebSi, morwmuneTa
sajaro asociaciebSi da gandegilTa
mier dadebuli aRTqmebi; b) kerZo, Tu
is mxolod RmrTis winaSe warmoiTqmis, eklesiis saxeliT romelime winamZRvris Carevis gareSe; aseTia Sida
forumSi dadebuli aRTqmebi, Tundac
es morwmuneTa kerZo asociaciebSi
xdebodes (CIC, kan. 1192, naw. 1); g)
sazeimo, romelic amgvarad aris aRiarebuli eklesiis mier. instituciebi
Tavad adgenen, unda dadon Tu ara
maTma wevrebma sazeimo aRTqmebi (da
sazRvraven amgvar aRTqmaTa iuridiul
Sedegebs), Tu sakmarisia martiv aRTqmaTa dadeba (romelTac eqneba an ar
eqneba sazeimo aRTqmaTa igiveobrivi
Sedegebi) (Sdr. CIC, kan. 668, naw. 4;
n. 204; 206; 216); d) martiviyvela
sxva SemTxvevaSi (CIC, kan. 1192, naw.
2); e) piradi, rodesac aRTqmis sagani
rame qmedebaa, magaliTad, locva, sakvebze uaris Tqma da a.S.; v) nivTieri, Tu
aRTqmis sagani rame sagania: magaliTad,
mowyaleba, barZimis Sewirva da sxv.;
z) Sereuli, rodesac aRTqmis sagani
qmedeba da sagania: magaliTad, momlocveloba rame Sesawiravis gakeTebis
mizniT; T) droebiTi, roca aRTqmis
moqmedeba daTqmuli vadis gasvlis Semdeg wydeba (CIC, kan. 1194); i) mudmivi,
aseTia samudamod dadebuli aRTqmebi,

aRkveca (tonzura)

maT Sewyvetas iwvevs mxolod ganTavisufleba an Canacvleba (CIC, kan. 1194).

aRTqmis karavi (Tenda della testimonianza/del convegno) ewodeba agreTve
samyofeli, tabernakulumi. moses
mier damzadebuli karvis formis moZravi salocavi (gam. 25:8; 26; 27; 35:4-29;
36:8-38; 40:1-33), RmrTis Tanaswrebis
niSani, romelic axlda Tan israelis
xalxs udabnoSi (gam. 40:34, Smd; ricx.
1:50.53; 2:1; 10:11). masSi iyo daculi
aRTqmis kidobani rjulis Secveli
dafebiTurT (gam. 25:16). n. Sekina.
aRTqmis kidobani n. kidobani
aRTqmuli miwa (Terra promessa) qanaanis miwa, anu palestina, romelsac
ase ewodeba, radganac (ebr. 11:9) is
abraamsa da mis STamomavlobas aReTqva
(dab. 12:1; 14:17), RmerTsa da mis xalxs
Soris aRTqmis kavSirad. mas ewodeba
qveyana, romelsac ufali mianiWebs (gam.
12:5), qveyana, romlis micemac ufalma
aRuTqva (rjl. 7:13 da kidev 17-jer),
keTili qveyana, sadac rZe da Tafli
moedineba (ricx. 14:30; 32:10, Smd.; rjl.
1:34, Smd.; 2:14; 4:12; fsal. 95:11; ezr.
20:15; ebr. 4:7).
aRTqmuli wirva (Votiva, messa) [laT.
votivus, nawarmoebia sityvidan vovere
aRTqma, dapireba] wirva, romelic
SeiZleba Catardes dRis liturgiis
nacvlad, gansakuTrebuli Tayvaniscemis niSnad, qalwuli mariamis, romelime wmidanis an uflis calkeul
saidumloebaTa sadideblad.
aRkveca (tonzura) (Tonsura) [laT.
tonsura SekreWa] samRvdeloebis

aRmarTva

wevrad miRebis aRmniSnavneli rituali. episkoposi Tmis ramdenime kululs akreWda kandidats amqveyniur
saqmeTagan misi daSorebis aRsaniSnavad.
amgvarad, aRkvecili Tma, tonzura,
yoveli sasuliero piris ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo.
aRmarTva (Elevazione) [laT. elevatio]
Jesti, romelsac mwirveli asrulebs
wirvis dros, kurTxevis Semdeg, sefiskverisa da Semdeg barZimis aRmarTvisas. evqaristiul nawilTa aRmarTva
kidev erTxel kanonis dasasruls sruldeba, rodesac mwiravi erTdroulad
aRmarTavs nakurTx pursa da Rvinos.
sefiskveris aRmarTva dokumenturad
damowmebulia XII saukunidan, xolo
barZimisaXIV saukunidan.
aRmatebuleba (Eccellenza) [laT. excellentia (momdinareobs zmnidan excellere aRmateba)] sapatio tituli,
romelic episkoposebsa da mTavarepiskoposebs eniWeba.
aRmdgari (Risorto) [namyos mimReoba
zmnisa risorgere gacocxleba] rogorc arsebiTi saxeli, aRniSnavs ieso
qristes. n. aRdgoma.
aRmTqmeli (Professo) [laT. professus (namyos mimReoba sityvisa profiteri
gancxadeba vinmes winaSe)] aRniSnavs
pirovnebas, romelmac siRatakis, ubiwoebisa da morCilebis aRTqma dado.
aRmosavluri eklesiebi (Orientali,
chiese) aRmosavlur eklesiaTa ricxvs
ganekuTvneba aRmosavleT romis imperiis (bizantiis) sazRvrebSi Camoyalibebuli da am sazRvrebs gareT myofi,

30
magram maTze damokidebuli yvela
eklesia. tradiciulad upiratesobis
mqone aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da
Semdgom konstantinopolisa da ierusalemis sapatriarqoebi droTa ganmavlobaSi samitropolito centrebidan ganviTardnen. bizantiis imperiis
sazRvrebs gareT damoukidebel eklesiebad Camoyalibda sparsuli da somxuri eklesiebi. am did eklesiaTagan
TiToeuls sakuTari wesi aqvs. 451 wlis
qalkedonis krebis Semdeg gaRvivebuli qristologiuri diskusiis Sedegad sparseTis nestorianuli eklesia
pirveli gamoeyo bizantiis eklesias.
mis magaliTs mibaZes maronitebma da
monofizitizmis mimdevrebma, romlebmac Tavi araqalkedonur eklesiebad
gamoacxades; kerZod, saubaria Semdeg
eklesiebze: kopturi marTlmadidebeli eklesia, eTiopiis monofizituri
eklesia,
siriul-marTlmadidebeli
eklesia, indoeTis marTlmadidebeli
eklesia, somxuri eklesia. am eklesiebsac aRmosavluri ewodeba. bizantiis eklesia danarCenebTan SedarebiT
ufro metad gavrcelda da misi wesi
gabatonebulad iqca. IX-X saukuneebSi is bulgareTSi, serbeTsa da ruseTSi gavrcelda. am qveynebSi mxolod
XIX saukuneSi aRmocenda erovnuli
marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi. bizantiuri imperiuli eklesiis wiaRidan
warmoqmnili aRmosavluri eklesiebi,
romlebic aRmosavluri sqizmis Semdeg kaTolike eklesias gamoeyvnen, aRmosavlur marTlmadidebel eklesiebad
iwodeba. xolo eklesiebs, romlebmac
romis eklesiasTan kavSiri SeinarCunes, an gamoyofis periodis Semdeg isev
SeuerTdnen romis eklesias, aRmosav-

31

aRsareba

lur kaTolike eklesiebs uwodeben

(maT uniatebadac moixsenieben). Tumca
am saxelwodebaTa gamoyeneba erTmniSvnelovnad ar aris gansazRvruli, rac
xSirad xdeba gaugebrobis mizezi.

navs RmrTis, RmrTisSoblisa Tu wmidanebisadmi aRvlenil yovel locvas.

liturgiaSi esaa locva, romelsac
mRvdelmsaxuri wirvisas sakiTxavamde
aRavlens.

aRmsarebeli (Confessore) [gvianlaT.

sityvidan confessor, zmnidan confiteri
aRiareba] a) mRvdelmsaxuri, romelic monaniebis saidumlos aRasrulebs: codvaTa qmediTi mitevebisaTvis
saWiroa, rom mRvdelmsaxuri, garda sasuliero wodebis avtoritetisa, amasTanave, flobdes unars, raTa SeZlos
morwmuneTaTvis codvebis miteveba
(CIC, kan. 966); b) sarwmunoebis aRmsarebeliwodeba, romelic liturgiaSi eniWeba yvela aramowame wmidans.
qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi terminebi aRmsarebeli da mowame erTmaneTisgan ar ganirCeoda. maTi sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobiT xmareba IV saukunidan
damkvidrda.

aRsareba [laT. zmnidan confiteri

aRiareba] termins gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobebi aqvs: a) farTo mniSvnelobiT, aRniSnavs monaniebis saidumlos mTlianobaSi, anu moicavs mis
yvela nawils: sindisis qenjnas, sinanuls, ganzraxvas, codvaTa aRiarebas,
monaniebas; b) viwro mniSvnelobiT,
aRniSnavs CamoTvlilTagan mxolod
erT nawils: monanie adamianis mier aRsarebis mimRebi moZRvris winaSe codvaTa aRiarebis moments; g) iuridiuli terminologidan aRebuli: rame
faqtis an movlenis sajaro aRiarebis
mniSvnelobiT, aRniSnavs sakuTari rwmenis sajaro aRsarebas; d) SeiZleba
aRniSnavdes formulars, romelic Seicavs sarwmunoebis mTavar dogmatebs,
rogorebicaa, magaliTad, augsburgis
aRsareba (1530) luTerelTaTvis da la
roSelis aRsareba (1559-1571) frangi
reformatorebisTvis. uZvelesi eklesiis rwmenis aRsarebebs simboloebi
ewodeba: nikea-konstantinopolis simbolo, mociqulTa simbolo, aTanases
simbolo; isini anglikanuri, luTeruli da reformirebuli eklesiebis
mieracaa aRiarebuli; e) farTo mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs agreTve sxvadasxva
qristianul konfesias, anu im eklesiaTa erTobliobas, romlebic rwmenis
erTsa da imave aRsarebas iyeneben. magaliTad, luTeruli an reformirebuli eklesiis aRsareba (gamoiyeneba aseve
gamoTqma: luTeruli an reformirebuli eklesiis Tanaziareba); v) adgili,

aRmsarebeli eklesia (Chiesa confessante) [germ. Bekennende Kirche]

germanel qristianTa erTi jgufi, romelic, nacizmis gavrcelebisa da germanul eklesiaze misi mzardi gavlenis
sawinaaRmdegod, eklesiad Camoyalibda
(1933 wlidan). jgufis mizani iyo qristianuli sazogadoebisTvis saRmrTo
werilis, saxarebisa da reformatorTa
mier gansazRvruli mTlianobis SenarCuneba. eklesiis rwmenis aRsareba 1934
wlis 31 maiss bremenSi Sedga da damtkicda.
aRsavleni (Orazione) [laT. oratio,
saubari, zmnidan orare laparaki,
Semdeg qristianul laTinurSi locva] gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, aRniS-

aRyvaneba

sadac mowamem mowameoba miiRo an daikrZala (aRsarebis sakurTxeveli).

aRyvaneba (Assunzione) [laT. adsumptio, warmoebuli sityvidan adsumere
miReba] aRniSnavs zeciur didebaSi mariamis aRyvanebas samSvinveliTa
da sxeuliT. mariamis aRyvaneba dogmaa, romelic 1950 wlis 1 noembers
sazeimod gamoacxada papma pius XII-m
samociqulo dadgenilebiT Munificentissimus Deus. liturgiuli wlis
ganmavlobaSi is erT-erTia mariamisadmi miZRvnili sami didi dResaswaulidan da aRiniSneba 15 agvistos. es
saidumloeba saukuneTa manZilze iyo
Semonaxuli aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis sxvadasxva eklesiebSi. dasavleTSi
pap sergi I-is dros (VII s.) aRiniSneboda miZinebis dResaswauli. aRyvaneba
ganixileba ara imdenad mariamis apoTeozad, ramdenadac ieso qristes mier
borotebaze gamarjvebasTan qristianis
namdvili SeerTebis niSanad, rogorc
dasturi Cveni momavali monawileobisa
macxovris didebaSi.
axali aRTqma n. biblia; aRTqma.
axali Teologia (Nouvelle thologie)
am saxeliT aRiniSna uSualod meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi
gavrcelebuli franguli Teologiuri moZraoba. es iyo bibliisa da patristikis Suqze Teologiis xelaxali
gaazrebis mcdeloba, axal gagebaTa da
filosofiur-kulturuli problematikis mier wamoWril moTxovnaTa sapasuxod. 1950 wlis enciklikaSi Humani
generis am mimdinareobis calkeuli
aspeqtebia dagmobili.

32
axali ormocdaaTianeloba (Neopentecostalismo) [nos axali+pentecostalismo] Tanamedrove qristianuli
moZraoba, romelic ormocdaaTianelobidan iRebs STagonebas, magram,
misgan gansxvavebiT, ara damoukidebel
eklesiad, aramed sulierebis formad
warmoadgens sakuTar Tavs.
axali RmrTismosaoba (Devotio moderna) religiuri ganaxlebis moZraoba,
aRmocenda niderlandebSi XIV saukunis
meore naxevarSi, SemdgomSi ganviTarda
germaniaSi, safrangeTsa da italiaSic.
moZraobis ideebi SesaniSnavadaa gadmocemuli wignSi De imitatione Christi.
moZraobis damaxasiaTebeli niSania sakuTar sulSi RmrTis Zieba, rac miiRweva sulieri CaRrmavebiT, meditaciiTa
da qristianuli cxovrebis gaRrmavebiT locvis, swavlis, umTavresad, bibliis Seswavlisa da Sromis meSveobiT.
axali
warmarToba
(neopaganizmi)
(Neopaganesimo) [berZn. nos axali+paganesimo
`warmarToba~]
Tanamedrove adamianis swrafvamiatovos RmerTi, CamoSordes qristianobis eTikur-religiur principebs da
misdios materialur da amqveyniur
Rirebulebebs, romlebic Zveli warmarTobis damaxasiaTebel niSnebad miiCneva. es mimdinareoba meoce saukunis dasawyisSi gavrcelda, umTavresad
germaniaSi,bunebaSi RmrTis imanenturobisa da religiuri da politikuri sazogadoebis identurobis ideis
damkvidrebasTan erTad.

baali (Baal) [baal ufali, batoni]
RmrTaeba, romelsac axlo aRmosavleTisa (qananuri civilizacia) da afrikis TiTqmis yvela xalxi eTayvaneboda.
nayofierebis es suli bunebis, gansakuTrebiT kiatmosferul, movlenebs
marTavda. moses rjulis mier dawesebuli mkacri akrZalvis miuxedavad,
am kultisadmi gulgrilni ar iyvnen
israelis mcxovrebnic. mefe aqabis
dros israelis samefoSi baalis kultis 450 RmrTismsaxuri yofila. amis
gamo winaswarmetyvelebi baals kerpTayvanismcemlobis mTavar simbolod
miiCnevdnen. bibliaSi aRwerilia (Sdr.
3mef.18:20-40) elias gamarjveba baalis
RmrTismsaxurebTan kamaTSi karmelis
mTaze. baalis kulti ebraelTa gadasaxlebis xanaSi moispo.
babizmi (Babismo) religiuri moZraoba, romelic sparseTis Siituri
islamidan iRebs dasabams. babizmis
saxelwodeba misi damaarseblissaid
ali muhamad Sirazis (1819-1850) saxelidan momdinareobs, romelic ufro
cnobilia, rogorc hazraT-i babi: misi
umaRlesoba babi, anu kari, mimyvani
RmrTaebrivi WeSmaritebis Secnobisaken.
Tavdapirvelad moZraoba warmatebuli
aRmoCnda, Tumca Semdeg mas sulieri

xelmZRvaneloba daupirispirda, ris

Sedegadac babizmi mTlianad gamoeyo
islams da damoukidebel religiad
Camoyalibda, romlis mimdevrebic dRes
mxolod mcirericxovani jgufebis saxiT arian SemorCenilni.
babiloni (Babele) ebr. saxeli babiloneTisa, romelic bibliur simbolizmSi mudam borot Zalas ganasaxierebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom RmerTs misi gamoyeneba Tavis gegmaTa gansaxorcieleblad SeuZlia. cnobili babilonis
godoli, romelic dabadebaSia moxseniebuli (11:1-9), terasebad nageb koSks
(ziquraTs) warmoadgens. babilonis
ayvavebis xanaSi gavrcelebuli am tipis nageboba simboloa kerpTayvaniscemisa da adamianuri ampartavnebisa,
romelsac RmerTi sjis (enaTa aRreva).
baga (Presepio) [laT. praesepe an
praesepium daxuruli Robe, baga]
iesos Sobisa da mogvTa Tayvaniscemis
amsaxveli reliefuri miniaturuli saSobao gamosaxuleba (lukasa da maTes
saxarebaTa mixedviT), romelic beTlemis qvabulis garSemo Tavmoyril sxvadasxva personaJTa figurebs moicavs.
pirveli amgvari gamosaxuleba 1223
wlis Sobis dResaswaulze, greCoSi,

bazilika

wmida franciske asizelma daamzada.

zogjer amgvar saSobao suraTebs
cocxali adamianebisa da cxovelebis
monawileobiTac dgamen.
bazilika (Basilica) [berZ. (sto) basilik samefo (portiki)] bazilika
sparseTis samefo sasaxleTagan momdinareobs: is mefis (bazilus-is) saaudencio darbazs warmoadgenda. bazilikaramdenime navisagan Semdgari
sworkuTxa didi darbazipraqtikulobis gamo gadaiRo romaulma samyarom, radganac mis erT-erT boloSi
mdebare afsida idealur garemos warmoadgenda sasamarTlo sxdomebis Casatareblad. bazilika, agreTve, SekrebaTa da saqmian garigebaTa centradac
gamoiyeneboda. bazilika bunebrivad
miesadaga qristianul kults, rasac
Senobis gegmaSi mxolod mcireodeni
cvlilebebis Setana mohyva. dRes bazilika ewodeba taZars, romelsac CamoTvlilTagan erT-erTi niSan-Tviseba axasiaTebs: a) taZars aqvs sigrZivi gegma
da erTmaneTisagan kolonadiT gamoyofili sul cota sami navi; centraluri
navi sxvebze ufro maRalia,imdenad,
rom sakuTari sarkmlebi SeuZlia
hqondes; b) eklesia Zveli qristianulia: am tipis eklesiebs IV saukunidan
uwodeben bazilikebs; g) miniWebuli
aqvs bazilikis sapatio wodeba, risi
pativic gamorCeul taZrebs ergeba.
uZvelesi droidan ufros da umcros
bazilikebs ganasxvaveben. mTavari anu
papis bazilikebi ewodeba romis oTx
mTavar taZars. esenia: wmida ioane
lateranSi, wmida mariami umTavresi,
wmida petre vatikanSi da wmida pavle
galavans miRma.

34
baldaqini (Baldacchino) [baRdadis
Zveli saxelidan Baldacco, romelic
garkveuli saxis qsovilis samSoblo
iyo] oTx an met gadasatan bunze damagrebuli, foCebiT morTuli qsovilis oTxkuTxa naWeri, romlis daniSnulebaa sazeimo msvlelobisas wmida
nawilebis dacva.
balustrada
(Balaustra/Balaustrata)
rikulebiani moajiri, romelic gamoiyeneba mRvdlis samyoflispresbiteriumis gamosayofad eklesiis navebisagan.
baptistebi (Battisti) anglosaqsur
protestantizmSi aRmocenebuli yve
laze didi Tavisufali evangelikuri
eklesiis wevrebi. am eklesiis Semadgenel sxvadasxva jgufTa umTavresi
damaxasiaTebeli niSani mozrdilTa
naTlobaa. XVII saukunis dasawyisSi
amsterdamSi emigrirebulma j. smiTma
da T. helvisma, darwmunebulebma, rom
bavSvobaSi miRebuli naTloba Zaladakarguli iyo, xelaxla miiRes naTloba
da 1608 wels amsterdamis pirveli inglisuri baptisturi eklesia daaarses.
helvisi 1611 wels ramdenime megobarTan
erTad inglisSi dabrunda da daaarsa
egreT wodebuli pirveli baptisturi
eklesia inglisis teritoriaze. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi baptizmis
dafuZneba mqadagebel r. uiliamsis
(1683) saxels ukavSirdeba. amJamad baptistTa damoukidebeli sakrebuloebi
1905 wlidan gaerTianebulia baptistTa msoflio aliansSi (Baptist World
Alliance), romelic ocdaaT milionze
met momxres aerTianebs (amaTgan 27
milioni amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi cxovrobs). baptistur kavSirTa

35
umravlesoba eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos miekuTvneba. sxvadasxva jgufebi
SeTanxmebulni arian moZRvrebisa da
kanonmdeblobis ZiriTad sakiTxebze.
es sakiTxebia: samoZRvro Tavisufleba
TeologiaSi; savaldebulo mrwamsis
ararseboba; biblia rogorc sayovelTao avtoriteti; saidumloTa simboluri koncefcia; mxolod zrdasrulTa naTloba (wyalSi Casvlis gziT);
RmrTismsaxurTa xeldasxma sakrebulos
wevrebis mier; yovelgvari religiuri tradiciisa da saeklesio formis
uaryofa; eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
erTmaneTisagan gamijvna. yvelasTvis
saerToa aqtiuri qristianoba da misioneruli saqmianoba warmarTul miwebze.
baptisteriumi (Battistero) [saeklesio laT. baptisterium (berZ. sityvidan
baptistrion)] IV saukunidan sityva
aRniSnavs bazilikasTan dakavSirebul
da naTlobis aRsrulebisTvis gankuTvnil sagangebo Senobas. Senobis bazilikisagan gancalkavebis mizezi im
faqts ukavSirdeba, rom neofitebi
(axalmoqceulni) mxolod naTlobis
Semdeg daiSvebodnen eklesiaSi. pirvel
baptisteriumebs hqonda centraluri,
xuTkuTxa, eqvskuTxa, berZnuli jvris
formis, ufro xSirad ki rvakuTxa an
wriuli gegma, kamarovani da gumbaTovani gadaxurva, Tumca, formisagan damoukideblad, yoveli maTganis centrSi 70-75 sm. siRrmis auzi iyo moTavsebuli. auzSi Casvla safexurebis meSveobiT iyo SesaZlebeli, wyali ki mas
zemodan miewodeboda. baptisteriumis
am tipma mas Semdegac ganagrZo arseboba, rac XI saukunidan gauqmda wyalSi

baruqis wigni

CaSvebis gziT naTloba, Tumca XIII saukunidan misi gamoyeneba ufro iSviaTi
gaxda, radganac am droidan naTlobis
wesi ukve eklesiaSi aResruleboda. am
mizniT sanaTlav embazs eklesiis Sesasvlelis siaxloves, erT-erT gverdiTa
samlocveloSi aTavsebdnen.
barnabelebi (Barnabiti) maTi oficialuri saxelwodebaa wmida pavles
regularuli samRvdeloni. barnabelebi maT ewodaT milanis wmida barnabes eklesiis mixedviT, romelic am
kongregaciis pirvel adgilsamyofels
warmoadgenda (1545). kongregacia 1530
wels wmida antonio maria zaqariam,
bartolomeo ferarim da antonio jakomo morijam daaarses xalxSi samwyso
msaxurebis, swavlebisa da evqaristiuli Tayvaniscemis gasavrceleblad.
Tavdapirvelad maT inkvizicia daupirispirda. 1579 wels papma grigol
XIII-m kongregaciis ganmsazRvreli
wesdeba cno. amJamad italiaSi barnabelebi moRvaweoben saskolo sferosa
da samrevlo samwyso saqmianobaSi.
baruqis wigni (Libro di Baruc) Zveli aRTqmis arakanonikuri wigni,
romelsac ieremias mdivan baruqis saxels ukavSireben. ganekuTvneba gviandel
xanas, Semonaxulia mxolod berZnul
enaze, agreTve, siriuli da laTinuri
versiebis saxiT. wigni Seicavs: Sesavals,
anu istoriul prologs (1:1-14); monaniebis liturgias (1:15-3:8); codnis
sadidebel sagalobels, romelSic
codna moses kanonTanaa gaigivebuli
(3:9-4:4); winaswarmetyvelur qadagebas
(4:5-5:9). vulgataSi mas daemata egreT
wodebuli ieremias werili (T.6).

barZimi

barZimi (Calice) [laT. calix fiala,

Tasi] wmida WurWeli, romelSic wirvis dros Rvinos asxmen da akurTxeben.
basilielebi (Basiliani) wmida basilis
(379) samonazvno wesdebis mimdevari
monazvnebi. SeiZleba miekuTvnebodnen rogorc berZnul, aseve laTinur
wess, Tumca, Cveulebriv, mcdari SexedulebiT, basilielad miiCneva berZnuli wesis yvela kaTolike monazoni.
sxvebTan erTad, kanonikurad cnobilia basilielTa Semdegi ordenebi:
a) italiis basiliel monazonTa anu
wmida maria grotaferatas monazonTa
kongregacia. daarsda 1579 wlis suli
wmidis gardamosvlis dRes italiis
berZen monazonTa kapitulumis mier
kalabriaSi, san filarete di seminaraSi. imave wlis 1 noembers gamoqveynda
pap grigol XIII-is damfuZnebeli bula
Benedictus Dominus; b) wmida iosafatis basilielTa ordeni. saxelwodeba
momdinareobs mowamisa da monazvnis
iosafat kunceviCis (1623) saxelidan.
ordeni gavrcelda litvaSi, galiciasa da ruTeniaSi; g) uwmidesi macxovris
melqiti basilielebi. ordeni daarsda
1684 wels, moqmedebs libanSi, cno
papma benediqte XIV-m 1743 wels; d)
melqitTa wmida ioane naTlismcemlis
basilielTa ordeni (Baladiti Suwajriti). gavrcelda libanSi, cno, aseve,
papma benediqte XIV-m 1757 wels; e)
melqitTa alepos basilielTa ordeni.
1824 wels gamoeyo wina ordens, cnes
1832 wels. basiliel mamakac monazvnebs
Seesabameba basiliel qal monazonTa
sxvadasxva kongregacia.
basiliseuli wesdeba (Regola basili-

36
ana) berZnuli wesis moweseTa norma,
romlis saxelwodeba episkopos basili
didis (379) saxels ukavSirdeba. episkoposs ekuTvnis kiTxvebisa da pasuxebis
saxiT Camoyalibebuli am wesdebis ori
formulireba, xolo misi saboloo
varianti VI saukuneSi Seiqmna. basileseuli wesdeba safuZvlad daedo
aRmosavlur samoweseo cxovrebas da,
amasTanave, garkveuli gavlena moaxdina
benediqteseul wesdebaze.
bahaizmi (Bahaismo) mkafio universalisturi xasiaTis axali religia,
romelic sparseTis Siituri islamis
niadagze aRmocenda da uSualod babizmisgan iRebs saTaves. misi damaarsebelia mirza husein ali (1817-1892),
romelmac 1866 wels RmrTis axali
gamocxadebis matareblad gamoacxada
Tavi da saxeli Bahaulla, RmrTis
brwyinvaleba,
dairqva.
bahaizmis
ZiriTadi principebia: kacTa modgmis
erTianoba (yvelani erTi da imave xis
foTlebi varT); RmrTis absoluturi
transcendenturoba; yvela religiis
siRrmisuli erTianoba; adamianTa Soris Tanxmobis damkvidreba, rogorc
religiis arsebiTi amocana; religiis
SeTanxmeba mecnierebasa da gonebasTan;
socialuri Tanasworoba (yvela adamiani Tanasworia RmrTis winaSe). bahaisturi rwmenis safuZvels warmoadgens
qiTab-al-aydasi, uwmidesi wigni. bahaizms mTel msoflioSi 6 000 000ze meti mimdevari hyavs. misi umaRlesi
organoa cxra wevrisagan Semdgari da
haifaSi mdebare samarTlis msoflio
saxli. saxli momavali msoflio
mTavrobis sawyis ujredadaa miiCneuli.

37
beatifikacia n. netarad Seracxva.
begarebi (Begardi) [Zvelfrang. bgard,
warmoqmnili sityvidan bguin begini] ase ewoda XIII saukuneSi beginebis
gaerTianebaTa wevrebs, visi ZiriTadi
saqmianobac
umTavresad
fizikuri
Sroma da sneulTa daxmareba iyo. SemdgomSi es saxeli ewoda, aseve, zogierT
upovarTa mesame ordenis wevrebsac.
begini qalebi (Beghine) [frang. sityvidan bguine, etimologia dauzustebelia] beginebi iyvnen qvrivi an gauTxovari RmrTismosavi qalebi, romlebic
Sua saukuneTa mcire sakrebuloebSi
cxovrobdnen da locviTa da qvelmoqmedebiT iyvnen dakavebulni. isini
atarebdnen nacrisfer samoss, Tumca
aRTqmas ar debdnen. mogvianebiT beginTa
samyofelma
(beghinaggio)
ufro farTo mniSvneloba SeiZina da
aRniSnavda mcire saxlebis erTobliobas, romlebSic beginebi binadrobdnen.
beginTa ideali qvelmoqmedebis suliskveTebiT gamsWvalul saxarebiseul
upovarebaSi cxovreba iyo. beginebi
sityvierad aRiara papma honorius II-m
(1216), Tumca Semdeg, saeklesio xelisuflebasTan uTanxmoebaTa gamo, risi
mizezi beginTa eretikuli poziciebic
gaxda, Sua saukuneTa miwuruls maT
arseboba Sewyvites.
bema (Bema) [berZ. bma nabiji,
momdinareobs sityvidan binein siaruli] qristianul bazilikaSi ase
ewodeba skams, romelic episkoposis
kaTedris gverdiT orive mxares absidis
mrudis gaswvriv grZeldeba. aRmosavlur eklesiebSi aRniSnavs presbiteriumsmRvdlis samyofels Sesabamisi
afsidiTurT.

benediqtelebi

benediqtelebi
(Benedettini/e)
im
samoweseo
sakrebuloTa
wevrebi,
romelnic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
dasavleTSi monazvnobis fuZemdeblis,
wmida benediqtes (daaxl. 480-547)
wesdebiT (benediqteseuli wesdeba)
xelmZRvaneloben. benediqtelTa gaerTianeba aris ara imdenad namdvili
ordeni, rogorc mmarTvelobisa
da ierarqiis erTiani sistemis mqone
centralizebuli korporacia, ramdenadac konfederirebuli monastrebis
erToblioba, romelTac romSi hyavT
saerTo warmomadgeneliupiratesis
wodebis mqone abati. wmida benediqtes
mier subiakosa da montekasinos monasterTa daarsebis Semdeg benediqtelTa
wesdeba papma grigol didma (604)
gaavrcela: man daaarsa monastrebi Celios borcvsa da siciliaSi da monazoni avgustine, ormoci Tanamgzavris
TanxlebiT, saxarebis gasavrceleblad
inglisSi wargzavna. italiaSi monazvnoba longobardTa moqcevis Sedegad
ayvavda. am periodSi daarsda saxelganTqmuli monastrebi farfa, san vinCenco al volturno, nonantola da
a.S. monazvnobis ganaxlebas mZlavri
biZgi misca 910 wels daarsebulma
klunis (burgundia) monasterma, romelic erTi meTauris daqvemdebarebaSi
myof monasterTa kongregaciis dasabamad iqca. saeroTa da episkoposTagan
damoukidebeli es meTauriklunieli
abati mxolod paps eqvemdebareboda.
amave dros, gansakuTrebiT italiaSi,
benediqtelTa sxva jgufebi (n. kamaldolelebi, valombrozelebi) gandegiluri cxovrebis gamocdilebas miubrundnen da miznad daisaxes, zedmiwevniT zustad daecvaT wesdeba. klu-

benediqteseuli wesdeba

nis sapirispirod, romelic im droisaTvis miwaTmflobel da politikur

Zalad iqca, bernardo kiaravalelma
sitos monasterSi Caatara reforma
da is mkacri asketizmis suliT gamsWvalul disciplinas dauqvemdebara
(n. cistercielni). benediqtelTa wesdeba (da aRmosavluri gandegilobis
tradiciebi) miiRes,Tumca sakuTari
Cveulebebs midevnebiT,kartezielebma (1084), silibistroelebma (1231),
celestelebma (1264), olivetelebma
(1313). mas Semdeg, rac benediqtelebma
reformis Sedegad mZime dartyma ganicades CrdiloeT evropaSi, tridentis
krebam yvela monastrisaTvis savaldebulod gamoacxada kongregaciad
gaerTianebis sistema, rac maTTvis damoukideblobis dakargvas ar niSnavda.
ufro axlo warsulSi (1893) papma leon
XIII-m yvela kongregacia benediqtelTa konfederaciaSi gaaerTiana wmida
anselmis (romi) upiratesi abatis
meTaurobiT, Tumca am ukanasknels ar
gaaCnia umaRlesi zemdgomis uflebebi monastrebsa da kongregaciebTan mimarTebaSi. 1952 wels papma pius
XII-m cno am konfederaciis lex propria. dRes es konfederacia moicavs 21
kongregacias, romelTa 30 000-ze meti
wevri ganTavsebulia mamakac monazonTa 237 da qal monazonTa 845 monasterSi. benediqteli winamZRvrebi oTx
weliwadSi erTxel ikribebian romSi
winamZRvarTa kongresze, romlis kompetenciaSi, agreTve, Sedis upiratesi
abatis arCevac. sakuTari devizisora
et labora (locva da Sroma)erTgulni, benediqtelebi gamoirCevian
sulierebiTa da aqtiuri socialuri
moRvaweobiT (sasoflo-sameurneo da

38
samSeneblo saqmianoba), misioneruli
suliskveTebiT, mniSvnelovania maTi
wvlili antikuri kulturis SesanarCuneblad (xelnawerTa gadawera da
biblioTekaTa mowyoba). benediqteli
monazoni qalebi (VII saukunidan)
misdevden
qalTaTvis
SemuSavebul
benediqtelTa wesdebas. debi martiv
samudamo aRTqmas deben. benediqtel
monazon qalTa monastrebs konfederacia uwevs koordinirebas, Tumca es
ar ganapirobebs konfederaciaze maTs
uSualo damokidebulebas.
benediqteseuli wesdeba (Regola benedettina) benediqte nursielma (daaxl.
480-547) Seqmna 73 Tavisagan Semdgari
monazonTa wesdeba (Regula monachorum), romelic erT sazogadoebad
mcxovreb monazonTa sulieri da materialuri cxovrebis normebs gansazRvravs (n. kenobiti; monazvnoba). es
wesdeba Sua saukuneTa samonastro kulturis safuZvlad iqca da dRemde rCeba
benediqtelTa ordenis magna carta-d.
benediqtes wyaroebi iyo egreT wodebuli Regula magistri, axali aRTqma da
saeklesio mweralTa naSromebi (paxomi,
basili, leon didi, ieronime, avgustine,
kasiane). benediqtelTa wesdebaSi safuZvelmdeb mniSvnelobas iZens sami aRTqma:
oboedintia (morCileba abatisadmi, vinc
monasters qristes savaned aqcevs), stabilitas loci (romelic monazvnebs monasterSi cxovrebas avaldebulebs) da
conversatio morum (zne-CvevaTa siwmide) sami aRTqma. aq erTmaneTisagan
ar ganasxvaveben mRvdelmsaxur monazvnebsa da saero Zmebs; qristianuli
srulyofis mizani locvisa (saRmrTo
msaxureba da gunduri locva) da Sro-

39
mis meSveobiT miiRweva. garda amisa, wesi
zust miTiTebebs iZleva monazonTa
uflebebis, pasuxismgeblobisa da monasterSi Sesasrulebel sxvadasxva movaleobaTa Sesaxeb. benediqtes miTiTebis
Tanaxmad, monasterSi axalmisul pirs
wesi samjer unda waekiTxos, xolo monastris yvela wevri mas mudmivad unda
kiTxulobdes.
benediqtusi n. kurTxeuli.
beneficiumi, saeklesio (Beneficio
ecclesiastico) 1917 wlis kodeqsis
Tanaxmad, gansazRvrul dawesebulebasTan arsebuli qonebrivi erTeuli,
romelsac evaleboda am dawesebulebis
xelmZRvanelis uzrunvelyofa. italiaSi, saeklesio organizaciaTa da
qonebis Sesaxeb normativTa safuZvelze (1985, 3 ivnisi, par. 21-24; 27-28),
beneficiumebi gauqmda da maTgan miRebuli qoneba samRvdeloebis Senaxvis
mizniT saepiskoposo dawesebulebebs
gadaeca (CIC, kan. 1274, naw. 1).
bereti (Berretta) sasuliero pirTaTvis gankuTvnili Tavsaburavi, romlis
warmoSobac msvlelobaTa da sagundo msaxurebis dros sicivisagan Tavis dacvis aucileblobam ganapiroba.
gamoiyeneba X saukunidan. amJamad
kvadratuli formisaa, aqvs sami wveti
an Zgide. wiTeli ferisaa kardinalTaTvis,
moiisfroepiskoposTaTvis da Savi ferisayvela danarCeni
RmrTismsaxurisaTvis.
beri (stareci) (Starez) [rusulad
stareciberi, ufrosi kaci]
rusuli samonastro cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli figura. ase ewo-

beWedi

deba asakovan monazon kacs, romelsac

xangrZlivi wvrTnisa da TviTaRzrdis Sedegad gamomuSavebuli aqvs
asketizmisa da morCilebis Cvevebi. mas
unari Seswevs, sulierad damoZRvros
sxva monazvnebi da saeroni da sulieri xelmZRvanelis roli Seasrulos.
ar aqvs rame oficialuri Tanamdeboba,
cxovrobs ganclkevebulad, rogorc
gandegili, an monasterSi da misi gavlena mis pirovnebazea damokidebuli.
mas nebayoflobiT mimarTaven. misi
mowafe uars ambobs sakuTar nebaze da
upirobod mihyveba bers, zogjer mis
cxovrebis wessac baZavs.
beWedi (Anello) [laT. anellus, kninobiTi forma sityvisa anus wre]
kavSirisa da erTgulebis simbolo, romelsac erTmaneTs ucvlian
meuRleebi qorwinebis saidumlos aRsrulebisas. rogorc Zalauflebisa da
Rirsebis niSans, beWeds atareben prelatebi. savaraudod, Tavdapirvelad episkoposebs is oficialur dokumentebze
beWdis dasasmelad hqondaT. SemdgomSi
is saepiskoposo regaliad iqca; episkoposi mas marjvena xelis araTiTze
atarebs. beWedi mas episkoposad kurTxevis dros, saepiskoposo kverTxis gadacemamde eZleva. beWeds atareben,
agreTve, mowese qalebi marcxena xelis
araTiTze qristesTan maTi kavSiris
aRsaniSnavad. mebaduris beWedi ewodeba
beWeds, romliTac papi dokumentebze svams beWeds. masze amotvifrulia
pontifeqsis saxeli da wmida petres
gamosaxuleba, romelic bades isvris
wyalSi. papis gardacvalebis Semdeg is
nadgurdeba. am beWdis Sesaxeb cnobebi
daaxloebiT XIII saukunidan arsebobs.

bzobis kviradRe

bzobis kviradRe (Palme, domenca delle) aRdgomis wina kviradRe. aRniSnavs

qristes sazeimo Sesvlas ierusalemSi
mis vnebamde ramdenime dRiT adre
(ioan. 12:12-13). dResaswauli VII saukunidan iRebs dasabams. liturgiaSi sami
momentia gaTvaliswinebuli: palmis an
zeTisxilis rtoTa kurTxeva eklesiis
gareT da mTeli sakrebulos monawileoba litaniaSi; vnebis sakiTxavis
kiTxva; evqaristiuli msaxureba. ioane
pavle II-is TaosnobiT, bzobis kviradRes daiwyo axalgazrdobis msoflio
dRis aRniSvna.
biblia (Bibbia) [berZ. mravlobiTi
formis saxelidan bibla wignebi,
wignTa krebuli; Semdgom laT. damkvidrda mdedr. mxolobiTi ricxvis
formiT biblia, mogvianebiT bibbia]
sityva biblia arsad gvxvdeba wmida
wignebSi. pirvelad is qristes Semdeg
III saukuneSi gamoiyenes, kerZod, fsevdoklementem, klemente aleqsandrielma da origenem. biblia ewodeba Teologiur-literaturul mTlianobas,
romelic 73 nawarmoebisagan Sedgeba.
is or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa, esenia:
ebrauli warmoSobis Zveli aRTqma (46
teqstiwigni) da qristianuli
warmoSobis axali aRTqma (27 teqstiwigni) [termini aRTqma Seesabameba ebr. bert-sa da berZ. diathke-s
da aRniSnavs SeTanxmebas, kavSirs].
praqtikuli mosazrebidan gamomdinare,
bibliis sxvadasxva wignebi Tavebad,
es ukanasknelni ki muxlebadaa dayofili. bibliis Tavebad dayofa XII
saukuneSi ingliselma kardinalma stefane langtonma daamkvidra, muxlebad
dayofa ki XVI saukuneSi frangma

40
mbeWdavma, robert estienma SemoiRo.
sarwmunoeba biblias erT mTlianobad aRiqvams, Tumca literaturuli
agebulebis, istoriuli mimarTebis,
Teologiur SinaarsTa TvalsazrisiT
is mravalmxrivad da araerTgvarovnad warmogvidgeba. marTlac, bibliis wignebma, gansakuTrebiTZveli
aRTqmis teqstebma, dRevandel saboloo saxiT Camoyalibebamde jer
zepiri da Semdeg werilobiT gadmocemis xangrZlivi procesi ganvles.
amgvarad miviReT wignebi, romelTac
jer iudevelni, Semdeg ki qristianebi
wmida anu normatiul, kanonikur
wignebad aRiareben [termini kanoni
(berZ. kann) aRniSnavs sazoms da,
maSasadame, wess, normas]. kanonikuria wignebi, romelTac tradicia
mudam RmrTisgan STagonebulebad
miiCnevda. aqedan, biblia RmrTis sityvad aRiqmeba. biblia amkvidrebs im
mniSvnelobas, romelic aqvs, RmrTis
Tvalsawieridan, israelis istoriasa
da iesos istorias, eklesiis istorias misi aRmocenebis Jams da, aqedan
gamomdinare, Cvens istorias. bibliis
calkeul wignebTan mimarTebaSi terminebi pirvelkanonikuri da meoradkanonikuri XVI saukuneSi moRvawe
sisto sienelma daamkvidra, vinc Zveli
aRTqmis kanonikur wignTa Soris ganasxvava wignebi, romelTa gamo sazogado Tanxmoba arsebobda, im wignTagan,
romelTa RmrTivSTagonebul xasiaTTan dakavSirebiT saukuneTa manZilze
eWvobdnen. meoradkanonikuri wignebia:
tobiTi, ivdiTi, sibrZne solomonisi,
sibrZne ziraqisi, baruq winaswarmetyveli, pirveli da meore makabelTa,
nawyvetebi daniel winaswarmetyveli-

41
sa (3:24-90; 13; 14) da esTeris (10:416:24) wignebidan. ebraelebma maT mier
wmidad aRiarebul wignTa kanoni iavnes sinodze daamtkices daaxloebiT
qristes Semdeg I saukunis dasasruls.
masSi ar aris Sesuli meoradkanonikuri wignebi. kaTolikeTaTvis ki Zveli
aRTqmis kanoni praqtikulad am ebraul
kanonze ufro adre ganisazRvra: maT
miiRes umetesi nawili wignebisa, romlebic septuagintas berZnul versiaSi
Sedioda. axali aRTqmis teqstTa dadgena SedarebiT ufro martivi iyo da
saWoWmano mxolod ramdenime SemTxveva
gaxda. rac Seexeba bibliis enas, Zveli
aRTqma TiTqmis mTlianad ebraul enaze
daiwera. gamonakliss warmoadgenda arameulad naweri Semdegi monakveTebi:
ier. 10:11; dan. 2:4b-7:28; gam. 4:8-6:18;
7:12-26 da berZnulad dawerili sibrZne solomonisi da meore makabelTa. axali aRTqma mTlianad berZnul
enaze daiwera, garda, rogorc tradicia mowmobs, maTes saxarebisa, romlis
arameulad dawerili teqstic mTlianad daikarga. axali aRTqmis berZnuli avtografebi dakargulia da maT
Caenacvla apografebi anu gadawerili
pirebi, romelTa Sedarebisa da Zveli
Targmanebis saTanadod gamoyenebis meSveobiT swavlulebs ZaluZT, aRadginon
teqstis Tavdapirveli saxe.
bibliis ena (Lingua della Bibbia) bibliis enebia ebrauli, arameuli da Zveli aRTqmis berZnuli koine. ebrauli
wmida enad iyo miCneuli da mas sinagogaSi kiTxvisas mimarTavdenen. ebraulis monaTesave arameuli ena vaWrobasa da diplomatiaSi qristemde VI
saukunidan damkvidrda da iesos dros

bibliuri katenebi

ukve saxalxo enas warmoadgenda. koines

berZnuli ena axali aRTqmis nawerebSia
gamoyenebuli. iesos jvarze mikrul
abraze misi ganaCeni ebraul, berZnul
da laTinur enebze ewera (ioan. 19:20).
bibliis komentari (Commentario
biblico) bibliis vrceli da swavluli komentari. gansxvavdeba bibliuri
katenebisagan ufro erTgvarovani da
ukeT Camoyalibebuli gadmocemiT.
aRmosavleTSi
bibliis
komentarebi daweres origenem (IIIs.), ekumenem
(VIIs.), wmida ioane damaskelma (VIIIs.),
fotiusma (IXs.) da a.S. dasavleTSi
cnobilia wmida isidore sevilielisa
(VIIs.) da Rirsi wmida bedas (VIIIs.)
komentarebi. Tanamedrove xanaSi bibliuri egzegezis ganviTarebasTan erTad bibliis maRalxarisxovani mravali komentari Seiqmna.
bibliis konkordansi (Concordanze
bibliche) [con+concordare SeTanxmeba, nawarmoebi forma] anbanuri
CamonaTvali bibliis sityvaTa (sityvaTa saZiebeli) an sakiTxTa (realuri
saZiebeli). vulgatas teqstis pirveli
saZiebeli XIII saukunisaa. Semdeg Seiqmna saZieblebi berZnul, ebraul da
Tanamedrove enebze.
bibliuri katenebi (Catena biblica)
sxvadasxva avtorTa mier bibliis komentarTa krebuli, dawerili siriul,
somxur, koptur, laTinur, berZnul
enebze. pirveli amgvari krebuli patristikis xanaSi, VI saukuneSi, Seiqmna.
misi avtori iyo prokopi Razeli. am
tradiciam maSinve moikida fexi aRmosavleTSi, dasavleTSi ki VIII saukunis
Semdeg damkvidrda. amgvar krebulTa

bibliuri komisia

meSveobiT Cvenamde moaRwia dakargul

patristikul naSromTa fragmentebma.
bibliuri
komisia
(Commissione
biblica (Commissio Pontificia de Re
Biblica)) 1902 wels papma leon XIII-m,
umTavresad protestantul bibliur
sazogadoebaTa da bibliur kvlevaTa
sapasuxod, daawesa bibliuri komisia,
rogorc saeklesio organo, romlis
mizania bibliis Seswavlis xelSewyoba, bibliis WeSmaritebaTa dacva da
maTTan dakavSirebul yvelaze rTul
problemaTa gadawyveta. es komisia
xuTi kardinalisa da sxvadasxva qveynis ocdaaTamde eqspertisagan Sedgeba.
wlebis manZilze man gamoaqveyna mravalricxovani dekretebi, romlebic,
pius X-is ganmartebis Tanaxmad, iseTive Zalisa da mniSvnelobis mqonea,
rac papis mier damtkicebul kongregaciaTa mier gamocemuli dokumentebi.
pius XI-is 1924 wlis motu proprio-s
Tanaxmad, seminariebSi saRmrTo werilis maswavleblebma bibliuri komisiis
winaSe unda Caabaron salicenzio gamocda. bolo xanebSi es gamocda bibliis institutSi bardeba, romelic
1909 wels pius X-m daafuZna. bibliis
instituti aniWebs, agreTve, akademiur
wodebebsac. 1928 wels papma pius XI-m
instituti SeuerTa grigolis papis
universitetsa da aRmosavleTis instituts, riTac papis universiteti Camoayaliba.
bibliuri sazogadoebebi (Societ bibliche) miznad isaxavs bibliis gacnobas
da gavrcelebas. Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT aseTi sazogadoebebi Tavdapirvelad inglisSi gavrcelda: am

42
mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijebi, rasac
Semdeg mravali sxva mohyva, jer kidev
1698 wels gadaidga. am wels daarsda qristianuli codnis gavrcelebis
sazogadoeba (Society for the Propagation of Christian knowledge), 1799
wels kireligiur traqtatTa londonis sazogadoeba. am ori organizaciis SerwymiT 1804 wels Seiqmna
britanuli da ucxouri bibliuri
sazogadoeba (British and Foreign Biblic Society). misi magaliTiT imave wels
Seiqmna niurnbergis bibliuri sazogadoeba, Semdeg ki, 1805 wels, berlinis
bibliuri sazogadoeba (Berliner Bibelgesellschaft), romelsac 1814 wels
prusiis bibliuri sazogadoeba ewoda.
1812 wels StutgardtSi daarsda
Privilegierte Wurttembergische BibelAnstalt, xolo 1814 welsSachsische
Haupt-Bibelgesellschaft
drezdenSi.
sxvadasxva sazogadoebaTa Soris TanamSromlobas xeli Seuwyo bibliur
sazogadoebaTa msoflio ligis (1950)
Seqmnam, romlis mmarTveli organo
londonSi mdebareobs. protestanturi bibliuri sazogadoebis, Nurnberger Bibelgesellschaft-is paralelurad
aRmocenda (Tavdapirvelad 1805 wels,
regensburgSi) kaTolikuri bibliuri
sazogadoeba, romelic 1817 wels pius
VII-m gaauqma, im safrTxis gamo, rom
is mcdar swavlebas gaavrcelebda. amis
miuxedavad, bibliuri sazogadoebebebi kaTolike eklesiis wiaRSic damkvidrda. 1902 wels italiaSi dafuZnda saxarebis gamavrcelebeli wmida
ieronimes sazogadoeba (Pia Societ
di San Girolamo per la diffusione del
santo Vangelo), romlis porveli prezidentic iyo jakomo dela kieza, Sem-

43
dgomSi papi benediqte XV. 1983 wels
kanonierad dafuZnda italiis bibliuri sazogadoeba (Societ Biblica in
Italia, SBI), rogorc damoukidebeli
arakomerciuli qristianuli asociacia, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli
arc erT religiur konfesiasTan da
miznad isaxavs saRmrTo werilis maqsimalur gavrcelebas am saqmisTvis Sesaferisi xerxebisa da RonisZiebebis
meSveobiT.
bizantiuri (konstantinopolis) wesi
(Rito bizantino/constantinopolitano)
aRmosavleTSi xSirad uwodeben, agreTve,
berZnul wessac. Camoyalibda konstantinopolSi, umTavresad antioqiuri wesidan, Tumca masSi aleqsandriidan da
kapadokiidan momdinare elementebic
Sevida. saukuneTa manZilze konstantinopoluri liturgiuli teqstebi berZnulidan im xalxTa enebze iTargmna,
romlebic konstantinopolis, aleqsandriisa da antioqiis patriarqTa iurisdiqcias eqvemdebarebodnen da qalkedonis rwmenas iziarebdnen. bizantiur
wess miekuTvnebian albaneli, belorusi,
bulgareli, berZeni, rumineli, italoalbaneli, rusi, ukraineli, slovaki da
sxva qristianebi.
bikentielni (Vincenziane) 1617 wels,
Tavisi
saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianobis
dasawyisSi, bikenti (vinCenco) dei
paolim (lazarelni), daaarsa Confrrie des Dames de la Charit Ratak
da martoxela sneulebze mzrunav qalTa asociacia. 1634 wels, bikenti dei
paolis da luis de mariakis iniciativiT, asociaciis safuZvelze Seiqmna qalTa kongregacia saxelwodebiT mowy-

bogomilebi

alebis asulebi, romlis wevrebic

RaribTa msaxurebis aRTqmas debdnen.
1654 wels kongregacia papma inokenti
X-m moiwona, 1655 wlidan qristianuli
siyvarulis asulebi, an, rogorc maT
zogan uwodeben, gulmowyalebis debi,
lazarelTa mTavar zemdgoms eqvemdebarebian. dRes kongregaciis wevrebi
umTavresad saavadmyofoebSi da moxucebulTa TavSesafrebSi moRvaweoben.
bilokacia (Bilocazione) [laT. bis+locatio moTavseba] erTi da imave piris
erTdroulad or sxvadasxva adgilas
yofna. am niWiT dajildoebuli iyo
zogierTi wmidani.
binacia (Binazione) mRvdelmsaxurisaTvis erTsa da imave dRes evqaristiis
orjer aRsrulebis nebarTvis micema.
kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad (kan. 905), samwyso aucileblobidan
gamomdinare, kviradRes an sxva dadgenil dResaswaulze RmrTismsaxurisTvis orjer an samjer (n. trinacia)
wmida wirvis aRsrulebis nebarTvis
micema SeuZlia adgilobriv saeklesio
mmarTvels.
bogomilebi (Bogomili) qristianuli
eretikuli seqta, romelic X saukuneSi bulgareTSi mRvdelma bogomilma
daaarsa. bogomilebi (RmrTis megobrebi) filosofiur da Teologiur
dualizms icavdnen, romlis Tanaxmad,
RmerTma mxolod sulieri arsebani Seqmna, materia ki eSmakis Seqmnilia. am
debulebaze dayrdnobiT bogomilebi
misdevdnen mkacr zneobriv wesebsa
da xist asketizms, ris safuZvelzec
uaryofdnen yovelive imas, rac dakavSirebuli iyo sxeulTan da zogadad,

bolandistebi

materiasTan. bulgareTidan gandevnili

bogomilebi bosniaSi damkvidrdnen
da osmalTa Semosevamde garkveuli
warmatebiT sargeblobdnen.
bolandistebi (Bollandisti) iezuit mamaTa jgufi, romlebic XVII saukunis
Suaxnidan ganageben Acta Sanctorumis, anu wmidanTa cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul dokumentTa kritikuli krebulis gamocemas. Tavdapirveli idea h.
rosvaids (1569-1629) ekuTvnoda, misi
ganxorcieleba ki Jan bolanma (15961665) daiwyo, visi saxelidanac momdinareobs am jgufis saxelwodeba.
bonzo (Bonzo) [portug. bonzo, romelic momdinareobs iapon. sityvidan
bozu monazoni] am terminiT moixsenieben im budist monazvnebs, romlebic budas swavlebis ganxorcielebas
sakuTari cxovrebis erTaderT miznad
aqceven.
bohemieli Zmebi (Fratelli boemi) religiuri sakrebulo (ewodeba agreTve
Unitas fratrum), romelic XV saukuneSi, husitTa eklesiisagan gamoyofis Sedegad Camoyalibda. sakrebulos
wevrebi bibliur mcnebaTa (gansakuTrebiT, iesos mTaze qadagebis) Sesatyvisad cxovrebas eswrafvian, uars
acxadeben samxedro da saxelmwifo samsaxursa da ficze. sakrebulos gamoCenili warmomadgeneli iyo luka praheli (1528). bohemieli Zmebi TanaugrZnobdnen luTeris ideebs da urTierToba hqondaT luTeruli reformis warmomadgenlebTan. luka prahelis
gardacvalebis Semdeg organizaciam
Camoayaliba damoukidebeli evangelikuri eklesia, romelSic luTerul da

44
kalvinur ideaTa gavlena SeimCneva. Cexuri erovnuli kulturis matarebelma
bohemielma Zmebma, imperator ferdinandis dros, 1546 wlis Smalkaldis
omSi monawileobaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg devna ganicades da poloneTs Seafares Tavi. 1575 wels luTerelebTan
erTad maT xeli moaweres bohemiur
mrwamss, romelic dResac warmoadgens bohemiuri evangelikuri eklesiis
safuZvels. 1781 wlamde bohemiel ZmaTa
sakrebulo naxevrad iatakqveSa moRvaweobas eweoda. 1918 wels, CexoslovakeTis respublikis daarsebasTan erTad,
bohemieli Zmebi (romelTac, agreTve,
moraviel Zmebsac uwodeben) bohemiel ZmaTa evangelikur eklesiad
Camoyalibdnen.
brahmanizmi (Brahmanesimo) indoeTis
religiuri da kulturuli cxovrebis
istoriaSi hinduizmis erT-erTi fazis
aRmniSvneli termini. n. hinduizmi; vedizmi.
breve (Breve) [laT. breve (scriptum)
mokled (naweri), mokle mimoxilva] pontifeqsis dokumenti, romelic
bulaze ufro lakonuri da naklebad
sazeimo xasiaTisaa. aRniSnulia beWdiT
sub anulo piscatoris. n. beWedi.
budhizmi (Buddhismo) aziaSi amJamad
yvelaze gavrcelebuli religia, romlis saxelwodeba momdinareobs misi
damaarseblis umaRlesi titulidan:
Bbudha (gaRviZebuli). sidharta gautama budha cxovrobda qristemde 560480 ww., daaxloebiT Crdilo-aRmosavleT indoeTSi. religia, romelsac
man safuZveli Cauyara, sxvadasxva
formiT Camoyalibda, maT Soris aR-

45
saniSnavia Zveli forma anu hinaiana,
da axalimahaiana. maT aseve mcire
oTxTvalasa da did oTxTvalasac
uwodeben, radganac maT mimdevrebi,
dabadebaTa da sikvdilTa mtanjveli
monacvleobis Semdeg, srulyofilebisa
da sruli da saboloo Caqrobisaken
(nirvana) mihyavs. budhizmis safuZveli
im sityvebSia gadmocemuli, romelic
benaresis qadagebis saxeliTaa cnobili. am qadagebaSi budha acxadebs
oTx keTilSobil WeSmaritebas, romlebicaa: a) cxovreba tanjvaa; tanjva,
faqtobriv, Tansdevs dabadebas, siberes, avadmyofobas, sikvdils da a.S.;
b) tanjvas warmoSobs ara mxolod
sicocxlisa da miseul gancxromaTa
siyvaruli, aramed, aseve, sikvdilis
daZlevis survilic; g) tanjvis gasanadgureblad unda CaixSos sicocxlis survili; d) tanjvisagan gaTavisuflebis gza adamianma rva marTebulobis dacviT unda ganvlos (`rvamagi
gza~), esenia: marTebuli rwmena; marTebuli gadawyvetileba; marTebuli
sityva; marTebuli moqmedeba; marTebuli Zalisxmeva; marTebuli azrovneba; marTebuli koncentracia. ideaTa
marTebulobas unda axldes zusti
qceva, rac aTi miTiTebis SesrulebiT
miiRweva. maTgan pirveli xuTi saero
budhistebisTvisacaa
savaldebulo:
1)ar mokla; 2)ar aiRo is, rac SenTvis ar uCuqebiaT; 3)ar imruSo; 4)ar
moityuo; 5)
ar dalio alkoholuri
sasmeli. gasxivosnebisken svlis kulminaciaa gonebrivi koncentracia (samadhi), romelic mistikuri Wvretis (dhiana) oTxi safexuris meSveobiT aRwevs
aRuwereli simSvidis mdgomareobas,
rac tanjvisa da sixarulis gadalax-

budhizmi

vas warmoadgens. dhianas praqtika, misi

sirTulis miuxedavad, saeroTaTvisacaa
misawvdomi, Tumca mxolod monazons
ZaluZs miaRwios nirvanas, rodesac
codvaTa gamosyidvisa da vnebaTa dalevis Semdeg, oTxi keTilSobili WeSmaritebis daxmarebiT, adamiani aRwevs
nirvanas sicocxleSi, anu xiluls,
rac srulyofilebaa. xiluli nirvana win uswrebs da amzadebs srulyofil nirvanas anu parinirvanas. mas
wmidani sikvdilSi, sxeulis daZleviT
aRwevs. Zveli moZRvrebis arsi iyo,
rom adamians rac SeiZleba swrafad
unda mieRwia individualuri xsnisaTvis, anu srulyofili wmidanis mdgomareobisTvis, da sruli da saboloo
CaqrobisTvis sikvdilis Semdeg. mahaianad wodebul budhizmis formaSi
(didi oTxTvala) ki mowafe uars
ambobs sakuTar amwuTier xsnaze da
sxva arsebaTa xsnisaTvis bodhisatvas
xangrZlivsa da rTul gzas adgeba.
bodhisatva iTargmneba, rogorc gasxivosnebisaTvis (gankuTvnili) arseba,
potenciuri budha, romelic, zebunebrivi STagonebis ZaliT an moyvasis
siyvaruliT, srulyofil saTnoebaTa
(paramita) miRwevis gadawyvetilebas iRebs. am gzaze mdgomi adamianis
pirveli mteri egoizmia, amitomac is
mxolod Tavis materialur qonebas ki
ar uyofs sxvebs, aramed Tavis keTil
saqmeTa gamo miRebul damsaxurebasac. qristes Semdeg II an III saukunidan
Camoyalibda mahaianas sxvadasxva skola,
romlebmac sakuTar traqtatebs damoukidebel moZRvrebaTa saxe misces.
IV saukuneSi aRmocenda mahaianas Semdgomi formatantrizmi, romelic
mcire xanSi Sivaur iogas magiur xe-

bula

rxebs daesesxa. budhizmis am formam

ZiriTadad tibetSi moikida fexi da
umTavresad ezoteriuli TvisebebiT
gamoirCeoda. qristes Semdeg I saukunidan budhizmma CineTs miaRwia, VI saukunis SuawlebisaTvisiaponias, sadac
man sxvadasxva formebi miiRo. dRes
budhizmi gavrcelebulia iaponiaSi,
samxreT vietnamSi, Sri lankaSi, birmaSi, tailandSi, kambojasa da laosSi.
bula (Bolla) [laT. bulla beWedi]
aRniSnavs eklesiis oficialur ediqtebze an dokumentebze dasmul tyviis
beWeds. farTo mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs
TviT amgvar dokumentsac (pontifeqsis
bula).
bulariumi (Bollario) bulaTa anu pontifeqsis dadgenilebaTa qronologiuri krebuli. 60 bulisagan Semdgari
pirveli krebuli 1550 wels gamoica.
arsebobs bulariumis gansakuTrebuli
saxeebic, Semdgari mxolod erTi papis
mier gamocemuli an romelime religiur ordenTan dakavSirebuli dokumentebisagan.
bunebrivi kanoni (Legge laturale) adamiani, rogorc Semoqmedis sibrZnisa
da sikeTis Tanamonawile, ganagebs sakuTar qmedebebs da aqvs sikeTisa da
WeSmaritebisaken
swrafvis
unari.
bunebrivi kanoni gamoxatavs im sawyis
zneobriv grZnobas, romelic saSuale-

46
bas aZlevs adamians, gonebis meSveobiT
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos keTili da
boroti, WeSmariteba da sicrue. adamianis gulSi dawerili bunebrivi
kanoni (Sdr. rom. 2:15) uCvenebs mas, Tu
romel gzas unda gahyves, raTa sikeTe
akeTos da sakuTar mizans miaRwios. es
kanoni gansazRvravs im pirvelad da
arsebiT normebs, romlebic marTavs
zneobriv cxovrebas. misi dasayrdenia
RmrTisyovelive sikeTis wyarosa
da msajulismorCileba da misken
swrafva da sxva adamianis, rogorc Tavisi msgavsis, gancda. Tavisi pirveladi
principebiT, bunebrivi kanoni aT mcnebaSia gadmocemuli. bunebrivi kanoni
sayovelTao da ucvlelia, miuxedavad
imisa, rom misi gamoyeneba, SesaZloa,
Zalian gansxvavebuli iyos, xolo misi
mcnebebi ki uceb ar gaxdes yvelasaTvis
cxadi da gasagebi (Sdr. CCC, 19541960).
bunebrivsmiRmieri
(Preternaturale)
[laT. praeter+natura bunebis miRma]
yovelive is, rac ar ganekuTvneba adamianis bunebas (anu mis miRma dgas).
bunebrivsmiRmieri
niWebi
ewodeba
RmrTis mier pirveli adamianebisTvis
pirvelqmnil codvamde boZebul niWebs (magaliTad, ukvdaveba, fizikuri
sijansaRe da sxv.), romlebic adamianis
pirveli Secodebis Sedegad daikarga.

gadmocema (Tradicione) [laT. traditio

(zmnidan tradere gadmocema)] gadmocema (misi sinonimia termini tradicia) safuZvelmdeb anTropologiur
sinamdviles aRniSnavs,marTlac, Tuki
mTeli is codna da unarebi, rasac adamiani arsebobis manZilze iZens, veRar
iqneba gamoyenebuli urTierTobisaTvis
im jgufSi, romelsac igi sicocxleSi
miekuTvneboda, yovel Taobas xelaxla
mouwevs yvelafris Tavidan dawyeba
yvela TvalsazrisiT, rac SeuZlebels
gaxdis yovelgvar kulurul progress.
ganviTarebaSi totaluri uZraobisa da
ganvlil problemaTa da ZiebaTa unayofo xelaxla ganmeorebis es safrTxe
Semcirda im faqtis wyalobiT, rom
Sedegebi, romlebsac miaRwia individma
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis procesSi, Semdgom Taobas gadaecema. calkeuli adamianisadmi misadagebuli es debuleba marTebulia qristianobasTan
dakavSirebiTac. marTlac, qristianoba,
rogorc istoriuli gamocxadebuli
religia, aucileblad exeba istoriul
movlenasiesos swavlebas, qmedebebs,
sicocxles, sikvdilsa da mkvdreTiT
aRdgomas, romlebic unda gadaices
da gadaicema mociqulTa (yoveli
qristianuli tradiciis maradiuli
safuZveli) da eklesiis damowmebis

meSveobiT. es tradicia ar aris mxolod sityvisa da mogonebis meSveobiT warsulis aRniSvna. gadmocemaSi
TviT mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qriste da
misi sulia Tanmswre da adamianis Tavisuflebis mosarCle esqatologiuri
xsnis SeTavazebis meSveobiT. am TvalsazrisiT, tradicia cocxali realobaa, eklesiis mier Tavis dRevandelobasa da istoriul gangrZobiTobaSi,
qristesTan da mociqulebTan erTad
gancdili sarwmunoebis cocxali realoba. maSasadame, gadmocemis cneba
eklesiis cnebas ukavSirdeba, eklesiis
im ormagi aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romelic k. raneris sityvebiT SeiZleba gamoixatos: eklesia erTsa da
imave dros aris xsnis nayofi (maTi
erToblioba, vinc iRebs RmrTis mier
sakuTari Tavis gamovlinebas qritesa
da suli wmidis meSveobiT) da xsnis
saSualeba (sakrebulo, romelsac evaleba awmyoSi gaaaqtiuros da gadasces
xsna yvela drois adamianebs). amgvarad,
eklesiis mxridan gamocxadebis gadmocema Seesabameba tradiciis fenomens
misi yvelaze farTo gagebiT. es vatikanis II krebis damsaxurebaa, romelmac
ganacxada, rom gadmocema umTavresad
ara zepirsityvieri tradiciaa (dawerili sityvis sapirispirod), aramed

galerusi

realuri da cocxali gadmocema, romelic xorcieldeba morwmune sakrebuloSi da misi meSveobiT (DV, 8).
amgvarad, krebam kidev erTxel ganamtkica kaTolikobis formaluri principi gamocxadebasTan damokidebulebaSi: eklesia ar aris TviT gamocxadeba
da arc misi wyaro, aramed isaa misi
kanonieri gamoxatvisa da avTentikuri
interpretaciis norma da Sesatyvisi adgili. amgvarad, kaTolikobis
formaluri principi araa saRmrTo
werili, aramed cocxali, samociqulo
eklesia, romelic axorcielebs gadmocemas, romelSic povebs sakuTar adgils saRmrTo werili.
galerusi (Galero) [laT. galerus, romelic enaTesaveba sityvas galea tyavis
muzaradi] termini sasuliero pirTa
sxvadasxva tipis Tavsaburavs aRniSnavs.
esenia: mewamuli wiTeli feris papis
Tavsaburavi ori akecili, oqrosferi
zonariT damagrebuli frTiT; wiTeli
feris kardinalis Tavsaburavi gverdebze dayolebuli xuTi rigi wiTeli
abreSumis foCiT; Savi an mwvane feris
(wmida msaxurebis dros) episkoposis
Tavsaburavi, morTuli Tormeti foCiT.
galikanoba (Gallicanesimo) [frang.
gallicanisme,
rac
nawarmoebia
laTinuridan gallicanus galiuri]
safrangeTis
laTinuri
saxelwodeba.
Teologiuri
TvalsazrisiT,
galikanizmi aRniSnavs debulebaTa
kompleqss, romlebic franguli eklesiis, rogorc krebis mier marTuli
da papisagan mniSvnelovani damoukideblobis mqone erovnuli eklesiis, Tavisuflebas amtkicebs. politikuri

48
TvalsazrisiT, galikanoba aRiSnavs
safrangeTis saxelmwifos principul
dapirispirebas papTa kurializmTan da
centralizmTan. galikanobis ideaTa
damkvidreba XII saukunidan daiwyo,
rodesac safrangeTis eklesiam sul
ufro mkveTrad gausva xazi sakuTar
avtonomias, rac romisgan damoukideblobas gulisxmobda. monarqiasa da
papis xelisuflebas Soris konfliqti
ukiduresad gamwvavda bonifacius VIIIisa (1303) da filipe IV-is dros. p.
diubuasa (daaxl. 1321) da ioane parizelis (1306) rangis iuristTa mxardaWeriT, mefem SeZlo papis mimarT
Tavisi poziciis gamyareba. galikanuri
Teoriis pirvel konkretul gamoxatulebad iqca burJes dasturis ediqti (1438), romelsac saxelmwifo
kanonis Zala mieniWa. galikanobas
pirveli momakvdinebeli dartyma miayena 1801 wlis konkordatma pius VII-sa
da napoleons Soris, xolo, rogorc
Teologiuri debuleba, is sabolood
vatikanis I krebam daamarcxa papis
iurisdiqciis primatisa da ucdomlobis moZRvrebis saSualebiT.
galilea (Galilea) [laT. galilaea wina
oTaxi, vestibuli] portiki an gasasvleli, romelic Sua saukuneTa monastrebSi eklesias akavSirebda rogorc
gare atriumTan, ise SidaezosTan (n.
Sidaezo) da sasaflaosTan. misi martivi forma gvxvdeba farfasa da subiakos
wmida sqolastikas monastrebSi
galobiT warmoTqma (Cantillazione)
[laT. cantilare wamRereba, RiRini]
reCitatiur-melodiuri formis kiTx-

49
va-deklamacia, sadac punqtuacia xmis
tembris martiv cvlilebaTa meSveobiTaa miTiTebuli.
gamarTleba (Giustificazione) [laT. iustificatio] aqti, romliTac RmerTi codvil adamians aniWebs Tavis siyvarulsa
da madls (romelTa samyaroSi arseboba
da qmediToba qristes Zalam ganapiroba) da romliTac adamiani iRebs am
niWebs RmrTisadmi siyvaruliT, rac mas
codvilidan marTlad aqcevs. eklesiis
arsebobis pirvel saukuneebSi pelagianeloba faqtobrivad daupirispirda
gamarTlebis doqtrinas, raki, pelagianelobis Tanaxmad, adamians madli ara
keTilad moqcevisaTvis, aramed mxolod
qmedebaTa gasaadvileblad esaWiroeba.
am Teoriis Tanaxmad, yvelaferi Tavad
keTil nebaze iyo damokidebuli. Tumca
gamarTlebis yvelaze mkveTri kritikiT
luTeri gamovida. romaelTa mimarT
wmida pavles werilis cota naZaladevi
interpretaciis safuZvelze luTeri
amtkicebda, rom adamiani mxolod
rwmenis meSveobiT gadarCeba, radgan
Tavad gamarTlebis damsaxureba ar ZaluZs. tridentis krebaze kaTolikurma
Teologiam sagangebod aRniSna, rom
gamarTleba mxolod ieso qristes meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli da rom RmrTis
winaSe adamianTa qmedebebs iesos damsaxureba aniWebs mniSvnelobas. marTlac,
wmida pavle amtkicebs, rom Zala aqvs
siyvaruliT moqmed rwmenas (gal. 5:6).
gamokrebili saxareba (Evangeliario)
[laT. evangeliarium] liturgiuli
wigni, romelic evqaristiis wmida sityvis liturgiis dros wasakiTx an
sagalobel saxarebiseul sakiTxavebs

gamosyidva

Seicavs. SesaZloa iyos maRalmxatvruli xelovnebis Zvirfasi nimuSi.

gamomavloba (Spirazione) [laT. spiratio qaris qrolva] trinitarul
TeologiaSi aRniSnavs mama RmrTisa
da Ze RmrTisagan suli wmidis gamovalobas, TviT mama RmrTis daubadebeli
bunebisa da mamisagan Sobili Zis sapirispirod.
gamosvla (Esodo) [berZ. xodos
gamosvla] Zveli aRTqmis wigni, meore xuTwigneulis wignTagan, romlebic swored gamosvlis Temas eZRvneba,
anu moses meTaurobiTa da RmrTis SemweobiT israeli xalxis egvipteSi tyveobidan daxsnis ambavs mogviTxrobs.
am gamocdilebam waruSleli kvali
datova ebraeli xalxis sarwmunoebaze.
egviptidan Tavis daRwevis ambis garda (1:1-15:21) gamosvlis wigni Seicavs,
agreTve, sinais aRTqmis Temasac (19:140:38). gamosvla arsebiTad aris ambavi,
erTi mxriv, RmrTisa, vinc irCevs Tavis xalxs da, meore mxriv, israeli
xalxisa, romelic erTgulebas eficeba
Tavis RmerTs da codvis monobidan aRwevs Tavs. moTxrobili istoriuli movlenebi, romelTac israeli
xalxi sarwmunoebis Suqze ganmartavs,
qristemde XIII-XII saukuneebis periods
emTxveva.
gamosyidva (Espiazione) [laT. sityvidan expiatio] qmedeba, romliTac
gamoisyideba Seuracxyofa, miyenebuli
RmrTisadmi codvis gziT. gamosyidvis
yvelaze srulyofili forma qristes
mier jvarze sakuTari Tavis msxverplSewirvaa. RmrTis Zem, SuamdgomlobiTa da sicocxlis SewirviT, Tavad

50

gamocxadeba

itvirTa adamianTa yvela codva, riTac

kacobrioba borotebis tyveobidan
gamoisyida da adamians RmrTis Svilobis Rirseba daubruna (Sdr. ebraelTa
mimarT werili); gamosyidvis dResaswauli ewodeba Semodgomis ebraul
dResaswauls (n. kipuri).
gamocxadeba (Rivelazione)G[laT. rivelatio (zmnidan revelare saburvelis moSoreba)] qristianobaSi gamocxadeba
aRniSnavs RmrTis mier adamianis winaSe
Tavis gamovlinebas. RmerTma siyvaruliT warmoaCina sakuTari Tavi adamianis winaSe da amgvarad gasca pasuxi
cxovrebis arsisa da miznis Taobaze
mis SekiTxvebs. adamianis winaSe RmrTis
warmoCena TandaTan xdeboda, qmedebaTa
da sityvaTa meSveobiT (Sdr. ebr. 1:14), xolo srulad RmerTi Tavisi Zis
gankacebaSi (Sdr. ebr. 1:1-4) gamoecxada adamianebs. RmrTis Ze mama RmrTis
gadamwyveti sityvaa da mis Semdeg sxva
gamocxadeba aRar moxdeba (Sdr. CCC,
50-73). ieso qristes gamocxadeba samociqulo tradiciisa da saRmrTo
werilis meSveobiT eklesias miendo
(DV, 10), raTa eklesiam Tavad SeZlos gamocxadebis sul ufro Rrmad
wvdoma, sul ufro srulad gancda da
TiToeuli adamianisaTvis misi gadacema, maT saxsnelad (Sdr. CCC, 74-100).
gamocxadebani, piradi n. piradi gamocxadebani.
ganbanva (Abluzione) [laT. abluere dabana] mTeli sxeulis an misi
nawilis ganbanva. liturgiaSi mas monaniebis mniSvneloba aqvs. wirvis dros
ganbanva ewodeba barZimis gawmedas ziarebis Semdeg evqaristiuli nawilebis

rame saxiT SebRalvis Tavidan asacileblad.

gangeba (Provvidenza) [laT. providentia sityvasityviT ganWvreta,
windaxeduloba] filosofiur-Teologiuri termini, romelic aRniSnavs
RmrTis keTilganwyobil qmedebas, romliTac igi istoriasa da bunebriv movlenebs warmarTavs da yvela qmnilebas
sakuTari saboloo miznisaken uZRveba.
saxarebaSi ieso mouwodebs Tavis mowafeebs, mtkiced irwmunon mama RmrTis
gangeba, romelic asazrdoebs cis frinvelebsa da velis SroSanebs (maT.
6:25-34; luk. 12:22-31). cxadia, RmrTis
gangeba ar auqmebs adamianis qmedebas,
metic, adamiani moxmobilia RmrTis
qmedebasTan Tavisufali TanamSromlobisaken. amave dros, gangeba ar spobs
fizikursa Tu zneobriv borotebas,
Tumca sarwmunoeba adamians aZlevs imis
ueWvelobas, rom RmerTi ar dauSvebda
borotebis arsebobas, imave borotebidan sikeTe rom ar momdinareobdes,
im gzebiTa da xerxebiT, romlebic mxolod maradiul sicocxleSi gaxdeba
cnobili (Sdr. CCC, 302, Smd.).
gandgoma n. apostazia.
gandegili (Eremita) [berZn. eremtes,
romelic nawarmoebia sityvidan remos carieli, ganmartoebuli]
piri, romelic cxovrebiseuli arCevanis safuZvelze scildeba amqveyniur
cxovrebas da, ganmartoebiT qoxSi an
gamoqvabulSi dasaxlebuli, mTlianad
locvas, meditaciasa da monaniebas
uZRvnis Tavs. asketuri da mWvretelobiTi cxovrebis es forma farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli qristianobis pirvel

51
saukuneebSi egviptesa da palestinaSi,
rac agreTve ganapiroba wmida antonis magaliTma, romelic gandegilobis
fuZemdeblad iTvleba. n. anaqoreti.
ganTavisufleba (Dispensa) administraciuli aqti, romliTac eklesia
maTi meSveobiT, vinc amis Zalauflebas
flobs, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi
wminda saeklesio kanonis dacvisagan aTavisuflebs adamians (CIC, kan.
85). bunebrivia, ar SeiZleba arsebobdes RmrTaebrivi samarTlis kanonTa
dacvisagan gaTavisufleba.
ganTavisuflebis Teologia (Teologia
della liberazione) calkeul TeologiaTa STamagonebeli programa zogierT
qveyanaSi, sadac mdidrebsa da Raribebs
Soris gansxvaveba metismetad TvalsaCinoa (laTinuri amerika). azrovnebis
es mimarTuleba ganmtkicda agreTve
rasizmis (amerikis SeerTebuli Staebi,
samxreT afrika) da qalTa moZraobebis konteqstSi, romelTac maskilisturi kulturisagan gaTavisuflebis
swrafva axasiaTebs. ganTavisuflebis
Teologiis calkeuli gamoxatulebebi
ierarqiasTan konfliqtSi aRmoCnda.
sarwmunoebis kongregaciam amasTan dakavSirebiT ori dokumenti gamoaqveyna:
darigeba ganTavisuflebis Teologiis calkeul aspeqtebze (1983 wlis
6 agvisto) da darigeba qristianul
Tavisuflebasa da ganTavisuflebaze
(1986 wlis 22 marti), romlebic avsebs
erTmaneTs. ufro zusti iqneboda msjeloba ganTavisuflebis Teologiebze,
radganac es saxelwodeba aerTianebs
araerT mimdinareobasa da pozicias.
gankaceba n. ganxorcieleba.

gansacdeli

gankveTa (Scomunica) [laT. excommunicare (morwmuneTa) garicxva ziarebidan] pirveli da yvelaze mZime
gamajansaRebel sasjelTagan, romlebsac eklesia gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulisaTvis awesebs (apostazia, eresi,
sqizma, aborti...). gankveTa gulisxmobs
morwmunis gariyvas saeklesio Tanaziarebis sisrulidan, riTac is moklebulia sulier sikeTes da SezRudulia
uflebebSi. gankveTils ar SeuZlia:
a) monawileoba mRvdelmsaxuris statusiT sajaro kultis arc erT aqtSi;
b) saidumloTa aRsruleba an miReba;
g) saeklesio movaleobaTa, msaxurebaTa
aRsruleba da mmarTveli aqtebis gamocema, romlebic, mis mier maTi gamocemis SemTxvevaSi, arakanonierad gamocxaddeboda (CIC, kan. 1331, naw. 1).
ganmwmedeli eklesia (Purgante, Chiesa) aRniSnavs gardacvlilTa erTobliobas,
romlebic
salxinebelSi
ganiwmidebian (Sdr. CCC, 954).
ganrTxma (Prostrazione) [laT. prostratio] iatakze an miwaze mTlianad
ganrTxmuli sxeulis mdgomareoba,
romelic SeiZleba gamoxatavdes morCilebas, sinanuls, did tkivils an vedrebas. dawesebulia did paraskevs da
kurTxevis ceremoniaTa dros.
gansatevebeli (Esequie) [laT. exsequiae, zmnidan exsequi ukan wasvla] micvalebulTaTvis gankuTvnili
locvebi da religiuri wesebi.
gansacdeli (Tentazione) [laT. temptatio (zmnidan temptare, cda, sinjva)] SeiZleba niSnavdes vinmes gamocdas an borotebisaken biZgebas. Rmer-

gansawmedeli

Ti ar icdeba borotiT da arc aravis

cdis (iak. 1:13). amitomac qristiani
mamao Cvenos locviT (ar Segviyvano gansacdelSi) SesTxovs RmerTs, ar
misces mas borotis, codviskaen mimaval gzaze svlis ufleba (Sdr. CCC,
2846-2849).
gansawmedeli n. salxinebeli.
ganqorwineba (Divorzio) eklesiisaTvis
qorwinebas, rogorc Semoqmedis mier
damtkicebul instituts, mTlianoba
da daurRvevloba (Sdr. maT. 19:3-9)
axasiaTebs. es TavisTavad gulisxmobs
ganqorwinebis yovelgvar gamoricxvas, anu wesis Tanaxmad gaformebuli
da aRsrulebuli qorwinebis gawyvetis
SeuZleblobas, rodesac orive meuRle
cocxalia.
ganRmrToba (Divinizzazione) [nawarmoebia zmnidan divinizzare gaRmerTeba] aRmosavlur TeologiaSi aRniSnavs adamianis zebunebriv aRzevebas, maSasadame, mis monawileobas RmrTaebriv
bunebaSi, rogorc gankacebis Sedegs.
es gamoxatulia ireneosis aqsiomaSi:
RmrTis Ze iqca adamianis Zed, raTa
adamiani RmrTis Svilad iqces (eresTa
winaaRmdeg, III, 19,1).
gardacvlil morwmuneTa gaxseneba
(Commemorazione dei fedeli defunti)
aRiniSneba 2 noembers yvela gardacvlilis xsovnisa da mxardaWeris niSnad.
papma benediqte XV-m yvela mRvdelmsaxurs darTo neba, am dRes sami wirva
aRavlinos.
garCeva (Discernimento) [laT. zmnidan discernere danaxva] garCeva ewodeba im impulsTa da motivaciaTa yu-

52
radRebiT ganxilvas, romlebic gansazRvrul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebas ganapirobebs, imgvarad, raTa SesaZlebeli
iqnes RmrTis miTiTebebis (romlebic
qristesa da eklesiaSi cxaddeba) adamianur instinqtTagan an RmrTis sulis sawinaaRmdego boroti Zalebis
biZgTagan gansxvaveba. garCeva, rogorc
rwmenasa da RmerTTan da sxva adamianebTan erTianobaSi winsvlis Sedegi,
agreTve aris gansakuTrebuli qarizma (1 kor. 12:10), romelsac floben
mcireni yvelas sasargeblod (sulTa
garCeva).
gasinjva (Scrutini) [gvianlaT. scrutinium, nawarmoebia sityvidan scrutari
Seswavla, gamokvleva] zrdasrulTa naTlobisTvis mosamzadebeli katexezis etapebi, anu gamocdebi. amasTanave,
gansazRvravs neokatexumenTa gzas.
gaudete (Gaudete) [laT. gaudere-s
(tkboba, sixarulis gancda) brZanebiTi kilos mravlobiTi ricxvis
meore piri] adventis mesame kviradRis saxelwodeba. saxelwodeba momdinareobs wirvis Sesavali antifonis
pirveli sityvidan, romelic filipelTa mimarT wmida pavles werilidanaa
aRebuli: maradis ixareT ufalSi...
(4:4).
gaumaZRroba (Gola/golosit) [laT.
sityvidan gula] Svid mTavar mankierebaTagan erT-erTi.
mdgomareobs
sakvebis uzomo da xarb miRebaSi (romelic, amgvarad, saSualebidan miznad
gadaiqceva).
gauwmidureba (Sacrilegio) [laT. sacrilegium (sityvidan sacer, wmida+le-

53
gium, zmnidan legere daWera, wvdoma)] wmida an religiuri wesiT
wmidayofili piris, adgilis an sagnis
profanacia (Sdr. CCC, 2120).
gayola (Sequela) [gvianlaT. sequela,
nawarmoebia sityvidan sequi gayola,
midevneba] bibliur ganzomilebaSi
gamoxatavs morCilebis damokidebulebas, romelic simbolurad RmrTis
gayoliT gadmoicema (dab. 5:22.24; 6:9;
17:1). mociqulebi da mowafeebi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gahyvnen iesos misi
moxmobis Tanaxmad (maT. 8:19, Smd; 10:37,
Smd.; 19:16-22; mark. 1:17, Smd.; 2:14; luk.
14:26). yvela qristiani moxmobilia,
gahyves qristes, miiRos misi sityvebi
(ioan. 8:12; 10:4), mihbaZos mis qcevas
(rom. 8:29; 1 petr. 2:21) msxverplSewirvamde (maT. 16:24; ioan. 13:36) da miendos
mas sruli rwmeniT (ioan. 4:42; 6:67,
Smd.; 8:31; 11:44-50).
gacxadeba (Epifania) [berZ. epiphneia gamocxadeba, gamovlineba]
berZnul cnebas aqvs sayovelTao aRiarebis garemoSi Zlevamosili Sebijebis mniSvneloba da is mefis an imperatoris mosvlas aRniSnavda. amave
dros, termini aRniSnavda, agreTve,
RmrTaebis gamocxadebas an mis saswaulebriv Carevas. axal aRTqmaSi
gacxadeba aRniSnavs iesos gamocxadebas adamianuri ieriT (ioan. 1:14; 2:1; 2
tim. 1:10...) mogvTa winaSe (maT. 2:1, Smd.),
da, umTavresad, parusiaSi (1 tim. 6:14;
2 tim. 4:18; tit. 2:13). Zvel aRTqmaSi
RmrTis gamovlinebebTan dakavSirebiT
n. Teofania. gacxadebis dResaswauli,
romelic 6 ianvars aRiniSneba, aRmosavleTSi aRmocenda rogorc uflis

gelasiseuli kondaki

Sobis, misi xorcieli gamocxadebis

dResaswauli. daaxloebiT IV saukuneSi
is dasavleTSi damkvidrda, umTavresad rogorc aRmosavleTidan mogvTa
mosvlis aRsaniSnavi zeimi, romlebic ganixilebodnen erTgvar xalxTa
pirvel warmomadgenlebad, SemdgomSi
ki maT mosvlas mohyva iesos, rogorc
yvela xalxis uflis, samyaros naTlis,
gacxadeba.
gaxseneba n. anamneza/gaxseneba.
geena (Geenna) [ebr. gh Hinnom,
Semdeg aram. gh Hinnam, romelmac
laTinurSi miiRo forma Gehnna an
Genna] ierusalemis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare hinomis veli. Zvelad
aq mdebareobda RmrTaeba moloxis
kulti, romelsac Cvilebs swiravdnen msxverplad. am mizeziT osiam is
SeabRalinamasze Zvlebi mimoapnia.
Semdeg es veli ierusalemis nagavsayrelad iqca da aq mudam enTo cecxli,
romelic
RmrTis samsjavros simbolod da jojoxeTistanjvis, cecxlisa da sikvdilis adgilisgansaxierebad iqca.
geTsemania (Getsemani) [aram. gat shemanm] savargulis an bostnis saxeli, romelic mdebareobda zeTisxilis
mTis Ziras, im borcvis pirdapir, sadac ierusalemis taZaria aRmarTuli,
kedronis gadaRma. aq Seipyres ieso
sinedrionis jariskacebma saidumlo
serobis Semdeg petresTan, iakobTan da
ioanesTan erTad locvis dros (Sdr.
maT. 26:36 da par.).
gelasiseuli kondaki (Gelasiano, sacramentario) amgvarad ewodeba VII sau-

generali

kunis xelnawer kodeqss Reginensis

Latinus 316, romelic vatikanis biblioTekaSia daculi. rogorc yoveli
kondaki, es wigni evqaristiisa da sxva
msaxurebaTa aRmsruleblisaTvis gankuTvnil formulebs Seicavs. kodeqsi
sam wignadaa dayofili: a) sagangebo
dro (Sobidan) da calkeuli wesebi (samRvdelmsaxurebo da sadiakvno
xeldasxma, kaTakmeveloba, monanieba,
naTlisReba, eklesiis miZRvna, mcire wesebi, qalwulTa kurTxeva); b)
locvebi da vedrebani Sobis JamisaTvis; g) locvebi da vedrebani kanonebiT
kviradReebisaTvis.
generali (Generale) [laT. sityvidan
generalis] generali anu umTavresi winamZRvari (ewodeba, agreTve, umTavresi
warmmarTveli, CIC, kan. 625) samoweseo ordenis an kongregaciis umaRlesi
avtoritetia, umTavresi egreT wodebul mTavar winamZRvarTagan. kanonikuri samarTlis miTiTebaTa Tanaxmad
(CIC, kan. 617-630), igi unda iyos minimum ormoci wlis da aTi weli mainc
unda eweodes samoweseo saqmianobas
instituciaSi. mas irCevs kapitulumi
winaswar gansazRvruli vadiT, gamonakliss warmoadgens calkeul instituciaTa debulebebSi arsebuli
sxvagvari miTiTebani. qalTa samoweseo
institutTa winamZRvars umaRlesi
generali an deda generali ewodeba.
gvardia, Sveicariuli n. Sveicariuli
gvardia.
gixarodeni (Ave Maria) ewodeba, agreTve, angelosis misalmeba.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli im locvaTa
Soris, romlebic mariams eZRvneba.

54
Sedgeba ori gansxvavebuli nawilisagan: pirveli maTgani Seicavs sityvebs,
romlebic warmoTqves mTavarangelosma
gabrielma (`gixaroden, mimadlebulo,
ufali SenTana~ (luk. 1:28)) da elisabedma (`kurTxeul xar Sen dedaTa
Soris da kurTxeuli ars nayofi muclisa Seni~ (luk. 1:42)). locvis
meore nawili RmrTis dedisadmi meoxebisaTvis eklesiis vedrebaa. locvis
es nawili XIV-XV saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda. gixarodenis amJamindeli forma 1568 wels papma pius
V-m daamtkica.
glaxakTa ordenebi (Ordini mendicanti) religiuri ordenebi, daarsebuli
umkacresi sazogado da pirovnuli
siRatakis idealis gansaxorcieleblad.
viwro gagebiT glaxakTa ordenebia:
franciskelTa, dominikelTa, avgustinel gandegilTa da karmelelTa.
maTi aRmoceneba siRatakis moZraobebs
ukavSirdeba. glaxakTa ordenebi uars
acxadebdnen sazogado sikeTis flobaze, maTi saarsebo wyaro iyo ordenis
wevrTa Sromis nayofi da miRebuli
Sesawiravi (amitomac ewodebodaT maT
glaxakebi, mTxovnelni). samonastro
ordenTagan gansxvavebiT, isini ar
icavdnen ucvleli adgilis wess.
gnosisi/gnosticizmi (Gnosi/gnosticismo) [berZ. gnostiks, zedsarTavis
forma saxelidan gnsis Semecneba]
farTo moZraoba, romelic filosofiur, Teosofiur, mistikur, religiur da sxva elementebs moicavs. warmoSobiT qristianobamdeli es moZraoba
qristianul xanaSi eresad Camoyalibda, rogorc mcdeloba, imisa, rom mka-

55
crad subieqturi xedviT xsna dayvanil
iqnas adamianissamyaroSi arsebuli
RmrTaebrivi
naperwklisgadarCenamde gnosisis meSveobiT, racaa Semecneba adamianis namdvili zeciuri arsebisa da gadamrCenel-gamomcxadeblis
mier misTvis dasaxuli gzisa. 1946 wels
nag hamadiSi (egvipte) gnostikuri
biblioTekis aRmoCenam xeli Seuwyo
gnosticizmis ufro Rrmad Seswavlas,
romelic manamde mxolod calkeuli
qristiani mwerlebis (ireneosi, ipolite da sxv.) mowmobaTa saSualebiT
iyo cnobili.
golgoTa (Calvario) [gvianlaT. calvarium (momdinareobs gamoTqmidan
calvariae locus Tavis qalis adgili),
kalki aram. sityvisa Gulgaltha] adgili ierusalemis galavans miRma, sadac jvars acves ieso (Sdr. ioan. 19:17).
arameuli sityva Gulgaltha Tavis
mxriv nawarmoebia ebraulidan Gulgoleth,Tavis qalis formis goraki. am
saxelwodebas origene imiT xsnis, rom
iq adamis Tavs qala iyo damarxuli
(PG, 13, 1777). am mosazrebas aseve iziareben wmida epifane da wmida ieronime
(PG 41, 844; PL 22, 485). imperatorma
konstantinem am adgilas wmida saflavis taZari aagebina.
gomarizmi (Gomarismo) holandiuri
kalvinelobis Teologiuri mimdinareoba, romlis saxelwodebac protestanti Teologis, franc gomaris
(1565-1641) saxelidan momdinareobs. iakob harminiusis sapirispirod, gomari
winaswargansazRvrulobis
mkacri
ganmartebis momxre iyo. es ganmarteba
gulisxmobda, rom Tavisi RmrTaebrivi

grigoliseuli (grigorianuli)

yovlisSemZleobis
gansamtkiceblad
RmerTma jer kidev adamis mier pirveli codvis Cadenamde gansazRvra adamianTa bedi. gomaris momxreTa moZraoba
namdvil Teologiur-politikur partiad Camoyalibda, romelsac, agreTve,
mowinaaRmdegeT uwodebdnen, rac
maTi moZRvrebis harminizmis debulebebTan dapirispirebaze miuTiTebs. gomaristebma miaRwies kidec harminelTa
dagmobas dordrextis erovnul krebaze (1618-1619).
graduali (Graduale, libro liturgico)
Seicavs wirvis monacvle sagaloblebs,
anu introits (Sesavali antifoni),
graduals, aleluias muxlTan erTad
(didmarxvis dros kinawyvets saxarebidan), Sewirulobisa da ziarebis
Sesatyvis sagaloblebs grigorianuli melodiebis TanxlebiT. Graduale
romanum Sesabamisad gamoiyeneba
im eklesiebSi, romlebsac aqvT saTanado teqnikuri donis mgalobelTa
skola yvelaze kazmul melodiaTa
Sesasruleblad (Graduale romanum,
Praenotanda, n.2, ed. typ., altera, Vat.,
1975, p. VII). xolo Graduale simplex
warmoadgens krebuls ufro martivi
sagaloblebisa, romlebic gankuTvnilia mcire zomis eklesiebSi Sesasruleblad, sadac SedarebiT rTulia Graduale romanum-is kazmul melodiaTa
Sesruleba (iqve, n. 2, VIII).
grigoliseuli (grigorianuli) (Gregoriano) yovelive, dakavSirebuli
saxel grigolis matarebel papTan: a)
grigolis (grigorianuli) galoba;
romauli wesis liturgiuli galoba;
misi saxelwodeba momdinareobs wmida

56

grigoliseuli reforma

grigol didis (540-604) saxelidan,

Tumca swavlulebs sxvadasxva hipoTeza
aqvT amasTan dakavSirebiT; b) grigolis reforma: eklesiasa da samRvdeloebaSi grigol VII-is (daaxl. 10201085) mier gatarebuli reformebi,
imperiul ZalauflebasTan mimarTebaSi
maqsimaluri saeklesio Tavisuflebis
(libertas Ecclesiae) miRwevis mizniT; g)
grigolis (grigorianuli) kalendari:
pap grigol XIII-is (1502-1585) davalebiT luiji lilios mier reformirebuli iuliusis kalendari, romelic
1561 wlidan Sevida ZalaSi da dResac moqmedebs; d) grigolis wyali; e)
grigolis (grigorianuli) wirvebi;
ase ewodeba ocdaaT wirvas, romelic
TanmimdevrobiT ocdaaTi dRis ganmavlobaSi sruldeba gardacvlilis
sulis mosaxsenieblad; maT damkvidrebas dasabami misca grigol didis
mier Tavis dialogebSi (IV, 57,13-15)
moTxrobilma Semdegma faqtma: mowese
iustosi (Giusto), gardacvlili Celios monasterSi, salxineblis tanjvaTagan gaTavisuflda ocdaaTi wirvis
dasrulebisTanave, romelnic misTvis
imxanad monastris winamZRvarma, wmida
grigolma aRavlenina.
grigoliseuli reforma (Riforma gregoriana) kaTolike eklesiis reformis moZraoba, romlis saxelwodebac
pap grigol VII-is saxels (saero saxeli hildebrand soaneli, 1020-1085)
ukavSirdeba. 1073 wels papis taxtze
asulma grigolma politikur-saeklesio reforma gaatara, romlis mTavar
mizansac Seadgenda libertas ecclesiae,
anu eklesiis gaTavisufleba nebismieri
Carevisagan. amgvarad, is SeewinaaRmdega

mefeTa, mTavarTa da didebulTa mxridan episkoposebisa da abatebis daniSvnas (saero investitura) da am saeklesio wodebaTa miniWebis borotad gamoyenebas (simonia). papi, amave dros, SeebrZola nikolozelobas da mtkiced
icavda eklesiis saxelmwifosagan damoukideblobas, metic, acxadebda, rom
adamianSi sulis sxeulze batonobis
msgavsad, eklesiac saxelmwifoze unda
yofiliyo aRmatebuli (papis monarqiis erTgvari saxeoba). es ideebi papis xelisuflebasa da imperias Soris
mwvave konfliqtis safuZvlad iqca,
romelsac investituraTa brZola
ewoda. misi gadawyveta mxolod mogvianebiT, vormsis konkordatis meSveobiT (1122) moxerxda.
grigoliseuli wyali (Acqua gregoriana) wylis, Rvinis, marilisa da ferflis naerTi, romelic sakurTxevelTa
da eklesiaTa kurTxevis wesSi gamoiyeneba.
gulisxmiereba n. lmobiereba.
gulisxmisyofa n. lmobiereba.
gulmowyalebis saqmeni (Opere di misericordia) moyvasis mimarT gulmowyale
qmedebebi, romelTa meSveobiTac qristiani axorcielebs iesos swavlebas:
iyaviT gulmowyaleni, iseve, rogorc
Tqveni mamaa gulmowyale (luk. 6:36).
gulmowyalebis saqmeni xorciel da
sulier qmedebebad daiyofa. pirvel
kategorias ganekuTvneba: a) mSierTa dapureba; b) mwyurvalTa wyurvilis mokvla; g) SiSvelTa Semosva; d) mgzavrTa
dabinaveba; e) avadmyofTa monaxuleba;
v) patimarTa monaxuleba; z) gardacv-

57

guru

lilTa dasaflaveba. sulier qmedebaTa

ricxvs ki ganekuTvneba: a) ucodinarTa
swavleba; b) meryevTaTvis rCevis micema;
g) mwuxareTa nugeSiscema; d) codvilTa
darigeba; e) wyenaTa patieba; v) abezarTa moTminebiT atana; z) cocxalTa da
gardacvlilTaTvis locva.
gumbaTi (Cupola) [gvianlaT. cupula, kninobiTi forma sityvisa cupa
TaRi] arqiteqturuli struqtura
(kamara), aRmarTuli SenobisumTavresad eklesiisTavze misi gadaxurvis mizniT. aqvs mrude zedapiri,
wriuli, kvadratuli an mravalkuTxa

gegma.
gumbaTis
arqiteqtonikuli
problemis centralurobas gaesva xazi
aRorZinebis xanaSi, rac, agreTve, axlebur gadawyvetaTa STamagonebel biZgad
iqca (bruneleskis gumbaTebi florenciaSi da miqelanjelos mier Seqmnili
romis wmida petres bazilikis gumbaTi).
guru (Guru) [sansk.] hinduizmSi
aRniSnavs sulier maswavlebels, xelmZRvanels. adamiani, romelmac ukve miaRwia Sinagan simSvidesa da sibrZnes
da mowafeebs mis misaRwevad gasavlel
gzas aswavlis.

da (Suora) [laT. soror da] qalTa

kongregaciis wevri monazoni. n. mowese.
dabadeba (Genesi) [berZn. ghnesis
dabadeba, dasabami] ase ewoda septuagintaSi bibliis pirvel wigns. termini am wignis pirveli sityvisbereshit,
dasawyisi ebraulidan Targmania. esaa
bibliis, xuTwigneulis an Toras dasawyisi, anu dasawyisi RmrTis didi gamocxadebisa, movlenaTa da sityvaTa im
uwyveti jaWvisa, romelicaa xsnis istoria; esaa samyaros SeqmnaSi yofnis
dasawyisi, RmerTsa da adamians Soris
dialogis dasawyisi, romlis saboloo
gamoxatulebad iqceva ioanes saxarebis
dasawyisSi iyo sityva: yovelive es
bibliis pirveli wignis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs. es wigni arsebiTad
erTi diptiqis ori dafisagan Sedgeba.
pirveli maTgani pirvel TerTmet Tavs
moicavs da adamisCveni planetis
yvela droisa da religiis moqmedi
gmirispirveli adamianis cxovrebas
aRwers. pirveli dafa or gansxvavebul
literaturul xerxs moicavs, esenia
genealogia da Teologiuri Txroba.
iahvistur tradiciaSi Txrobas eniWeba
upiratesoba: Seqmna (TT. 2-3), kaenis danaSauli da dasja (T. 4), danaSauli da
warRvniT dasja (TT. 6-8), noes ZeTa

danaSauli da dasja (9:20-27), babilonis godoli da enaTa aRreva (T.

11). samRvdelmsaxurebo tradiciaSi ki
genealogiebi dominirebs (zecisa da
miwis genealogiebi (T. 1), genealogia
adamidan noemde (T. 5), msoflio genealogia (T. 10), genealogia semidan
abraamamde (11:10-26)). isini idealuri
fuZemdeblisa da winapris warmoSobaze
dayrdnobiT moxetiale tomTa mier istoriis Seqmnis saxasiaTo saSualebaa.
bunebrivia, mTeli kacobriobis genealogiis ganxilvisas, winapari mxolod
adami SeiZleba iyos. amgvari Tanmimdevruli jaWvis gansazRvra, amave
dros, rame realobis dasabamisa da, maSasadame, arsis aRwerisa da ganmartebis
mcdelobaa: specifiur terminologiaSi amas etiologia ewodeba. esaa
mizezTa Zieba, saganTa dasabamTan da
maT siRrmiseul, idumal mniSvnelobasTan mibruneba. bibliis pirveli wignis meore dafa 12-50 Tavebs aerTianebs
da abraamisa da mis STamomavalTa istoriis aRweras eZRvneba. aq Txrobis
Tvalsawieri viwrovdeba da mTeli kacobriobidan inacvlebs israel xalxsa
da sarwmunoebis pirvel sawyisebze. esaa
mowodeba da rwmenis niWis boZeba patriarqebisadmi, anu swored is Ziri,
saidanac ganviTarda israeli.

59

damsaxureba

dabrkoleba (kanonikur samarTalSi)

(Impedimento (nel diritto canonico))
[laT. impedimentum, momdinareobs
zmnidan impedire svlaSi dabrkolebis
Seqmna] farTo mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs nebismier garemoebas, romelic aferxebs iuridiuli aqtis kanonier Tu
swor aRsrulebas; viwro mniSvnelobiT (xelisSemSleli dabrkoleba) esaa
nebismieri garemoeba, dakavSirebuli
pirovnebasTan (asaki, ukve arsebuli
saqorwino valdebuleba da sxva), romelic SeuZlebels xdis misTvis qorwinebas.

eklesiis mier morwmuneTaTvis damkvidrebul im dadebiT wesebs, zneobrivi

valdebulebis ganmtkicebis, locvis
suliskveTebis, RmrTisa da moyvasis
siyvarulis zrdisTvis maTi minimalurad aucilebliT uzrunvelyofis
mizniT. amgvari dadgenili wesi xuTia:
kviradRes da dawesebul sadResaswaulo dReebSi wirvaze daswreba; sul
mcire, weliwadSi erTxel aRsarebis
Tqma; ziarebis miReba, Tundac mxolod
saaRdgomod; dResaswaulTa aRniSvna;
dawesebul dReebSi marxvisa da TavSekavebis dacva (CCC, 2041-2043).

dabrkolebuli saepiskoposi saydari

(Sede episcopale impedita) ase ewodeba episkoposis mmarTvelobaSi myof
administraciul erTeuls, romlis
episkoposic patimrobis, gadasaxlebis,
gandevnis Tu uunarobis mizeziT
sruliad moklebulia Tavisi samwyso
msaxurebis aRsulebis SesaZleblobas
da diocezis wevrebTan mimoweris saSualebac ar gaaCnia (CIC, kan. 412).
aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu wmida saydarma
Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba ar miiRo,
diocezis marTva ekisreba koadiutor
episkoposs, xolo Tu am ukanasknelsac
agreTve ar ZaluZs msaxurebadamxmare episkoposs, generalur vikariuss, episkoposis vikariuss an sxva
mRvdelmsaxurs, Tanaxmad Tanmimdevrobisa, romelsac adgens episkoposi diocezis Cabarebidan umokles droSi.

dalmatika (Dalmatica) [laT. dalmatica (vestis) dalmaciuri (tunika)]

msaxurebis dros diakvnis liturgiuli samoseli. Tavdapirvelad iyo
saero samosi da daaxloebiT II saukuneSi is romis mTel imperiaSi iyo
gavrcelebuli. esaa mokle, muxlebamde
sigrZis erTgvari tunika saxeloebiT,
morTuli ori mowamuli zoliT. V
saukunidan ixmareba mxolod rogorc
liturgiuli samosi.

dadgenili wesebi (Precetto) [laT.

praeceptum (sityvidan praeseptus, namyos mimReoba zmnisa praecipere daweseba)] religiuri TvalsazrisiT, dadgenili wesebi, anu mcnebebi, ewodeba

damsaxureba (Merito) [laT. meritum,

nawarmoebia zmnidan merere damsaxureba] zogadad sityva aRniSnavs adamianis mier Cadenil qmedebaTa obieqtur Rirebulebas, romelsac sazRauri Seesabameba. sqolastikur TeologiaSi Rirseuli damsaxureba ewodeba
damsaxurebas im qmedebaTaTvis, romlebic namdvilad saWiroeben sazRaurs,
radganac adamianis mier madliTaa Cadenili rogorc mxsneli qmedeba. Sesabamisi damsaxureba aRniSnavs argamarTlebuli adamianis zneobrivi kanonis
moTxovnilebaTa Sesatyvis qmedebas

damRa

(patiosani saqcieli), romelic ar

Seesabameba zebunebriv miznebs da amitomac ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes damsaxurebad viwro gagebiT. Tumca aseT
qmedebaSi RmerTi madlisTvis momzadebis Rirebulebas aRiarebs. wmida
Toma akvinelis ukanasknel SromebSi
da momdevno periodis TeologiaSi es
termini aRniSnavs qmedebas, Cadenils
qmediTi madlis daxmarebiT da warmoadgens gamarTlebisaTvis momzadebas.
damRa (Carattere) [berZ. charaktr,
SemdgomSi laT. character kvali, waruSleli niSani] saeklesio saidumlos aRsrulebisas aRniSnavs qristeSi
Tanamonawileobis waruSlel da sulier niSans, romelsac samSvinvelSi
tovebs naTlisReba, mironcxeba da
mRvdloba, ris gamoc am sami saidumlos miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod
erTxel.
damxmare episkoposi (Ausiliare) [laT.
auxiliaris, sityvidan auxilis daxmareba] episkoposis xarisxis matarebeli
TanamSromeli, romelic eniSneba diocezis episkoposs, rodesac igi, eparqiis
gafarToebis an pirad dabrkolebaTa
gamo, srulad ver axerxebs Tavisi diocezis samwyso moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas. koadiutori episkoposisagan
gansxvavebiT, mas ar gaaCnia memkvidreobis ufleba (CIC, kan. 403).
danieli n. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.
dao/daoizmi (Tao/Taoismo) Cinurad dao sityvasityviT aRniSnavs
gzas, biliks, Tumca, amasTanave,
aqvs mniSvnelobaTa vrceli speqtri
da am mizeziT Cinuri filosofiis

60
istoriaSi is erT-erT umdidres da
umniSvnelovanes terminadaa miCneuli.
Cinurma filosofiam jous dinastiis
mmarTvelobis (daaxl. qristemde 1112249) meore naxevarSi daiwyo Camoyalibeba im dros qveyanaSi gamefebuli
zneobrivi da politikuri qaosis sapasuxod. CineTis problemaTa gadaWris
gzebi sxebTan erTad konfucimac (kun
ci; qristemde 551-479) dasaxa. konfucis Tanaxmad, daos damaxasiaTebeli niSania aRmatebuli adamianis (Cun cu)
ideali, romlis Sinagani arsi keTilganwyobiTa da humanurobiT (Jen) xasiaTdeba, fenomenuri garegani xateba ki
keTili qcevis wesebs (li) emorCileba.
aRmatebul adamianad qceva sakuTari
gzis xorcSesxmas niSnavs, Tumca daos
sxvadasxva koncefcia arsebobs. magaliTad, kanonTmcodneTa mosazrebis
Tanaxmad, gza mWidro kavSirSia mkacri
kanonis sayovelTao gavrcelebasTan.
kanonTmcodneni warmoadgendnen moazrovneTa jgufs, romlebmac daos mniSvneloba gaaRrmaves. maTi moZRvreba
daoizmis saxeliTaa cnobili, Tavad
moazrovneebs ki daoistebad moixsenieben. Cinuri tradiciis Tanaxmad,
daoizmis damaarsebeli iyo lao Zi
(qristemde VI s.). wigni dao de Zini,
romlis avtoradac mas miiCneven, iuwyeba, rom dao gamouTqmelia da mTeli
yofnis amosaval wyaros warmoadgens.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, daoizmSi dao
iqceva metafizikur kategoriad, romelic aRniSnavs sawyis SemoqmedebiT
elements, saidanac iRebs dasabams samyaro. TavisTavad is sruliad transcendentulia, Tumca misi energia
anu Zala (de) bunebaSi gamoixateba.
rogorc transcendenturi, dao ima-

61
nenturTanaa dakavSirebuli da adamians aZlevs saSualebas, mihyves gzas.
samyaros Sesaxeb daoisturma gansjam
lao Zis usaxelo pirvelsawyisi principis da msgavs gansjas TandarTuli
vu veis midgomis aRmoCenisaken ubiZga.
sityvasityviT vu vei umoqmedobas niSnavs, Tumca ara qmedebis klebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed TvalTmaqcobis gareSe
moqmedebas, TviT moqmedebis monobaSi
moqcevis gareSe moqmedebas. cxovrebis
wesi harmoniulad unda ewyobodes gzas,
romelic kavSirSia ZalasTan (de): am
ukanasknelis wyalobiT ki, sayovelTao
dao gamoxatulebas povebs da konkretulobas iZens. mogvianebiT juan Zim
gaiziara lao Ziseuli daos, rogorc
samyaros sawyisisa da misi warmmarTvelis, centraluri cneba. juan Zis mTavari sakiTxi SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc absoluturi bednierebis
Zieba, bednierebisa, romlis misaRwevadac saWiroa sakuTar Tavsa da samyaros Soris gansxvavebis gadalaxva da
srulyofili gziT daosTan SeerTeba.
daoisturi religia, miuxedavad lao
Zis (rogorc adamianis, ise misi naSromis) Tayvaniscemisa, misi moZRvrebis radikalur interpretacias gvTavazobs,
iseve, rogorc es moxda juan Zis moZRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT. daoisturi
religia xSirad igivdeboda ukvdavebis,
agreTve, fizikuri ukvdavebis, ZiebasTan, romlis misaRwevadac magiur nayenebs da iogas iSveliebdnen. aqedan
daedo dasabami religiur
seqtebs,
romelTa Sorisac iyo agreTve egreT
wodebuli zecis moZRvris seqta. is
umTavresad samxreT CineTSi gavrcelda
da kargi organizaciiT gamoirCeoda:
moZRvrebi memkvidreobiT iRebdnen am

dawindva

Tanamdebobas, maT erTgvari regionuli sabWoebi edga gverdSi, romelTa

wevri warCinebuli (mamakaci da qali)
daoistebi sxvadasxva ceremoniebSi
monawileobdnen, xolo saero keTilismyofelni da mcire jadoqarni mxars
uWerdnen organizacias. fizikuri ukvdaveba qimerad SeiZleba warmogvidges,
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sikvdili
mainc cxovrebisuli faqtia. magram
rwmena aaSkaravebs, rom gandobili
daoistis sikvdili mxolod moCvenebiTia, rom saflavSi dakrZaluli misi
cxedari ara misi namdvili sxeuli, aramed mxolod misi msgavsia.
daRi (Sphraghs) [berZn. beWedi] niSani, romelsac daRad asvamda mflobeli adamianebsa da pirutyvs. liturgiis sferoSi termini aRiSnavs sagangebo Tvisebas, romelsac aRbeWdavs
sulSi naTlisRebis, mironcxebisa da
xeldasxmis saidumloni.
dacva (Osservanza) [laT. observantia]
daaxloebiT XIV saukunis dasasrulis
sareformo moZraoba, romelic samoweseo ordenebs Seexo da wesTa Tavdapirveli siwmidis aRdgenas isaxavda
miznad. es moZraoba franciskul wreebSi (franciskelebi) aRmocenda da ordenis orad gayofis mizezad iqca: erT
jgufs ewoda konventualebi, meores
kiobservantebi (am ukanasknelTagan
aiRo dasabami kapucinelTa ordenma).
es sareformo moZraoba mogvianebiT
Seexo, agreTve, dominikelTa, karmelelTa, kartezianelTa ordenebsac, Tumca ganaxlebis miseuli impulsi XVI
saukunis damdegisaTvis amoiwura.
dawindva (Sponsali) [laT. sponsalia (mravlobiTi ricxvis neitraluri

deda eklesia

forma sityvisa sponsalis), romelic

nawarmoebia zmnidan spondere dapireba] kanonikur samarTalSi aRniSnavs
qorwinebis pirobas (Sdr. CIC, kan.
1062), anu niSnobas.
deda eklesia (Matrice, chiesa) [saeklesio laT. ecclesia matrix deda eklesia] Tavdapirvelad ase ewodeboda
eklesias, saidanac mimdebare teritoriaTa gaqristianeba iwyeboda. SemdgomSi am saxeliT moixsenieboda ufro
mniSvnelovani eklesia, romelic sxva
eklesiebs aZlevda dasabams. saeklesio
kanonTa enaze deda eklesia ewodeba
eklesias, romelic sxvebTan mimarTebaSi ierarqiul upiratesobas flobs.
devna (Persecuzione) [gvianlaT. persecutio, zmnidan persequi devna]
Cagvris, Seviwroebis, Zaladobis aqtTa
erToblioba kanonieri xelisuflebis
mqone Tu aRmasrulebel pirTa mxridan,
mimarTuli religiuri an politikuri
moZraobis CaxSobis an eTnikuri umciresobis fizikurad ganadgurebisaken
(rasobrivi devna). qristianTa devna
yvela droSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo
eklesiis mTeli istoriis manZilze,
Tumca amgvar movlenebs yovelTvis
ar aqcevdnen saTanado yuradRebas.
gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneba qristianobis devna Zvelad, dawyebuli neronis
droidan, radganac es faqtebi Tavidanve iqca istoriul masalad legendebisaTvis mowameTa da wmidaTa Sesaxeb.
amJamadac, qristianobis mimarT mtruli marqsizm-leninizmis ideologiis
damarcxebis Semdegac, devnis safrTxe
kvlavac aqtualuria afrikisa da aziis
sxvadasxva qveynebSi.

62
devocionalebi (Devozionali) yovelive is, rac saWiroa meditaciisa da
religiuri RmrTismosaobis gasaadvileblad. rogorc wesi, aseTebad miiCneva piradi moxmarebis religiuri
sagnebi: mcire zomis saRmrTo gamosaxulebani, jvrebi, medalionebi da sxva.
amuletebisagan (avgarozTagan) gansxvavebiT, romelTac magiuri (jadosnuri) Zala miewereba, devocionalebs
TavisTavad ar gaaCniaT rame Rirebuleba da qmediTi Zala.
deizmi (Deismo) [laT. sityvidan deus
RmerTi] deizmi aRiarebs RmrTaebis
racionaluri Semecnebis SesaZleblobas da uaryofs gamocxadebuli
religiis aucileblobas, riTic gansxvavdeba Teizmisagan. deizms XVII saukuneSi herbert de Cerberim Cauyara
safuZveli, misi principebi lokma
gaavrcela da inglisurma da frangulma ganmanaTleblobam gaiziara.
deisusi (Desis) [berZ. Suamdgomloba, qomagoba] tipuri xati, moTavsebuli klasikuri kankelis centrSi, romlis SuagulSic gamosaxulia qriste
pantokratori (=yovlis momcveli da
myrobeli), mis marjvnivmisi deda
mariami, marcxnivmavedrebeli ioane
naTlismcemeli.
dekalogi (Decalogo) [berZ. dka
lgoi aTi sityva, rac wmida ireneosma gadaakeTa deklogos-ad, Semdeg
laTinurSi damkvidrda forma decalogus] RmrTis mier mosesTvis sinais
mTaze micemuli aTi mcneba, romlebic
RmerTsa da mis xalxs Soris aRTqmis
mTavar qartias warmoadgens. Cvenamde
dekalogis orma teqstma moaRwia: gam.
20:2-17 da rjl. 5:6-21.

63
dekanozi (Decano) [gvianlaT. sityvidan decanus, romelic nawarmoebia
saxelidan decem aTi, (Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda aTkaciani jgufis
meTaurs)] piri, romelic Tanamdebobaze yofnis, msaxurebis xangrZlivobisa Tu asakis gamo kolegebs Soris
pirvel adgils ikavebs. kardinalTa
kolegiis dekanozs irCeven romaul
eklesiaTa wodebaminiWebul kardinalTa Soris. igi amave kolegias Tavmjdomareobs da miiCneva primus inter
pares. misi movaleobaa arCeuli papis
episkoposad kurTxeva, Tuki is am wodebas ar atarebs. sakra rotas (kaTolike eklesiis umaRlesi sasamarTlo)
dekanozia yvelaze xandazmuli promociis auditori. dekanozi (an adgilobrivi vikariusi, an mTavarxucesi) ewodeba agreTve adgilobriv vikariatSi
ganwesebul mRvdelmsaxurs (CIC, kan.
553 naw.1), vinc sadiocezo episkoposis
erT-erTi uaxloesi TanamSromelia.
dekretaliebi (Decretali) [laT. (litterae) decretales dekretTa Semcveli
werilebi] ase ewoda umTavresad papis
mkafiod gamoxatul pozicias garkveuli praqtikuli problemebis gamo
wamoWril sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
CvenTvis cnobili, Tumca ar Semonaxuli pirveli dekretalia papis siriciusis 385 wliT daTariRebuli dokumentia. droTa ganmavlobaSi gaCnda erTi
an meti papis dekretaliaTa Segrovebis
aucilebloba stabiluri da moqmedi
normebis Camoyalibebis mizniT. mniSvnelovani iyo grigol IX-is, bonifacius VIII-isa da klemente V-is dokumentTa oficialuri krebulebi,
radganac isini iqcnen kanonikuri

demonizmi

samarTlis kodeqsis (Corpus iuris

canonici) dasabamad da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgendnen kidec mas.
dekretalistebi ewodaT pirebs, romlebic Seiswavlidnen dekretaliebs da
zogadad gracianes dekretis Semdgomi
periodis kanonikur samarTals. TviT
gracianes dekretis Semswavlelebs
da ganmmarteblebs ki dekretistebad
moixseniebdnen.
delegati, samociqulo n. romis papis
legati.
demoni (Demonio) [berZn. daimnion,
Semdeg, laTinurSi damkvidrda forma
daemonium] aRniSnavs RmrTis winaaRmdeg amboxebisTvis dasjil da dacemul
angelosur suls. absoluturi mniSvnelobiT Cveulebriv aRniSnavs demonTa
meufes, satanas. axal aRTqmaSi xSiria
demonTa xseneba: ieso ebrZvis maT, rogorc cdunebaTa aRmZvrelebs (maT. 4:5,
Smd.; 6:13; 13:25.39; mark. 1:13; luka 4:1,
Smd; 8:12; ioan. 6:70; 8:44; 13:2; 17:15),
akviatebaTa (Sdr. mark. 5:1-13; ) da daavadebaTa gamomwvevebs (Sdr. maT. 4:24;
8:24 da Semd.; 9:32; 12:22; mark. 9:17.25;
saqm. 10:38), boroti Zalis warmomadgenlebs (Sdr. luk. 11:14,Smd.; saqm. 13:10)
da amarcxebs (maT. 8:16, Smd.; 25:41; mark.
1:32, Smd.; luka 4:40), riTac RmrTis
sasufevels amkvidrebs (maT. 12:28; mark.
3:15.22; luk. 11:15, Smd.; gamocx. 20:2.10).
igive Zalaufleba mieniWa mociqulebs
(Sdr. mark. 6:7.13; luk. 9:1; 10:17).
demonizmi (Demonismo) [berZ. sityvidan diamnion demoni] primitiuli religiis forma, romelic
ganmartavs bunebriv fenomenebs, rogorc urTierTdapirispirebuli keTili da boroti sulebis gamovlinebebs.

dencingeri

dencingeri (Denzinger) pirveli Semdgenlis, dencingeris saxelis (1819-1883)

mixedviT, ase ewodeba Enchiridion symbolorum et definitionum-s (SemoklebiT
DS), saeklesio moZRvrebis Semcvel
dokumentTa arsebiT anTologias, romlis sxvadasxva redaqciiT Sesrulebul
gamocemaTa ricxvma ramdenime aTeuls
miaRwia (Denzinger H.A. Schonmetzer, Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum).
deonelebi (Dehoniani) 1878 wels
Jan-leon deonis mier daarsebuli
iesos wmida gulis mRvdelmsaxurTa
kongregaciis wevrebi, romelic 1906
wels iqna damtkicebuli. kongregaciis
miznebia: iesos wmida gulisadmi gansakuTrebuli Tayvaniscema siyvarulisa
da gamosyidvis suliskveTebiT; am gamosyidvis sulierebis gavrceleba; misioneruli da socialuri mociquloba.
derviSebi (Dervisci) [spars. darwis
glaxaki, maTxovari (nawarmoebia sityvidan dar kari), Seesabameba
arabul sityvas faqir Raribi] islamur samyaroSi termini umTavresad
aRniSnavs religiur saZmoTa wevrebs.
sxvadasxva saZmoebSi derviSebi cxovroben monastrebSi an mogzauroben, rogorc mowyalebis mTxovneli moweseebi.
warmoTqvamen formulebs da asruleben
wesebs, dakavSirebuls muhamadTan an
TviT RmerTTan. pretendenti derviSis
gandobas sarwmunoebis aRsarebisa da
aRTqmaTa meSveobiT sulieri moZRvari
aRasrulebs. yvela saZmosTvis saerTo
wesia dirki, romelic iwvevs Zlier
religiur aRgznebas, rasac sxeulis

64
ritmuli moZraoba da cekvac uwyobs xels. zogierT xalxSi (TurqeTi,
albaneTi) derviSTa saZmoebi daiSala.
amis mizezi isic gaxda, rom isini progresisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil Zalad
miiCnies. dRes termini xSirad dadamcirebeli mniSvnelobiT ixmareba.
diakvnoba (Diaconato) [berZ. dikonos msaxuri] aRniSnavs mRvdlobis
saidumlos erT-erT safexurs (danarCeni oria: xucesoba da episkoposoba).
diakvnoba dakavSirebulia ierusalemis
adreul qristianul sakrebuloSi arsebul Svidis arCevis tradiciasTan
(Sdr. saqm. 6:1-6), romelic msaxurebis
Rrma suliskveTebiT iyo gamsWvaluli.
jer kidev egnate antioqieli saubrobs diakvnobaze, rogorc liturgiul msaxurebasa da samwyso saqmianobaSi episkoposebisa da samRvdeloebisadmi daqvemdebarebul gansakuTrebul
wesze. Lumen gentium-is Tanaxmad (29),
diakvnis movaleobaa, sazeimod aRasrulos naTloba, Seinaxos da gasces
evqaristia, eklesiis saxeliT daeswros
qorwinebas da akurTxos is, sikvdilis
win aziaros momakvdavni, saRmrTo werili waukiTxos morwmuneebs, aRzardos
da damoZRvros xalxi, uxelmZRvanelos
RmrTismsaxurebasa da morwmuneTa
locvas, aRasrulos saidumloni, waruZRves panaSvidisa da dakrZalvis wess.
garda amisa, diakons evaleba saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis ganxorcieleba da
episkoposis mier misdami mindobili
yvela amocanis Sesruleba. vatikanis
II krebam aRadgina diakvnoba, agreTve,
rogorc mudmivi wesi (da ara mxolod
rogorc xucesobisaTvis mosamzadebeli safexuri) da daadgina am wodebis

65

dideba mamasa

miniWebis SesaZlebloba daqorwinebul

mamakacTaTvis (LG, 29).

Reuri, Soba, naTlisReba, amaRleba,

suli wmidis gadmosvla da sxva.

diakoni (Diacono) [berZn. sityvidan

dikonos msaxuri] piri, romelmac
sadiakvno xeldasxma miiRo.

dideba (Doxa) [berZ. sityva, romelic

mTeli brwyinvalebiT gamovlenil
RmrTis didebas aRniSnavs] dideba,
romelic qristes miwier istoriaSi
imaleba da ikveTeba da mkvdreTiT
aRdgomaSi brwyindeba. ganasaxierebs
RmrTis mier adamianisTvis boZebul
umaRles niWs.

diakonia (Diaconia) [berZn. diakonin

msaxureba] zogadad aRniSnavs msaxurebas. eklesiis arsebobis dasawyisSi
am saxeliT moixsenieboda saqvelmoqmedo instituciebi. aRniSnavs, agreTve,
diakvnis mier marTul eklesias.
diakonisa (Diaconessa) [berZn. diacnissa msaxuri qali] pirvel qristianul sakrebuloebSi ase uwodebdnen
xanSiSesul, umTavresad qvriv qalebs,
romelTac saqvelmoqmedo da liturgiuli saqmianoba hqondaT mindobili,
kerZod, isini monawileobdnen qalTa
naTlobasa da mironcxebaSi. isini gansakuTrebul kurTxevasa da xeldasxmas
iRebdnen episkoposisagan. diakonisebi mas Semdeg aRar arseboben, rac
ufrosTa naTloba gauqmda. XIX saukunidan es instituti mraval protestantur eklesiaSi aRadgines.
diaspora (Diaspora) [berZ. diaspor
gafantva, gavrceleba] aRniSnavs
eris gavrcelebas sakuTari qveynis sazRvrebs gareT, nebismieri mizeziT. amis
saukeTeso magaliTia ebraelTa diaspora, romlebic palestinis farglebs
gareT arian gafantulni.
diddResaswauli (Solennit) [laT. solemnitas (sityvidan solemnis sazeimo)] liturgiuli dResaswaulis
yvelaze maRali xarisxi. magaliTad,
didi dResaswaulebia: sapaseqo samd-

dideba (Gloria) didi doqsologia,

romelsac wirvis dros warmoTqvams
an galobs mTeli sakrebulo. iwyeba
beTlemSi angelosTa galobis sityvebiT: dideba maRalTa Sina RmerTsa...
(luk. 2:14). es berZnuli warmoSobis,
Zalian Zveli sagalobelia. qristianobis pirvel saukuneTa aRmosavluri
dokumentebiT dasturdeba, rom am
dros dideba ukve iyo CarTuli
JamTa liturgiaSi. laTinur eklesiaSi
dideba VI saukunidan gvxvdeba saSobao wirvaSi. garda amisa, papma simaqem
(514) didebis warmoTqma dauwesa
episkoposebs kviradReebsa da mowameTa
xsenebis dResaswaulebze. IX saukunemde
mRvdelmsaxurebs mxolod xeldasxmis dRes da saaRdgomo ciskris dros
hqondaT didebis warmoTqmis ufleba. XI saukunidan ki misi gamoyeneba
sayovelTao gaxda.
dideba mamasa (Gloria al Padre) mcire
doqsologia: wmida samebis sadidebeli
mcire locva, romlis saxelwodebac
misi pirveli sityvebidan momdinareobs:
xSirad warmoiTqmis locvisa da fsalmunTa dasasruls. ucnobia rogorc
misi avtoris vinaoba, ise liturgiasa
da pirad locvaSi CarTvis dro.

66

didebisa

didebisa (Gloriosi) [laT. gloria] ase

ewodeba wmida savardis saidumloebebs,
romlebic ieso qristesa da qalwul
mariamis didebas ukavSirdeba. esenia: a)
iesos mkvdreTiT aRdgoma; b) iesos cad
amaRleba; g) suli wmidis gardamosvla; d) netari qalwuli mariamis cad
aRyvaneba; e) mariami, cisa da dedamiwis
dedofali.
didi paraskevi (Venerdi santo) saaRdgomo samdReuris meore, iesos jvarze
sikvdilis moixseniebis dRe. liturgiaSi didi paraskevi ara glovisa da
tirilis, aramed iesos msxverplSewirvis, xsnis wyaros, Wvretis dRea. eklesia uflis gamarjvebul sikvdils
aRniSnavs. uZvelesi tradiciis Tanaxmad, eklesia did paraskevs evqaristiul msaxurebas ar atarebs. am dRis
liturgiis umTavresi, Zireuli elementia RmrTis sityvis gamocxadeba.
msaxureba sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: a)
RmrTis sityvis liturgia sami sakiTxaviT, romelTa Sorisaa Txroba iesos
vnebisa da sikvdilis Sesaxeb (ioan.
18-19); b) jvris Tayvaniscema; g) ziareba. rakiRa am dRes evqaristiuli
msaxureba ar tardeba, sakurTxevelze
sruliad araferi devs: arc jvari, arc
Sandlebi da arc gadasafarebeli. garda amisa, morwmuneebma unda daicvan
marxva da uari Tqvan xorcis miRebaze.
didi SabaTi (Sabato santo) aRdgomis
winadRe, saaRdgomo samdReuris bolo
dRe. eklesia uflis saflavTan Cerdeba
da mis vnebasa da sikvdils ufiqrdeba.
mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi arc erTi
liturgiuli msaxureba ar aRsruldeba. Semdeg, RamiT, sazeimo sapaseqo

ciskriT mkvdreTiT aRdgomis wesebi

sruldeba.
didmarxva (Quaresima) [laT. quadragesima (dies) meormoce dRe] ormocdRiani liturgiuli periodi,
romelic nacris oTxSabaTs iwyeba
da aRdgomisaTvis amzadebs morwmuneebs. Zvelad am periodSi sruldeboda kaTakmevelTa momzadeba, romlebic sapaseqo ciskris dros naTlobas
iRebdnen. mogvianebiT, daaxloebiT IV
saukunidan, didmarxva mTeli eklesiisaTvis monaniebisa da ganaxlebis periodad yalibdeba, mkvidrdeba marxvisa
da TavSekavebis wesebi. marxva dResac
savaldebuloa nacris oTxSabaTs da
did paraskevs, TavSekavebadidmarxvis
yovel paraskevs. liturgiaSi didmarxvis dros monaniebis ganwyobas xazs
usvams samoslis iisferi feri da wirvisas didebisa da aleluias gamotoveba. vatikanis II krebis mier gatarebulma reformam, didmarxvis periodis
monanie xasiaTis ganmtkicebis garda,
mis saaRdgomo-sanaTlobo xasiaTsac
gausva xazi da mouxmo morwmuneebs,
uxvad isazrdoon RmrTis sityviT da
gulmodgined ilocon.
dies ire n. Dies irae.
divali (Divali) induri dResaswauli,
romelic noemberSi, axali wlis dadgomis aRsaniSnavad imarTeba. sinaTlisa
da qalRmerT laqSmis sapativcemlod
momzadebul ZRvenTa dResaswauli.
qalRmerTi laqSmi viSnus mdedrobiTi sqesis Sesabamisobaa, romelsac
warmateba moaqvs. is lampariT ganaTebul yvela ojaxs stumrobs.

67
dikasteriebi n. romis kuria.
diocezi (Diocesi) [berZn. diokesis,
nawarmoebi zmnidan diokein saxlis marTva; Semdeg laTinurSi damkvidrda dioecesis] RmrTis xalxis
erTi nawili, romelze samwyso zrunvac episkoposs evaleba (CD, 11; Sdr.
CIC, kan. 369) da Semoifargleba
gansazRvruli teritoriiT, imgvarad,
rom moicvas am teritoriaze mosaxle
yvela morwmune (CIC, kan. 372). termini saero sazogadoebidan iqna nasesxebi: qristes Sobamde daaxloebiT
IV saukuneSi am sityviT aRiniSneboda
finansuri administracia, romelsac
mosamarTle ganagebda, xolo romis
imperiaSi, diokletianes dros diocezi vikariusisadmi daqvemdebarebul
provinciaTa (Tavdapirvelad 12, Semdeg
ki15 provinciis) erTobliobas ewodeboda. qristianobis sawyis periodSi
diocezs uwodebdnen eklesias (antioqiis eklesia, efesos eklesia da a.S.),
rac Seesabameba dRevandel calkeul
eklesias, romelzec saubrobs saeklesio kreba (CD, 11). sadiocezo episkoposs ewodeba rigiTi (ordinario)
radganac diocezs Cveulebrivi anu
ara samociqulo memkvidreobis ZaliT
sxvaTagan delegirebuli ZalauflebiT
ganagebs. vrcel diocezebSi episkoposs
SeiZleba hyavdes erTi an ori damxmare episkoposi. paps aqvs Zalaufleba
daaarsos da gaauqmos diocezi an saxe
ucvalos mas.
diptiqi (Dittico) [berZ. sityvidan
dptychos, orad mokecili] erTmaneTTan saxsriT anjamiT dakavSirebuli
ori xis an spilos Zvlis dafa, maTze

diurnali

gamosaxuli wmida xatebiT, romlebic eklesiebSi ifineboda. V saukunidan diptiqze Tavsdeboda, agreTve,
CamonaTvali eklesiis maRali wodebis
cocxali an gardacvlili pirebisa,
romlebic, SesaZloa, wirvis kanonSi
moixseniebodnen. sanaTlobo diptiqi
monaTvlis kandidatTa sias Seicavda.
direqtoriumi (Direttorio) [laT. sityvidan directorium, romelic nawarmoebia sityvidan director direqtori] saeklesio kalendari, romelic
Seicavs miTiTebebs wirvis aRsrulebasa
da JamTa liturgiasTan dakavSirebiT.
aseve ewodeba, agreTve, RmrTivSewiruli cxovrebis instituciebis wesdebaTa damxmare da gamoyenebiT kodeqss,
romlis normebic drois moTxovnaTa
Sesabamisad SeiZleba iqnes gadaxeduli
da Sesworebuli. amisaTvis sakmarisia
mTavari kapitulumis Tanxmoba.
disciplinatebi (Disciplinati) [laT.
zmnidan discere swavla] etimologiuri TvalsazrisiT, termini miemarTeba
yvela adamians, vinc monaniebis an asketuri mizniT disciplinas imtkicebs.
ufro specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobiT, istoriulad aRniSnavda XIII
saukuneSi monaniebis moZraobaTa mimdevrebsa da momxreebs (maT, agreTve,
ewodebodaT flagelantebi, batutebi
da kapuCatebi). am SemTxvevaSi disciplina aRniSnavda rogorc monaniebis
xasiaTis
gansakuTrebul
damsjel
zomas, ise saSualebas, romliTac is
xorcieldeboda (drekadi wkepla, bawris maTraxi da sxva).
diurnali (diurnale) [laT. sityvidan
diurnus] JamTa liturgiis mxolod

dogma

dRis JamTa Semcveli liturgiuli

wigni. pirveli amgvari wigni XV saukuneSi gamoica.
dogma (Dogma) [berZn. sityvidan dogma gadawyvetileba, mosazreba]
ufro viwro mniSvnelobiT, aRniSnavs
eklesiis mier avtoritetulad warmoTqmul debulebas, romelic miRebul
unda iqnes rogorc gamocxadebuli WeSmariteba da romlis uaryofac, Sesabamisad, eresia. terminma dRevandeli mniSvneloba XVIII saukunidan SeiZina, anu am
droidan aRniSnavs debulebas, romelic
warmoadgens gamocxadebis (saRmrTo
werili da gadmocema) nawils an romelic aucilebelia mis gadmosacemad
da Sesanaxad; dogmas avrcelebs eklesiis magisteriumi, rogorc Cveulebrivi
gziT, ise sagangebo gamoqveynebis saSualebiT msoflio krebebze an papis ex
cathedra gamosvlebis dros. amitomac
dogma mudam gamocxadebasa da magisteriums emyareba.
dogmatika
(Dogmatica)
termini
miemarTeba Teologias da aris sinonimi sistematuri Teologiisa, romelic
sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela
sakiTxis kvlevisa da gaRrmavebisaken
mimarTuli disciplinaa.
doketizmi (Docetismo) [berZ. zmnidan dokin moCveneba] ufro metad
qristianobis pirveli saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eretikuli Teologiuri tendencia, vidre namdvili
monofizituri eresi, romlis Tanaxmadac ieso qristes mxolod moCvenebiTi
sxeuli hqonda, radganac igi bolomde
da mTlianad RmerTad darCa. es Teoria aubraloebda qristes adamianuro-

68
bas, tanjvasa da sikvdils da isinic
ubralo moCvenebiTobamde dahyavda. am
tendenciis pirveli niSnebi ukve axal
aRTqmaSia damowmebuli (Sdr. 1 ioan.
4:2; 2 ioan. 7), misi yvelaze gamoCenili
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: svimeon mogvi,
basilide, gnostikosebi (n. gnosticizmi), gansakuTrebiTvalentinelni,
maniqevelni (n. maniqeveloba) da sxva.
dolCinoelni (Dolciniani) eretikos
fra dolCinos (1250-1307) mimdevrebi,
romlebic suli wmidis mefobis xanis dadgomas elodnen. mociqul
Zmebad an ubralod mociqulebad
wodebuli dolCinoelni sastikad
akritikebdnen eklesias.
dominikelni (Domenicani/e) mqadagebel monazonTa ordenis wevrebi
(Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum), romelic wmida dominike guzmanma (1221)
daaarsa qadagebis meSveobiT qristiani
xalxis sulieri simwiris aRmofxvrisa
da albigoelTa eresis winaaRmdeg brZolis mizniT. 1216 wels papma honorius III-m oficialurad aRiara wmida
avgustineseul wesdebaze dafuZnebuli
dominikelTa ordeni, momdevno wels ki
mis wevrebs maTi sagangebo mowodebis
gamomxatveli mqadagebelTa wodeba
daudgina. am misiisaTvis dominikeli
moweseni RmrTis sityvis safuZvliani
SeswavliT emzadebodnen, misiis ganxorcieleba ki gamoixateboda maT mier
am sityvis dauRalavi qadagebiT yvelas da, gansakuTrebiT, ukiduresad
gaWirvebulTa samsaxurSi. dominikelTa
safuZvliani codnis dasturia is faqti, rom maT swrafad daikaves parizis
universitetis prestiJuli Teologiis

69
kaTedra (sadac aswavlidnen albert
didi da Toma akvineli) da boloniis
universitetis saeklesio samarTlis
kaTedra. amasTan, maT miiRes inkviziciis tribunalTa marTvis ufleba, sadac
calkeulma dominikelebma arasaxarbielo roli Seasrules, xolo XIV
saukunidan moipoves papis Teologiuri mrCevelis Tanamdebobis dakavebis
ufleba (maestro del Sacro Palazzo).
dominikelTa ordenma ueWvelad didi
wvlili Seitana Sua saukuneTa Teologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi (n.
sqolastika). sakmaod nayofieri iyo,
agreTve, maTi misioneruli saqmianoba.
wmida dominikem daaarsa meore ordeni
(gandegil dominikel monazonTa ordeni). monazvnebs locviTa da monaniebiT
unda SeewyoT xeli dominikelTa misiisaTvis. mogvianebiT dominikelTa
mesame ordenic aRmocenda. amJamad
dominikelTa ordeni mTel msoflioSi
arsebuli 42 provinciisa da daaxloebiT 7500 wevrisagan Sedgeba.
domusi (duomo) (Duomo) [laT. sityvidan domus (domini) (uflis)
saxli] ase ewodeboda adgilobrivi
eklesiis damaarseblis samyofels. Semdeg es saxeli Tavad taZarsac mieniWa. rodesac duomo saepiskoposo samyofels emTxveva, mas sakaTedro taZars uwodeben.
don (Don) [arqauli sityvidan donno,
momdinareobs sityvidan domnus, da
sinkopirebuli formaa laT. sityvisa
dominus ufali] saxels wamZRvarebuli sapatio wodeba, romliTac
mRvdelmsaxurebs mimarTaven. gamoiyeneba aramxolod saeklesio wreebSi.

doqsologia

donatizmi (Donatismo) CrdiloeT

afrikaSi IV saukuneSi gavrcelebuli
sqizmaturi moZraoba, romlis saxelwodebac karTagenis episkopos donatosis saxelidan momdinareobs. donatosma romis eklesiisadmi dapirispirebuli qristianuli eklesiis dafuZneba
scada. uTanxmoebis safuZvlad dacemulTa sakiTxi iqca. saubaria pirebze,
romlebmac qristianuli sarwmunoebis
devnis periodSi zewolas ver gauZles
da rwmena uaryves an warmarTebs wmida wignebi gadasces (am pirebs uwodebdnen traditores, zmnidan tradere
Cabareba). donatistebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen dacemulTa (romelTa Sorisac episkoposebi da sasuliero pirebic iyvnen) eklesiis wiaRSi xelaxla
miRebas, radganac miiCnevdnen, rom
naTlobisa da wmida mRvdlobis qmediToba maT aRmsrulebel da aRmvlenel
pirTa Rirsebazec iyo damokidebuli.
arlis saeklesio krebisa (314) da imperator konstantines (316) Carevis
miuxedavad, donatizmma misi damaarseblis sikvdilis Semdegac (355) ganagrZo
arseboba da gavrceleba, rac socialuri da politikuri mizezebiTac iyo
ganpirobebuli. donatizmis erT-erTi
usastikesi mowinaaRmdege iyo wmida
avgustine. donatistTa moZraobam vandalTa mier CrdiloeT afrikis dapyrobis (430) Semdeg Sewyvita arseboba.
doqsa n. dideba.
doqsologia (Dossologia) [berZ. sityvidan dxa dideba,+logos saubari] liturgiaSi termini mama
RmrTis, qristes an wmida samebis sadidebel formulas aRniSnavs. mag-

druzebi

aliTad, evqaristiuli locva doqsologiiT

sruldeba: qristesTvis,
qristesTan erTad, qristeSi. mcire
doqsologia ewodeba mama RmrTis sadidebels, didi doqsologia ki wirvis
sadidebels.
druzebi (Drusi) libanSi, siriasa da
israelSi mcxovrebi, ZiriTadad miwaTmoqmedebiTa da mecxoveleobiT dakavebuli xalxi, romelic religiur
seqtas warmoadgens. maTi saxelwodeba
seqtis erT-erTi damaarseblis, al-darazis saxelidan momdinareobs. spars
hamza ibn alisTan erTad XI saukunis dasawyisSi man safuZveli Cauyara
ezoteruli xasiaTis seqtas, romelic
Tavdacvis mizniT TviTCaketilobas
mimarTavs. druzebs dResac axasiaTebs
feodaluri tipis wyoba, sadac Zalaufleba mcirericxovan Zlevamosil
ojaxTa xelSia moqceuli.
duomo n. domusi.
dReoba (Onomastico) [berZ. onomastiks dasaxelebisTvis gansazRvruli,
sityvidan onomzein dasaxeleba]
dRe, rodesac eklesia sazeimod aRniSnavs im wmidanis xsenebas, vis saxelsac
mavani atarebs.

70
dResaswauli (Festa) [laT. festa, saSualo sqesis mravlobiTi ricxvis forma,
Sesatyvisi sityvisa festus (dies) sadResaswaulo, sazeimo, wmida (dRe)]
qristianTaTvis dResaswaulis mizezi
qristes movlenaa, romlis aRniSvnidanac iRebs dasabams yvela qristianuli dResaswauli, dawyebuli aRdgomis
dResaswaulidan, romelic liturgiuli wlis mTavari movlenaa. aRdgomis
saidumloeba aRiniSneba yovel kviradRes, uwinares sadResaswaulo dRes,
romelic, samociqulo tradiciis
Tanaxmad, mTel eklesiaSi unda iqnes
daculi. unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, sxva
sadResaswaulo dReebi, rogorebicaa:
uflis Soba, naTlisReba, uflis amaRleba, qristes uwmidesi sxeulisa da
sisxlis dResaswauli, RmrTis wmida
mSobel mariamis dResaswauli, misi
ubiwo Casaxvisa da aRyvanebis dResaswauli, wmida iosebis, wmidanebis
petresa da pavles, yvelawmidas dResaswaulebi (CIC, kan. 1246, naw. 1).
am dReebsa da kviradRes morwmuneebi
valdebulni arian, monawileoba miiRon evqaristiaSi, Tavi aaridon muSaobasa da sxva saqmianobas, romelic maT
RmrTis kultisagan aacdens, sazeimo
dRis sixaruls aferxebs da gonebisa
da sxeulisaTvis aucilebel dasvenebas
uSlis xels (CIC, kan. 1247).

ebionitebi (Ebioniti) [ebr. sityvidan ebjnm Raribebi] iudeurqristianuli heterodoqsuli mimdinareobis wevrebi, romlebic Rataki
cxovrebis wess misdevdnen. gavrcelebulni iyvnen 70 wlis Semdeg, palestinaSi, siriasa da egvipteSi. ebionitebs
ar swamdaT qristes RmrTaebrioba da
ar aRiarebdnen wmida pavles werilebs,
visac gandgomilad miiCnevdnen.
ebraelebi (Ebrei) eTnikuri jgufi,
romelic yeberis xaziT semisgan iRebs
dasabams (dab. 10). egviptelTa, filistemelTa da ucxoelTagan gansasxvaveblad, bibliaSi maT ebraelebi ewodaT.
semituri warmoSobis es xalxi qristes
Sobamde XVIII saukuneSi (n. patriarqTa xana) palestinaSi damkvidrda da
qristes Sobamde XIII saukunidan (n.
gamosvla) farTod gavrcelda mis
teritoriaze. ebrael xalxs mravali
gansacdeli xvda wilad, maT Soris
ierusalemis dangreva (qristes Sobidan
70 weli). ebraeli xalxi ara imdenad
rasobrivi, ramdenadac kulturul-religiuri niSnebiT gamoirCeva, radgan
is sakuTar Tavs iahves, israelis
RmrTis, mier rCeul xalxad miiCnevs
(Sdr. gam. 3:18; 5:3). israeli kidev erTi
damkvidrebuli saxelia ebraelebisa,

visi genetikuri kodic Zvel aRTqmaSia

damkvidrebuli. ieremias Semdeg saxeli
ebraelebi arqaulad miiCneva da mas
termini iudevelni cvlis. babilonidan gaZevebamde (qristes Sobamde VI
s.) ebraeli xalxis ena ebrauli iyo.
SemdgomSi ebrauli swavlulTa da
kultis msaxurTa enad darCa, xalxis
sasaubro enad ki arameuli damkvidrda.
am enaze saubrobda, agreTve, ieso. israelis
dRevandel
saxelmwifoSi
gavrcelebulia Tanamedrove ebrauli
ena, romelsac ivriti ewodeba.
ebraelTa mimarT werili (Ebbrei, lettera agli) n. pavles werilebi.
ebrauli ena (Ebraico) n. ebraelebi;
bibliis enebi.
egzegetika (Esegesi) [berZ. exgesis
(zmnidan exegheistai gaZRola), sityvasityviT, ganmartebiT dawyeba,
maSasadame, ganmarteba] teqstis,
gansakuTrebiTbibliuri an iuridiuli teqstis, ganmarteba. bibliasTan
mimarTebaSi aRniSnavs Teologiur
disciplinas, romelic ganmartavs
wmid saRmrTo werils yvela im samecniero meTodis gamoyenebiT, romlebic
teqstis marTebuli ganmartebisTvisaa
aucilebeli. egzegetikis, rogorc

egzegetikosi

Teologiuri disciplinis, daxasiaTeba migvaniSnebs, rom ganmartebisas yuradReba eqceva ara mxolod
samecniero xasiaTis moTxovnilebebs,
aramed, agreTve, gamocxadebul WeSmaritebasa da mis sakiTxebs. im wesTa
sistematuri erToblioba, romelTac
egzegetika unda daeqvemdebaros, hermenevtikas Seadgens. qristianul egzegetikas didi xnis istoria aqvs. samociqulo mamebi (I saukunis dasasruli
da II saukunis dasawyisi), miuxedavad
imisa, rom maT srulyofili komentarebi ar dauweriaT, Zveli aRTqmis
nawyvetebis citirebisas xSirad maT
sakuTar ganmartebebsac urTavdnen. IIIIV saukuneebSi ukve namdvili egzegetikuri skolebi arsebobda, magaliTad,
aleqsandriisa (klemente aleqsandrieli, origene) da antioqiis (ioane
oqropiri, Tevdore mofsuesta) skolebi. Tanamedrove samyaroSi bibliis Seswavlas xeli Seuwyo agreTve vatikanis
II krebisa da eklesiis calkeuli mniSvnelovani dokumentebis gamoqveynebam.
kerZod, vatikanis II krebis dadgenileba Dei Verbum (1965) egzegetikuri
kvlevebis waxalisebisa da xelSewyobis
didi muxtis matarebelia.
egzegetikosi (Esegeta) [berZ. exegets] pirovneba, romelic egzegetikas,
RmrTis sityvis Seswavlas uZRvnis Tavs.
edemi (Eden) [ebr. siameTa baRi] bibliuri aRniSvna miwieri samoTxisa, sadac, bibliis Tanaxmad, Cveni Soreuli
winaprebi cxovrebdnen (dab. 2:8).
evangelizacia
(Evangelizzazione)
[berZ. zmnidan euanghelzein saxarebis qadageba] farTo mniSvnelo-

72
biT, saxarebis qadagebarTuli da
dinamikuri realoba (EN, 17)pavle
VI-is mier Evangelii nuntiandi-Si mocemuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad (EN,
24), aris kacobriobis ganaxleba,
damowmeba, mkafio gamocxadeba, guliT
mimxroba, sakrebuloSi [=eklesiaSi]
Sesvla, niSanTa [=saidumloTa] miReba,
mociqulobis wamowyebani. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, saxarebis qadageba qristes
sayovelTao misioneruli mandatis
ganxorcielebaa: wadiT... moimowafeT
yvela xalxi, monaTleT isini... (maT.
28:19).
evangelizmi (Evangelismo) termini
aRniSnavs sxvadasxva istoriul mimdinareobebs, maT Soris, XVI saukunis kaTolikuri reformis moZraobas,
romlis Zireul aspeqtsac usvams xazs:
esaa qristianuli cxovrebis reforma,
ganxorcielebuli saxarebiseuli suliskveTebisken mibrunebis meSveobiT.
qronologiurad tridentis krebamde
es kaTolikuri reformis ukanaskneli
mcdeloba iyo, romelic reformaTa
kaTolike eklesiis wiaRSi gatarebis
xazs agrZelebda. evangelizmi axali
RmrTismosaobidan iRebs saTaves, mis
mizans ki qristianuli uwyebis Sinagani
gaTaviseba da religiurobis garegnuli niSnebisagan (wmidanTa, relikviaTa
Tayvaniscema da sxv.) gaTavisufleba
warmoadgenda, raTa qristianoba mxolod ieso qristes pirovnebisa da
misi msxverplSewirvis mxsnel mniSvnelobaze yofiliyo koncentrirebuli.
garda amisa, evangelizmi Teologiisagan filosofiur gamijnulobaTa
gaqrobas moiTxovda, mxolod saxarebiseul gamWvirvalobaSi CaZirvis mizniT.

73
evangelistebi (Evangelici) [laT. evangelicus] luTeri da XVI saukunis sxva
reformatorebi am terminiT luTerelobis, kalvinelobisa da anglikanobis
mimdevrebs aRniSnavdnen. am konteqstSi
termins sakamaTo mniSvneloba hqonda,
radganac is TiTqos erTgvarad xazs
usvamda am mimdinareobaTa wevrebis
kaTolikeebTan SedarebiT saxarebisadmi (evangele) ufro met erTgulebas.
evdemonizmi (Eudemonismo) [berZ.
eudaimonisms (sityvidan eudimon
keTili genia)] zneobrivi swavleba,
romelic piradsa Tu sazogadoebriv
bednierebaSi xedavs zneobriobis (anu
sikeTis) mizansa da arss. termini gansxvavebul mniSvnelobebs iZens imisda
mixedviT, Tu rogor ganvmartavT bednierebas. Tu bednierebas sufTa individualuri siamovnebis mniSvnelobiT
ganvixilavT, evdemonizmi hedonizmis
mniSvnelobas iZens, xolo Tu bedniereba sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis
an kerZo Tu sazogado interesis cnebebTan igivdeba, evdemonizmi utilitarizmis sinonimad gvevlineba.
evlogia (Eulogia) [berZ. eulogha
kurTxeva] kurTxevis locva. I saukuneSi warmoadgenda evqaristiis sinonims. SemdgomSi aRniSnavda evqaristiuli msxverplSewirvisTvis morwmuneTa mier Sewirul purs. am nakurTxi
puris gamouyenebeli nawili Zmuri
Tanaziarebis niSnad urigdeboda imaT,
vinc ziareba ver miiRo an kaTakmevelebs (visac jer ar hqonda ziarebis
miRebis ufleba). kidev ufro mogvianebiT termini aRniSnavda episkoposis an mRvdelmsaxuris mier nakurTx

evqaristia

nebismier sakvebs an ZRvens, romelsac

mRvdelmsaxuri Tavis episkoposs miarTmevda misi monaxulebisas. dRes termins
mxolod marTlmadideblebi xmaroben
morwmuneTaTvis darigebuli nakurTxi
puris mniSvnelobiT.
evnomielni (Eunomiani) arieli eretikosis evnomiosis (IV s.) mimdevarni. ewodebodaT agreTve anomoelni,
radganac ewinaaRmdegebodnen nikeis
krebis (325) mier mocemul samebis
gansazRvrebas da icavdnen Teziss,
romlis Tanaxmadac, Ze mama RmrTisgan
sruliad gansxvavebulia (berZ. anmoios), radganac mama Semoqmedi iyo,
Ze ki

qmnileba. imperatorebma gracianem da Tevdosim evnomielebs gaerTianebad Camoyalibebis neba ar darTes.

evtiqielni (Eutichiani) n. monofizitebi.
evqaristia (Eucaristia) [berZ. eucharista (sityvidan eucharistin madlierebis
gamoxatva,
madlobis
Tqma), madlobis gadaxda] saidumlo, romelic iesom saidumlo serobisas daawesa, roca paseqis serobaze
mowafeebs axali da maradiuli aRTqmis
niSnad SesTavaza puri da Rvino rogorc Tavisi xorci da sisxli. saukuneTa manZilze am saidumlos sxvadasxva
saxeliT moixseniebdnen: uflis seroba
(1kor. 11:19), puris gatexa (luk. 24:35;
saq. 2:42.46...), Sewiruloba, msxverplSewirva, mosaxseniebeli, wirva da
evqaristia. axal aRTqmaSi evqaristiis
dafuZnebis oTxi ambavia moTxrobili:
maT. 16:26-28; mark. 14:22-24; luk. 22:1920; 1
kor. 11:23-25, romlebic eklesiis
cxovrebaSi evqaristiis mniSvnelobasa

evqaristiis gamobrZaneba

da centralurobas amowmeben. eklesia aRasrulebs evqaristias, rogorc

madlobisa da qebis miZRvnas mama
RmrTisadmi, rogorc qristes msxverplSewirvisa da misi sxeulis saxsovars,
rogorc qristes Tanaswrebas misi sityvisa da sulis Zlierebis ZaliT
(CCC, 1358). evqaristiis arsebiTi
niSnebia puri da Rvino, romlebSic
kurTxevis meSveobiT xdeba qristes sxeulisa da sisxlis transsubstanciacia
(gardasaxva). wmida nawilebSi qriste
warmodgeba WeSmaritad, namdvilad
da arsebiTad, amitomac wmida nawilebs Tayvaniscemis kultis meSveobiT
unda miegos pativi. yvela qristianma
unda miiRos monawileoba sakvirao
evqaristiul msaxurebaSi da SeZlebisdagvarad miiRos ziareba. evqaristia
Sedgeba wmida sityvis liturgiisa da
evqaristiuli liturgiisagan, dasawyisSi Sesavali, dasasruls kidaskvniTi wesebis TanxlebiT. RmrTis sityvis
liturgia moicavs saRmrTo werilis
kiTxvas, mRvdelmsaxuris qadagebas,
sarwmunoebis aRsarebasa da morwmuneTa locvas. evqaristiuli liturgia
iwyeba purisa da Rvinis SewirviT, mas
mosdevs egreT wodebuli evqaristiuli locva, ris Semdegac aRevlineba
mamao Cveno da gaicema ziareba.
evqaristiis gamobrZaneba (Esposizione
del Santissimo Sacramento) [laT. expositio, nawarmoebia zmnidan exponere
wardgena] wesi, romlis drosac evqarisitias sanawiliT an monstraciiT
morwmuneTa winaSe gamoabrZaneben misi
Tayvaniscemis mizniT (CIC, kan. 941).
sasurvelia, eklesiebsa da oratoriumebSi weliwadSi Tundac erTi sazei-

74
mo gamobrZaneba Catardes, mis Semdeg
kikurTxeva. es wesi XIV saukunidan
momdinareobs da ukavSirdeba uflis
sxeulis dResaswauls, romlis drosac
wmida nawilebs msvlelobiT qalaqis
quCebSi daatareben (CIC, kan. 944).
evqaristiis SebrZaneba (Reposizione
(del SS.mo)) [laT. repositio] termini
aRniSnavs wess, romlis TanxlebiTac
sazeimo gamobrZanebis Semdeg wmida
evqaristia xelaxla Tavsdeba tabernakulumSi. kerZod, saubaria wesze,
romelic aRsruldeba did xuTSabaTs
wirvis In coena Domini Semdeg, rodesac kapelaSi aTavseben nakurTx hostias, romelTa meSveobiTac morwmuneebi
eziarebian didi paraskevis liturgiis
dros.
evqaristiuli kongresi (Congresso eucaristico) erovnuli an saerTaSoriso
donis simpoziumi, romelic miznad
isaxavs evqaristiis msaxurebisa da
kultis gaaqtiurebas da masTan dakavSirebul problemaTa kvlevis xelSewyobas. kongresis idea ekuTvnis frang e.
temizies. pirveli evqaristiuli kongresi 1881 wels qalaq lilSi Catarda.
evqaristiuli locva (Preghiera eucaristica) locva, romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri wirvis ZiriTad nawilSi aRavlens da romlis kulminaciasac warmoadgens purisa da Rvinis kurTxeva.
is iwyebaN prefaciodan da grZeldeba
mamao Cveno-mde da saidumlo serobisas iesos mier naTqvams ukvdavyofs.
evqaristiuli locva miemarTeba mama
RmerTs, romelmac qristes sikvdiliTa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomiT codvis
borkilTagan ixsna adamiani da Ta-

75
vis nadimze uxmo mas. locvas Semdegi
struqturuli wyoba aqvs: prefaqcio, suli wmidis moxmoba (epikleza),
evqaristiis daarsebis ambavi, romlis
Txrobasac SekrebilTa Sepasuxeba axlavs Tan, qristes msxverplSewirvis
ukvdavyofa (anamneza), Suamdgomlobebi da daskvniTi doqsologia (Sdr.
CCC, 1352). liturgiuli reformis
Sedegad damkvidrda sami axali evqaristiuli locva, romlebic SeiZleba
Caenacvlos tradiciul romaul
kanons. Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesSi calkeulma eklesiebma sxva evqaristiuli locvebic Camoayalibes: mexuTe evqaristiuli locva da Serigebis
evqaristiuli locvebi.
evqaristiuli saxeobani (Specie eucaristiche) [laT. species garegnuli
ieri, garegnuli Tvisebebi] gamoTqma aRniSnavs purisa da Rvinis Tvisebebs
(=aqcidentebs), romlebic kurTxevisa
da transsubstanciaciis Semdegac ucvleli rCeba, xolo maTi substancia
qristes sxeulad da sisxlad iqceva.
evqologia (Eucologia) [berZ. euch
locva+lgos saubari] mecniereba,
romelic Seiswavlis locvebs da wesebs, romelTa mixedviTac isini warmoiTqmeba. ufro ganzogadoebuli
mniSvnelobiT, termini liturgiul
wignebsa Tu formularSi Sesul locvaTa erTobliobas aRniSnavs.
ezoterizmi (Esoterismo) [nawarmoebia
zedsarTavidan esoteriks, Sida, aqvs
sityva exoteriks, gare-s, sapirispiro mniSvneloba] saidumlo xasiaTis
swavleba an swavlebaTa erToblioba.
saidumloebrivi xasiaTi SeiZleba gan-

ezras wigni

pirobebuli iyos im faqtiT, rom samyaros saidumloebani Seucnobelia, an

mosazrebiT, rom swavlebis Sinaarsi da
wesebi gaundobelTaTvis ar unda gaxdes cnobili.
ezras wigni (Esdra, libro di) bibliis istoriuli wigni, romelic babilonidan
gandevnis Semdeg iudauri sakrebulos
aRdgenis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. ebraul
bibliasa da septuagintas TargmanSi
es wigni neemias wignTan erTad erTian
literaturul erTeuls warmoadgenda. maTi dacalkeveba qristianul xanaSi moxda. wignis avtoroba miewereba
ebrael mematianesa da mRvdelmsaxurs,
ezras da is qristes Sobamde daaxloebiT 300 wels daiwera. ezras wigni or
nawiladaa dayofili. pirveli, ezr.16, mefe kirosis nebarTvis wyalobiT
babilonidan pirveli devnilebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb mogviTxobs. iudaizmis mowinaaRmdegeTa da adgilobrivi
xelmZRvanelobis mier Seqmnili sirTuleebis miuxedavad, taZris adgilas moxerxda sakurTxevlis dadgma
msxverplSewirvaTa
gansaxorcieleblad. meore nawilSi ezr. 7-10 ezras
moRvaweobaa aRwerili. ezram sparseTis
mefis, arTaxSasagan miiRo oficialuri
davaleba, gamgzavrebuliyo ierusalems
radikaluri reformis Casatareblad,
gansakuTrebiT, qorwinebaTa aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebiT. zogjer neemias
wigns ezras meore wignsac uwodeben
(im mizeziT, rom is mis gagrZelebas warmoadgens). ezras mesame wigni
apokrifia, is sxvadasxva kanonikur nawerTa nawyvetebis krebuls warmoadgens.
ufro cnobilia ezras meoTxe wigni,
agreTve apokrifi, iudauri apokalifsuri mwerlobis margaliti.

eTika

eTika (Etica) [berZ. thos zne-Cveva]

mecniereba, romelic ikvlevs, Tu rogori unda iyos adamianis praqtikuli qceva sikeTisa da borotebis ori
cnebis winaSe. eTikis sagania rogorc
TavisTavad adamianuri aqtivoba, ise
im kriteriumTa Zieba, romelTa meSveobiTac unda moxdes adamianis qcevis
Sefaseba. wmida Toma ubrundeba adamianis mizaniRmrTis aristoteleseul ideebs da maTze dayrdnobiT am
miznis miRwevis pirobad asaxelebs ara
mxolod zneobriv da inteleqtualur,
aramed agreTve Teologiur saTnoebebsac (n. sarwmunoeba; imedi; siyvaruli).
eTiopiis eklesia (Etiopica, Chiesa)
warmoadgens aleqsandriuli wesis or
StoTagan erT-erTs. darsebidan 1949
wlamde eqvemdebareboda aleqsandriis
eklesias da TanaziarebaSi iyo masTan. eTiopiaSi qristianoba daaxloebiT 320 wels gavrcelda ori sirieli eriskacis

esediosisa da frumenciosiswyalobiT.
aleqsandriis
patriarqis, aTanases mier kurTxeuli
es ukanaskneli eTiopiis pirveli episkoposi (abuna) gaxda. rodesac egviptis
kopturma eklesiam monofizitoba miiRo, eTiopiis eklesiam mis magaliTs
mibaZa. eTiopieli xalxis moqceva sirielma monazvnebma ganaxorcieles (VVI ss.). maT mravali monasteri aages
da axali aRTqma Targmnes eTiopurad.
1950 wlidan eTiopiis eklesia avtokefaluria, 1959 wlidan ki sapatriarqos
warmoadgens da aleqsandriis eklesiis
mxolod sapatio primats aRiarebs.
aleqsandriul-eTiopiuri wesis kaTolikeebs, romlebsac vatikanSi eTiopiuri kolegiumi aqvT, 1961 wlidan mitropoliti hyavT.

76
eklesia (Chiesa) [berZ. ekklesa
(am sityviT iTargmna septuagintaSi
ebr. qahal) xalxis Sekreba, Semdeg
laTinurSi damkvidrda ecclsia] a)
axal aRTqmaSi esaa RmrTis xalxi, axali
kavSiris xalxi, qristianTa sazogadoeba. wmida pavle gansazRvravs eklesias,
rogorc qristes sxeuls (kol 1:24;
efes. 1:23), amitomac is adamianTa xsnis
umTavresi adgilia. eklesias oTxi saxasiaTo niSani aqvs: erTianoba, siwmide,
kaTolikoba da samociqulooba. isini
sazeimod gamocxadda nikea-konstantinopolis simbolos mier (n. mrwamsi).
eklesia suli wmidis gardamosvlis
dRes aRmocenda da mas Semdeg suli
wmidis wyalobiT ucvlelad inarCunebs Tavis bunebasa da daniSnulebas.
kaTolike eklesiaze sasaubrod Semdegi
arsebiTi elementebia saWiro: 1) naTloba, romelic ayalibebs morwmuneebsa
da RmrTis xalxs; 2) morwmuneTa organuli diferenciacia suli wmidis
mier boZebul sxvadasxva ierarqiul da
qarizmatul niWTa Sesabamisad; 3) xiluli eklesiis mTliani mowyobisa da
masSi arsebul xsnis yvela saSualebis
miReba, romelTaganac saxarebis kiTxva
da evqaristiis aRsruleba gamoirCeva;
4) qristesTan erTianoba xilul eklesiaSi rwmenis aRsarebis, saidumloTa,
saeklesio mmarTvelobisa da Tanaziarebis valdebulebaTa meSveobiT; 5)
uzenaesi pontifeqsisa da episkoposTa
mmarTveloba. kaTolike, anu saeklesio
Tanaziareba sam doneze xorcieldeba:
sayovelTao eklesia: esaa mTeli RmrTis
xalxi, anu erTianoba yvela monaTluli adamianisa, romelnic sarwmunoebis aRsarebis, saidumloTa da saeklesio mmarTvelobis valdebulebaTa meS-

77

eklesiis mamebi

veobiT arian SekavSirebulni srul

TanaziarebaSi (CIC, kan. 205); calkeuli eklesia: esaa RmrTis xalxis nawili,
romelSic namdviladaa warmodgenili
da moqmedi erTi, wmida, kaTolike da
samociqulo eklesia (CIC, kan. 369,
Sdr. LG, 26); upirvveles yovlisa, esaa
diocezi, romelTanac gaTanabrebulia
teritoriuli prelatura da teritoriuli saabato, samociqulo savikariato da samociqulo administracia, garda amisa, mudmivmoqmedi samociqulo administacia (CIC, kan. 368);
adgilobrivi eklesia: esaa RmrTis
xalxis is nawili, romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri xelmZRvanelobs (adgilobrivi
sakrebulo, samrevlo...). Sinauri eklesia ewodeba ojaxs (LG, 11b; Christifideles laici, 62). b) eklesiaa, agreTve,
is Senoba, sadac morwmuneebi salocavad ikribebian da sadac liturgiuli
msaxureba aRsruldeba.

tikanis II krebis periodidan kaTolike

eklesiam gaaZliera Tavisi urTierTobebi eklesiaTa msoflio sabWosTan,
gansakuTrebiTqristianTa erTianobis xelSemwyobi papis sabWos meSveobiT.
eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos mTavari organo JenevaSia, xolo organizacia 200ze met eklesias aerTianebs.

eklesiaTa msoflio sabWo (Consiglio

Ecumenico delle Chiese; World Council of Churches) ekumenuri moZraobis
yvelaze TvalsaCino nayofi. 1948 wels
amsterdamSi Camoyalibebuli es asociacia arakaTolike qristianul eklesiaTa TiTqmis absolutur umravlesobas
moicavs. 1961 wels axal deliSi gamarTul mesame saerTo asambleaze eklesiaTa msoflio sabWom gansazRvra sakuTari arsi, rogorc erTianoba eklesiebisa, romelnic aRiareben ufal ieso
qristes, rogorc RmerTsa da macxovars, saRmrTo werilis Tanaxmad, da
amitom cdiloben, erTad aRasrulon
TavianTi saerTo mowodeba erTaderTi
mamis, Zisa da suli wmidis sadideblad. ioane XXIII-is papobisa da va-

eklesiis mamebi (Padri della Chiesa)

pirveli Svidi saukunis manZilze moRvawe qristiani mwerlebi, romelTac
axasiaTebs: moZRvrebis marTlmorwmuneoba, cxovrebis siwmide, eklesiis mier
aRiareba da siZvele, ris gamoc patristikis periodi dasavleTSi isidore sevilielis (636), aRmosavleTSi kiioane damaskelis (daxl. 750) sikvdilis
TariRiT ganisazRvreba. eklesiis mamaTagan yvelaze gamorCeulni arian
dasavleTSi: ambrosi, ieronime, avgustine, grigol didi, xolo aRmosavleTSi: aTanase, basili, grigol nazianzeli,
ioane oqropiri da sxvani. eklesiis
mamaTa mniSvneloba iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom isini gadmocemis upirates
mowmeebad arian miCneulni.

eklesia, laTinuri n. laTinuri eklesia.

eklesiaste n. koheleT.
eklesiis istoria (Storia della Chiesa)
rogorc Teologiuri mecniereba, esaa
drosa da sivrceSi eklesiis mTeli
Sida da gare cxovrebis Semswavleli
disciplina. dRes kamaToben umTavresad specifikurad Teologiur aspeqtze,
romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac unda ganixilos da gaigos eklesiis istorikosma
TviT eklesia. n. Teologia.

eklesiis moZRvarni

eklesiis moZRvarni (Dorttori della

Chiesa) [laT. doctor (magister-is
sinonimi) maswavlebeli] sapatio
tituli, eniWeba pirebs, romlebic
eklesiis mamaTa memkvidre Teologiur avtoritets warmoadgenen. saubaria gamoCenil da gansakuTrebuli
TvisebebiT dajildoebul pirovnebebze. maT axasiaTebs: cxovrebis siwmide,
marTlmorwmuneoba da, umTavresad,
sakralur sakiTxTa gansakuTrebuli
codna. zogierTi maTgani, vinc eklesiis aRmocenebis pirvel saukuneebSi
icxovra, rogorc eklesiis mamis,
ise eklesiis maswavleblis saxeliT
moixsenieba. maT Soris umTavresni
arian: ambrosi, avgustine, ieronime
da grigol didi laTinur eklesiaSi,
aTanase, basili, grigol nazianzeli da
ioane oqropiri aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi. eklesiis sxva maswavleblebi arian:
isidore, bernardi, antoni padueli,
albertus didi, Toma akvineli, bonaventura, ekaterine sieneli, tereza
avileli, franciske saleli, alfonsus
liguori da sxvani.
eklesiis moZRvreba (Magistero della
Chiesa) [laT. magisterium (sityvidan magister maswavlebeli, moZRvari)] termini aRniSnavs eklesiisaTvis ieso qristes mier mindobil
amocanas, avTentikurad gamoacxados
da ganmartos RmrTis sityva. eklesiis moZRvrebis Sinaarsi miemarTeba
saRmrTo gadmocemas, saRmrTo werils
(DV, 10), zneobriv principebsa da adamianuri sinamdvilis sxvadasxva aspeqts,
ramdenadac es saWiroa sulTa xsnisaTvis. eklesiis moZRvrebis Zalauflebas gansakuTrebiT aRasruleben ro-

78
mis papi da masTan TanaziarebaSi myofi
episkopebi. moZRvreba SeiZleba iyos
Cveulebrivi an sagangebo. sagangebo
moZRvreba moicavs rogorc msoflio
krebaTa, ise papis gansazRvrebebs ex cathedra (Sdr. CCC, 85, Smd.; CIC, kan.
747-754).
eklesiis socialuri moZRvreba (Dottrina sociale della Chiesa) miuTiTebs
eklesiis naazrevsa da poziciaze ekonomikursa da politikur-socialur
sferoebSi. XIX saukunis meore naxevris industriuli revoluciis mier
sazogadoebaSi gamowveulma radikalurma cvlilebebma axali sakiTxebi
wamoWra qristianTa cnobierebisa da
eklesiis magisteriumis winaSe. eklesiis socialuri moZRvreba am axali
SekiTxvebisa da adamianTa Secvlili
moTxovnilebebis mimarT saxarebis
Suqze gacemuli pasuxia. eklesiis socialuri moZRvrebis sakvanZo punqtad miiCneva leon XIII-is enciklika
Rerum novarum (1891). papma gaiTavisa
mSromelTa masebis tkivili, vinc sruliad daiTrguna ara mxolod siRaribiT, aramed, umTavresad, im araadamianuri pirobebiT, romlebSic uwevdaT
arseboba muSebs axali industriuli
moTxovnilebebis wnexis qveS. pap pius
XI-is enciklika Quadragesimo anno
(1931) kvlav ayenebs wina planze adamianis Rirsebis sakiTxs da amtkicebs,
rom sazogado sikeTis sagangebo mizani
socialuri samarTalia. am logikur
jaWvs ganagrZobs ioane XXIII-is Mater et magistra (1961), da, umTavresad,
vatikanis II krebis dadgenileba Gaudium et spes. pavle VI-is Populorum
progressio (1967) gaiazrebs socialur

79
problemaTa da mesame samyaros qveynebis gariyulobis universalur ganzomilebas. ioane pavle II-is Laborem
exercens (1981) Sromis mravaltanjul
Temas ubrundeba. dabolos, dokumentebSi Solicitudo rei socialis (1987)
da Centesimus annus (1991) ganixileba xalxTa ganviTarebis Tanamedrove
problemebi da ganmtkicdeba adamianisamqveyniur sikeTeTa mimRebisa da
garantiscentraluri roli.
eklesiis umankooba (Indifettibilit
della Chiesa) [indefettibile unaklo,
umanko, wundaudebeli] termini
aRniSnavs, rom miuxedavad eklesiis
wiaRSi Tu garedan masze borotebis
ZalTa Tavdasxmebisa, eklesia arasodes
Seiqmneba am ZalTa msxverpli, qristes
sityvis ZaliT: mas ver daZleven jojoxeTis bWeni (maT. 16:18 da par.). es
gulisxmobs qristes gzavnilis droiT
gangrZobiTobas da am gzavnilisadmi
erTgulebas: aha, me TqvenTana var
dReniadag saukunis dasasrulamde
(maT. 28:20).
eklesiologia (Ecclesiologia) [berZn.
ekklesa+loga (Teologiuri) mecniereba, romelic eklesias Seiswavlis]
calkeul mosazrebaTa Tanaxmad, namdvil eklesiologiaze saubari mxolod
XVI saukunidanaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac avgustinelma iakob viterboelma
dawera De Regimine Christiano (13011302). Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals
eklesiologiam XX saukuneSi miaRwia.
amaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis vatikanis
II krebas, romelmac warmoadgina didi
saeklesiologio sinTezi, gamokveTili
sami ZiriTadi aqcentiT. esenia: koi-

ekumenizmi

nona (Tanaziareba), diakona (msaxureba), martria (damowmeba).

eklis gvirgvinis dadgma (Incoronazione di spine) qristes vnebis epizodi,
romelic moTxrobilia saxarebaSi
(maT. 27:29; mark. 15:17; ioan. 19:2). iesos
gaSoltvis Semdeg, pilates winaSe gamocxadebuli misi mefobis dacinvis mizniT, jariskacebma iesos Tavze
eklebis gvirgini daadges, sxeulze mewamuli mantia moasxes, saxeSi urtyavdnen da dascinodnen: gixarodes,
iudevelTa mefev!
ekonomikur saqmeTa sabWo (Consiglio
per gli affari economici) sadiocezo
ekonomikur sabWos xelmZRvanelobs
episkoposi da masSi Sedis sami saero
piri, ekonomikur saqmeTa eqsperti. maTi
amocanaa yovelwlurad waradginon
momdevno wlis SesawiravTa da gasacem
TanxaTa winaswari balansi da wlis bolos daamtkicon Semosavlisa da gasavlis balansi. sabWos wevrebi xuTwliani
vadiT iniSnebian, maT ar unda hqondeT
naTesauri kavSiri episkoposTan (CIC,
kan. 492-493). samrevlo ekonomikuri
sabWo ki samrevlos qonebis marTvaSi
exmareba winamZRvars.
ekonomosi n. mne.
ekumenizmi
(Ecumenismo) [berZn.
oikoumne(ghe) dasaxlebuli (mi
wa)] moZraoba, romelic xels uwyobs
yvela konfesiis qristianTa erTianobas, Tanaxmad iesos locvisa: raTa yvela erTi iyos, rogorc SenCemSi, mamao, me kiSenSi (ioan. 17:21). Tanamedrove ekumenizmi 1910 wels, edinburgis protestantul wreebSi aRmocenda.

ekumenuri

kaTolike eklesiis mxridan ekumenuri

moZraobis miReba frTxili midgomiT
gamorCeuli xangrZlivi procesi iyo.
vatikanis II krebis Semdeg, romelmac
daamtkica ekumenizmis Sesaxeb dekreti
Unitatis redintegratio, TavSekavebuli
damokidebuleba warsuls Cabarda da
ekumenuri moZraoba ufro ganmtkicda,
rasac 1960 wels daarsebuli qristianTa erTianobis samdivnos saqmianobamac
Seuwyo xeli. sxvadasxva qristianul
konfesiaTa Soris dialogisa da Sexvedrebis xelSewyobis garda, ekumenuri
moZraoba erTianobisTvisac loculobs. am mizniT yovelwliurad, 18-25
ianvars qristianuli erTianobisTvis
locvis kvireuli imarTeba.
ekumenuri (Ecumenico) [berZ. sityvidan
oikoumeniks,
sityvidan oikoumne(ghe), sityvasityviT
dasaxlebuli (miwa)] ekumenuri niSnavs universalurs, msoflios da,
rogorc zedsarTavi, gansazRvravs sxvadasxva terminebs. miemarTeba, agreTve,
ekumenizmTan dakavSirebul cnebebs.
elohim (Elohim) [mravlobiTi ricxvi saxelisa El anu elohah RmerTi]
Zvel aRTqmaSi aRniSnavs ganusazRvrel
RmrTaebebsa da israelis RmerTs. samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb teqstebSi elohimisa da iahves erTad xseneba saSualebas iZleva vicnoT egreT wodebuli
elohisturi wyaro, romelic erT-erTia xuTwigneulis oTxi Tavdapirveli
tradiciidan.
emanatizmi (Emanatismo) [laT. sityvidan emanatio gamocema, gamosxiveba] neoplatonuri filosofiuri
koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac, yvela

80
cocxali arseba RmrTisgan momdinareobs emanaciis da ara Seqmnis gziT.
RmrTis Zliereba ganuwyvetliv gamosxivdeba da aRmoacenebs arsebebs, ise, rom
Tavad kvlavac erTiani da ucvleli
rCeba. arsebebi ierarqiul struqturas eqvemdebarebian da RmrTisgan dacilebasTan erTad TandaTanobiT kargaven Zalas. emanaciis sawyisia logosi
(pirveli gamosxivebuli goni), xolo
dasasrulimateria, anu aryofna, anu
boroteba.
emanueli (Emmanuele) ebrauli Teoforuli saxeli, romelic niSnavs
RmerTi CvenTanaa; simboluri saxeli mefe axazis memkvidrisa, romelic
winaswarmetyvelebma macxovrad gamoacxades (es. 7:1-14). es saxeli mesiis
saxelad iyo miCneuli da amitomac mas
qristes uwodebdnen (maT. 1:22, Smd.)
embolizmi (Embolismo) [gvianlaT.
embolismus, romelic nawarmoebia
berZ. zmnidan embllein Casma, moTavseba, Careva] locva, romelic
agrZelebs da ganavrcobs wina locvas.
embolizmia, magaliTad, gvixsen, ufalo, romelic evqaristiaSi uSualod
mosdevs mamao Cvenos da ganavrcobs
mis bolo vedrebas (...aramed gvixsen
borotisagan).
emeritusi (Emerito) [laT. emeritus, namyos mimReoba zmnisa emereri
(e(x)+mereri) damsaxureba), sityvasityviT niSnavs is, vinc sabolood
daimsaxura] es tituli eniWeba pirs,
romelic asakobrivi zRvris miRwevis
mizeziT an dakmayofilebuli uaris
safuZvelze Tavs anebebs saeklesio samsaxurs (CIC, kan. 185). magaliTad, epis-

81
koposi, romelic uars ambobs sakuTar
Tanamdebobaze, Tavisi diocezis emeritusi episkoposis wodebas inarCunebs
(CIC, kan. 402).
enkratitebi (Encratiti) [berZ. sityvidan encrattai TavSekavebulni,
zomierni] es saxeli uwodes sqizmatikosi tacianes (II-III ss.) mowafeebs,
vinc borotebis saTaved materiasa da
xorcs miiCnevdnen da mkacri TavSekavebis princips misdevdnen. maTi asketuri simkacre im zomamde mivida,
rom, sabolood, yvela qristianisgan
moiTxovdnen ara mxolod xorciel
siamovnebaTagan srul TavSekavebas, aramed qorwinebaze uaris Tqmasac. maTi
Teoria, rogorc eretikuli, uaryofil iqna episkopos epifane salaminelis mier (IV s.).
enqiridioni (Enchiridion) [gvianlaT.
enchiridion, romelic nawarmoebia
berZnulidan egcheirdion, xelSi dasaWeri] mcire zomis saxelmZRvanelo,
romelic gansazRvruli sagnis srul
mimoxilvas Seicavs. sagani xSirad naSromis saTaurSivea miTiTebuli (cnobilia: Enchiridion indulgentiarum;
Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et
morum; Enchiridion patristicum: loci
SS. Patrum, Enchiridion Vaticanum;
Enchiridion Cei da sxv.).
enciklika (Enciclica) [laT. (epistula)
encclica cirkularuli (werili),
Tavis mxriv, momdinareobs berZnulidan enkklios cirkulari] sajaro
werili, romliTac papi mTel eklesias
(an mis romelime nawils) mimarTavs
samoZRvro, zneobriv an socialur

epikeia

sakiTxTa Taobaze. enciklikis saxelwodeba imeorebs misi teqstis pirvel

ramdenime sityvas, romlebic, rogorc
wesi, werilis Sinaarsis erTgvar Sejamebas warmoadgens (mag. Pacem in
terris, Populorum progressio, Evangelii nuntiandi, Redemptor hominis,
Laborem exercens, Veritatis splendor
da sxva). rogorc papis magisteriumis
amsaxveli dokumentebi, enciklikebi
gansakuTrebuli avtoritetis matarebelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi Sinaarsi papis ucdomlobis niSniT araa
aRbeWdili.
eoni (Ene) aRniSnavs drois periods,
samyaros an istoriis xanas. amgvarad,
samyaros istoriaSi sxvadasxva eoni
SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT, xsnis istoriis
TvalsazrisiT maTi mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad. zogjer saubaria Zvelsa da
axal, borotsa da keTil eonze. im
eonis gadamwyveti xasiaTi, romelSic
xsna ganxorcieldeba, maradiulobis
cnebasTan aaxlovebs mas.
epikeia (Epicheia an epikeia) [berZ.
epiekeia momcveli keTilganwyoba]
eTikur-iuridiuli tipis principi,
romelsac mimarTaven im dros, roca
zneobrivi
Tvalsazrisi
arsebul
iuridiul xedvasTan winaaRmdegobaSi
modis. rodesac zneobrivad ueWvelia, rom kanonmdebeli Tundac erT
calkeul SemTxvevas rom icnobdes,
roca viTareba kanonis amoqmedebas aferxebs, is am kanonis Sesrulebis valdebulebisagan gaaTavisuflebda, da,
amave dros, gaTavisuflebis (dispensa)
moTxovna SeuZlebelia, aseT dros amoqmeddeba epikeias principi.

epikleza

epikleza (Epiclesi) [berZ. epklesis

(nawarmoebia sityvebidan ep+kalein)
vedreba, locva] evqaristiuli
locvis is nawili, romliTac suli
wmidas samsxverplo Sesawiravze mouxmoben, raTa is qristes sxeulad da
sisxlad iqces, evqaristiuli nadimis
yvela monawilis sasargeblod. epikleza rogorc aRmosavlur, ise dasavlur
anaforaTa Semadgeneli nawilia.
episkopalizmi (Episcopalismo) [berZ.
sityvidan episcopos xelmZRvaneli,
episkoposi]
aRniSnavs
eklesiis
struqturaSi episkoposobisaTvis umTavresi mniSvnelobis miniWebisa da, Sesabamisad, papis rolis Semcirebis tendencias, romelic calkeul religiur
moZraobebSi, gansakuTrebiT
protestantobaSia gavrcelebuli. papis primatTan da episkoposTa funqciasTan
dakavSirebuli problematika saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi aqtiuri ganxilvis sagani iyo, agreTve, kaTolike eklesiaSic. es problema gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa gvian Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac
papis institucias rTuli xana daudga
(avinionis karis Wir-varami, antipapTa
arCeva, konciliarizmi da sxva). sakiTxi
kvlav aqtualuri gaxda galikanelobis,
febronianelobis, iosebelobis
gavrcelebis xanebSi. papis ucdomlobis dogmis miRebasTan erTad (vatikanis I kreba, 1870) es problematika
cota Sesustda, Tumca kvlav gamovida wina planze vatikanis II krebis
dros, romelmac, episkoposTa Sesaxeb
dekretiT Christus Dominus episkoposTa samwyso saqmianobisa da papTan
maTi urTierTobis Tema gaaRrmava.

82
episkopaluri eklesia (Episcopale,
Chiesa) termini aRniSnavs yovel
eklesias, romelSic miRebulia saepiskoposo (n. episkopalizmi) struqtura da, gansakuTrebulad, anglikanur
eklesiebs
SotlandiaSi,
amerikis
SeerTebul Statebsa da braziliaSi. n.
anglikanizmi.
episkoposTa konferencia (Conferenza episcopale) mudmivi organo, kreba
episkoposebisa, romlebic warmoadgenen erT ers an rame gansazRvrul
teritorias, sadac erTad axorcieleben samwyso saqmianobas, risi mizanic im udidesi sikeTis xelSewyobaa,
romelsac eklesia sTavazobs adamianebs. es umTavresad adgilisa da drois
garemoebaTa Sesabamisad ganxorcielebuli mociqulobis formaTa da saSualebaTa meSveobiT xdeba (CIC, kan.
447-459). episkoposTa Sekrebebis gamomwvevi mizezi gaxda rogorc wmida saydris, ise adgilobrivi samoqalaqo
xelisuflebis mier calkeul krebaTa
mowvevaze dawesebuli SezRudvebi.
safrangeTSi episkoposTa regularuli Sekrebebi imarTeboda 1561 wlidan
1788 wlamde, xolo evropasa (belgia,
germania, avstria, italia) da amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi amgvari tradicia XIX saukunidan damkvidrda. romis
pontifeqsebma Zalisxmeva ar daiSures
religiuri nacionalizmis safrTxis
Tavidan asacileblad (risi mizezic
germaniasa da avstriaSi samoqalaqo
xelisuflebis Careva gaxda), agreTve
imisaTvis, rom episkoposTa konferenciebis saqmianoba winaaRmdegobaSi ar
mosuliyo wmida saydris avtoritetTan, an metismetad ar SeezRuda sa-

83
diocezo episkoposTa uflebebi da am
ukanasknelTa moqmedebis mxardaWeris
mizniT (italiaSi). vatikanis II krebam
xeli Seuwyo saepiskoposo konferenciaTa Seqmnas mTel eklesiaSi, agreTve,
saepiskoposo kolegialurobis amoqmedebis formis saxiT (CD, 37-38).
episkoposTa konferencia italiisa n.
italiis episkoposTa konferencia.
episkoposi (Vescovo) [berZ. epscopos
(zmnidan epi-scopein zemodan cqera,
meTvalyureoba)] mociqulTa memkvidre, romelsac mieniWa xeldasxmis
saidumlos sisrule. saepiskoposo xeldasxmis ZaliT episkoposi iRebs wmidayofis, swavlebisa da RmrTis xalxis
(diocezi) gaZRolis misias. amJamad
episkoposTa daniSvnis sami gza arsebobs:
a) arCeva, daniSvna, wardgena saero xelisufalTa mier: arsebuli uflebebi
da privilegiebi ZalaSi rCeba Tanamdebdebaze uaris Tqmamde da momavalSi
aRar mieniWeba (CIC, kan. 377, naw. 5;
CD 20b); b) legitimuri,
anu universaluri samarTlisa da saarCevno
kolegiis wesdebaTa Sesatyvisi,arCeva. is unda daadasturos romis papma,
vinc aniWebs kanonikur misias (CIC,
377, naw. 1; 119, naw. 1; 164-179; 164-147).
laTinur eklesiaSi erTaderTi saepiskoposo saarCevno kolegia sakaTedro
kapitulumia; arsebobs germaniaSi, avstriasa da SveicariaSi; g) Tavisufali
daniSvna romis papis mier (CIC, kan.
377, naw. 1): esaa laTinur eklesiaSi
episkoposTa daniSvnis ZiriTadi wesi.
am SemTxvevaSi calkeuli eklesiebi sxvadasxvagvarad monawileoben episkoposTa daniSvnaSi (magaliTad, savaraudo
kandidatebs asaxeleben). episkoposobis

episkoposoba

kandidati unda gamoirCeodes sarwmunoebiT, keTili zneobiT, gulmowyalebiT, mondomebiT, sibrZniT, windaxedulobiT, adamianuri saTnoebiT da sxva
TvisebebiT, romlebic mas Tanamdebobis Rirsad aqceven. kandidats unda
hqondes kargi reputacia, iyos sul
cota ocdaTxuTmeti wlisa da minimum
xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi unda eweodes
mRvdlobas (CIC, kan. 378). episkoposebi daiyofian: a) sadiocezo episkoposebad, romelTac mindobili aqvs
diocezze samwyso mzrunveloba (CIC,
kan. 376); Tavis mxriv, sadiocezo episkoposTa Soris ganasxvaveben sufragans
(Tu isini mitropolits eqvemdebarebian da saeklesio provinciis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian) da Tavisufals (Tu
ar miekuTvnebian saeklesio provincias
da uSualod wmida saydars eqvemdebarebian) (CIC, kan. 431, naw. 2); b)
titularul episkoposebad (CIC, kan.
376), romlebic SeiZleba iyvnen: koadiutori (exmarebian sadiocezo episkoposs da sargebloben memkvidreobis
uflebiT) da damxmare (exmarebian sadiocezo episkoposs da SeiZleba hqondeT an ar hqondeT gansakuTrebuli
uflebamosilebani) (CIC, kan. 402-411);
g) emeritus episkoposebad, romlebic
aRar asruleben movaleobebs asakobrivi zRvris miRwevis an sakuTari survilis gamo da es survili dakmayofilda
Sesabamisi saeklesio avtoritetis mier
(CIC, kan. 185).
episkoposi, damxmare n. damxmare episkoposi.
episkoposoba (Episcopato) [laT. sityvidan episcopatus, nawarmoebia berZnulidan epscopos, xelmZRvaneli,

epistolariumi

episkoposi] aRniSnavs episkoposis

Rirsebas, saqmianobasa da msaxurebas,
agreTve erTi kontinentis (mag., afrikis), erTi eris (mag., italiis) an erTi
regionis (mag. puliis) episkoposTa erTobliobas.
epistolariumi (Epistolario) [laT.
epistularium (epistula werili)]
liturgiuli wigni, romelic Seicavda wirvis dros wasakiTx samociqulo
epistoleTa teqstebs.
epistole (Epistola) [laT. epistula,
nawarmoebia berZnulidan epistol,
gagzavnili ram] Zvelad ewodeboda
sxvadasxva Sinaarsis werils, romelic
gamosaqveyneblad iyo gankuTvnili da
amitom mas gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT amzadebdnen. am mizeziT epistoleebi ewoda axal aRTqmaSi Semaval
kaTolike da pavles werilebs. vatikanis II krebamdel wirvaSi epistoled
iwodeboda saxarebis win Sesrulebuli
sakiTxavi, radganac am dros xSirad
axali aRTqmis epistoleTa nawyvetebs
kiTxulobdnen.
eresi (Eresia) [berZ. hiresis arCevani, midrekileba] rwmenis erT an
ramdenime WeSmaritebaze uaris Tqma an
maTSi jiutad daeWveba (CIC, kan. 751).
dogmaturi Teologia eress eklesiis
avtoritetis mier damkvidrebuli gamocxadebuli WeSmaritebisadmi dapirispirebad miiCnevs. Tavdapirvelad termini aRniSnavda upiratesobas (arCevani), romelic ama Tu im religiur
Tu politikur doqtrinas eniWeboda.
axal aRTqmaSi sityva cxrajer gvxvdeba, gasakicxi seqtis an moZRvrebis
mniSvnelobiT. samociqulo mamebma,

84
apologetebma da, umTavresad, tertulianem ufro daazustes terminis mniSvneloba da ganmartes eresi rogorc
rwmenis WeSmaritebebTan dakavSirebiT
sakuTari,eklesiis swavlebasTan dapirispirebuli,interpretaciis damkvidreba. wmida ieronimem eressa da
sqizmas Soris gansxvaveba ganmarta:
eresi namdvil samoZRvro uTanxmoebad
ganisazRvra, sqizma kiierarqiisadmi
daumorCileblobis mizeziT gamoyofad da erTianobis rRvevad.
eresiarqi (Eresiarca) [berZ.
hairesirches, sityvidan rchein, brZaneba,
xelmZRvaneloba,+hiresis-is (eretikuli) arCevani nawarmoebi forma]
eretikuli moZraobis fuZemdebeli an
xelmZRvaneli.
eretikosi (Eretico) [berZ. hairetics,
Semdeg laTinurSi damkvidrda forma
haereticus] monaTluli adamiani, romelic, miuxedavad qristianis saxelis
SenarCunebisa, uaryofs an jiutad
eWvqveS ayenebs RmrTaebrivi da kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis romelime WeSmaritebas.
erTianoba (Unit) eklesiis OoTx TvisebaTagan erT-erTi: mwams erTi, wmida,
kaTolike da samociqulo eklesia
(mrwamsi). eklesia erTia (erTiania),
radganac hyavs mxolod erTi ufali, aRiarebs erTaderT rwmenas, iSva
erTi naTlisRebidan, qmnis erT sxeuls, cxovelyofils erTi sulis mier
erTaderTi imediT, romlis miRwevis
Semdegac yvela dayofa gadailaxeba.
eklesiis erTianoba, romelic gansxvavebulobas ar gamoricxavs, yvelaze
Rrmad gulmowyalebaSia fesvgadgmuli

85
da uzrunvelyofilia Tanaziarebis
xiluli kavSirebiTac, rogorebicaa:
mociqulTagan miRebuli erTaderTi
sarwmunoebis aRsareba, saRmrTo kultis erToblivi aRsruleba, xeldasxmis
saidumlos meSveobiT ganxorcielebuli samociqulo memkvidreobiToba.
erTianoba, romelic qristem Tavis
eklesias uboZa, istoriis manZilze
mravali uTanxmoebisa da ganxeTqilebis gamo dairRva, amitomac eklesia
moxmobilia, iRvawos im erTianobis xelaxla mopovebisa da srulyofisaTvis,
romelic qristes surs misTvis (Sdr.
CCC, 813-822). n. ekumenizmi.
erToblivi cxovrebis debi (Sorelle
della vita comune) n. erToblivi
cxovrebis Zmebi.
erToblivi cxovrebis Zmebi (Fratelli
della vita comune) ase ewodeba Zmobis wevrebs (laT. Fratres vitae communis), romelic XIV-XV saukuneebSi holandiaSi deventerelma geert
grootma (1384) Camoayaliba da romelic egreT wodebul axal RmrTismosaobas ukavSirdeba. deventeri Zmobis wevr saero pirTa sulier centrad
iqca, aq Seesxa xorci extra religionem
cxovrebis wesis geert grootiseul
xedvas. saubaria erToblivi cxovrebis
wesze cal-calke ZmaTa da daTa
saxlebSi, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs
gandegilobas (n. klauzura). aseTi
saxlebi aRmocenda holandiis udides
qalaqebSi da germaniis mraval qalaqSi,
romelTac mniSvnelovani wvlili Sehqonda saskolo sistemis ganviTarebasa
da qristianuli humanitaruli skolis
SeqmnaSi. saeroebTan erTad iq saqmi-

esTeris wigni

anobdnen sasuliero pirebic, romlebic avgustinel kanonikosTa wesdebis

farglebSi reformirebuli kongregaciis saxiT Camoyalibdnen. rogorc
saero, ise sasuliero Zmebs mistikuri
RmrTismosaoba axasiaTebdaT.
esaia n. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.
esevelni (Esseni) [etimologia ucnobia; SesaZloa, momdinareobs arameuli
sityvidan hasajja, RmrTismosavni an
mdumareni, saidanac warmoiqmna ori
berZnuli forma esseni da essioi]
iudauri seqta, romelic, SesaZloa,
makabelTa dros asidevelTa ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. cnobilia
arabibliuri wyaroebis meSveobiT
(plinius ufrosi, filoni da ioseb
flaviusi). esevelni iyvnen Toras mkacri mimdevrebi,
umTavresad dauqorwineblad cxovrobdnen Caketil sakrebuloebSi, eweodnen cxovrebis Ratak
wess. daqorwinebulni am sakrebuloTa
miRma saxlobdnen, Tumca sazogadoebasTan SeTanxmeba akavSirebdaT. SesaZloa, esevelni ierusalemis kultis
gaubraloebis winaaRmdeg saprotesto
moZraobas warmoadgendnen da ezekielis mier dasaxul reformaTa (4048) momxreni iyvnen. am mizeziT isini
iudeis udabno yumranSi gaixiznen.
SesaZloa, maTTan urTierToba hqonda
ioane naTlismcemels (Sdr. luk. 1:80).
esTeris wigni (Esther, libro di) daaxloebiT qristemde 150 wels daiwera,
Sedis Zveli aRTqmis istoriul wignTa
Soris. masSi moTxrobilia gmiri qalis
esTeris cxovrebis Tavgadasavali, romelic mefe axaSveroSis meuRle gaxda
da taxtze asvlis Semdeg sakuTari Tavi

esqatologia

da Tavisi xalxi ixsna SeTqmulebisgan,

romelic karis uxucesma da esTeris
gamzrdelis, mordeqais mterma, hamanma Caifiqra. dasasrul, wignSi purimis dResaswaulis daarsebis ambavia
moTxrobili. wigni miznad isaxavs, sagangebod aRniSnos Zlevamosil mterze ebrauli sazogadoebis gamarjveba
da gadarCena, risi miRwevac israelma xalxma marxvis, locvisa da, amave
dros, RmrTis mier STagonebul adamianTa gamWriaxobisa da moxerxebulobis
wyalobiT SeZlo.
esqatologia (Escatologia) [berZ. schaton ukanaskneli+logos mecniereba] ukanaskneli (schaton) aris saboloo realoba, rac uaxlesia (novissimus) adamianisa da samyaros cxovrebaSi. esaa Teologiuri moZRvreba, romelic Seiswavlis saboloo sakiTxebs
(anu, adamianisa da samyaros saboloo
bedis sakiTxebs) ara qronologiuri
Tanmimdevrobis TvalsazrisiT, aramed
rogorc qristes movlenis mier ganpirobebulebs, ra mizeziTac isini xsnis istoriis perspeqtivaSi gadamwyvet
mniSvnelobas iZens. adamianTa istorias
biblia warmoadgens, rogorc xsnis istorias, anu, rogorc RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris dadebuli kavSiris, SeTanxmebis Sesrulebas. es istoria akavSirebs samyaros dasabams (alfa), anu
Sesaqmes, saganTa dasasrulTan (omega).
qriste istoriis gadamwyveti movlenaa. misi mkvdreTiT aRdgoma umaRlesi
esqatologiuri movlenaa, radganac
man SesaZlebeli gaxada yovelives aRsruleba da dasabami misca yovelive
amas. JamTa aRsasruls qriste didebiT

86
dabrundeba (gamocx. 21:23), satanasa da
yovelive borotze sabolood gamarjvebuli.
esqatologizmi (Escatologismo) momdinareobs esqatologiidan. aRniSnavs
Teologiur tendencias, romlis Tanaxmadac istoriul-socialuri procesi
umniSvnelodaa miCneuli qristes sasufevlis dadgomasTan SefardebiT. axlandelsa da momaval samyaroebs Soris gangrZobiTobis araviTari kavSiri
ar arsebobs (ukiduresi esqatologizmi). inkarnacionizmis sapirispiro
moZRvreba.
etemasia (Etimasia) [berZ. etoimasa
(tou thrnou) (taxtis) momzadeba]
aRmosavluri
warmoSobis
ikonografiuli gamosaxuleba taxtisa mis
Tavze moTavsebuli jvriT an qristes
monogramiT. aRniSnavs RmrTis uxilav
Tanaswrebas da saSineli samsjavros
taxtze mianiSnebs. magaliTad, amgvari
gamosaxuleba moTavsebulia wmida mariamis udidesi bazilikis (santa maria
majore) triumful TaRSi. dasavlur
ikonografiaSi es motivi mxolod mcire xniT damkvidrda, aRmosavleTSi ki
farTod gavrcelda.
eudistebi (Eudisti) wevrebi iesosa da
mariamis kongregaciisa, romelic Jan
eudesma (1680) daaarsa. maTi mTavari
saqmianoba seminarielTa da axalgazrdaTa sulier da kulturul ganaTlebaze zrunvaa. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve,
maTi misioneruli saqmianobac.
efaTa (Effata) [aram. gaixsen] yurTa gaxsnis (aperitio aurium) uZvelesi
rituali, aRebuli markozis saxarebidan (7:34). sruldeboda adamianis

87
naTlobisas imis aRsaniSnavad, rom
amieridan monaTluls hqonda RmrTis
sityvis mosmenisa da sakuTari sarwmunoebis aRsarebis unari.
efapaxi (Ephpax) [berZ. mxolod
erTxel, erTxel da samudamod] bibliur mecnierebebSi aRniSnavs termins,
romelic mxolod erTxelaa naxsenebi
saRmrTo werilSi. TeologiaSi am sityviT aRiniSneba qristes realobisa
da masTan dakavSirebul movlenaTa
ganumeorebeli da erTaderTi xasiaTi,
xsnis CanafiqrTan mimarTebaSi.
eqsarqosi (Esarca) [berZ. xarchos
meTauri] Tavdapirvelad termini
samxedro eqspediciis meTaurs aRniSnavda, mogvianebiT ase ewodeboda bizantiis imperiis mefis nacvals. saeklesio
wreebSi eqsarqosebi ewodebodaT samitropolito saydarTa xelmZRvanelebsa da xuTi didi saeklesio olqis
meTaurebs, romlebadac iyo dayofili
aRmosavleTis eklesia. Sua saukuneebSi
egzarxosi mxolod sapatio titulis
mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda, patriarqebi
am wodebas zogierTi samitropolitos
xelmZRvanelebs aniWebdnen. dRes sityva
aRmosavluri eklesiis patriarqis an
episkoposis delegatis mniSvnelobiT
ixmareba.
eqsekvaturi (Exsequatur) [laT. zmnis
exsequi-s awmyo drois kavSirebiTi kilos mesame piris mxolobiTi ricxvi.
sityvasityviT iTargmneba, rogorc
aRsruldes, Sesruldes] iuridiuli termini, romelic saxelmwifos
mier pontifeqsis aqtebisadmi miniWebul aRmasrulebel xasiaTs aRniSnavda.
is XV saukuneSi SemoiRes umTavresad

eqsklaustracia

beneficiumTa da gankveTis aqtTa saero

xelisufalTa TanxmobisaTvis daqvemdebarebis mizniT. italiaSi 1929 wlis
konkordatiT egzekvaturi gauqmda,
iseve, rogorc analogiur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT nebismieri sxva Careva
saxelmwifos mxridan.
eqsemfcia (Esenzione) [laT. sityvidan exemptio (ex+emere) mocileba,
gaTavisufleba ramesagan] kanonikuri instituti, romlis meSveobiTac
umaRles pontifeqss, institutebisa
da samociqulo msaxurebis sasikeTod
ufro qmediTi nabijebis gadadgmis
mizniT, msoflio eklesiaSi Tavisi
primatis poziciidan SeuZlia gaaTavisuflos RmrTivSewiruli cxovrebis
istituti adgilobriv episkoposTa
xelmZRvanelobisagan da dauqvemdebaros isini uSualod mxolod sakuTar
avtoritets, an rame sxva saeklesio avtoritets, sazogado sargeblis miRwevis mizniT (CIC, kan. 591).
eqs kaTedra n. Ex cathedra.
eqskardinacia (Escardinazione) [laT.
ex+cardinatio kardos gareT] aRniSnavs sasuliero piris calkeuli eklesiisadmi an RmrTivSewiruli cxovrebis
instituciisadmi kuTvnilebis Sewyvetas misi sxva calkeul eklesiasa Tu
RmrTivSewiruli cxovrebis sxva instituciaSi inkardinaciis mizniT (CIC,
kan. 267). n. inkardinacia.
eqsklaustracia
(Esclaustrazione)
[laT. exclaustratio sityvasityviT
Sida ezos gareT (ex claustrum)]
kanonikuri aqti (eqsklaustraciis
privilegia), romliTac aRTqmadade-

eqsorcizmi

bul pirs, seriozul mizezTa SemTxvevaSi, sakrebulos gareT cxovrebis

neba eZleva, ara umetes sami wlis ganmavlobaSi. eqsklaustracia SeiZleba
moiTxovos Tavad mowesem an dawesdes
zemdgomTa mier (CIC, kan. 686).
eqsorcizmi (Esorcismo) [berZ. exorkisms (zmnidan exorkzein) Tavidan acileba, gamolocva] wesi,
romliTac RmrTis saxels mouxmoben
adamianis, cxovelis an rame adgilis
demonisagan dasacavad. iesom Seasrula
eqsorcizmis wesi (8:39, Smd.; 12:22; 17:18)
da igive davaleba misca Tavis mociqulebs (mark. 16:7). sakiTxis delikaturi
xasiaTisa da Zalauflebis borotad
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis safrTxis
gamo, naTlisRebis wesis eqsorcizmis
garda, aravis aqvs ufleba kanonierad
aRasrulos eqsorcizmi akviatebiT
SepyrobilTan mimarTebaSi episkoposis
cxadi nebarTvis gareSe. aseT nebarTvas
episkoposi aZlevs mxolod lmobierebiT, codniTa da keTilgonierebiT
Semkul mRvdelmsaxurs, vinc umwikvlo
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT xasiaTdeba (CIC, kan. 1172).
eqsorcisti (Esorcista) [berZ. exorkists vinc gamolocvas asrulebs]
mRvdelmsaxuri, romelsac adgilobrivma episkoposma eqsorcizmis Sesrulebis
neba darTo (CIC, kan. 1172, naw. 2).
eqstazi (Estasi) [berZ. kstasis (nawarmoebia zmnidan existnai sakuTari Tavidan gasvla)] qristianul sulierebaSi aRniSnavs fsiqikur mdgomareobas,
romelSic morwmune iseTi mgznebarebiTa da gaxelebiT miiswrafvis RmrTisaken, rom wamierad kargavs gonebas,

88
zogjer ki gare samyaros da sakuTari
Tavis aRqmis yovelgvar unars. mistikuri eqstazi axasiaTebs adamiansa da
RmerTs Soris Zalian intensiur urTierTobas: me ukve aRar vcocxlob,
aramed qriste cocxlobs CemSi (gal.
2:20).
eSmaki (Diavolo) [berZ. dibolos vinc
mzakvrulad
aferxebs,
Targmania
ebrauli saxelisa satan mowinaaRmdege, satana] eSmaki aris uxilavi
pirovnuli Zala, romelic RmrTis
Canafiqris sawinaaRmdegod da adamianis
sazianod marTavs borotebis Zalebs.
axal aRTqmaSi es termini 39-jeraa
naxsenebi, yvelgan aRniSnavs dacemul
angelosTa meTaurs, romelic borotebas Cadis. eklesiis mamebic amgvarad
ganmartaven eSmakis raobas. lateranis
IV krebam (1215) sazeimod gamoacxada,
rom eSmaki da sxva demonebi RmerTma
bunebiT keTilebad Seqmna, borotebad
ki isini Tavad iqcnen. eklesiis bolodroindeli swavleba (pavle VI da ioane pavle II) garkveviT da xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs, rom arsebobs eSmaki, romelic, kaTolike eklesiis katexizmos
Tanaxmad (2851), aris piri, romelsac
surs daabrkolos RmrTis Canafiqri
da qristeSi ganxorcielebuli misi
mxsneli qmedeba.
eSmakiT Sepyrobili (Indemoniato)
[in+demonio demoni] cneba umTavresad gvxvdeba axal aRTqmaSi,
romlis Tanaxmadac satanas qmedeba
kargadaa gaTvlili da miznad isaxavs qristes mxsneli qmedebisTvis xelis SeSlas. ieso ki swored demonTan
dapirispirebis mizniT movida qveynad

89

eSmakiseuli Sepyrobiloba

(1ioan. 3:8) da mociqulebs misi gandevnis Zala mianiWa (luk. 10:17-19). saxarebaSi eSmakiT SepyrobilTa mravali
magaliTia aRwerili, gansakuTrebiT
maTes, markozisa da lukas saxarebebSi;
eSmakiT Sepyrobilni erT an ramdenime
borot suls hyavs daqvemdebarebuli
(maT. 12:45), romlebic tanjaven maT
(mark. 5:2-6) da maTi piriT metyveleben
(mark. 1:34). iesom araerTxel gankurna
adamianebi am senisgan: kapernaumis sinagogaSi (mark. 1:23-38), gerasenelTa mxareSi (mark. 5:1-20), gankurna bnediani
(mark. 9:18-29), qanaaneli qalis qaliSvili (maT. 15:21-28).

eSmakis advokati n. sarwmunoebis xelSemwyobi.

eSmakiseuli Sepyrobiloba (Possessione diabolica) [laT. possessio, nawarmoebia sityvidan possidere, floba] aRniSnavs eSmakiseuli Sepyrobilobis fenomenebs, romlebic TiTqos
anadgurebs
subieqtis
damoukideblobasa da pasuxismgeblobas, Tumca
eSmakiseuli Sepyrobilobis SemTxvevaSi es unarebi ubralod daqveiTebulia. qristes magaliTis kvalobaze,
eSmakiseuli Sepyrobilobis winaaRmdeg
eklesia egzorcizms mimarTavs (CIC,
kan. 1172, Sdr. CCC, 1673).

valdebulebis damcveli (Difensore
del vincolo) Tanamdeboba, romelsac
xeldasxmis baTilobis, qorwinebis baTilobis an ganqorwinebis SemTxvevebSi
iTvaliswinebs kanonikuri samarTlis
kodeqsi. valdebulebis damcvelis movaleobaa gamoTqvas yvela mosazreba,
romelic gonivrulad SeiZleba iqnas
moyvanili baTilobis an ganqorwinebis
winaaRmdeg (CIC, kan. 1432). valdebulebis damcvels irCevs episkoposi,
igi SeiZleba iyos sasuliero an saero
piri. mTavaria, mas hqondes sando adamianis reputacia, iyos kanonikuri samarTlis diplomirebuli specialisti,
flobdes sarwmuno keTilgonierebasa
da mas ar Ralatobdes samarTlianobis
grZnoba.
valdelni (Valdesi) XII-XIII saukuneebSi, lionel vaWar pietro valdos (daaxl. 1205/6) iniciativiT aRmocenebuli religiuri ganaxlebis
moZraobis mimdevrebi. valdo mTaze
warmoTqmuli qadagebis (maT. 5-7) saxarebiseul rCevaTa meSveobiT moeqca,
Tavisi qoneba Raribebs dauriga da
ramdenime megobarTan erTad moxetiale mqadageblad iqca: xalxur enaze
samociqulo qadagebas (maT. 10) eweoda.
lionel Ratakebad wodebulma val-

dos pirvelma mimdevrebma, vinc papma

1179 wels scno, SemdgomSi daarRvies
saeklesio xelisufalTa nebarTvis gareSe saeroTaTvis dawesebuli qadagebis
akrZalva. Sedegad, 1184 wlis paviis
krebaze lucius III-m isini kaTarebTan
erTad dagmo rogorc eretikosebi.
am dagmobis miuxedavad, calkeulma
valdelebma, rogorc, magaliTad, durandom oskadan (1210 wlis Semdeg)
sakuTari marTlmorwmuneobis dacva
scades (Liber antihaeresis). es jgufi
SemdgomSi eklesias daemorCila (1208)
da Rataki kaTolikeebis saxeli miiRo,
moZraobis danarCenma nawilma ki valdos gardacvalebis Semdeg gaamkveTra
eklesiis kritika (ficis dadebasa da
samxedro samsaxurze uaris Tqma) da
namdvili saeroTa eklesiis Tvisebebi
SeiZina, sakuTari kultiT, saidumloebiTa da mqadageblebiT, romelTa
Soris qalebic iyvnen. inokenti III-is
mier maTi dagmoba (1215 wlis lateranis IV kreba) da eresis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis maT winaaRmdeg amoqmedeba
valdelTa iatakqveSeTSi gadasvlis
mizezi gaxda, Tumca amave faqtorebma
xeli Seuwyo moZraobis gavrcelebas samxreT safangeTisa da CrdiloeT
italiis sazRvrebs gareTac. alpebis
gaswvriv valdelTa gavlena Taname-

91
drove epoqaSi savoiasa da piemontSic
SeimCneoda, Tumca maTi samoqalaqo
uflebebis Tanasworoba mxolod 1848
wels, mefe karlo albertos mier iqna
aRiarebuli. amiT mefem bolo mouRo
piemontel valdelTa ukanono mdgomareobas, romelsac maT nawilobriv
daaRwies Tavi germaniasa da amerikaSi
gamgzavrebiT. 1857 wels gaaqtiurda
laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi emigraciis procesi, rasac ekonomikuri
mizezebic hqonda. amJamad valdelTa
eklesia rio de la plataSic arsebobs.
reformirebul-presbiteruli wyobis
mqone valdelebs italiis mraval regionSi aqvT sakuTari centrebi. isini
uZRvebian araerT socialur proeqtsa
da kulturul centrs, aseve, Teologiis fakultetsac. valdelTa aRmasrulebelma komitetma, saxelwodebiT
valdelTa magida, italiis saxelmwifosTan 1984 wlis 25 Tebervals SeTanxmeba gaaforma.
valentinelni (Valentiniani) eretikosi mRvdlis, valentinis (160
wlis Semdeg), gnostikuri moZRvrebis
mimdevarni. valentini papebis higiniusis, piusisa da aniketusis dros moRvaweobda romSi. savaraudod, mas unda
ekuTvnodes 1945 wels, xenoboskionSi (nag hamadi; Sua egvipte) napovni
WeSmaritebis saxareba. dasavleTSi
valentinis gavlena misma mowafeebma
gaavrcelesptolemem (daaxl. 180,
romlis werili florasadmi gnostikuri literaturis klasikuri nimuSia) da heraklionma (ioanes saxarebis
pirveli komentaris avtori; am naweris nawilobrivi aRdgena SesaZlebelia
origeneseuli misi uaryofis mixedviT).

vatikani

II saukunis ganaTlebul qristianebze

valentinis naazrevis didma gavlenam
aiZula kaTolikeebi, mravalgzis uareyoT is. amgvar nawerTagan aranakleb
xuTia SemorCenili. valentinis sistema
maTSi sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiTaa ganxiluli, rac rTuls xdis moZRvrebis
Tavdapirveli formis aRdgenas.
valombrozelni
(Vallombrosani/e)
sakuTari wesdebis mqone benediqtelTa kongregacia, romelic daaxloebiT 1039 wels florencielma mowesem,
ioane gvalbertom (1073, kanonizebulia 1193) florenciis maxloblad,
valombrozaSi daaarsa. simoniisa da
mRvdelmsaxurTa qorwinebis winaaRmdeg gaSlili kampaniis atmosferoSi
aRmocenebuli am kongregaciis wevrebi erTobliv cxovrebas eweodnen da
mTel dros mWvretelobas uTmobdnen,
xolo saero Zmebi fizikur Sromas
misdevdnen da gare samyarosTan kavSirs uzrunvelyofdnen. kongregaciis
qalTa Sto 1150 wels monazonma bertam (bardi) daaarsa. abatisa humilitasis (1310) xanaSi is mniSvnelovnad
ganviTarda, risi umTavresi magaliTia
faencas maxloblad arsebuli wmida
mariamis monasteri.
vardfanjara (Rosone) [laT. rosa
vardi] aJuruli dekoriT morTuli
didi mrgvali fanjara romanuli da
goTuri stilis eklesiaTa fasadis
centralur nawilSi.
vatikani (Vaticano, Citt del) vatikanis qalaq-saxelmwifo moicavs 0,44
kv.km teritorias da romis dasavleT
nawilSia ganlagebuli. is saxelmwifod Camoyalibda 1929 wlis lateranis

vatikanis krebebi

xelSekrulebebiT, eqvemdebareba romis

paps. wmida petres bazilikis garSemo
mdebare sasaxleTa da baRebis kompleqsi moqceulia leonur galavanSi (pap
leon IV-s, 847-855, saxelis mixedviT).
eqstrateritoriulobis ufleba vrceldeba sxva nagebobebzec: lateranis
sasaxlesa da bazilikaze, wmida mariam udidesisa da wmida pavles galavans miRma bazilikebze, sasaxleebze,
sadac ganTavsebulia sarwmunoebis
gavrcelebisa da sarwmunoebis moZRvrebis kongregaciebi, samociqulo
daTariRebis dawesebuleba, kancelaria, savikariuso, gabrielis vila jianikoloze, kastel gandolfos sasaxle
mimdebare Cibos sasaxliTa da barberinis vilis CaTvliT. vatikanis qalaqsaxelmwifos mmarTveli ganagebs. saxelmwifo gerbze wiTeli feris farze
papis simboloebia (mitra da kliteni)
gamosaxuli. vatikanis droSa yviTeli
da TeTri ferisaa, TeTr fonze moTavsebuli papis simboloTi. vatikanis
saxelmwifoSi mimoqcevaSi evro. policiis funqciebs Sveicariuli gvardia
asrulebs. vatikani flobs safosto
samsaxurs, aq ibeWdeba safosto markebi, moqmedebs stamba, radiosadguri
da astronomiuli observatoria. damTvalierebelTaTvis Riaa vatikanis
muzeumebi, biblioTeka da saidumlo
arqivi. wmida saydarsvatikanis teritoriisagan damoukidebel saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqts, mraval qveyanaSi hyavs mivlinebuli legatebi da
despanebi, xolo vatikanSi akreditebuli daaxloebiT asze meti qveynis
diplomatia.
vatikanis krebebi (Vaticani, concili)

92
ase ewodeba kaTolike eklesiis ukanasknel or msoflio krebas, romlebic
vatikanSi, wmida petres bazilikaSi,
gaimarTa.
vatikanis I kreba, meoce msoflio kreba
(1869-1870), moiwvia pius IX-m imdroindeli gansakuTrebuli saeklesio
mRelvarebis aRsakveTad. krebis mowvevis Sesaxeb gancxadeba 1867 wels gakeTda,
mis gamarTvas orwliani mosamzadebeli
samuSao dasWirda. kreba, romelSic
774 episkoposma miiRo monawileoba,
1869 wlis 8 dekembers gaixsna. III sesiaze (1870 wlis 24 aprili) mowonebul
iqna dadgenileba Dei FiliuskaTolikuri sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb, romelic
mimarTuli racionalizmis winaaRmdeg.
oTxi Tavisagan Semdgar dadgenilebaSi saubaria RmrTis gonebiT Secnobis SesaZleblobaze, RmrTaebrivi
gamocxadebis aucileblobaze, rwmenis
arssa da rwmenasa da gonebas Soris
damokidebulebaze. Tumca krebis yuradReba Tavidanve mieqca papis umcdomlobis sakiTxs, romlis gansazRvrasac
calkeuli wevrebi moiTxovdnen, sxvebi
ki frTxilobdnen. daskvniT deklaraciaSi, romelsac 1870 wlis 18 ivliss
eyara kenWi, naTqvamia, rom roca papi,
rogorc romis pirvelmoZRvari, Tavisi kaTedridan metyvelebs,ese igi,
roca yvela qristianis mwyemsisa da
moZRvris msaxurebis aRsrulebisas, Tavisi umaRlesi mociqulebrivi Zalauflebis RirsebiT, mTeli eklesiisaTvis
gansazRvravs moZRvrebas sarwmunoebis
an zneobis Sesaxeb,romis pirvelmoZRvris amgvari gansazRvrebani ucdomelia. am Seumcdarobas igi flobs misTvis netar petreSi aRTqmuli RmrTae-

93
brivi Sewevnis ZalmosilebiT, romlis
boZebac
RmrTaebrivma
macxovarma
isurva mTeli Tavisi eklesiisaTvis.
amgvarad, es gadawyvetilebebi sarwmunoebisa da zneobis Sesaxeb Seucvlelia Tavisi bunebiT, da ara eklesiis
Tanxmobis mizeziT (ex sese, non autem
ex consensu ecclesiae). imave sxdomaze gadawyda krebis ganaxleba dRis
gansazRvris gareSe (sine die). meore
dRes xafrangeT-germaniis omi daiwyo,
ori Tvis Semdeg ki piemontis jarma
romi okupacia moaxdina. am mizezTa
gamo kreba aRar ganaxlebula da arc
oficialurad daxurula.
vatikanis II kreba, ocdameerTe msoflio
kreba (1962-1965) papma ioane XXIII-m gamoacxada moulodnelad, 1959 wlis
25 ianvars wmida pavles galavans miRma
bazilikaSi. kreba romSi 1961 wlis 25
dekembers iqna mowveuli, xolo 1962
wlis 11 oqtombers is papisa da 2540
krebis mamaTa (monawileobis uflebis
mqone 2908 wevridan) monawileobiT
gaixsna. xelmZRvanel sabWos Seadgenda
aTi kardinali, plenarul sxdomaTa
Catareba, romelTac generaluri kongregaciebi ewoda, papma xuT moderator
kardinals daavala. aTi mosamzadebeli
komisiis mier SemuSavebuli samocdacameti proeqtidan gansaxilvelad mxolod Cvidmeti iqna wardgenili. kreba
sargeblobda orasze meti Teologis
(eqspertis) konsultaciiT. arakaTolike eklesiaTa Tu sakrebuloTa damkvirveblebis ricxvi Tavdapirvelad 35
iyo, krebis dasasruls ki93. krebis
gaxsnisas warmoTqmul sityvaSi ioane XXIII-m saeklesio krebis ZiriTadi
mizani gansazRvra: eklesiis drouli

vatikanis II kreba

da mTliani ganaxleba rogorc moZRvrebis, ise misi cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT, dagmobaze uarisTqma. kreba oTx
monakveTad Catarda: I periodi (1962
wlis 11 oqtomberi
8 dekemberi;
generaluri kongregaciebi 1-36); pap
ioane XXIII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg
(1963 wlis 3 ivnisi) misma memkvidrem,
pavle VI-m, krebis muSaobis ganaxlebis
gadawyvetileba miiRo; II periodi 1963
wlis 29 seqtembridan 4 dekembramde
gagrZelda (generaluri kongregaciebi
37-79). krebis ganaxlebisas pavle VI-m
xazi gausva krebis samwyso xasiaTs da
eklesiis arsis (da, kerZod, episkoposTa msaxurebis) sakiTxze msjelobis
mniSvnelobas. xelmZRvaneli sabWos
Semadgenloba 12 kardinalamde gaizarda. 4 maTgani (aRajaniani, depfneri, lerkaro da suenensi) moderatoris funqciiT uZRvebodnen generalur kongregaciebs. pirvelad moxda
11 saero piris daSveba auditorad,
mogvianebiT maT ramdenime moZRvari
da qali daemata. kidev erTi siaxle
iyo krebis prescentris dafuZneba; III
periodis ganmavlobaSi (1964 wlis 14
seqtemberi21 noemberi; generaluri
kongregaciebi 80-127) farTo diskusia gamoiwvia danarTmaN Nota explicativa praevita, romelic papis surviliT daemata dogmatur konstitucias eklesiis Sesaxeb Lumen gentium;
danarTiT dadasturda da ganmtkicda
papis upiratesi mdgomareoba episkoposTa kolegiaSi. winaaRmdegobrivi mosazrebebi gamoiTqva iseT Temebze, rogorebicaa
religiuri Tavisufleba
da damokidebuleba eklesiasa da iudaizms Soris; IV periodi 1965 wlis
14 seqtembers daiwyo da 8 dekembers

vatikanisti

dasrulda (generaluri kongregaciebi

128-168). pavle VI-m episkoposTa sinodis daarsebis Sesaxeb gaakeTa gancxadeba. 1965 wlis 8 dekembers pavle VI-m
daxura kreba. vatikanis II krebam sxdomaTa msvlelobisas Semdegi dokumentebi SeimuSava da daamtkica: 1963 wlis 4
dekemberi: konstitucia wmida liturgiis SesaxebSacrosanctum concilium;
dekreti sazogadoebrivi komunikaciis
saSualebaTa Sesaxeb
Inter mirifica;
1964 wlis 21 noemberi: dogmaturi
konstitucia eklesiis Sesaxeb
Lumen gentium; dekreti aRmosavleTis
kaTolike eklesiaTa SesaxebOrientalium Ecclesiarum; dekreti ekumenizmis
Sesaxeb_UUnitatis redintegratio; 1965
wlis 28 oqtomberi: dekreti eklesiaSi
episkoposTa samoZRvro movaleobaTa
SesaxebCristus Dominus; dekreti
samoweseo cxovrebis ganaxlebis SesaxebPerfectae caritatis;
dekreti
mRvdelTa aRzrdis SesaxebOptatam
totius; deklaracia qristianuli aRzrdis Sesaxeb
Gravissimum educationis; deklaracia eklesiis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb araqristianul religiaTa mimarT
Nostra aetate; 1965
wlis 18 noemberi: dogmaturi konstitucia saRmrTo gamocxadebis SesaxebDei Verbum; dekreti saeroTa
mociqulobis
Sesaxeb
Apostolicam
actuositatem; 1965 wlis 7 dekemberi: deklaracia religiuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb
Dignitatis humanae;
dekreti eklesiis samisionero moRvaweobis Sexeb
Ad gentes; dekreti
mRvdelTa msaxurebisa da cxovrebis
SesaxebPresbyterorum ordinis; samoZRvro konstitucia Tanamedrove samyaroSi eklesiis Sesaxeb
Gaudium

94
et spes. saeklesio krebis,
udavod,
meoce saukunis istoriaSi eklesiisaTvis epoqaluri mniSvnelobis movlenis,es dokumentebi mTeli eklesiisa da yoveli misi gamoxatulebis
ganaxlebis safuZvelmdeb saSualebebad
iqca.
vatikanisti (Vaticanista) Jurnalisti, swavluli, vatikanis problemaTa
eqsperti religiuri, istoriuli Tu
politikuri ganzomilebiT.
vahabitebi (Wahhabiti) mimdevrebi islamuri reformatoruli moZraobisa,
romlis saxelwodebac fuZemdeblis,
muhamed ibn abd al-vahabis (1703-1792)
saxels ukavSirdeba. saudis dinastiis
mmarTvelobis periodSi vahabitebma
TandaTan daikaves arabeTis naxevarkunZulis udidesi nawili da dasabami
daudes dRevandel saudis arabeTis
samefos. reformatori ibn abd alvahabi islamis wyaroebTan dabrunebas
da yuranisa da tradiciis zedmiwevniT
dacvas qadagebda. man mkacrad dagmo
siaxleebi, eretikuli tendenciebi da
gadaxrebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad,
axlad SemoRebuli wmidanTa kulti.
al-vahabi emxroboda islamuri iuridiuli wyobilebis (SariaTi) zedmiwevniT
dacvas, hanbalis skolis Sesabamisad.
swored es skolaa dRes wamyvani saudis
arabeTSi. misi wesebis Tanaxmad, ikrZaleba Rvinis, yavis, Tambaqos moxmareba
da xazgasmulia wmida omis warmarTvis valdebuleba. navTobis mopovebiT
moxveWili simdidris wyalobiT, saudis
arabeTi sul ufro met mniSvnelobas
iZens. sxvadasxva fondebis meSveobiT
(esaa bankebi, islamuri solidarobis

95
xelSewyobisa da islamuri ekonomikuri mowyobis mxardamWeri fondebi,
muslimuri samyaros liga, romelic
islamur umciresobaTa mxadaWrasa da
samyaroSi islamis gavrcelebas emsaxureba), saudis arabeTis gavlena sul
ufro zrdeba, rasac wmida adgilebis
mcvelTa maTi rolic uwyobs xels,
Tumca, meore mxriv, maT hegemonias yuradsaRebi mowinaaRmdegeebic hyavs.
veda/vedizmi/veduri religia (Veda/
Vedismo/Religione vedica) indoeTis
literaturulad dokumentirebul religiaTa Soris uZvelesi. mas misdevdnen
naxevrad momTabare xalxebi, romlebic
Tavs aria-s (arielebs) uwodebdnen.
qristemde 1700-1200 wlebSi isini ramdenime talRad gadabargdnen indoeTSi
dasavleTidan da Crdilo-dasavleTidan. maTi religia poliTeisturi iyo,
kultis centraluri adgili RmerTebisadmi msxverplSewirvas eTmoboda.
oTxi veda (sanskritze veda codnas
aRniSnavs), saidanac religiis saxelwodeba momdinareobs, wamoadgens Cvenamde
moRweul religiur nawerTa uZveles
korpuss da, amave dros, indoevropul
enaTa ojaxis udides poetur qmnilebas (nawerebi sanskritze, qristemde
1500-800 ww.). Tanmxleb ritualur-egzegetikur literaturasTan (brahmana),
tyis mWvretelobiT wignebTan (araniaka) da saidumlo moZRvrebasTan
(upaniSada) erTad, veda gamocxadebismier nawerebad miiCneva. veduri religiis ganviTarebam ritualuri siwmidis
gamokveTis mimarTulebiT, romelic
RmerTebTan kavSiris dasamyareblad
iyo aucilebeli, qristemde pirveli
aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi gana-

vedreba

piroba brahmanTa samRvdelo specializacia da udablesi klasisSudras

warmomadgenelTaTvis msxverplSewirvis
ritualebSi monawileobisa da vedebis
Seswavlis akrZalva. msxverplSewirvis
codna brahmanTa xelSi msxverplSewirvis qmedebisas moqmedi kosmosis ZalTa
da kanonTa mecnierebad gardaiqmna.
religiis ganviTarebis bolo faza,
romelsac amgvarad daedo safuZveli,
zogjer brahmanizmadac moixsenieba.
masSi ganviTarda moZRvreba xelaxla
Sobis (reinkarnaciis) Sesaxeb da karmis
kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, amqveyniuri
keTili da ukeTuri qmedebebi momdevno
cxovrebaze aisaxeba. amitomac adamianis
gaTavisufleba ara imdenad RmerTebisaTvis msxverplSewirviT, ramdenadac
Semecnebis meSveobiT iyo SesaZlebeli,
am Semecnebis mizani ki erTaderTi ukvdavi sinamdvilea, romelic yovelives
safuZvels warmoadgens: brahmani, romelic gaigivebulia atmanTan (individualuri TviT). saukuneTa manZilze
brahmanTa, rogorc religiis ostatTa, monopoliisa da zogadad kastebis
sistemis sawinaaRmdego araerTi moZraoba aRmocenda.
vedreba (Supplica) [laT. supplex
(locvisas) muxlis momyreli] aRniSnavs Txovnis locvas, romlis meSveobTac gamoixateba RmerTTan urTierTobis cnobiereba da masze Cveni damokidebuleba (Sdr. CCC, 2629-2633). SeiZleba, amasTanave, aRniSnavdes mWmunvare da
morCil locvas RmrTis, mariamis an
wmidaTa mimarT. am TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod cnobilia pompeis mariamisadmi vedreba, romelic 8 maiss da oqtombris
pirvel kviradRes warmoiTqmis.

verbitebi

96

verbitebi (Verbiti) saRmrTo sityvis

sazogadoebis (Societ del Divin Verbo) samoweseo samRvdelo kongregaciis wevrebi, romelic 1875 wlis 8
seqtembers holandiis qalaq steilSi
daarsda. organizaciis mTavari mizani
saxarebis gavrcelebaa.

vigilia (Vigilia) [laT. Ramis gaTeneba (sityvidan vigil fxizeli)] didi

religiuri dResaswaulis (Sobis, aRdgomis, suli wmidis gardamosvlis da
a.S.) wina dRe. misi damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi SeiZleba iyos marxva da xorcisgan Tavis Sekaveba. n. RamisTeva.

veronis saidumloTa wigni (Veronese,

sacramentario) es ara imdenad saidumloTa wesebis wignia, ramdenadac wirvaTa formularebis sakmaod uwesrigo
nakrebi, romlebic udavod romidan da,
SesaZloa, imave lateranis arqivebidan momdinareobs. biankinim, romelmac
pirvelma gamosca 1735 wels es nakrebi,
mas leonis saidumloTa wigni (Sacramentario Leoniano) uwoda, Tumca pap
leons mxolod ramdenime formulars
miakuTvneben. krebuli Seicavs papebis
gelasiusisa da vergiliusis ramdenime
teqstsac, sxva calkeuli teqstebis avtorTa vinaoba ki jer zustad ar aris
dadgenili. VI-VII saukuneebiT daTariRebuli es krebuli laTinuri evqologiis pirvel da yvelaze mniSvnelovan
wyaros warmoadgens. wirvaTa forularebi samoqalaqo weliwadis Tveebis
mixedviTaa ganawilebuli da ara weliwadis wris Tanaxmad (rogorc es gelasiseul kondakSia), anu liturgiuli
droebis, Tanaxmad. samwuxarod, krebuli
arasrulia,is aprilis Tvidan iwyeba.

vizitacionelebi (Visitandine) oficialuri saxelwodebaa: mariamis monaxulebis ordeni (Ordo de Visitatione

Beatae Mariae Virginis), is 1610 wels
anesiSi wmida franciske salelma da
ioana franCeska fremio di Santalma
(1572-1641) daaarses RaribTa daxmarebisa da mWvretelobiTi cxovrebis
mizniT. 1618 wels pale V-m moiwona
is, rogorc avgustineseuli wesdebis
meore ordeni. ordenis monasterTa
umetesi nawili safrangeTSi daarsda,
ramdenime maTganiaziasa da SeerTebul StatebSi. monasterTagan yvelaze
cnobili iyo perei-le-monialis monasteri, sadac aRmocenda iesos wmida gulis Tayvaniscemis tradicia, romelsac
gansakuTrebiT icavda margarita maria
alakoki (1647-1690, kanonizebulia
1920). 1950 wels ordenis manamde damoukidebeli monastrebi gaerTiandnen
konfederaciaSi mTavari winamZRolis
xelmZRvanelobiT.

viatikumi/sagzali (Viatico) [laT. viaticum mgzavrobasTan dakavSirebuli, sagzali] am saxeliT aRiniSneba

evqaristiis saidumlo, romelic miecema momakvdav adamians, rogorc Sewevna
maradiuli sicocxlisaken gzaze (ioan.
6:54).

viziti ad limina yoveli sadiocezo

episkoposisaTvis aucilebeli viziti
papTan, romelic moicavs agreTve petre da pavle mociqulebis saflavebis
monaxulebas [laT. ad limina (mociqulTa) saflavebze] es viziti emsaxureba ierarqiuli Tanaziarebis warmoCenasa da gaRrmavebas, erTi mxriv,
episkoposebsa da, meore mxriv, saepis-

97
koposo kolegiis meTaurs, petres memkvidres, romis paps, Soris. kanonikuri
samarTlis kodeqsisa (kan. 400) da Pastor bonus-is Tanaxmad, viziti sam mTavar moments moicavs: a) momlocvelobas pirvel mociqulTa saflavebze,
romelsac saRmrTo mniSvneloba aqvs,
rac liturgiul msaxurebaSi xorcieldeba. es msaxureba wmida petresa
da pavles bazilikebSi tardeba, episkoposTa survilis SemTxvevaSi kiwmida
mariamis udidessa da lateranis wmida
iovanes bazilikebSic; b) episkoposis
Sexvedras romis papTan, rac ZiriTadad, pirad saubars gulisxmobs; g)
episkoposTa urTierTobas (cal-calke,
jgufebad, Tu komisiebis farglebSi)
romis kuriis uwyebebTanpetres msaxurebis Tanamdebobriv saSualebebTan
SekiTxvaTa dasmis, problemaTa wamoWris, informaciis moTxovnis, ganmartebaTa micemis, SesaZlo Txovnebze pasuxis gacemis mizniT.
vikariati (Vicariato) [laT. vicariatus] aRniSnavs vikariusis Tanamdebobas,
movaleobebsa da Rirsebas. kanonikuri
samarTlis kodeqsSi saubaria samociqulo (CIC, kan. 371) da adgilobriv
vikariatze (CIC, kan. 374; 553). termini SeiZleba miemarTos, agreTve, vikariusis samyofelsa da Sesabamis samsaxurebs.
vikariusi (Vicario) [laT. vicarius
(sityvidan vicis movaleobani, funqciebi)] piri, romelic asrulebs
movaleobebs ufro maRali Tanamdebobis Semcvlelis an warmomadgenlis
statusiT. kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsi vikariusTa sxvadasxva tipebs ga-

viSnuizmi

nasxvavebs: a) samociqulo vikariusi:

papis saxeliT marTavs RmrTis xalxis
gansazRvrul nawils, romelic jer
ar aris Camoyalibebuli diocezad
(CIC, kan. 371); b) generaluri vikariusi: episkoposis mier daniSnuli
piri, romelic exmareba mas diocezis
marTvaSi (CIC, kan. 475). generaluri
vikariusis gansakuTrebuli tipia papis
mier daniSnuli kardinali vikariusi,
romelic misi saxeliT marTavs romis diocezs; Tavis mxriv, kardinal
vikariuss exmarebian (papis mier daniSnuli da mTavarepiskoposis wodebis
mqone) vicegerenti da damxmare episkoposebi, romlebic masTan erTad qmnian diocezis saepiskoposo sabWos; g)
saepiskoposo vikariusi: iniSneba episkoposis mier da mas exmareba diocezis gansazRvruli nawilis an gansazRvruli tipis saqmeTa marTvaSi (CIC,
kan. 476); d) sasamarTlo vikariusi:
iniSneba episkoposis mier Tanamdebobrivad Zalauflebis mqone ganmsjelad
(CIC, kan 1420); e) adgilobrivi vikariusi: ewodeba, agreTve, dekanozs an
mTavarxucess, romelic iniSneba episkoposis mier da adgilobriv vikariats
uZRveba (CIC, kan. 553; v) sakrebulos
vikariusi: sakrebulos winamZRvris
TanaSemwe (CIC, kan. 545).
vikariusi, qristesi n. qristes vikariusi.
viSnuizmi (Visnuismo) SivaizmTan erTad, hinduizmis erT-erTi umTavresi
kulti. viSnu, yvelganSemRwevi naxsenebia vedis uZveles teqstebSi, Tumca iq mas mTavari roli ar eniWeba,
rogorc es xdeba gviandel hindu-

vicegerenti

izmSi, gansakuTrebiTqristes Semdeg

pirvel saukuneebSi. ikonografiulad
viSnus gamosaxaven oTxi xeliTa da
saxis megobruli gamometyvelebiT, romelic Rrma sulier simSvides asxivebs.
vicegerenti (Vicegerente) [ital.
vice+gerente mmarTveli, administratori] romis papis mier daniSnuli da mTavarepiskoposis titulis
matarebeli piri, aRasrulebs romis
diocezSi vikariusis Tanamdebobriv
Zalauflebas dadgenil farglebSi da vikarius kardinalTan mWidro
TanamSromlobiT da TanaziarebiT. am
ukanasknelTan da damxmare episkoposebTan erTad vicegerenti diocezis
saepiskoposo sabWos qmnis.
vneba (Passio) [laT. passio vneba]
saxarebaSi qristes tanjvisa da sikvdilis amsaxveli monaTxrobi. amgvari
monaTxrobi saxarebaTa Tavdapirvel,
sawyis birTvs warmoadgens: maT Soris
yvelaze Zvelia is, romelic markozis
saxarebaSia gadmocemuli da is umTavresad qristes vnebis istoriulobas usvams xazs; maTe saRmrTo werilis
asrulebaze akeTebs aqcents (Sdr. maT.
26:24.54); luka warmoadgens iesos, rogorc moTminebiT aRsavse sayovelTao
mxsnels (Sdr. luk. 23:27, Smd.); ioanes
saxarebaSi ki ieso warmodgenilia rogorc meufe, romelic nebayoflobiT
irCevs vnebis gzas (Sdr. ioan. 18:3319:15). vnebis amsaxveli moTxrobebi
(vnebani) ikiTxeba wmida kvireulis
liturgiul msaxurebaTa dros (bzobis kviradRes da did paraskevs).
vnebani (Passione) [laT. passio (sityvidan passus, namyos mimReoba zmnisa

98
pati tanjva)] a) termini aRniSnavs qristes tanjvas mTlianobaSi,
ukanaskneli serobidan sikvdilamde,
rac dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili saxarebebSi (n. vneba); b) Sua saukuneebSi vnebaTa Tema xelovnebis mraval dargSi
iqca SemoqmedTa STagonebis wyarod,
gansakuTrebiT, Teatrsa (n. saRmrTo
warmodgenebi) da musikaSi (vnebaTa
Tema, oratoriis sqemis mixedviT, baxis,
hendelis, perozis da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi).
vnebebi (Passioni) [gvianlaT. passio, sityvidan passus, namyos mimReoba sityvisa pati tanjva] aRniSnavs
gancdebs an grZnobebs. emociebis,
grZnobebis meSveobiT adamiani sikeTis
winaTgrZnobisa da borotis varaudiT
cnobis unars flobs. umTavresi vnebebia siyvaruli da siZulvili, survili da SiSi, sixaruli, sevda da guliswyroma. vnebebi, rogorc mgrZnobiarobis gamovlinebani, TavisTavad ar
Seicavs zneobriv sikeTesa Tu borotebas. magram, gonebasa da nebaze vnebaTa damokidebulebis mixedviT, maTSi
zneobrivi sikeTis Tu borotebis arsebobaze vsaubrobT. SemTxveviTi araa,
rom saRmrTo werili zogjer vnebebs
ganixilavs adamianis gulis miswrafebebad, romlebic codvis Cadenisaken
ubiZgeben mas (Sdr. dan. 13:8.11.14.20.56).
maSasadame, emociebi da grZnobebi SeiZleba iqces saTnoebad an gadagvardes
mankierebad (Sdr. CCC, 1762-1775).
vnebis kvira/wmida kvira (Settimana
santa) paseqis wina kvira, yvelaze mniSvnelovani qristianuli sadResaswaulo periodi. ewodeba agreTve didi

99

vulgata

kvira, iwyeba bzobis kviradRes da

sruldeba saaRdgomo samdReuriT.
vudu (Vudu) [afrikuli sityvidan,
romelic suls aRniSnavs] kunZul
haitis xalxuri religia, romelic am
kunZulze deportirebuli afrikeli
monebis religiis elementebisa da
qristianobis elementebis nazavs warmoadgens.

vulgata (Vulgata) [laT. vulgata

gavrcelebuli, xalxuri] bibliis
laTinuri Targmani, romelic 383-406
wlebSi, pap damasus I-is davalebiT, wmida ieronimem Seasrula. mravali saukunis manZilze,vatikanis II krebis mier
gatarebul liturgiul reformamamde,
vulgata laTinuri eklesiis oficialuri teqsti iyo, Semdeg teqsti gadaixeda da neovulgatis saxeliT gamoica.

zaidelni (Zaiditi) Siitizmis (n. Siitebi) warmomadgeneli zaidelebi mxolod

alis uSualo STamomaval xuT kanonier
imams aRiareben. maTi saxelwodeba mexuTe imamiszaidis (gardaicavala 739
wels) saxelidan momdinareobs. imamis
Tanamdebobas zaidelni arCeviTad miiCneven da swamT, rom alis STamomavalTa
Soris arCeuli imami Semdeg RmrTis
Sewevnasa da naTelxilvas miiRebs. zaidelni arseboben iemenSi, sadac 1970
wlamde, respublikis daarsebamde, zaidelTa dinastia mmarTvelobda. maTi rwmenis moZRvreba da iuridiuli sistemis
principebi Zalze axlosaa suniturTan
(n. suna).

VI saukunidan gamoiyeneba. samrekloze

aRmarTvamde zars akurTxeben.

zanzalaki (Campanello) zaris formis

mcire xmovani instrumenti, romelic
gamoiyeneba wirvis dros,
kurTxevisas,morwmuneTa yuradRebis misapyrobad. misi gamoyeneba XII saukunidan
daiwyo.

zebunebrivi (Soprannaturale) aRniSnavs yovelive aRmatebuls yovel Seqmnil an Seqmnad arsebaze. qristianuli sarwmunoebis sivrceSi miemarTeba
yovelive imas, rac aris RmerTi da
rac damokidebulia RmrTis uangaro
iniciativaze da scdeba adamianis nebis
Zalas da mis inteleqtualur unars.
magaliTad, zebunebrivi realobaa: gamocxadeba, madli, Teologiuri saTnoebani da sxv.

zari (Campana) [laT. campana (vasa)

kampaniis
(brinjaos
WurWeli)]
liTonis, metwilad brinjaos xmovani
instrumenti, romelic moTavsebulia samreklos Tavze da umTavresad
gamoiyeneba morwmuneTa salocavad
mosaxmobad an calkeul wmida movlenaTa aRsaniSnavad. eklesiebSi zari

zaqaria (Zaccaria) n. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.

zaqaTi (Zakat) [arab.] etimologiurad
ganwmedis cnebasTan dakavSirebuli es
sityva aRniSnavs kanonier mowyalebas
da islamis erT-erT umTavres mcnebas
warmoadgens; is SeiZleba Seudardes
ebraelobasa da qristianobaSi arsebuli meaTedebis akrefis praqtikas.
misi meSveobiT mcirdeba gansxvaveba
mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. amJamad
islamur saxelmwifoebSi is saxelmwifo gadasaxadiT Seicvala.

zeTis cxeba (Unzione) [laT. unctio] Zvelad surnelovan nivTierebebSi Sereuli zeTiT cxeba saero

101
cxovrebasa da kultSi gamoiyeneboda.
am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi cxebis meSveobiT RmrTis siwmidesTan ziareba
xdeboda. Zvel aRTqmaSi moyvanilia sakurTxevelTa, tabernakulumTa,
Tumca umTavresad mefeTa (1mef. 9:16),
umaRles mRvdelmsaxurTa (gam. 29:7) da
winaswarmetyvelTa cxebis magaliTebi
maTi kurTxevis mizniT. cxebis meSveobiT kurTxeulis umaRlesi magaliTia nanatri xsnis momtani mesia, rac
swired cxebuls niSnavs. iesos dros,
vinc beTaniaSi lazares dis, mariamis
sikvdilze cotaxniT adre iqna cxebuli (ioan. 12:1-11), cxeba sneulebaTa
gansakurneblad gamoiyeneboda (luk.
10:34). aseTad miiCneva sneulTa zeTis
cxebis saidumlo, Tumca cxeba, rogorc
kurTxevis niSani naTlisRebis, mironcxebis da xeldasxmis saidumloebsa da
sakramentaliebSic gvxvdeba.
zeTisxilis baRi (Orto degli ulivi) n.
geTsemania.
zekaci n. Urmensch.
zelotebi (moSurneni) (Zeloti) [berZn.
zelots mondomebuli, moSurne,
fanatikuri, sityvidan zeloun rame
miznisaken mgznebared swrafva] palestinis
nacionalisturi
partiis
wevrebi (qristemde I saukuneqristes
Semdeg I saukune), romlebic, SesaZloa, dakavSirebulni iyvnen iuda
galilevelTan. RmrTisa da rjulis
mgznebare mimdevrebi, isini TavianT
rjuls teroristuli saqmianobiTac
icavdnen, romelic ZiriTadad romael
dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. es ukanasknelni palestinel nacionalistebs sikarebs uwodebdnen,

ziraqis wigni

radganac isini tansacmelSi damalul

xanjalssika-s, atarebdnen. maTi
mxridan romis batonobis sastikma
miuReblobam iudevelTa oms daudo
dasabami (66-74 ww.), rasac Sedegad
mohyva ierusalemis taZris dangreva
da TviT partiis ganadgureba: misma
wevrebma alyaSemortymuli masadas (73
w.) Tavganwiruli dacvis Semdeg romaelTa xelSi Cacvenas masobrivi TviTmkvleloba arCies. am moZraobis mimdevari iyo, agreTve, iesos mociquli
simoni, moSurned wodebuli (luk. 6:15;
saqm.1:13).
zecad aRyvaneba n. aRyvaneba.
ziareba (Comunione) [laT. communio saerTo kavSiri, Tanabari
monawileoba] termini aRniSnavs morwmuneTa monawileobas evqaristiaSi
wmida nawilebis miRebis meSveobiT.
agreTve, aRniSnavs Tanaziarebas eklesiaSi, qristes mistikur sxeulSi, rac
evqaristiul saidumloSi monawileobis Sedegia.
ziarebis Semdgomi locva (Postcommunio) [laT. postcommunio ziarebis Semdeg] wirvis bolo locva,
romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri ziarebis
Semdeg da saboloo kurTxevamde aRavlens.
ziraqis wigni (Siracide, libro del) am
saxelwodebiT moixsenieba dRes eklesiastes sibrZnis wigni, radganac ZiriTad berZnul wyaroebSi is dasaTaurebulia, rogorc sibrZne iesosi,
ziraqis Zisa. saxelwodeba eklesiaste
ki qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi
damkvidrda im faqtis xazgasasmelad,
rom es iyo eklesiis mier dawereli

102

zonari

wigni (ecclesiasticus liber). prologSi

avtoris SviliSvili ganmartavs, rom
wigni berZnulad Targmna qristemde
132 wels, egvipteSi yofnis dros,
xolo misma babuam, ben siram, is daaxloebiT 190-180 wlebSi ebraul enaze
dawera. am meoradkanonikuri wigni ar
gamoirCeva
struqturuli wyobiT,
gamonaklisia mxolod dayofa sibrZnis
Semcvel (Tav. 1, 1-42, 14) da danarCen
nawilebad, romlebic eTmoba RmrTis
sibrZnis gamovlinebis didebas bunebasa (Tav. 42, 15-43, 33) da xsnis istoriis gamoCenil pirovnebaTa cxovrebaSi
(Tav. 44-50). avtori cdilobs, sibrZne
kanonTan gaaigivos, xazs usvams israelis sibrZnis specifikurobas da im ni-

muSebs, romelTaganac unda aiRos man

STagoneba.
zonari (Cingolo) [laT. sityvidan
cingulum, romelic nawarmoebia zmna
cingere-dan] qamari an Toki, romelic stiqaris tanze mosargebadaa
saWiro. aseve, ewodeba Tokis sartyels,
romelsac sutanis, anaforis an monazvnis samosis zemodan atareben.
zoroastrizmi (Zoroastrismo) winareislamuri religia, romelic, tradiciis Tanaxmad, miewereba zoroastrs,
anu zaraTuStras. igi, gadmocemis
mixedviT, daaxloebiT 630 wels, aRmosavleT iranSi moRvaweobda. dRes
parsizmad iwodeba (n. parsebi).

Taborelni (Taboriti) husitTa ufro

radikaluri frTis wevrebi, romlebic 1420 wels samxreT bohemiaSi (CexeTSi) damkvidrdnen,mTaze, romelsac
Tabori uwodes (Sdr. msaj. 4:6). JamTa
aRsasrulis apokalifsur molodinSi
mcxovrebi Taborelni miznad isaxavdnen absoluturad qristianuli socialuri wyobis damkvidrebas, sadac
RmrTaebrivi kanoni (rogorc absoluturi bunebrivi kanoni) da qristes radikaluri kanoni mTel sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaze unda gavrcelebuliyo da
ZaliT unda yofiliyo moxveuli Tavs
sazogadoebisaTvis RmrTis saxeliT mebrZol qristianTa sakrebulos meSveobiT. Taborelni winaswarmetyvelebdnen
wmida oms ufro metad revoluciuri, vidre ZvelaRTqmiseuli gagebiT,
saxelmwifos maTeuli modeli ki msajulTa epoqis Teokratiul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. 1434 wels lipanisTan kaTolikeTa da ultrakist husitTa mier damarcxebuli Taborelni
Tavdapirvelad mraval mcire seqtad
daiyvnen, Semdeg ki saerTod Sewyvites
arseboba.
Tavisufali gansja (Libero esame) TeologiaSi gamoTqma aRniSnavs saRmrTo
werilis saeklesio avtoritetisagan

damoukidebeli pirovnuli ganmartebis

kriteriums. am moZRvrebis mimdevrebi
iyvnen reformatorebi, visi azriTac
Tavisufali gansja SesaZlebeli iyo
suli wmidis pirovnuli daxmarebis
meSveobiT, rac wmida nawerTa swori
ganmartebis garantias iZleoda. Tumca
amgvarad, SesaZlebeli xdeboda bibliis ganmartebis uamravi versiis damkvidreba da, amitom, reformatoruli (n.
reforma) eklesiebi sarwmunoebis aRsarebis meSveobiT arapirdapiri gziT
amtkicebdnen oficialur saeklesio
interpretacias. Tavisufali gansja
mxolod protestantuli moZraobis
yvelaze radikalurma jgufebma SeinarCunes, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, socinelebi da anabaptistebi.
Tavisufali neba, Tavisufleba (Libero
arbitrioLibert) Teologiasa da filosofiaSi damkvidrebuli gamoTqma.
Tavisufali neba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Tavisuflebis cnebasTan (rac
gonebasa da nebaSi fesvgadgmuli moqmedebis an umoqmedobis SesaZleblobaa)
da, aqedan gamomdinare, sakuTari Tavis
marTvis, gansxvavebul qmedebaTa Soris
arCevanis gakeTebis unaria (CCC, 17311738). qristianobaSi yovelTvis Zalian
faqizi da rTuli sakiTxi iyo Tavisu-

Tavisufali suli

flebisa da adamianis Tavisufali nebis

SeTavseba RmrTis yovlisSemZleobis,
winaswarganzraxulobisa da madlis
TemebTan.
Tavisufali suli (Libero spirito) evropis calkeul qveynebSi XIII-XV saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli eretikuli
religiuri jgufebi. maTi wevrebi
arakritikulad ganmartavdnen wmida
pavles frazas: sadac uflis sulia,
iq Tavisuflebaa, ris safuZvelzec
SesaZleblad miaCndaT iseTi srulyofilebis miRweva, rom Seubilwavni
gamxdariyvnen da am mizeziT Tavisufal da TavaSvebul cxovrebas eweodnen.
Tavisufleba n. Tavisufali neba.
Tavmaturgi (Taumaturgo) [berZ. thaumatourgs (sityvidan thuma saswauli+nawarmoebi forma sityvisa rgon
qmnileba, naSromi)] vinc saswaulebs axdens, saswaulTmoqmedi.
Tavmdabloba (Umilt) [laT. humilitas] sakuTari sazRvrebis gamacnobierebeli adamianis saqcieli. amis
magaliTia ieso (maT. 20:28; 26:39; ioan.
10:17; 13:12, Smd.; 2kor. 8:9; gal. 4:4,
Smd.; ebr. 2:17; 5:8; 12:2). igi Tavmdablobisken mouwodebs misi mowafeobis yvela msurvels (maT. 11:29; ioan.
13:15; efes. 4:1, Smd.; kol. 3:12; 1pet. 2:21,
Smd.). Tavmdablobis grZnoba adamians
acnobierebinebs, rom codvilia (luk.
5:8), ubralo monaa (luk. 17:10), sxvebze
dabla dgas (maT. 18:1, Smd.; 20:25, Smd.;
luk. 14:7, Smd.), ieso esaWiroeba (ioan.
6:57; 15:4, Smd., 16). swored amis gamo
Tavmdabloba locvis safuZvelia (Sdr.
CCC, 2559).

104
Tavmjdomare (Presidente) [laT. praesidens, awmyos mimReoba zmnisa praesidere Tavmjdomareoba] liturgiuli
TvalsazrisiT, ase moixsenieba SekrebilTa Tavmjdomare.
TavSekaveba (Temperanza) [laT. temperantia] oTx mTavar saTnoebaTagan
erT-erTi. isaa zneobrivi saTnoeba,
romelic anelebs siamovnebaTa mimzidvelobas da aniWebs adamians zomierebis
unars Seqmnil sikeTeTa moxmarebisas.
is uzrunvelyofs nebis batonobas
instinqtebze da patiosnebis CarCoebSi akavebs survilebs. TavSekavebuli
adamiani sikeTisaken mimarTavs Tavis
grZnobad mxareebs, inarCunebs jansaR
moridebulobas, ar misdevs sakuTar
instinqtsa da sakuTari gulis
survilTa damakmayofilebel Zalas
(zir. 5:2). Zvel aRTqmaSi TavSekaveba
xSirad imsaxurebs Seqebas: nu sdev
gulisTqmas da daioke survili (zir.
18:30). axal aRTqmaSi is TavSekavebad
an TavdaWerilobad aris moxseniebuli: unda vicxovroT azrianad, simarTliTa da RmrTismosaobiT (tit.
2:12) (CCC, 1809).
Talmudi (Talmud) [ebr. swavleba,
moZRvreba] II saukuneSi rabi iehudas
mier Sesrulebuli miSnas werilobiTi
ganmarteba (romelic Seicavda bibliis komentirebis rabinuli tradiciis
swavlebas). TviT miSnas komentirebisa
da gavrcobis Semdgomi tradicia Camoyalibdaamoreebad wodebuli mwignobrebis gemara. es tradicia umTavresad
palestinasa da babilonSi gavrcelda.
miSnas gemarasTan SeerTebiT Seiqmna
palestinuri da babilonuri Talmudi,

105
romelic am ori tradiciis ganviTarebas warmoadgens.
Tanaararsi (Consustanziale) [laT.
sityvidan consubstantialis, rac Targmania berZnuli sityvisa homosios
imave arsis mqone] termini Seiqmna
nikeis krebaze (325) da nikeis simbolos Semadgenel nawilad iqca (n.
sarwmunoebis simbolo) eresTan sabrZolvelad da imis dasamtkiceblad,
rom iesos igive arsi gaaCnia, rac mama
RmerTs da RmrTaebriobis imave safexurze imyofeba. erTarsobriobis igive
mtkicebuleba marTebulad miiCneva
mTeli samebisaTvis (konstantinopolis
kreba).
Tanaziareba (Intercomunione) [Sedgeba sityvebisgan inter+comunione]
sakmaod bundovani termini, romelic ekumenur garemoSi gamoiyeneba
(n. ekumenizmi). aRniSnavs saeklesio
Tanaziarebis sxvadasxva doneebs. SeiZleba aRniSnavdes: a) srul saeklesio Tanaziarebas (uflis serobaSi
Tanaziareba, yovelgvari gansxvavebis
gareSe); b) Tanawirvas (sxvagvari ziarebis msaxurTa ormxrivi daSveba evqaristiuli msaxurebis warsamarTavad);
g) TanaaRvlenas (sxvadasxva konfesiaTa
msaxurebis mier msaxurebis erTad aRvlena); d) pirobiT daSvebas (garkveuli
pirobebiT sxva konfesiaTa morwmuneebi
daiSvebian evqaristiis misaRebad; sakuTar morwmuneebsac, agreTve, eZlevaT
neba, miiRon monawileoba sxva konfesiebis mier aRsrulebul evqaristiul
msaxurebaSi); e) urTierTdaSvebas (SeTanxmeba or eklesias Soris, romlis
safuZvelzec erTi maTganis wevrebs

Tanaziareba da gaTavisufleba

evqaristiis miReba meoreSic SeuZliaT

da piriqiT). moqmed debulebaTa Tanaxmad, kaTolike eklesia sxva eklesiebTan
erTad TanaaRvlenas mxolod RmrTis
sityvis liturgiis dros aRasrulebs.
kaTolike eklesia garkveuli pirobebiT uSvebs arakaTolikeTa mier Tavis eklesiebSi evqaristiis miRebas da
uflebas aZlevs sakuTar morwmuneebs,
miiRon is sxva eklesiebSi, Tumca mxolod iq, sadac evqaristiuli msaxureba srulyofilad aRevlineba, rogorc wesi, aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi.
amJamad kaTolike eklesia Tavis morwmuneebs protestantuli evqaristiis
miRebis nebas ar rTavs. berZnul marTlmadidebel eklesias jerjerobiT
ar aqvs damyarebuli urTierTdaSvebis
urTierToba kaTolike eklesiasTan.
Tanaziareba da gaTavisufleba (Comunione e Liberazione) saeklesio
moZraoba, romlis STamagonebelia don
luiji jusani, 1954-1965 wlebSi religiis pedagogi milanis berSes liceumSi.
moZraobis pirvel ujreds studenturi axalgazrdoba (GS) ewoda da
is swrafad gavrcelda italiis mravali qalaqis studentebs Soris. 1969-70
akademiur wels universitetebSi damkvidreba daiwyo formulam Tanaziareba da gaTavisufleba (CL), rac
mcire xanSi moZraobis oficialur
saxelwodebad iqca. moZraoba xazs usvams, rom qristianoba ara filosofia
an cxovrebis gegmaa, aramed arsebiTad
movlenaa, RmrTis movlena, vinc Semodis
istoriaSi, ieso qristes pirovnebaSi,
raTa gadaarCinos adamiani. maSasadame,
qriste istoriis namdvili siaxle da
gaTavisuflebis erTaderTi saSualebaa

106

Tanalmoba

adamianisaTvis. Tavisi rwmeniT, adamiani ndobas ucxadebs am movlenas da

Tavisi ganaxlebis saSualebas aZlevs
RmerTs. garemo, romelSic, RmrTis
nebiT, istoriulad xorcieldeba adamianis xsna da gaTavisufleba, eklesiaa.
qristesa da TanamoZmeebTan Tanaziarebidan warmoiSveba misia, rogorc
sxvaTa mimarT siyvarulis niWi. moZraobas Tanaziareba da gaTavisufleba marTavs erovnuli sabWo, romelsac
sxvadasxva regionTa warmomadgenlebi,
misionerul jgufTa pasuxismgebeli
pirebi da studentTa, sauniversiteto
muSakTa da TanamSromelTa sami danayofis pasuxismgebeli pirebi Seadgenen.
aRsaniSnavia sakrebulo skola, sadac mniSvnelovani Temebis pirovnuli
da erToblivi ganxilva mimdinareobs.
moZraoba didi xania dakavebulia kooperativebis (kulturuli, sakvebi
produqtebis, sasoflo-sameurneo da
sxva), sacxovreblebis, sasadiloebis
(araadgilobrivi
studentebisTvis),
samedicino da iuridiuli konsultaciis kabinetTa mowyobiT, rac imas
adasturebs, rom qristes siaxlis
matarebel qristianul sakrebulos
socialur struqturaTa ganaxlebis
Zala Seswevs. dasasrul, RmrTis namdvili siyvarulis niSnad miiCneva moZraobis farglebSi mRvdelmsaxurebisa
da monazvnobis mowodebaTa aRmoceneba
da mozrdilTa jgufebis Camoyalibeba. es ukanasknelni Sedgeba mozrdil
adamianTagan, romlebic saero saqmianobas da samyarosTan urTierTobas
ganagrZoben, Tumca amave dros maTi
cxovreba gansazRvruli wesis Tanaxmad
warimarTeba.

Tanalmoba n. lmobiereba.
TanamakurTxebeli (Conconsacrante)
[con+consacrante is, vinc akurTxebs]
episkoposad kurTxevaSi monawile episkoposi. kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsis
Tanaxmad, aseTi episkoposi sami mainc
unda iyos (erTi mTavari da ori damxmare), Tumca sasargeblo iqneboda,
maTTan erTad episkoposad arCeulis
kurTxevaSi yvela damswre episkoposma
miiRos monawileoba (CIC, kan. 1014).
Tanamxsneli (Corredentrice) [con+redentrice] xsnis cneba gamorCeulad
qristologiuri cnebaa, romelsac
Teologebi TanafardobiTad usadageben agreTve mariamsac, riTac adamianTa
xsnaSi RmrTismSoblis Tanamonawileobis aRniSvna surT. vatikanis II krebam
(LG, Tav. VIII), Tanaxsnis nacvlad, xsnaSi TanamSromlobis cnebas mianiWa
upiratesoba.
Tanamwirveloba
(Concelebrazione)
[laT. zmnidan cum-celebrare erTad
aRvlena] ase ewodeba wirvis aRvlenas
ramdenime RmrTismsaxuris mier, romlebic Tanamwirvelebad iwodebian. amgvar
wess mudam misdevdnen aRmosavleTis
eklesiaSi, dasavleTSi ki is didi xnis
manZilze mxolod saRmrTismsaxurebo
da saepiskoposo xeldasxmaTa SemTxvevebSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. vatikanis II krebam liturgiuli ganaxlebis
farglebSi waaxalisa Tanamwirvelobis
formis damkvidreba, agreTve, sxva SemTxvevebSic, rac mRvdelmsaxurTa urTierTziarebis, qristian xalxTan maTi
Tanaziarebisa da ieso qristes erTaderT mRvdelmsaxurebaSi maTi monawileobis xazgasmas emsaxureba.

107

Teandruli/Teandrizmi

Tanxmoba
(saqorwino)
(Consenso
(matrimoniale)) [laT. sityvidan consensus, momdinareobs zmnidan consentire Tanxmobis micema] aRniSnavs mamakacisa da qalis urTierTziar nebas,
daqorwindnen. legitimurad gamoxatuli Tanxmoba qorwinebis Semadgeneli
aqtia (Sdr. CIC, kan. 1057).

masorelni) ki hqonda da xuTwigneulis rabinul gamocemebSi axlda Tan

ebraul teqsts; agreTve, babilonuri
winaswarmetyvelTa teqstis Targumi
ionaTani, VII saukunis saboloo redaqciiT da, SesaZloa, winaqristianuli
xanis palestinuri xuTwigneulis Targumi neofitTaTvis.

Targumi (Targum) [ebr. Targmani

(mravlobiTi ricxvis forma
targumim)] am terminiT aRiniSneba bibliuri teqstis Zveli arameuli Targmanebi, aRmocenebuli sinagoguri liturgiis konteqstSi, rodesac morwmuneTa
umravlesoba aRar flobda ebraul
enas. Tavdapirvelad Targumi SabaTs
da dResaswaulebze Toras da winaswarmetyvelTa nawerebis kiTxvas axlda
Tan da aucileblad zepirad sruldeboda. mTargmneli (meTurgemani) Targums warmoTqvamda Toras yoveli muxlisa da winaswarmetyvelTa teqstis
yoveli sami muxlis Semdeg. Tagmani
xSirad parafrazs an sulieri xasiaTis
ganmartebas warmoadgenda. amitomac
Targumi kargad warmoaCens bibliis
imdroindeli (qristemde bolo da
qristes Semdeg pirveli saukuneebi)
ganmartebis mraval saxasiaTo aspeqts.
Targumis warmoTqmis tradicia palestinaSi II saukuneSi Sewyda. misi ZiriTadi werilobiTi nimuSebi I-III saukuneebiT TariRdeba da moicavs mTlianad
xuTwigneuls, winaswarmetyvelebs da,
sxvadasxva epoqaSi, hagiografebs. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania: III saukuneSi babilonSi gamocemuli Targumi
saxelwodebiT
onquelosi.
xuTwigneulis es Targmani TiTqmis kanonikurad iqca, mas sakuTari masorac (n.

Tayvaniscema (Adorazione) etimologiurad [laT. ad os] aRniSnavs RmrTismosaobisa da pativiscemis niSnad xelebis tuCebTan mitanisa da Semdeg
xatis an rame wmida sagnis mimarT maTi
mipyrobis Jests. sxvadasxva religiur
gamoxatulebaTa Soris Tayvaniscema
yvelaze mkafiod asaxavs adamianis srul
damokidebulebas RmerTze, vis absolutur uzenaesobasac igi aRiarebs da
amtkicebs (morCilebis Tayvaniscema).
Tayvaniscemis sagnad SeiZleba iqces
qmnilebebic, Tumca mxolod RmerTTan
maTi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT
(mowiwebis Tayvaniscema). evqaristiuli Tayvaniscema individualuri Tu
sajaro mWvretelobiTi locvis formaa (n. ormocsaaTiani), romelic wmida
nawilebis gamobrZanebisas imarTeba.
Teandruli/Teandrizmi (Teandrico/
Teandrismo) [berZ. thes RmerTi+anr adamiani] amgvarad aRiniSneba qristes erTaderT pirovnebaSi
RmrTaebrivi bunebis adamianurTan kavSiri. zedsarTavi saxeli gamoxatavs
amgvari kavSirisa da misgan gamomdinare
Sedegis xasiaTs. magaliTad, liturgia
umaRlesi Teandruli realobaa, ramdenadac masSi eklesiis (sxeulis) mier
aRsrulebul saidumloebaTa centrSi
mudam qristea (Tavi) moqceuli.

Teatelni

Teatelni (Teatini/e) saeklesioTa ordeni, romelic avgustineseuli wesdebas efuZneba da romelic daarsebuli
1524 wels romSi, gaetano tienelis
(1547, kanonizebulia 1671 wels) da
jampiero karafas, imJamad kietis (laT.
Theate, saidanac momdinareobs ordenis saxelwodeba) episkoposis, mier.
imave wels ordeni klemente VII-m
moiwona. ordenis damaarseblebi daaxloebiT 1515 wels aRmocenebuli romis saZmos, saRmrTo siyvarulis oratoriumis, wevrebi iyvnen, romelic
RmrTismosavi cxovrebis garda, sneulTa daxmarebasac eweoda. TeatelTa ordenis wevrebi samagaliTo samRvdelmsaxurebo cxovrebas eweodnen, dakavebulni iyvnen, amave dros, samecniero
saqmianobiT da, garda amisa, Rirseul
mRvdelmsaxurebs zrdidnen. ordenidan
mravali episkoposi gamovida, romelTac wvlili Seitanes tridentis krebis
mier dasaxuli saeklesio reformis
gatarebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, sasuliero pirebTan dakavSirebiT. didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi ordeni mxolod italiaSi moqmedebda, kerZod, neapolsa da
veneciaSi, mogvianebiT misi saqmianoba
evropasa da amerikaSic gavrcelda.
dRes ordenis wevrebi afrikis kontinentzec ewevian misionerul saqmianobas. ursula beninkazas (1618) mier neapolSi 1583 wels daarsebuli ordenis
qalTa Sto (Congregazione delle oblate della Vergine Immacolata Maria)
da 1617 wels daarsebuli gandegilTa
ordeni (Congregazione delle eremite)
1623 wels papma grigol XV-m moiwona, 1633 wels isini TeatelTa ordens
SeuerTda.

108
Tebaida (Tebaide) [laT. Thebais
Tebes maxloblad mdebare mxare
(zemo egvipteSi)] qristianobis pirvel
saukuneebSi (III-IV ss.) aq mravalma gandegilma daido bina. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT termini aRniSnavs udabno,
aramyudro an Cumsa da ukacriel
adgils.
TeTri mamebi (Padri bianchi) afrikis misionerTa sazogadoebis wevrebi
(SMA). ase iwodebian maTi samoselis
TeTri feris gamo. organizacia 1868
wels kardinalma laviJerim daaarsa
afrikis gaqristianebis mizniT. TeTr
mamebTan TanamSromloben afrikis wmida mariamis misioneri debi.
Teizmi (Teismo) [berZ. thes RmerTi] meTvramete saukunidan (pirvelad
man 1678 wels, r. kadvorTis SromebSi
gamocxadda) evropis sulier istoriaSi damkvidrda Teizmis cneba, Seqmnili da SemdgomSi ganviTarebuli
qristianul religiasa da Tanamedrove
aTeizmTan,
deizmTan, panTeizmTan
mimarTebaSi. Teizmi aRniSnavs naazrevs, dafuZnebuls RmrTis arsebobis
mtkice dajerebulobaze (aTeizmis sapirispirod). es RmerTi aRiqmeba absolutur da transcendentul arsebad
(panTeizmis sawinaaRmdegod), pirovnuli da cocxalia da samyaros Seqmnis
(romelic ganimarteba, rogorc Seqmna
arafrisagancreatio ex nihilo) Semdegac ganagrZobs moqmedebas samyaroSi
(n. gangeba) da mis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs (deizmis sawinaaRmdegod).
arseboba RmrTisa, romelic moiazreba
Tavisufal, TviTaqtiur, yovlisSemZle,
yvelganmyof, yovelismcodne, keTilad

109

Teologia

da maradiulad, an, rogorc zneobriv

valdebulebaTa safuZvlad, sulad da
a.S., TeizmSi Secnobili an damtkicebuli unda iqnes gonebis daxmarebiT
(RmrTis arsebobis damadasturebeli
sabuTebi), ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos
xsnis istoriaSi RmrTis gamocxadebisaTvis Tavis arideba misi uaryofis
gareSe.

adamianuri gamocdilebis winaSe. bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli tanjvisa da ubedurebis gamocdilebasTan

RmrTis sikeTisa da yovlisSemZleobis
misadagebis sakiTxi ukavSirdeba tanjvis gansakuTrebul interpretacias
istoriul pirobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT,
ris gamoc tanjvis gamocdileba asparezs uTmobs Teologiur problemas.

Teka (Teca) [laT. thca, momdinareobs

berZnuli sityvidan thke sacavi,
kolofi] didi nakurTxi hostiis
mosaTavsebeli patara mrgvali formis WurWeli. gamoiyeneba hostiis monstranciaSi gamofenis an sneulTa saziareblad waRebis mizniT.

Teokratia (Teocrazia) [berZ. thes

RmerTi+krataZalaufleba] ioseb
flaviosis mier Seqmnili termini
Teokratia, anu RmrTis mmarTveloba, aRniSnavs saxelmwifos iseT
formas, romelSic saero da religiuri atributika Zalian mWidrodaa
urTierTdakavSirebuli. marTvis Zalaufleba uSualod RmrTisgan momdinareobs da mis mier arCeuli warmomadgenlis (mRvdelmsaxuris) mier aRsruldeba. Teokratiis damaxasiaTebeli
elementia mmarTvelis samRvdelmsaxurebo kavSiri RmrTaebriobasTan.
amgvari mmarTvelis prototipad mose
miiCneva. Sua saukuneebSi calkeulma
papebma (grigol VII, inokenti III, bonifacius VIII) RmrTis qalaqis avgustineseuli ideis safuZvelze scades
Teokratiuli idealis ganxorcieleba,
Tumca imperiis winaRmdegobis gamo
maTi mcdelobani fuWi aRmoCnda.

Teogonia (Teogonia) [berZ. thes

RmerTi da gonea dabadeba] termini aRniSnavs RmerTTa dabadebas da
momdinareobs berZeni avtoris, hesiodes (qristemde daaxl. 700 w.) amave
saxelwodebis nawarmoebidan. hesiode
RmerTebis dabadebas 1000-ze met
strofs uZRvnis da Tavis TxzulebaSi
ufro adrindel miTologiur masalasac eyrdnoba. Cveulebriv, genealogiuri xis fuZemdebelia araSeqmnili
arseba, romlisganac momdinareoben
xSirad erTmaneTTan da sakuTar SemoqmedTan konfliqtSi myofi RmrTaebrivi an naxevrad RmrTaebrivi arsebani. TeogoniasTan mWidro kavSirSia
kosmogonia (samyaros Seqmnis ambavi).
Teodicea (Teodicea) [berZ. thes
RmerTi+dke samarTali] g. v.
laibnicis mier Camoayalibebuli Teodiceis cneba aRniSnavs sikeTiTa da
yovlisSemZleobiT aRWurvili RmrTis
gamarTlebas tanjvisa da borotebis

Teologi (Teologo) [laT. theologus,

momdinareobs berZnulidan theolgos]
Teologiis swavluli. ewodeba, aseve,
Teologiis kursis Semswavlel seminariels.
Teologia (Teologia) [berZ. thes
RmerTi+lgos saubari] Teologiis (RmrTis Sesaxeb msjelobis) cneba

Teologia, ganTavisuflebis

da misi fuZidan momdinare sityvebi ar

gvxvdeba arc axal aRTqmaSi da arc
Semdgomsamociqulo mamaTa nawerebSi, aramed bibliamdel da bibliismiRma
samyaroSi, Zveli berZnuli azrovnebis
sivrceSi, sadac mas pirvelad platoni
iyenebs (politika, II, 379a). Teologiis
cnebis wmida qristianul gamoyenebas
origenem, evsebim, aTanasem da basilma
daudes dasabami. rogorc qristianuli
sarwmunoebis mecniereba, Teologia arsebiTad samecniero-meToduli gansjaa
RmrTis qristianuli rwmenis Sesaxeb,
vinc nazareveli iesos saxiT moevlina
dedamiwas. qristianuli Teologia sami
TvalsazrisiT ganixileba, rogorc: a)
orientirebuli saeklesio gancdiT; b)
danaxuli qristianuli sarwmunoebidan; g) samecniero xasiaTis mqone. mis
mier ganxilul sakiTxTa sirTulisa
da mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Teologia sxvadasxva disciplinebad
iyofa. qristianobaSi saRmrTo werilis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobidan
gamomdinare, saRmrTo werilsa da mis
damxmare mecnierebebs bibliuri Teologia Seiswavlis. istoriuli Teologia Seiswavlis qristianobis istoriis ganviTarebas sxvadasxva epoqaSi:
Tavdapirveli eklesiis aRmocenebidan
patristikis xanis CaTvliT; dasavlur
Sua saukuneebSi; reformamde da kontrreformamde; Tanamedrove qristianobas. amasTan, istoriuli Teologia Teologiisa da dogmis istorias
(kerigma; dogma), rwmenis gavrcelebas
(misia), eklesiisa da samyaros urTierTobas ikvlevs. is, rac istoriul
sibrtyeSi gadmoicema moZRvrebaSi,
eklesiis cxovrebasa da kultSi, sistemur TeologiaSi warmodgenilia sar-

110
wmunoebis ierarqiis saxiT (dogmatika), gansjis sagania da dafuZnebulia
gadmocemaSi (fundamenturi Teologia), dabolos, ganmartebulia Teoriapraqtikis damokidebulebis saxiT axali praqtikisa (zneobrivi Teologia)
da misi sazogadoebrivi efeqturobis
TvalsazrisiT (qristianuli socialuri moZRvreba). amgvarad, sistemuri
Teologia aucilebel gavlenas axdens
praqtikul, anu samwyso Teologiaze,
sadac Tematizebulia qristesagan momdinare rogorc verbaluri sakomunikacio procesi, ise xsnis gzavnilis
praqtikuli moqmedeba (liturgia,
qadageba, religiuri aRzrda da ganaTleba, diakoniuri msaxureba, qristianuli cxovrebis praqtika sxvadasxva
viTarebaSi).
Teologia, ganTavisuflebis n. ganTavisuflebis Teologia.
Teologia, konteqsturi n. konteqsturi Teologia.
Teologia, liberaluri n. liberaluri Teologia.
Teologia, uaryofiTi n. uaryofiTi
Teologia.
Teologiis Sejameba (Summa theologica) [laT. summa (moZRvrebis)
yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili, mokle
gadmocema, Sejameba] Teologiuri
moZRvrebis mTliani, yovlismomcveli
gadmocemis literaturuli forma,
romelic Sua saukuneebSi mopovebuli
codnis sistematizaciis originalur
saSualebad iqca. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia mkacrad dayofa (nawilebi, kiTx-

111
vebi, paragrafebi), romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, tipur formebadaa struqturirebuli. saukeTeso magaliTia wmida
Toma akvinelis Teologiis Sejameba
(Summa theologiae).
Teologiuri komisia, saerTaSoriso n.
saerTaSoriso Teologiuri komisia.
Teologumena (Teologumenon) [berZ.]
aRniSnavs Teologiur Sexedulebas,
romelic ar aris gamyarebuli moZRvrebis ZaliT da, maSasadame, ar aris
normatiuli. amave dros, is ar aris
mocemuli istoriuli mtkicebulebis
saxiT, aramed istoriuli faqtis Teologiur interpretacias warmoadgens.
Teomania (Teomania) [berZ. thes
RmerTi+mana sigiJe] aRniSnavs
religiuri maniis nebismier formas,
romlis gavleniTac adamiani amtkicebs, rom xilvebi an RmrTaebrivi
gamocxadebebi aqvs da RmrTis rCeulad
grZnobs Tavs.
Teopnevstia (Teopneustia) [berZ.]
aRebulia axali aRTqmidan (2 tim.
3:16) da aRniSnavs saRmrTo werilis
STagonebul xasiaTs, anu RmrTis im
qarizmul gavlenas wmida mwerlebze,
romlis ZaliTac SeiZleba vamtkicoT,
rom saRmrTo werilis avtori Tavad
RmerTia. n. STagoneba.
Teosofia (Teosofia) [berZ. thes
RmerTi+sopha sibrZne] termini
Teosofia (RmrTis Secnoba, cnoba)
amJamad moicavs rogorc qristianul,
ise araqristianul ideologiebs, romlebic Znelad exameba erTmaneTs. Tavisi
mistikuri Tu filosofiur-bunebrivi

TviTmgvemni

formiT Teosofia xSirad alqimias, astrologias da okultizms uaxlovdeba. Teosofiis mizania, saidumloebriv
kavSirTa ezoteriuli (n. ezoterizmi) codnis meSveobiT sarwmunoebis mier SemoTavazebul WeSmaritebaze aRmatebuli WeSmaritebis formis
povna. RmrTaebrivi samyaros Sesaxeb
WeSmariteba im codnis meSveobiT miiRweva, romelsac floben gandobili
adamianebi sxvadasxva religiebSi. am
codnis gadacema mxolod sakuTari
skolis farglebSi SeiZleba. qristianuli Teosofia, romelisaTvisac qriste
codnis wyaroa (kol. 2:3), gnosisisa da
neoplatonizmis elementebs Seicavs.
Teofania (Teofania) [berZ. thes
RmerTi+phinein gamoCena] termini aRniSnavs RmrTis gamovlinebas,
rac grZnobebis meSveobiT aRiqmeba.
Teofaniis Sesaxeb saubaria TiTqmis
yvela religiur gamocdilebaSi. bibliaSi tipuri Teofaniaa uflis gamocxadeba sinais mTaze (gam. 19:16, Smd.;
Sdr. fsal. 18:8-14),yvela sxva Teofaniis literaturuli nimuSi.
Teocentrizmi (Teocentrismo) [berZ.
thesRmerTi+centrizmi] eTikurreligiuri
koncefcia,
romelic
RmerTs miiCnevs realobis sawyisad da
damokidebulebaTa umTavres wyarod
nebismieri adamianuri gamovlinebisaTvis.
TviTmgvemni (Flagellanti) Sua saukuneebis moZraobaTa da ZmobaTa wevrebi,
romlebic monaniebis mizniT sajaro
gaSoltvas misdevdnen. es fenomeni
gansakuTrebiT XIII saukunis meore
naxevarSi gavrcelda, roca adamianTa

TviTmkvleloba

jgufebi qalaqebsa da soflebSi dadiodnen, sajarod iSoltavdnen sakuTar Tavs an erTmaneTs Soltavdnen
da loculobdnen. gaSoltva asketuri
wesi iyo, romelic jer kidev XI saukuneSi iyo gavrcelebuli gandegilTa
Soris. 1260 wels perujaSi gandegilma
ranieri fazanim daamkvidra es wesi,
agreTve, saeroTa Sorisac da amgvarad
daaarsa qristes TviTmgvemTa sazogadoeba (Compagnia dei Disciplinati di
Cristo, laT. disciplina wvrili drekadi wkepla).
TviTmkvleloba (Suicidio) niSnavs sakuTari Tavis mokvlas, anu sakuTari
nebiT, gacnobierebulad sikvdilis
arCevas. yoveli adamianis sicocxle
Casaxvis momentidan sikvdilamde wmidaa,
radganac adamiani wmida da cocxali
RmrTis xatebad da msgavsebad iqna
Cafiqrebuli. amitomac TviTmkvleloba
RmrTis winaSe Cadenili mZime codvaa.
amasTan, TviTmkvleloba ewinaaRmdegeba sakuTari sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da gangrZobis adamianis bunebriv midrekilebas da, amave dros,
moyvasisadmi siyvarulis Seuracxyofaa,
radgan usamarTlod wyvets naTesavTa,
TanamemamuleTa, adamianTa sazogadoebasTan arsebul kavSirebs (Sdr. CCC,
2280-2283).
TviTSezRudva (Astinenza) [laT. abstenere Sors daWera, saidanac momdinareobs abstinentia TavSekaveba,
uaris Tqma, Tavis SezRudva ramisagan] zogierTi sikeTiT sargeblobisagan droebiT an mTlianad Tavis Sekaveba ufro didi sikeTisaken swrafvis
gamo. es sityva gansakuTrebiT ixmareba

112
sakvebis zogierTi saxeobis miRebisagan an sqesobrivi urTierTobisagan
TavSekavebis aRsaniSnavad. qristianul
religiaSi TviTSezRudva moqceulia monaniebis (locva, gulmowyale
da qvelmoqmedi saqmianoba, marxva da
TavSekaveba) ufro zogad CarCoSi,
rogorc qristes msxverplSewirvaSi
Tanamonawileoba da egoistur da
grZnobad midrekilebaTa winaaRmdeg
brZolis qmediTi xerxi. kanonikuri
samarTlis wesiT (CIC, kan. 1251-1253),
TviTSezRudva episkoposTa konferenciebis mier ganisazRvreba da wesdeba
yvela adamianisaTvis 14 wlis asakidan.
italiaSi xorcisagan TavSekaveba dawesebulia didi marxvis paraskev dReebSi
da, marxvasTan erTad, nacris oTxSabaTsa da did paraskevs.
Tilisma (Talismano) etimologia ucnobia. sxvadasxva formisa da masalis
sagani, romelsac xalxuri rwmena magiur da mfarvel unarebs miawers.
Tomizmi (Tomismo) upirveles yovlisa, ase ewodeba wmida Toma akvinelis (1225-1274) mier Camoyalibebul
moZRvrebas. garda amisa, termini
aRniSnavs am moZRvrebis ganmartebasa
da gangrZobas skolebSi, romlebic
wmida Tomas naSromebs eyrdnobian.
XV-XVI saukuneebSi da Semdgom, didi
aRzevebisa da gavrcelebis periods
Tomizmis daviwyeba mohyva. moZRvreba
kvlav gaxda aqtualuri XIX saukuneSi
da dasabami misca neoTomizms.
Tora (Torah) [ebr. kanoni (mniSvnelovani miTiTeba)] Tavdapirvelad
aRniSnavda ara imdenad mkacrad gansaz-

113

Tora

Rvrul kanons, ramdenadac konkretuli saarsebo mdgomareobis Sesatyvis darigebas. yvela SemTxvevaSi, Zvel
aRTqmaSi Tora RmrTis kanonmdebel
sityvas aRniSnavda da am niSniT iqca

is bibliis pirveli xuTi wignis saxeldebad (dabadeba, gamosvla, levianelTa, ricxvni, meore rjuli), romlebic
erToblivad xuTwigneulad moixsenieba
(berZnulad pentatevqi).

iakobelni (Giacobiti) ase uwodeben iakob baradeosis (578) mimdevar
monofizit siriel qristianebs. edesis episkoposad kurTxeulma da Semdeg
gaZevebulma iakobma Seqmna marTlmorwmune ierarqiasTan dapirispirebuli
monofizituri ierarqia, akurTxebda
episkoposebs, Camoayaliba siriuli
erovnuli eklesia. marTlmorwmune
sirielebma, anu Zvelma sirielebma,
rogorc uwodebdnen sakuTar Tavs iakobis mimdevarni, mravali devna ganicades bizantiel imperatorTa, arabTa,
mongolTa, TurqTa da sxvaTa mxridan. gavrceldnen sparseTsa da somxeTSi, indoeTSi. uaryves qalkedonisa
da momdevno krebebi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom iakobelni aRiareben iesos, rogorc erTaderT WeSmarit RmerTsa da
WeSmarit adamians, masSi mxolod erT
bunebas cnoben. 1930 wels, daaxloebis xangrZliv mcdelobaTa Semdeg,
samxreT indoeTis (kerala) iakobelTa
erTi jgufi romis eklesias SeuerTda
(malankareli sirielni).
iansenizmi (Giansenismo) termini
momdinareobs
kornelius
iansenis
(aktoi, holandia, 1585
ipri, 1638,
avtori wignisa avgustine, 1640)
saxelidan. avtoris sikvdilis Sem-

deg gamoqveynebuli misi wigni iansenisturi moZraobis dasabamad iqca.

iansenizmi XVII-VXIII saukuneebis evropaSi gavrcelebuli doqtrinaluri, politikuri da saeklesio moZraobaa. mis amosaval wertilad iqca
moZRvreba madlis Sesaxeb, kerZod,
winaswargansazRvrulobis kalvinuri
xedva. madlis Sesaxeb dausrulebel
dapirispirebebSi saimedo orientirad da wyarod mudam wmida avgustine
rCeboda. avgustines mimarTavs Tavisi
elitaruli da rigoristuli zneobis
warmodgenisas iansenic, baios mowafe,
1618 wlidan luvenis universitetis
Teologiis profesori da 1636 wlidan
ipris episkoposi. naSromSi avgustine
ianseni RmrTaebrivi madlis dauZlevlobisa da pirveli codviT ganpiroebebul adamianis sisusteze saubrobs
da calkeul sakiTxebSi Zalian axlosaa eresTan. 1641 wlis 1 agvistos iansenis Sroma akrZalul wignTa nusxaSi
(indeqsi) moxvda, 1705 wels ki iansenizmis warmomadgenlebs mosTxoves
ara mxolod silentium obsequirum
(morCilebis niSnad dumili), aramed
eretikul TezisTa naTlad uaryofa.
iansenizmis sulier centrs warmoadgenda versalis maxloblad mdebare
por-roialis monasteri, romelsac

115
pativs scemda blez paskalic, vinc
iansenisturi suliskveTebiT ebrZoda
imdroindel iezuitTa kazuistur da
Semrigeblur zneobas.
iahve (Jhwh) RmrTis ebrauli saxeli,
romelic aRniSnavs me var, me viqnebi
SenTan (gam. 3:14). wmida tetragrama,
anu RmrTis saxelis oTxi Tanxmovani,
ebraul bibliaSi 6823-jer gvxvdeba. is
pirvel bibliur teqstebSia naxsenebi
(dab. 2-3), Tumca misi aRmoceneba mosesaTvis RmrTis gamocxadebis xanas
ukavSirdeba (Sdr. gam. 3:13, Smd.). wmida
tetragrama dRemde xmovanTa gareSe
iwereba: marTlac, Jhwh gamouTqmelia,
anu mas pativiscemis niSnad arasodes
warmoTqvamen. mis nacvlad warmoiTqmis
sityva adonai (=ufalo Cemo). RmrTis
saxels mxolod umaRlesi mRvdelmsaxuri warmoTqvamda weliwadSi erTxel,
kipuris dResaswaulze. misi mniSvneloba scildeba yofnis ideas, filosofiuri gagebiT, da moicavs RmrTis monawileobas israelis istoriaSi, gansakuTrebiTgamosvlaSi (=me var is,
vinc aTavisuflebs). iahves saxelidan
momdinareobs iahvisturi tradicia,
xuTwigneulis oTx wyaroTagan erTerTi. ieso Tavis Tavs uwodebs saxels
me var, ris gamoc mas mkrexelobaSi
adanaSauleben (ioan. 8:24.28.58; 13:19;
18:5.8; gamocx. 1:8).
iahves msaxuri (Servo di Jhwh) zogadi
termini, aRniSnavs yvela RmrTismosav ebraels. termini gansakuTrebiT
miemarTeba meoreesaias sagaloblebSi
(es. 40-55) aRweril pirovnebas: winaswarmetyvelebas marTali adamiansa, romelic ara mxolod itanjeba da kvde-

igavi

ba simarTlis mizeziT, aramed Tavisi

tanjviT mraval adamians ixsnis. axali
aRTqma iahves msaxurs mesiasTan da sxva
winaswarmetyvelur figurebTan aigivebs da masSi cnobs tanjul iesos da
mis mxsnel da gamomsyidvel sikvdils.
igavi (Parabola) [berZn. parabol Sedareba, msgavseba (zmnidan parabllein Sedareba)] realur Tu gamogonil faqtebze agebuli moTxroba, romlis meSveobiTac gadmoicema religiuri, zneobrivi an saero xasiaTis sxvadasxva uwyeba. igavTa meSveobiT ieso
RmrTis sasufevels acxadebs (maT. 13:34,
Smd.; mark. 4:33, Smd.). amgvari igavebia:
kldeze aSenebul saxlze (maT. 7:24,
Smd.; luk. 6:47, Smd.), mTesvelze (maT.
13:3-23; mark. 4:3-25; luk. 8:5-18), Teslis
zrdaze (mark. 4:26, Smd.), xorbalsa da
RvarZlze (maT. 13:24-30:36-43), mdogvis
marcvalze (maT. 13:31, Smd., mark. 4:30,
Smd.), margalitze (maT. 13:45), zRvaSi
gadagdebul badeze (maT. 13:47-51), saxlis patronze (maT. 13:52), or movaleze
(luk. 7:41-43), gulmowyale samarielze (luk. 10:25-37), SuaRames mosul
megobarze (luk. 11:5, Smd.), leRvis xeze
(luk. 13:6, Smd.), koSkis aSenebaze (luk.
14:28, Smd.), umadur monaze (maT. 18:2335), gzaabneul cxvarze (maT. 18:12; luk.
15:4), dakargul draqmaze (luk. 15:8),
Secdomil Zeze (luk. 15:11-32), orgul
mneze (luk. 16:1-13), mdidarsa da lazareze (luk. 16:19-31), Seupovar qvrivze
(luk. 18:1-8), farisevelsa da mebaJeze
(luk. 18:9-14), venaxis muSebze (maT.
20:1-16), or Zeze (maT. 21:28-31), borot
miwismuSakebze (maT. 21:33-41; mark. 12:112; luk. 20:9-19), saqorwilo nadimze
(maT. 22:1-14; luk. 14:16-24), erTgul

116

igavni

monaze (maT. 24:45-51; luk. 12:42 Smd.),

aT qalwulze (maT. 25:1-13), talantebze (maT. 25:14-30; luk. 19:12-27).
igavni (Proverbi, libro di) Zveli aRTqmis wigni. yvelaze vrclad warmoadgens israelis sibrZnes da daaxloebiT xuTi saukunis amsaxvel masalas
moicavs (qristemde X-V saukuneebi).
wigni sxvadasxva avtorisa da epoqis
igavTa cxra wyebisagan Sedgeba. miuxedavad saTaurisasolomonis igavebi (igav. 1:1), israelis brZen mefes
umTavresad igavTa or ZiriTad wyebasII-sa da IV-s miaweren, romelTa
irgvlivacaa
dajgufebuli
ufro
mcire wyebani. wignSi Tavmoyrili gamonaTqvamebis udidesi nawili marTlac
igavur-andazur Tqmebs warmoadgens:
esaa mokle maqsimebi, Sedgenili gariTmuli ori muxlisagan (ortaepedi),
romelTac rame xati an Sedareba udevs
safuZvlad. igav-andaza asaxavs adamianis gamocdilebas, cxovrebiseul
viTarebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom ebrauli
sityva maSal, gadmoTargmnili rogorc igavi, Sinaarsobrivad ufro
vcelia da aRniSnavs igavs, alegorias,
satiras da zne-CveulebaTa suraTs.
wignis mTavari ganwyoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc mSvidi optimizmi,
im TvalsazrisiT, rom adamiani masSi
asaxulia iseT viTarebaSi, sadac mas
SesaZlebloba eZleva, cxovrebiseuli
warmatebis misaRwevad saWiro arCevani
gaakeTos da swori gadawyvetileba miiRos. adamiani Tavadaa sakuTar Tavze
pasuxismgebeli. gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania pirveli nawili (TT. 1-9),
romelic wignis erTgvar vrcel Sesavlad SeiZleba miviCnioT. am nawilSi

avtori gvTavazobs sibrZnis simbolur

gansaxierebas, romelic mkiTxvels Tavis
saswavlebelSi iwvevs da Tavs acnobs
samyarosa da adamianis sicocxlis gasaRebTa mpyroblad, radgan RmrTisganaa
da Seqmnis Jams Suamavlisa da gamgeblis
rols asrulebda. am sibrZnis erTaderTi survilia, rom adamianma miiRos
is, Tumca misTvis samecniero xasiaTis
miTiTebaTa micema ki ar surs, aramed
misi mimarTva im realobis Sesacnobad
da gasaazreblad, romelSic adamiani
cxovrobs, ise, rom man am realobaSi
RmerTTan Sexvedra SeZlos: radgan
Cemma mpovnelma sicocxle hpova da
wyaloba miiRo uflisgan (igav. 8:35).
iezekieli (ezekieli)
etyvelTa wignebi.

n.

winaswarm-

iezuitebi (Gesuiti) espanel inigo (egnate) di loiolas mier daaarsebuli

iesos sazogadoebis wevrebi, romelic
1540 wels pavle III-m daamtkica (Compaga de Jess; dRes oficialurad
ewodeba Societas Jesu, SJ). inigo (egnate) lopes de loiolam (1491-1556)
manrezaSi (1522-1523) daWrisa da moqcevis Semdeg saero cxovrebis mitoveba da eklesiisa da saxarebis samsaxurSi Cadgoma gadawyvita. parizSi,
sadac igi filosofiasa da Teologias
eufleboda (1528-1535), eqvsi megobari
Semoikriba (romelTa Sorisac iyvnen
franciske saverio, pietro faberi
da diego lainesi) da maTTan erTad
dado siRatakis, ubiwoebis, wmida miwaze misioneruli saqmianobisa da papisadmi gansakuTrebuli morCilebis
aRTqma. amgvarad Seiqmna momavali
iesos sazogadoebis sawyisi ujredi.

117
1539 wlis dokumentSi Prima formula instituti mociqulobis konkretul
miznebad dasaxelebulia: qadageba, sulieri wvrTnani, gulmowyale saqmianoba, swavleba da sulebze zrunva,
kerZod, aRmsarebelTa rolSi. rogorc
swavlebis gamavrceleblebi, iezuitebi
swrafad iqcnen kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis yvelaze gavlenian damcvelebad
protestantuli reformisa da kontrreformis xanaSi. qristianuli ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT am ZiriTadi
moRvaweobis garda (romelic umTavresad universitetebsa da umaRles
skolebSimetwilad, ordenis kolegiumebSimimdinareobda),
ordenis arsebobis istoriaSi iezuitebma
mraval sxva sferoSic iTamaSes mniSvnelovani roli. isini iyvnen, magaliTad, sulieri xelmZRvanelebi, didgvarovanTa aRmsarebelni, misionerebi
warmarTTa Soris da swavlulebi.
saukuneTa manZilze araerTi braldeba wauyenes calkeul iezuitebsa da
mTlianad ordens, romelic klemente
XIV-m, franguli monarqiis zewolis
Sedegad, 1773 wels gaauqma. 1814 wels
pius VII-m ordeni xelaxla aRadgina.
sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebaTa
mimarT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare
ordenis wevrebi dRes axal saeklesio
mimarTulebaTa gansazRvris, arakaTolike samyarosa da aTeizmTan dialogisa da politikur-socialur valdebulebaTa mimarTulebebiT moRvaweoben.
ierarqia (Gerarchia) [berZ. hier wmida+arch Zalaufleba] miRebuli
xeldasxmis saidumlos ZaliT saRmrTo
Zalauflebis matarebel pirovnebaTa
erToblioba. es Zalaufleba xor-

ieronimelni

cieldeba msaxurebis sxvadasxva saxeTa

meSveobiT, rogorc mTeli eklesiis sasargeblod mimarTuli moRvaweoba.
ieratika (Ieratico) [berZ. hieratiks, nawarmoebia sityvidan hiersthai kultisadmi miZRvnili, Semdeg
laT. hieraticus samRvdelmsaxurebo,
wmida] termini aRniSnavs yovelive
sazeimosa da zeSTagonebuli xasiaTisas (figura, damokidebuleba da sxv.).
aseve ewodeba egvipturi ieroglifebis
gamartivebul damwerlobas, romelic
Cveulebrivad gamoiyeneboda qristes
Sobamde VII saukunemde, demotikuri
damwerlobis SemoRebis Semdeg ki mas
mxolod papirusze religiur teqstTa
Sesasruleblad mimarTavdnen.
ieremia n. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.
ieremias godeba n. godeba.
ierokratia (Ierocrazia) [berZ. hiers
wmida+krata, sityvidan krtos Zalaufleba, mbrZanebloba] politikuri wyobileba, romelSic politikur Zalauflebas mRvdelmsaxurTa
fena flobs.
ieronimelni (Gerolamiti/Geronimiti)
religiuri kongregaciis wevrebi, romlis saxelwodeba wmida ieronimes saxelidan momdinareobs. misdeven avgustineseul wesdebas, romelic maTi gaerTianebis damaarseblis, wmida ieronimes
nawerebidan aRebuli danarTebiTaa
Sevsebuli. maTi mTavari saqmianoba
sulebze zrunva da samecniero kvleva
iyo. Tavdapirvelad ieronimelTa oTxi
kongregacia arsebobda. sawyis birTvs
saxelwodebiT wmida ieronimes espan-

ierofanti

eli gandegilebi Seadgendnen franciskelTa mesame ordenis italieli

gandegilebi, romlebic toledos maxloblad, lupianas monasterSi cxovrobdnen. es gaerTianeba pietro fernandes pekam Camoayaliba, 1373 wels is
papma grigol XI-m scno ordenad. 1375
wels, maria garsias TaosnobiT, aRmocenda ieronimelTa ordenis monazon qalTa Stoc, romelic ZiriTadad
espaneTSi gavrcelda.
ierofanti (Ierofante) [berZ. hiers
wmida + phntes (zmnidan phainein) Cveneba: is, vinc wmida sagnebs
aCvenebs] antikur saberZneTSi umaRlesi mRvdelmsaxuri, romelic elevsinis misteriebs warmarTavda. SemdgomSi
saxeli gavrcelda nebismieri religiuri seqtis mTavar mRvdelmsaxursa Tu
msaxurze.
ierusalemis taZari (Tempio di Gerusalemme) ebrauli religiis centri,
Cafiqrebuli daviTis (2mef. 7:1, Smd.; 3
mef. 5:27, Smd.) da agebuli solomonis mier (3 mef. 6; 2neSt. 3) im adgilas, sadac dRes omarisa da al-aqsas
meCeTebi mdebareobs. 586 wels taZari
nabuqodonosorma daangria (2 neSt.
36:19), gandevnis Semdeg ki zorobabelma (520-515) aRadgina,ufro mcire
zomisa (gam. 3:7-4:4; 5:1, Smd.; ang. 2:2-9).
Semdeg taZars iuda makabelma Cautara
sarestavracio samuSaoebi da akurTxebina (1 mak. 4:49). qristemde 20 wels
herode didma taZars didebuli rekonstruqcia Cautara (ioan. 2:20), xolo
qristes Sobidan 70 wels ki taZari
sabolood
daangries
romaelebma

118
(Sdr. maT. 24:1, Smd.; mark. 13:1, Smd.;
luk. 19:44; 21:5, Smd.; ioan. 2:19, Smd.;
11:48). taZrisagan dReisaTvis mxolod
dasavleTis, godebis kedlis saxeliT
cnobili naSTiRa darCa. ierusalemis taZari moicavda atriums da sam
ezos, sakurTxevels (nelsacxebelTa
sakurTxevliT, arsobis purTa magidiTa
da SandlebiT) da wmidaTa wmidas (sadac moTavsebuli iyo aRTqmis kidobani). taZari miCneuli iyo RmrTis
saxlad (3 mef. 5:19; 8:20; 2 ezr.6:1, Smd.;
ioan. 2:16; 1tim. 3:15), salocav adgilad
(3 mef. 8:29; 9:3; es. 56:7; maT. 21:13; mark.
11:17; luk. 19:46). taZrad iqna miyvanili ieso (luk. 2:22, Smd.); iq ipoves
igi Semdeg mSoblebma (luk. 2:46); igi
aq aswavlida (luk. 19:47; 21:37; 22:53;
ioan. 8:2; 18:20); am taZridan gandevna
man movaWreni (Sdr. mal. 3:1, Smd.; maT.
21:12, Smd; ioan. 2:14, Smd.); man iwinaswarmetyvela misi dangreva, xolo axal
taZrad ki sakuTari sxeuli daasaxela
(ioan. 2:19, Smd.).
ieso naves Zis wigni (Giosue, libro di)
wignis saxelwodeba momdinareobs misi
mTavari gmiris, ieso naves Zis saxelidan, romelic niSnavs iahve ixsnis. igi
moses memkvidrea, vinc israeli xalxi
aRTqmul miwaze miiyvana. qristianul
kanonSi ieso naves Zis wigni miCneulia pirvel istoriul wignad, ebraul
kanonSi ki Zvel winaswarmetyvelTa
pirvel wignad. nawarmoebi sam nawilad
iyofa. pirveli nawili (ieso 1-12) israelTa qanaanSi Sesvlisa da maT pirvel
dapyrobaTa Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, meore
nawili (13-21) aRwers qanaanis teritoriul dayofas israelis 12 toms

119
Soris, mesame nawili (22-24) ki epilogis funqcias asrulebs. masSi aRwerilia ieso naves Zis daskvniTi sityva
da Seqemis didi Tavyriloba, romlis
drosac tomebma erTmaneTTan religiuri SeTanxmeba dades. dRevandeli
saxis miRebamde wignma Camoyalibebis
xangrZlivi da rTuli procesi gaiara,
saboloo forma man qristianuli xanis
dadgomamde mcire xniT adre miiRo.
iesos patara debi n. iesos patara Zmebi.
iesos patara Zmebi (Piccoli fratelli di
Ges) 1933 wels frangi mRvdelmsaxuris, rene vualomis mier el abiodsidi-SeixSi
(sahara)
daarsebuli
sazogadoeba, romelic Tavis damfuZneblad Sarl fukos (1916) miiCnevs. 1968 wels sazogadoeba pavle VI-m
daamtkica, rogorc saero instituti.
misi wevrebi cxovroben patar-patara
jgufebad (3-5 Zma), gare samyarosagan izolaciis gareSe, gansakuTrebiT
gasaeroebul garemoSi da maT saero
profesiebi aqvT. isini aqtiur cxovrebasa da mWvretelobas uTavseben erTmaneTs da saxarebis qadagebas isaxaven
miznad, umTavresad, Zireulad qristianuli cxovrebis magaliTis meSveobiT (Zmoba, siRatake). dRes iesos
patara ZmaTa organizacia 200-ze met
wevrs aerTianebs. 1939 wels tugurtSi
(sahara) aRmocenebuli iesos patara
daTa sazogadoeba 1947 wels iqca kongregaciad episkoposis mmarTvelobaSi,
1964 wels ki papis mier iqna damtkicebuli. dReisaTvis kongregaciis wevri
daaxloebiT 1000 qali mravali qveynis
200-ze met sazogadoebaSi moRvaweobs.

ieso qriste

iesos sazogadoeba n. iezuitebi.

ieso qriste (Ges Cristo) [berZn.
Jess, momdinareobs ebraulidan Jesa,
rac Semoklebuli formaa saxelisa
Jehosua: iahve xsnaa; qalwul mariamis mier Sobil Cvils ieso ewoda,
vinaidan igi ixsnis Tavis xalxs maTi
codvebisagan (maT. 1:21), xolo saxeli
qriste momdinareobs berZnulidan
christs, rac aris Targmani ebrauli
sityvisa mashiah (mesia) cxebuli,
kurTxeuli] saxeli ieso qriste
sarwmunoebis yvelaze mokle da Rrma
formulaa, radganac aRniSnavs erTsa
da imave dros, rom ieso qriste WeSmariti RmerTi da WeSmariti adamiania.
mama RmrTis mxolodSobili Ze, samebis
meore pirovneba, RmrTis mier dadgenil dros gankacda, raTa mTeli kacobrioba exsna. ieso iudeaSi, beTlemSi
daibada qristianul welTaRricxvamde
6 wels (monazonma dionise mcirem
iesos dabadebis TariRis gamoTvlisas Secdoma dauSva da eqvswliani
cdomileba miiRo: dionisem iesos
dabadebis welad romis daarsebidan 754
weli miiCnia, nacvlad 748 wlisa, rac
sinamdviles Seesabameba). daaxloebiT
30 weli iesom galileis qalaq nazareTSi icxovra (dafaruli cxovreba),
sicocxlis ukanaskneli sami weli ki
israeli xalxisTvis sasixarulo cnobis
gamocxadebas miuZRvna. ieso qristes
cxovrebis am periodis, misi uwyebisa
da mis qmedebaTa Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs
maTes, markozis, lukasa da ioanes saxarebebi. Tavisi qadageba iesom daiwyo
uwyebiT: aRsrulda Jami da moaxlovda RmrTis sasufeveli. moinanieT da

ieso qristes cdunebani

iwameT saxareba (mark. 1:15). palestinis miwaze gamoTqmuli iesos es uwyeba

sinamdvileSi dedamiwis yvela droSi
mcxovreb TiToeul adamians mimarTavs,
uwinaresadgaWirvebulT, tanjulT,
gariyulT (Sdr. netarebani, maT. 5:1-11).
ieso sinais mTis Zveli kanonis gauqmebas ki ar isaxavs miznad, aramed mis
aRsrulebas imgvari srulyofilebiT,
rom am kanonis Zireuli arsi warmoCndes da cdomilebani gamoswordes
(Sdr. CCC, 592), rac SesaZlebels
gaxdis RmrTisa da moyvasisadmi siyvarulis mcnebis gancdas. Tanamedroveebma
ver gauges iesos, mas Tavisive xalxis
sulieri moZRvrebi daupirispirdnen.
Tormeti mociqulidan erTi-erTis,
iudas, mier gacemul iesos jvarze
sikvdili miusajes. swored mama RmrTisadmi jvarcmiT sikvdilamde (fil.
2:8) siyvarulis morCilebis meSveobiT
asrulebs ieso qriste Tavis mxsnel misias mTeli kacobriobis sasargeblod.
RmrTis Zlevamosilebis meSveobiT ieso
qriste mkvdreTiT aRdgeba (rasac misi
mowafeebi adastureben) da Tavs aRwevs
sikvdils. amave dros, igi sabolood
axorcielebs xsnis qmedebas da iqceva
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis sawyisad yoveli
adamianisTvis, visac misi swams. ieso
qristes misias agrZelebs misi sityvebiTa da qmedebebiT daarsebuli da
suli wmidis gardamosvliT xsnis saidumlod movlenili eklesia, romelic
saxarebas uqadagebs yvela adamians da
RmrTisa da adamianTa Tanaziarebis
niSnad da saSualebad warmogvidgeba
(Sdr. CCC, 778-780).
ieso qristes cdunebani (Tentazioni
di Ges Cristo) saxarebebSi aRwerilia

120
qristes mier udabnoSi gatarebuli
martoobis periodi, romlis Semdegac
satanam samjer scada misi cduneba da
RmrTisadmi misi Svilobrivi grZnobis gamocda (maT. 4:1-11; mark. 1:12-13;
luk. 4:1-13). ieso ukuagdebs cdunebebs da warmogvidgeba, rogorc axali adami, RmrTis msaxuri, yoveliveSi
mama RmrTis morCili da eSmakisa da
borotebis dammarcxebeli (Sdr. CCC,
538-540).
iehovas mowmeebi (Testimoni di Geova) seqta XIX saukuneSi, adventistTa
daqsaqsvis Sedegad aRmocenda, romlebic 1844 wlisaTvis elodnen qristes
meored mosvlas. mravali molodinisa
da imedgacruebis Semdeg amerikelma
k. t. raselma (1852-1916) Tavad ikisra
jgufis xelmZRvaneloba da is bibliis
SemswavlelTa jgufad aqcia. misi memkvidre gaxda franklin raterfordi,
romelmac pirveli erovnuli yriloba
moiwvia da samyaros aRsasrulis axali
TariRi daasaxela: ganacxada, rom didi
daskvniTi brZola
armagedoni1925
wels gaimarTeboda da es gamocxadebis
16:16 muxlis Tanaxmad samyaros aRsasruli iqneboda. sinamdvileSi msgavsi
araferi momxdara. raterfodis sikvdilis Semdeg 1942 wels mis memkvidred
airCies naTan nori (1977), romelmac
axali biZgi misca moZraobas, umTavresad wignebisa da Jurnalebis farTo
gavrcelebis meSveobiT. Jurnalebidan
aRsaniSnavia gaiRviZeT! da saguSago
koSki. dRes moZraobas aqvs 35 stamba,
romelTagan udidesi bruklinSi mdebareobs da msoflios 80 sxvadasxva
enaze beWdavs teqstebs. gamodis ori
yovelkvireuli Jurnali, romelTa

121
tiraJi 500 milions scildeba. noris
xelmZRvanelobiT iTargmna biblia da
es Targmani, saxelwodebiT saRmrTo
werilis axali samyaros Targmani
mimdevarTa Soris saRmrTo werilis
erTaderT kanonier versiad miiCneva.
1985 wels msoflios 205 qveyanaSi
daaxloebiT sami milioni iehovas mowme
arsebobda. maTi raodenobis mixedviT,
evropaSi pirveloba italias ekuTvnis,
sadac 1985 wels seqtis 123.500 mimdevari cxovrobda, 1990 wels ki250.000.
dasavleTis qveynebSi seqtis mimdevarTa
cxovreba ar aris martivi. amis mizezia
rogorc maTi gadaWarbebuli, fanatikuri mondomeba prozelitTa moZiebisas, ise samxedro samsaxursa da sisxlis
gadasxmaze uaris Tqma, rac xSirad maT
problemebs uqmnis marTlmsajulebasTan. moZRvreba, romelsac iehovas
mowmeebi misdeven, gamoricxavs kamaTs
da, maTi koncepciis Tanaxmad, pirdapir
bibliidan aris aRebuli. seqtaSi umTavresad samebas uaryofen, radganac,
maTi azriT, is bibliidan ar momdinareobs: suli wmida ara pirovneba,
aramed mxolod Zalaa, romlis meSveobiTac iehova (adonai) moqmedebs.
RmerTi erTaderTia, ieso yvelaze
srulyofili figuraa, Tumca
ara
RmerTi. seqtis mimdevarni sastikad
upirispirdebian, zogadad, yvela eklesias, gansakuTrebiT ki
kaTolike
eklesias. roca dadgeba JamTa aRsasruli, romelic mudam gardauvalad
ganixileba, maSin ie|hova arafridan xelaxla Seqmnis wmida kacobriobas da
rCeulni,is 144.000, romelTa Sesaxebac gamocxadebaSia saubari,bednier
cxovrebas ixilaven. garda amisa, iqneba
uamravi xsnili, vinc 1000 wels icocx-

ivdiTis wigni

lebs mSvidobiT. sxvebi ki, borotni,

sikvdilis Semdeg ganadgurdebian da
aRar aRdgebian. seqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Zalian susti kulti, kargad
Camoyalibebuli struqtura da mkacri
zneoba: iehovas mimdevari valdebulia, gaavrcelos moZRvreba sityviTa
da nabeWdi produqciis gavrcelebiT,
rac kardakar siarulisa da doqtrinizaciis saxes atarebs. es meToduri
procesi zedmiwevniTaa momzadebuli
da uSreti mondomebiT xorcieldeba.
iehovas mowmeebs mravali akrZalva
aqvT: isini ar misdeven sports, ar
nadiroben da ar Tevzaoben, eridebian
saero musikasa da garTobas, ar ewevian
Tambaqos. maTi Tavisufali dro mTlianad unda moxmardes Sesabamisi saxelmZRvaneloebisa da bibliis kiTxvas.
ivdiTis wigni (Giuditta, libro di) Zveli aRTqmis meoradkanonikuri wigni,
romlis saxelwodebac mTavari moqmedi
gmiri qalisivdiTis saxelidan momdinareobs, romelic gasaocari xerxiT
SeZlo iudeisa da wmida qalaqis gaTavisufleba RmrTis moqiSpe mzakvari
mtrisgan. wigni sam nawiladaa dayofili. pirvel nawilSi (ivd. 1-3) vecnobiT safrTxes, romelic mtrulad
ganwyobili mefe nabuqodonosoris
samsaxurSi myofi asiriuli jarisgan
emuqreba iudeis xalxs. wignis meore
nawili (4-8) aRwers iudevelTa Cagvras,
romelnic, sabolood Zalagamoclilni, qalaqis Cabarebas iTxoven. magram
ivdiTi winaaRmdegobis gagrZelebisaken
mouwodebs maT. mesame nawilSi (9-16)
ivdiTis gabeduli saqcielis Sedegad
miRweuli gamarjvebaa aRwerili: is
motyuebiT axerxebs Tavi mohkveTos

ilemorfizmi/ilemorfuli

mtris laSqris meTaurs, oloferns.

monaTxrobi cxadad gviCvenebs, Tu rogor exmareba RmerTi morCilebsa da
upovarT. RmerTi maT argunebs gamarjvebas, visac yovelgvari imedi hqonda
gadawuruli. es SesaniSnavi nawarmoebi
makabelTa periodSi daiwera, daaxloebiT qristes Sobamde II saukunis SuawlebSi.
ilemorfizmi/ilemorfuli (Ilemorfismo/Illemorfico) [berZ. hyl materia
da morph forma] sqolastikaSi
ganviTarebuli aristoteluri warmoSobis swavleba, romlis Tanaxmadac,
sasruli konkretuli sagnebi, gansakuTrebiT kisxeulebrivi sagnebi,
ori sawyisismateriisa da formisganSedgenilad aRiqmeba.
iluminatebi (Illuminati) qristianobis sawyis periodSi terminiT naTelmosilni, monaTlulni, naTelRebulni aRniSnavdnen axalmonaTlulebs, radganac isini qristes naTels
iRebdnen naTlobiT (berZ. photismnoi). SemdgomSi ase ewodebodaT
ezoterikul gaerTianebebs pirebisa,
romlebic RmerTTan maTi mistikuri
kavSiridan gamomdinare gasxivosnebiT
moculebad miiCnevdnen Tavs. aseTebi
iyvnen Tavisufali sulis debi da Zmebi
protestantebTan da espaneli alumbrados kaTolikeTa Soris. inkvizicia
devnida rogorc am ukanasknelT, ise
italiel kvietistebs (n. kvietizmi),
radganac isini sakuTari Seucdomlobis aRiarebis pretenzias acxadebdnen
da ganmartavdnen, rom maTi zneobrivad umarTebulo saqcieli RmrTis
mier iyo nebadarTuli, rogorc eSma-

122
kis arsebobis damadasturebeli sabuTi.
1776 wels vaishauptis mier (1748-1830)
ingolStadtSi daarsebuli bavarieli
iluminatebi ki religiis bunebriv
koncefcias eyrdnobodnen da politikur miswrafebaTa mqone masonuri
tipis (n. masonoba) saidumlo organizacias warmoadgendnen. vaishauptis
mizani iyo, rom principebi da erebi
mSvidobianad gamqraliyvnen dedamiwis
zurgidan da kacTa modgma erT dRes
erT ojaxad, xolo samyaroracionalur adamianTa samyofelad qceuliyo. am seqtis wevri iyo mravali gamoCenili pirovneba, magaliTad, goeTe,
mocarti, herderi.
imamelni (imamiti) SiitTa Sto, ewodebaT, agreTve, Siitebi TormetTagani. isini ar eTanxmebian imamis arCeviTobas da kanonier imamebad miiCneven
mxolod alisa da fatimas mamrobiTi
sqesis memkvidreebs,vinc, maTi azriT, Tormetni arian. meTormete imamis (XI saukunis bolo) gauCinarebis
Semdeg samyaro uwesrigobaSi Caeflo,
romlisgan Tavis daRwevasac mxolod
meTormete imamis dabrunebis Semdeg
moaxerxebs, rac samyaros dasasrulamde
moxdeba. XVI saukunidan imamizmi iranis saxelmwifo religiaa da upiratesobiT sargeblobs yvela sxva religiur jgufebTan SedarebiT.
imami (Imam) [arab. fuZe mm raime
adgilisken wasvla, niSnavs winamZRols, gzamkvlevs] islamSi aRniSnavs: a) pirs, romelic morwmuneebs
locvaSi uZRveba da karnaxobs moqmedebebs; b) sakrebulos meTaurs.
sunitebisTvis amgvari meTauria xal-

123
ifa, xolo SiitTa meTauri muhamadis
ojaxs unda ekuTvnodes. imami SeiZleba
ewodos, agreTve, islamuri iuridiuli
da politikuri skolis xelmZRvanels
an gamoCenil moRvawes mecnierebis an
literaturis dargSi. gamorCeulad
aRniSnavs islamis oTxi marTlmorwmune iuridiuli wesis damfuZneblebs.
imedi (Speranza) [gvianlaT. sperantia (zmnidan sperare imedis qona)]
Teologiuri saTnoeba, romlis ZaliTac caTa sasufeveli da maradiuli
sicocxle bednierebad miiCneva (da
swrafvis sagania) morwmunisaTvis, vinc
Tavis sarwmunoebas qristes danapirebs
miandobs, da igi ara sakuTar Zalebs,
aramed suli wmidis Sewevnasa da madls
eyrdnoba. imedis saTnoeba yoveli adamianis gulSi arsebul bednierebisaken swrafvas Seesabameba. is warmarTavs da ganwmeds adamianis qmedebaTa
STamagonebel molodinebs, icavs adamians sasowarkveTisa da egoizmisagan.
qristes netarebaTa Soris gamocxadebuli imedi (maT. 5-7) aris adamianis
cxovrebis Ruza, sando da mtkice,
romelic aRwevs iq, sadac winamorbedad Sevida ieso (ebr. 6:19-20; Sdr.
CCC, 1817-1821).
inkardinacia (Incardinazione) [gvianlaT. incardinare anjamebze damagreba] termini aRniSnavs sasuliero piris
mikuTvnebas an calkeuli eklesiis (n.
diocezi), an piradi prelaturis, an
RmrTivSewiruli cxovrebis istituciis, an sazogadoebisadmi, romelsac
inkardinaciis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia
(CIC, kan. 265). dauSvebelia sasuliero piri inkardinaciis gareSe iyos.

indulgencia

indulgencia (Indulgenze) [laT. indulgentia] codvaTa gamo RmrTis winaSe

amqveyniuri sasjelis Sendoba danaSaulis Sesatyvisad. saTanadod ganwyobili morwmune, Sesabamisi pirobebiT,
Sendobas iRebs eklesiis Carevis meSveobiT, romelic, rogorc gamosyidvis
aRmsrulebeli, avtoritetulad ganagebs da iyenebs qristeseuli da wmidanebis gamosyidvis saganZurs (CIC,
kan. 992). indulgencia eklesiis mxridan
wmidadyofis movaleobis gamoxatulebaa. is SeiZleba iyos sruli an nawilobrivi, imis mixedviT, mTlianad Tu
nawilobriv amarTlebs im amqveyniuri
sasjelisagan, rac Cadenili codvis
gamo ekisreba adamians (CIC, kan. 993).
TiToeul morwmunes SeuZlia, miiRos
TavisTvis an moipovos gardacvlilTaTvis, vedrebis meSveobiT, sruli an
nawilobrivi indulgencia (CIC, 994).
qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi mZime
codvebisTvis, rogorebicaa mkvleloba,
colqmruli Ralati da gandgoma, eklesia mkacr sajaro monaniebas awesebda.
droTa ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebeli gaxda
amgvar monaniebaTa Secvla keTili saqmeebiT. SemdgomSi monaniebis valdebulebisgan gasaTavisufleblad. indulgenciebi sazogado sasargeblo Sromas
moicavda, magaliTad, eklesiaTa mSeneblobasa da jvarosnul laSqrobebSi
monawileobas. XIV da XV saukuneebSi
indulgenciaTa komercializaciam (maTi
gayidva Sewirulobis sanaclod da
Sesatyvisi qviTris gacema) luTeris
sastiki protesti gamoiwvia. sakiTxis
mowesrigebis mizniT papma leon X-m
(Cum postquam, 1518) da tridentis
krebam (Decretum de indulgentiis, 1563)
saTanado zomebi miiRes.

indultumi

indultumi (indulto) [gvianlaT. indultum, nawarmoebia zmnidan indulgere

lmobierad mopyroba] droebiTi an
mudmivi ganTavisufleba kanonikuri
normis Sesrulebisagan kompetenturi
saeklesio xelisuflis mier.
investitura (Investiture, lotta delle)
ase ewodeba politikur da religiur
dapirispirebas, romelic arsebobda
XI-XIII saukuneebSi papis instituciasa
da imperias Soris saeklesio TanamdebobebTan dakavSirebiT. qristianobis
pirvel saukuneebSi episkoposebs sasuliero pirebi irCevdnen, morwmuneTa
sakrebulosTan erTad. barbarosTa Semosevebis periodSi samefo xelisuflebam aqtiuri Careva daiwyo episkoposTa
arCevis procesSi. viTareba garTulda
oton I-is dros, romelmac feodaluri
sazogadoebis daqucmacebis Tavidan
asacileblad episkopos-mTavris figura daamkvidra. episkoposobis miniWeba
investituris ceremoniis meSveobiT
xdeboda. mefe warmoTqvamda frazas:
Accipe Ecclesiam (aiRe eklesia),
rCeuls gadascemda kverTxs da, XI saukunidan, agreTve, beWedsac. saeklesio
saqmeebSi saero xelisuflebis Careva
erTgvarad gamarTlebuli iyo imperatorTa interesiT, papis institucia
Zlevamosil aristokratiul ojaxTa
gavlenisgan gaeTavisuflebinaT. 962
wlidan oton I (Privilegium Othonis)
papis arCevnebSic eroda: man gamosca
brZanebuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac axlad arCeul paps imperatoris dasturi
unda mieRo da misi erTgulebis fici
unda daedo. sutris krebaze (1046) ki
hainrix III-m imperators papis pirdapir arCevis ufleba daumtkica. Sede-

124
gad papis instituti daaxloebiT erTi
saukunis ganmavlobaSi imperatorTa
uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda. 1059 wlis krebam, reformatorTa
erTi jgufis (maT Soris iyo hildebrand sovaneli, momavali papi grigol
VII) moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, papis arCevis ufleba mxolod kardinalebs mianiWa da romelime saero xelisuflisagan nebismieri saeklesio
Rirsebis investituris miReba akrZala.
amgvarad, eklesias kvlav daubrunda
Tavisufleba. grigol VII-m arCevisTanave, 1075 wels romis krebas ukanonod
gamoacxadebina saero xelisuflebis
mier gacemuli investiturebi. ocdaeqvsma episkoposma uari Tqva politikuri Zalauflebis daTmobaze da
1076 wels vormsSi papi grigol VII
gadayenebulad gamoacxada. papis pasuxi
qmediTi da drouli iyo: man gankveTa
imperatori hainrix IV, taxti waarTva
mas da qveSevrdomni imperatorisadmi
erTgulebis ficisagan gaaTavisufla.
1077 wels kanosaSi papsa da imperators
Soris gamarTulma Sexvedram bolo
ver mouRo dapirispirebebs. SeTanxmebis miRweva 1122 wels moxerxda, pap
kalisTe II-sa da imperator hainrix V-s
Soris. maTi SeTanxmeba vormsis konkordatis saxeliTaa cnobili da masSi
gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisgan episkoposTa arCeva (rac sasuliero pirTa
da diocezis sakrebulos prerogativa
iyo) da investitura, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, iyofoda saeklesiodsulieri
ZalauflebisaTvis, da saeroddroebiTi mmarTvelobisa da qonebis marTvis mizniT (regalia an temporalia). papi
mxolod germaniis SemTxvevaSi aRiarebda imperatoris uflebas, mieRo

125
monawileoba episkoposTa arCevnebSi da
moegvarebina savaraudo uTanxmoebani.
investituris ceremoniaze imperatori
episkoposs kverTxsa da beWeds (sulieri
Zalauflebis simbolo) ki aRar gadascemda, aramed skoptras (saero Zalauflebis simbolos). germaniaSi investitura arCevnebis Semdeg da kurTxevamde
tardeboda, italiasa da sxva qveynebSi
ki kurTxevis Semdeg. droebiTi qonebis
marTvis investituris miRebis Semdeg
episkoposebs ufleba hqondaT, imperatorisTvis erTgulebis fici daedoT.
vormsis konkordati Semdeg lateranis I msoflio krebis mier (1123) iqna
ratificirebuli.
ini/iani (Yin/Yang) [Cinuri sityvebi]
ini da iani mTeli Cinuri azrovnebis
ganmsazRvreli cnebebia. isini ganixileba sapirispiro mniSvnelobis pirvelsawyis substanciebad, saidanac daedo
dasabami samyaros. pirvelad es cnebebi
co juanSi (daaxloebiT qristemde 643
w.) gvxvdeba, rogorc samyaros sapirispiro polusTa wyvili. Tavdapirvelad cnebebi mTis Crdilian (ini) da
mzian (iani) kalTebs aRniSnavda. ini/
ianis koncefcia moazrovneTa jgufma
(inisa da ianis mimdevrebi) Camoayaliba, romlis mTavari warmomadgeneli
iyo Zon ieni (qristemde 350-270 ww.).
am moazrovneebma srulyves ori Zalis
(ini da iani), xuTi elementisa (wyali,
cecxli, xe, liToni, miwa) da simbolur SesabamisobaTa sistemis Sesaxeb ukve
arsebuli Teoria. am Teoriis Tanaxmad,
yvelaferi, rac miwasTan mWidro kavSirSia, inis nawils warmoadgens da
mdedrobiTia. zecasTan dakavSirebuli
yovelive ianis nawilia da mamrobiTia,

inkvizicia

radganac dedamiwa (ini), zeca (iani),

mTvare (ini) da mze (iani) ori sawyisidaninidan da ianidan, warmoiSva.
iani wamomwyebi, dinamikuri, ganfenadi,
mZvinvarea, is mrgvalia, moZravi, mamrobiTi da manayofierebeli. Tavis
mxriv, inis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia:
srulmqmneli, uZravi, SemnarCunebeli,
oTxkuTxa, mSvidi, mdedrobiTi da mSobi.
iniciacia (Iniziazione) [gvianlaT.
sityvidan initiatio] ritualTa da
wesTa erToblioba, romlebic Tan axlavs individis an pirTa jgufis erTi
cxovrebiseuli mdgomareobidan sxva
mdgomareobaSi gadasvlas. primitiul
xalxebSi aRniSnavs momwifebis asakidan zrdasruli adamianis cxovrebaze gadasvlas, ezoterikul religiebSisaero samyarodan saRmrTo
cxovrebis wesze gadasvlas. rogorc
wesi, iniciacia sam etaps moicavs: kandidatis misTvis Cveuli samyarodan
gancalkevebas; gamocdas, romlis drosac kandidatma winaaRmdegobis gawevis
unari unda gamoavlinos; miRebis, anu
TviT dadginebis wess.
inkvizicia (Inquisizione) [laT. inquisitio (momdinareobs zmnidan inquirere
gamoZieba, dakiTxva)] Sua saukuneebSi ase ewodeboda sagangebo saeklesio sasamarTlos, gamiznuls eresTan
sabrZolvelad da mis dasamarcxeblad.
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg (381 wlis Tevdosis
ediqti), wamoiWra imperiis mTlianobis
dacvis problema religiis erTianobis gziTac. eklesiis zogierTma mamam,
maT Soris wmida avgustinemac, gaamar-

inkvizicia

Tles aramarTlmorwmune Tu eretikul swavlebebTan brZolis mizniT

iZulebis gamoyeneba. IV-V saukuneebidan saxelmwifo eretikosebs sjida
gadasaxlebiT, qonebis konfiskaciiTa
da dapatimrebiTac ki. TviT inkvizicia
ki mogvianebiT damkvidrda. 1184 wels
luciusIII-m daamkvidra sajaro braldebasTan SedarebiT ufro swrafi procedura da daavaldebula episkoposebi,
weliwadSi erTxel an orjer piradad
an rwmunebulTa meSveobiT moenaxulebinaT eresiT SebRaluli sakrebuloebi da ficis qveS moesminaT sando pirTa Cvenebani. Tavdapirvelad uSualod
episkoposis movaleobas warmoadgenda
braldebulTa moZieba (inquisitio),
maTi eklesiasTan Semorigeba an, Tuki
eretikul ideebze uars ar ityodnen, dasja. albigoelTa winaaRmdeg
mowyobili kampaniis Semdeg tuluzis
grafma raimundVII-m, mefe luiI-ma da
papis legatma xeli moaweres parizis
traqtats (1229), romelic inkviziciaTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifos daxmarebas aRuTqvamda eklesias. igive
pozicias iziarebda agreTve fridrixII. amgvarad moxda, rom 1231 wlis
Semdeg grigol IX-m evropaSi Camoayaliba inkviziciis sasamarTloTa qseli, romelTac mudmivi inkvizitorebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen, umTavresad es
iyvnen eresis nebismier danaSaulebasTan dakavSirebiT sruli iurisdiqciis mqone franciskeli da dominikeli
moweseebi. inkviziciis dros gamoyenebuli procedurebi nikola eimerikisa
da bernardo gis mier gamocemul saxelmZRvaneloTa meSveobiT gaxda CvenTvis cnobili. inkviziciis sasamarTlos
winaSe adamianis gamosaZaxeblad an

126
dasapatimreblad sakmarisi iyo saCivari, eWvi an ubralod sazogado xma.
dakiTxva mimdinareobda ori mowmisa
da notariusis TandaswrebiT, romelic
Cvenebis oqms adgenda. yovelgvari
iurisdiqciisagan Tavisufali inkvizitori flobda farTo diskretul
Zalauflobas Sesasrulebel procedurasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca xSirad
Semoklebul proceduras mimarTavda.
braleuloba ganisazRvreboda rogorc
saqmeSi monawile pirTa aRsarebis, iseve
mowmeTa mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze.
braldebulisagan aRiarebiTi Cvenebis
misaRebad
sxvadasxva
saSualebebs
mimarTavdnen: SimSils, jaWviT dabmasa
da wamebas. braldebulis danaSaulis
damtkicebisa da ganaCenis gamotanis
Semdeg sasjelmisjils saero xelisuflebas gadascemdnen, romelsac ganaCenis aRsruleba evaleboda. inkvizitorTa Soris gansakuTrebiT dominikelebma
gamoiCines Tavi, romelTac dakiTxvaTa
daxvewili sisatikis gamo RmrTis
ZaRlTa (Domini canes) orazrovani
metsaxeli daimsaxures. sabednierod,
calkeul xalxebSi inkviziciam mcire
xans iarseba. amis mizezi isic iyo,
rom XIV-XV saukuneebSi germaniasa
da safrangeTSi samoZRvro sakiTxTa
mimarT yuradReba mniSvnelovnad Sesustda kudianebze nadirobis gaaqtiurebis gamo. inkviziciam saeWvo saxeli
moixveWa espaneTSi, sadac eWvmitanilTa
Soris ZiriTadad ebraelebi da qristianobaze moqceuli arabebi aRmoCndnen (savaldebulo moqcevebi 1391
wlidan). kastiliaSi moRvawe (1481)
pirveli espaneli didi inkvizitorisdominikeli Toma di torkvemadas (1420-1498) droidan moyolebuli

127
inkviziciam moawyo 9.000 autodafe
(laT. actus fidei, inkviziciis sasamarTlos rwmenis oficialuri aRsareba
da ganaCenis gamocxadeba, romelsac
mohyveboda misi aRsruleba), Tumca
ganaCenTa saerTo raodenobasTan SefardebiT koconze dawvis ganaCenTa
procentuli maCvenebeli umniSvneloa.
integralizmi (Integralismo) [laT. intgralis (nawarmoebia sityvidan integer
mTliani, integraluri)] imgvari
doqtrinuli da fsiqologiuri midgoma, romelsac axasiaTebs socialuri,
politikuri, religiuri swavlebisa
Tu ideologiis mkacrad da sworxazovnad gatareba. termini uaryofiTi
mniSvnelobis matarebelia da dogmatizmis, eqskluzivizmis, aratolerantobis, Zalauflebis monopolizaciisa
da aRmsareblobiTi struqturebis
damkvidrebis ideas atarebs.
integrizmi n. integralizmi.
inteleqti (Intelletto) [laT. intellectus, nawarmoebia zmnidan intelligere
gageba] dakavSirebulia gonierebasTan, anu WeSmaritebis wvdomis unarTan
da mas efuZneba suli wmidis Svid niWTagan erT-erTi: goniereba.
interdiqti (Interdetto) [laT. interdictum akrZaluli] es sakmaod mkacri sasjeli ufro msubuqia
gankveTaze, radgan saeklesio ziarebis
akrZalvas ar Seicavs. interdiqti
garkveuli pirebisTvis (pirovnuli
akrZalva) an garkveul adgilas (adgilobrivi akrZalva) mRvdelmsaxurebis aRsrulebis an wmida wesebSi
monawileobis akrZalvaSi mdgomareobs.

intesa

kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsi interdiqtis dawesebis sxvadasxva SemTxvevebs

ganixilavs: magaliTad, is SeiZleba
dauwesdes pirs, romelic sajarod
aRZravs mtrobasa da siZulvils qveSevrdomTa mxridan wmida saydris an
episkoposis winaaRmdeg Zalauflebisa Tu saeklesio msaxurebis aqtis
mizeziT an mouwodebs qveSevrdomebs
daumorCileblobisken (CIC, kan.
1373); pirs, romelic eklesiis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis momwyob sazogadoebas ayalibebs (CIC, kan. 1374); pirs,
romelic simoniis gamo aRasrulebs
an iRebs saidumlos (CIC, kan. 1380).
amgvarsave sasjels imsaxurebs agreTve
ipso iure, romelic fizikur Zaladobas mimarTavs papis an episkoposis winaaRmdeg (CIC, kan. 1370).
interkonfesionalizmi (interconfessionalismo) [inter+confessionalismo]
aRniSnavs urTierTobebsa da SeTanxmebebs sxvadasxva qristianul konfesiebs
Soris, mimarTuls yvela qristianis
erTianobis miRwevisaken. n. ekumenizmi.
intesa (Intesa) termini aRniSnavs SeTanxmebas italiis saxelmwifosa da
arakaTolikur religiur konfesiaTa
Soris; aRniSnavs, agreTve, SeTanxmebas italiis saskolo xelisuflebasa
(ganaTlebis saministro) da italiis
episkoposTa konferencias Soris, dadebuls 1985 wlis 14 dekembers romSi
da dakavSirebuls wmida saydarsa da
italiis respublikas Soris dadebuli konkordatis me-9, 2 paragrafis
sakiTxisa da damatebiTi oqmis (5, b.)
ganxorcielebasTan. SeTanxmebis sagans
warmoadgens: a) kaTolikuri religiis

introiti

swavlebis programebi sajaro skolebis

sxvadasxva doneebsa da safexurebze;
b) am swavlebis pirobebi, maT Soris
programebis gakveTilebis cxrilTan
SesabamisobaSi moyvana; g) saswavlo
wignebis SerCevis kriteriumebi; d)
maswavlebelTa profesiuli kvalifikaciis sakiTxebi.
introiti (Introito) [laT. introitus
(nawarmoebia zmnidan introire Sesvla)] galoba, romelic axlavs Tan
evqaristiuli msaxurebis dasawyisSi
mRvdelmsaxurisa da sxva TanamsaxurTa Sesvlas. mas msaxurebis dawyebis,
morwmuneTa erTianobis xelSewyobis,
liturgiuli drois saidumloebaSi
maTi Seyvanis funqcia akisria. Tu galoba ar sruldeba, antifonis warmoTqma
yvelas SeuZlia. wirvaSi introitis
CarTva pap gelasi I-is (492-496) saxels
ukavSirdeba. Tavdapirvelad intoriti
mgalobelTa skolis galoba iyo da
ara rogorc erToblivad Sesasrulebeli sagalobeli. amiT aixsneba Zvelad
gavrcelebul introitTa melodiuri
mravalferovneba, rac didad gansxvavdeboda morwmuneTaTvis gankuTvnil
sagalobelTa reCitativisagan. Zvel
introitTa umTavresi wyaro fsalmunebia.
infula (Infula) [laT. infula saxvevi] Zvelad ase ewodeboda TeTri an
wiTeli Salis saxvevs, romelsac Tavze
ikravdnen diademis msgavsad, misi boloebi ki orive mxares iyo Camokiduli. warmoadgenda daurRvevlobis simbolos, umTavresad ki samRvdelmsaxurebo Rirsebas aRniSnavda. amitomac
mRvdelmsaxurebi da qurumi qalebi

128
mas sazeimo ceremoniebis dros atarebdnen. dRes ase ewodeba TiToeuls
ori zolidan, romlebic episkoposis
mitras ukana mxares aqvs Camokidebuli.
ioakimizmi (Gioachimismo) milenaristuli sarCulis moZRvreba, romelic, calkeul mosazrebaTa Tanaxmad, ioakime fiorelis nawerebiTa da
ideebiTaa STagonebuli da, umTavresad, franciskelTa ordenis garkveul
wreebSi iyo popularuli. Tavis SromaSi maradiuli saxarebis Sesavali
(Introductorius in Evangelium Aeternum) gerardo borgo san doninodan
ioakimelTa ideebs ajamebs da maradiul saxarebasa da suli wmidaze saubrobs. imis gamo, rom maradiuli saxareba erTgvarad Crdilavda qristes
xanas da antipapuri ganwyobiT iyo
gamsWvaluli, 1255 wels ananiSi Sekrebilma papis komisiam dagmo gerardos
wigni da avtorsa da minoritTa mTavar
xelmZRvanels, ioane parmels, samudamo
patimroba miusaja erT-erT savaneSi.
iobis wigni (Giobbe, libro di) israelis sibrZnis literaturis TvalsaCino nimuSi da msoflio literaturis Sedevri, rac ganpirobebulia ara
mxolod wignSi wamoWrili maradiuli
problemiT,esaa udanaSaulo adamianis tanjvis Tema,aramed im literaturuli formiTac, romelic misca
naSroms V saukunis anonimma ebraelma
avtorma. wigni dawerilia poeturi
dialogis saxiT, romelsac win uZRvis
prologi (1-2) da asrulebs prozauli
formis epilogi (42:7-17). bibliuri
avtoris naSroms tanjviT Sepyrobili marTali kacis Zveli ambavi udevs

129
safuZvlad. masze dayrdnobiTaa SeTxzuli poeturi dialogi iobsa da mis
sam megobars Soris, romelTac iobis
gasaWiris Sesaxeb Seityves da mis mosanaxuleblad mividnen. Tavdapirvelad
iobi Tavisi bedukuRmarTobis gamo
gamoxatavs wuxils, Semdeg TiToeuli
megobari saTiTaod samjer gamoTqvams
Tavis azrs da iobi yovel jerze gascems pasuxs TiToeul maTgans. amgvarad
iqmneba saubarTa sami cikli (3-27),
romlebSic oficialuri sibrZnis warmomadgenlebi icaven Teziss RmrTis
samarTliani sazRauris Sesaxeb, vinc
damsaxurebisa da danaSaulis Sesabamisad ajildovebs an sjis adamianebs. Tavis pasuxebSi iobi ekamaTeba am sibrZnes
sakuTar ambavsa da sxva msgavs SemTxvevebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa Sesaxebac smenia. 29-31 TavebSi gadmocemul
ukanasknel grZel monologSi iobi
amtkicebs sakuTar udanaSaulobas da
RmerTs mouwodebs, CaerTos kamaTSi,
Tumca RmrTis Carevas win uZRvis ufro
gviandeli xanis elihes (32-37) sityva.
RmerTi erTveba saubarSi (38-41), samyaros saidumloebaTa Sesaxeb esaubreba iobs da axvedrebs mas, rom is saidumloebis mWidro qselSi Cafluli
qmnilebaa, romelic Semoqmedi RmrTis
sibrZnesa da yovlisSemZleobas eqvemdebareba. iobi xedavs, rom RmerTi ar
gmobs mas, rogorc codvils (rogoradac mas megobrebi miiCnevdnen), Tumca
arc mis mier gamarTul samsjavroze
wardgeba braldebulis saxiT (Tavad
rogorc surda iobs), acnobierebs sakuTar ampartavnebas, uars ambobs manamde gamoTqmul pretenziebze, aRar
sTxovs RmerTs rame pasuxs da arc
sasjelisagan Tavis gaTavisuflebas

iosebeloba

(42:1-6). iobisTvis umniSvnelovanesia

Sexvedra RmerTTan, romelmac igi ar
dagmo: iobma xelaxla pova sakuTari
RmerTi da axla sxva aRaraferi esaWiroeba.
ioga (Yoga) [etimologiurad termini nawarmoebia fesvidan yuj daqvemdebareba, erTad SekavSireba, momzadeba, gonebis an naazrevis koncentracia] ioga koncentracias, momzadebas, dakavSirebas aRniSnavs. iogas
sistemebSi termini aRniSnavs fizikur
da sulier disciplinas, romelic adamianis fizikursa da sulier energias
akontrolebs da warmarTavs, ris Sedegadac adamians sulieri srulyofisaken
swrafva ZaluZs. fizikur varjiSs
haTaioga ewodeba, suliers kirajaioga. ioga, rogorc filosofiuri
sistema, patanjalim daafuZna (qronologia dauzustebelia: qristemde
III-II saukuneebi an, SesaZloa, qristes
Semdeg V saukune). patanjalis Tanaxmad, iogas rva safexuri aqvs, TviTkontrolidan sulier CaRrmavebamde, anu
transamde. iogas teqnika, garda hinduizmisa, cnobilia, agreTve, jainizmsa
da budhizmSi.
ioeli n. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.
iona n. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.
iosebeloba (Giuseppinizmo) termini aRniSnavs iurisdiqcionalistur
politikas (n. iurisdiqcionalizmi),
romelsac imperatori ioseb II avstrieli (1741-1790) atarebda. ganmanaTleblobis tendenciaTa mimdevari
es imperatori eklesias ganixilavda,
rogorc mxolod adamianur insti-

irenizmi

tuts, romlis amocanebic aRmzrdelobiTi da zneobrivi sferoebiT

Semoifargleboda. amitomac imperatori Tavis kanonier uflebad miiCnevda
sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis warmarTvas,
agreTve, saeklesio sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTac. man akrZala yvela religiuri ordeni, romelic sneulTa
daxmarebiTa da aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobiT ar iyo dakavebuli, gaauqma
saeklesio forumi, Camoayaliba saerTo
saxelmwifo seminariebi, gamosca gankargulebebi momlocvelobis Sesaxeb da
liturgiis dros dasanTebi sanTlebis
raodenobac ki Tavad gansazRvra. iosebeloba saxelmwifoebrivi eklesiis
sistemis kulminaciur momentad iqca.
irenizmi (Irenismo) [berZ. eirne
mSvidoba] qristianul konfesiaTa
midrekileba, erTianobisa da mTlianobis misaRwevad umTavresad sxvadasxva
swavlebaTa saerTo sakiTxebs gausvan
xazi, nacvlad gansxvavebul sakiTxTa
aqcentirebisa.
isixazmi (Esicasmo) [berZn. sityvidan
hesycha gonebisa da sxeulis simSvide] bizantiuri Teologiuri termini, romliTac aRiniSneba vnebaTagan
gaTavisuflebis, Sinagani simSvidis
miRwevisa da Taboris Suqis Wvretisaken mimarTuli mWvretelobiTi locvis gansakuTrebuli forma. isixazmi
XIII saukuneSi aTonis mTis monastris
mkvidrTa Soris ganviTarda. misi meTodebi XIV saukuneSi gaaRrmava grigolma sinelma, sagangebo moZRvreba ki
grigol palamam gaavrcela, saidanac
momdinareobs saxeli palamelni,
romliTac isixastebs moixsenieben.

130
isixazmi umTavresad sxvadasxva fizikur (rogoricaa, magaliTad, sunTqvis
meTodi) da sulier teqnikas efuZneba.
sulier teqnikaSi mniSvnelovani roli
eTmoba locvis amgvari formulis ganmeorebas: ufalo ieso qriste, Zeo
RmrTisao, Semiwyale me.
islami (Islam) termini momdinareobs
arabuli zmnidan aslama (RmrTisadmi) daqvemdebareba. aRniSnavs muhamadis mier qristes Semdeg VII saukuneSi, ufro zustad, daaxloebiT 622
wlidan, muhamadis (570-632) meqadan
medinaSi gaqcevis (n. hijra) Semdeg,
dafuZnebul religias. islamis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia monoTeizmi da
RmrTaebrivi kanoni. islamuri kanonis wyaroebia: a) yurani, alahis nebis
gamoxatuleba, romlis gamocxadebac
adamianebma muhamadis meSveobiT miiRes
610-632 wlebSi; Sedgeba 114 Tavisgan
(surebi), romlebic daaxloebiT 6000
muxls Seicavs); b) suna, gamocxadebis
Semavsebeli winaswarmetyvelis qmedebaTa, gamonaTqvamTa da SefasebaTa krebuli; g) sakrebuloebis warmomadgenel TeologTa Tanxmoba (n. ijma); d)
analogiuri msjeloba (n. yiasi), romelic gamoiyeneba arsebul wyaroebSi
mkafiod gauTvaliswinebel SemTxvevaTa
gadasawyvetad. yovel muslims kultis
xuTi Zireuli normis dacva evaleba.
esenia: a) sarwmunoebis aRsareba, romelic Semdegi formuliT gamoixateba:
ar arsebobs sxva RmerTi alahis garda
da muhamadi misi winaswarmetyvelia;
b) dReSi xuTjer meqis mimarTulebiT
locvis warmoTqma, rasac win ganwmeda
uZRvis; am locvis dawyebis dros morwmuneebs minareTebidan (meCeTis koSkis

131
saxelwodeba) mueZini amcnobs; g) ramadanis Tvis marxva: am dros morwmuneebi yoveldRiurad ganTiadidan mzis
Casvlamde icaven marxvas; d) kanonieri
Sesawiravi (n. zaqaTi) gaWirvebulTa
da RaribTa sasargeblod; e) momlocveloba meqaSi, romelic yovelma morwmunem cxovrebaSi erTxel mainc unda
Seasrulos. CamoTvlil xuT normas
xSirad kidev erTi, wmida omi (jihadi)
emateba. islamis sxva Zireul principebs Sorisaa samoTxisa da jojoxeTis,
angelosTa da demonTa rwmena, agreTve,
sulis ukvdavebis, saboloo samsjavros, mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa da winaswarmetyvelTa (adamidan muhamadamde,
romelic udides winaswarmetyveladaa
miCneuli) rwmena. islami, romelic
Tavisi sawyisiT ukavSirdeba rogorc
iudaizms, ise qristianobas, ismaelis
da, maSasadame, abraamis (Sdr. dab. 16;
21) sulier memkvidred da STamomavlad miiCnevs Tavs. muslimTaTvis sadResaswaulo dRea paraskevi, rodesac
morwmuneebi meCeTSi midian qadagebis
mosasmenad da salocavad. amJamad islamur religias warmoadgenen sunitebi (90 procenti), Siitebi (daaxl. 9
procenti) da sxva mcire seqtebi (maT
Soris druzebi daaxloebiT erT procents warmoadgenen). mTel msoflioSi
islamis mimdevarTa ricxvi daaxloebiT Svidas milions aRwevs. muslimTa
yvelaze meti raodenobadaaxloebiT 113000000 muslimiindoneziaSi
cxovrobs.
ismailelni (Ismailiti) calkeul Siitur eqstremistul seqtaTa zogadi
saxeli. Semdgomi dayofis gziT es
jgufebi Seiqmna im ZiriTadi birTvi-

israeli

dan, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali

morwmuneebic imamad aRiarebdnen jafaris Zes, ismails. ismailelTa amJamindeli religiuri meTauri aRa xanis
wodebas atarebs. ismailelTa seqtebis
religiuri swavleba religiis or
formas moicavs: egzoterikulsa (zahir, cxadi, xiluli) da ezoterikuls
(batin, dafaruli; am sityvidan momdinareobs mis mimdevarTa saxelwodeba
batinelni). cxadi doqtrina kanonis mkacrad dacvaSi mdgomareobs;
dafaruli ki alegoriul ganmartebas aZlevs yurans, tradicias, kanonis
normebs. mas gandobili maswavleblebi
gadascemen da is mxolod gandobis
sxvadasxva safexuris gavlis Semdeg
gaecxadeba morwmunes.
israeli (Israele) [ebr. JisraEl ibrZvis RmerTTan] dabadebaSi gadmocemuli ambis Tanaxmad (dab. 32:28-29),
es saxeli uwoda RmerTma iakobs masTan brZolis Semdeg. SemdgomSi saxeli mTel ebrael xalxze gavrcelda.
solomonis sikvdilis Semdeg saxeli
israeli samxreTiT mdebare iudas
samefosagan gancalkevebul CrdiloeTis samefos aRniSnavs. Zvel aRTqmaSi
aRwerili israelis xalxis Zveli istoria iwyeba abraamiT (daaxl. 1850
w. qristemde) da sruldeba romaelTa
mier qristes Semdeg 70 wels ierusalemis taZris dangreviT, rasac Semdeg
diaspora mohyva. israelis saxelmwifos
Tanamedrove istoria oficialurad
1948 wlis 14 maisidan ganaxlda. israelis saxelmwifo saparlamento respublikaa, masSi aRmasrulebel Zalauflebas warmoadgens mTavroba premierministris xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic

israelis naSTi

angariSvaldebulia
erTpalatiani
parlamentis (kneseti) winaSe. parlamenti airCeva pirdapiri sayovelTao
arCevnebis gziT oTxi wlis vadiT, aqvs
sakanonmdeblo Zalaufleba da irCevs
respublikis prezidents, romelic
xuTi wlis manZilze rCeba Tanamdebobaze. n. sionizmi.
israelis naSTi (Resto dIsraele)
am gamoTqmas mimarTaven winaswarmetyvelni, romlebic urwmuno xalxis
ganadgurebas acxadeben da amtkiceben, rom gadarCeba da gaZlierdeba
morwmune umciresoba, romelic uars
acxadebs kerpTa Tayvaniscemaze da mesianur xsnas elis (es. 4:3; 6:13; 10:20;
amos. 5:15; miq. 4:6, Smd.; sof. 3:11, Smd.).
italiis
episkoposTa
konferencia
(Conferenza Episcopale Italiana, CEI)
1870 wels qveynis politikur gaerTianebamde italiaSi arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare, XVIII saukunidan
Camoyalibeba daiwyo episkoposTa regionalurma Sekrebebma. amgvarma Sekrebebma XIX saukuneSi ufro intensiuri
xasiaTi miiRo, 1889 wels ki papma leon
XIII-m oficialurad moaxdina maTi
reglamentireba rogorc episkoposTa
regionuli konferenciebisa. mxolod
1964 wels daarsda italiis episkoposTa konferencia, rogorc regionalur
konferenciaTa Tavmjdomareebis Sekreba. 1965 wlidan ki is mTeli italiis
episkoposTa Sekrebad iqca. amJamad misi
saqmianoba ganisazRvreba wmida saydris mier 1985 wlis 25 marts damtkicebuli wesdebiTa da 1985 wlis 28
martis debulebiT. xolo regionaluri konferenciebi, romlebic kvlav

132
ganagrZoben arsebobas da saqmianobas,
xelmZRvaneloben imJamindel sakonsistorio kongregaciasTan SeTanxmebiT,
1967 wlis 20-22 ivniss damtkicebuli
saerTo debulebiTa da sakuTari debulebebiT. italiis episkoposTa konferenciis organoebia: saerTo Sekreba
(mas weliwadSi erTxel mainc iwveven),
romelSic monawileobs yvela adgilobrivi an damxmare episkoposi da samociqulo despani; mudmivi saepiskoposo
sabWo, Semdgari regionalur konferenciaTa da saepiskoposo komisiaTa
Tavmjdomareebisagan;
saepiskoposo
komisiebi, romelTac erTvis kaTolikuri universitetis komiteti. konferencias hyavs Tavmjdomare da mdivani, romelTac asaxelebs papi, rogorc
italiis primasi. calkeul aucileblobaTa da problemaTa Sesabamisad
SeiZleba Seiqmnas sxva komitetebic. n.
episkoposTa konferencia.
italiis sauniversiteto kaTolikuri
federacia (Federazione Universitaria
Cattolica Italiana/ FUCI) Seiqmna 1896
wels fiezoleSi, italiel kaTolikeTa
XIV kongresis msvlelobisas, italiis
sxvadasxva qalaqSi arsebuli mravali
sauniversiteto kaTolikuri wris
gaerTianebis Sedegad. organizacias
dasabamidanve axasiaTebda kaTolikuri moZraobis farglebSi sakuTari
avtonomiisaken swrafva, Tanamedrove
kulturasTan pirispir Sexvedra da
politikur-socialur valdebulebaTa
tvirTva. faSisturi reJimis mmarTvelobis wlebSi federacia Seviwroebas
ganicdida, meore msoflio omis Semdeg
ki masze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdines iseTma moRvaweebma, rogorebic

133
iyvnen la pira, doseti, lacati. vatikanis II krebisa da 1968 wlis saprotesto moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli
movlenebis zegavleniT, amave dros,
sauniversiteto samyaroSi sxva organizaciaTa Camoyalibebis gamo, federaciis samoqmedo programaSi wamyvani
yuradReba daeTmo kulturul urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebisa da religiuri
gamocdilebis Temebs.
iubile (Giubileo) [ebr. jobhel cxvris
rqa, Semdeg berZnulSi miiRo forma
iobelios] Zvel aRTqmaSi ase ewodeboda wmida wels, romelic yovel
ormocdameaTe wels aRiniSneboda. am
weliwads, romlis dadgomac qveyanas
cxvris rqis sayviriT ecnobeboda, ar
amuSavebdnen miwas, qoneba Zvel patronebs ubrundeboda, xolo mevaleebs
valebi epatiebodaT. gadaiTvale Svidi
SabaTobis weli, Svidjer Svidi weli
da iyos SenTvis dro am Svidi SabaTobis wlebisa ormocdacxra weli. da
auwye sayviriT meSvide Tves, Tvis meaTe
dRes. Sendobis dRes auwyeT sayviriT
mTel Tqvens qveyanaSi.... da gamoacxadeT Tavisufleba qveyanaSi misi yoveli
mcxovrebisaTvis... da daubrundiT Tavis samflobelos da TiToeuli Tavis
sagvareulos daubrundiT. ar TesoT da
arc momkaT nageralebi... (lev. 25:8-12).
1300 wlidan kaTolike eklesiaSi wmida
wlis, anu iubiles aRniSvnis tradicia damkvidrda: yovel ocdaxuT weliwadSi erTxel papi romSi Casul yvela
momlocvels aniWebs codvaTa srul
sazeimo mitevebas,yvela imas, vinc
aRsarebis Tqmisa da ziarebis miRebis
Semdeg, papis ganzraxvis Tanaxmad, qalaqis oTx mTavar bazilikaSi ilocebs.

iudaizmi (iudeveloba)

iubile papis mier vatikanis bazilikis

egreT wodebuli wmida karis gaRebiT
iwyeba. amave dros, sami kardinali erTdroulad aRebs danarCeni sami bazilikis wmida kars. maT, vinc wmida wels
romSi Casvlas ver SeZlebs, codvaTa
sruli mitevebis miReba sakuTar diocezSic SeuZliaT, imave pirobaTa dacviT. dRemde 29 wmida weli aRiniSna.
pirveli maTgani 1300 wels bonifacius
VIII-m gamoacxada, am droisTvis bolo
ki ioane pavleII-m2000 wels (manamde
sagangebo wmida weli iyo 1983 weli,
radganac am wels qristes sikvdilisa
da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis 1950 wlisTavi
aRiniSna).
iuda (iudea) (Giuda/Giudea) iakobisa
da lias Ze iuda (dab. 29:35) israelis
yvelaze saxelganTqmuli tomis patriarqi iyo. Semdeg misi saxeli daerqva
palestinis samxreT nawils, romelic
solomonis
gardacvalebis
Semdeg
CrdiloeTis samefos, anu israelisgan
gancalkevebiT Camoyalibda, rogorc
iudas samefo. babilonidan gandevnis
Semdeg am teritorias iudea daerqva.
aqedan momdinareobs terminebi iudaizmi da iudevelni, ekvivalenturi
terminebisa ebraizmi da ebraelni.
iudeoqristianebi (iudeoqristianoba)
ebraelobidan pirvel moqceulT ewodebodaT.
iudaizmi (iudeveloba) (Giudaismo)
[saeklesio laT. judaismus (nawarmoebia berZnulidan iudaisms)] termini aRniSnavs babilonidan gandevnis
momdevno periods, wina periodisagan
gansxvavebuli damaxasiaTebeli istoriuli, kulturuli da religiuri

iudeoqristianoba

niSnebiT, rodesac israelis tomTagan mxolod iudas tomiRa arsebobda.

iudaizmis tipuri gamoxatulebaa sinagoga, rogorc locvisa da bibliis
Seswavlis mTavari centri. iudaizmis
Sesaxeb cnobebi moipoveba filonisa
da ioseb flaviusis nawarmoebebsa da
rabinTa sxvadasxva wignebSi (n. Targumi, Talmudi da sxv.).
iudeoqristianoba
(Giudeocristianesimo) termini aRniSnavs sxvadasxva
qristianul moZraobebsa Tu tendenciebs, romelTac iudaizmTan mtkice
kavSiri da misi tradiciisadmi erTguleba axasiaTebs. iudeoqristianoba
dasabamidanve sdevs Tan qristianobas,
radganac qristianobas qristes morwmune ebraelebma misces dasabami: ierusalemis pirveli sakrebulo iudeoqristianuli iyo da taZris kultSi
monawileobda taZris dangrevamde
(qristes Semdeg 70 weli). warmarTul
garemoSi eklesiis ganvrcoba-ganviTarebam Seamcira iudeoqristianobis
mniSvneloba, Tumca calkeuli iudeoqristianuli sakrebuloebi kvlavac
ganagrZobda arsebobas aRmosavleT siriasa da mesopotamiaSi; xSirad maTi
moRvaweoba eretikuli xasiaTisa iyo.
ukanasknel xans aRiniSna interesis xelaxali zrda iudeoqristianobisa da
calkeul eklesiaTa SemadgenlobaSi
Semaval iudeuri warmoSobis qristianTa mimarT.
iurisdiqcia (Giurisdizione) [laT.
iurisdictio (iuris dictio samarTlis
gamovlineba)] saeklesio garemoSi
esaa mRvdlobis saidumloTi miniWebuli marTvis Zalaufleba, romelic
morwmuneTa xsnisaken mimarTuli sasu-

134
liero miznebiT xorcieldeba (CIC,
kan. 129). iurisdiqciis ganxorcielebis
saSualebaa gare forumi, Tumca xandaxan is Sida forumSic (sindisi) SeiZleba ganxorcieldes (CIC, kan. 130).
iurisdiqcia SeiZleba iyos: Cveulebrivi (anu, msaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli)
an uflebamosilebiTi, anu uSualod
pirovnebisaTvis,ara msaxurebisa meSveobiT,miniWebuli. iurisdiqciuli
Zalaufleba sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da aRmasrulebel uflebamosilebas moicavs.
iurisdiqcionalizmi (Giurisdizionalismo) sityvidan iurisdiqciuli. Teoria, romelic emyareba sulier wesrigsa da miwier wesrigs Soris gancalkevebis mtkicebas da, Sedegad, eklesiisa
da saxelmwifos Sesabamis ZalauflebaTa erTmaneTisgan dacalkevebas gulisxmobs. Tumca rame dabrkolebis
SemTxvevaSi,
iurisdiqcionalizmis
Tanaxmad, msajulis funqcia saxelmwifom unda itvirTos da manve unda
gansazRvros sasuliero da saeklesio
sferosTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebic.
istoriulad cnobilia aRmsareblobiTi (safrangeTis revoluciamde) da agnostikuri (XX saukunis dasawyisamde)
tipis iurisdiqcionalizmi. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo sarwmunoebis
damcvelad acxadebda Tavs da ereoda saeklesio sakiTxebSi, gamoTqvamda
eklesiis erTianobisa da organulobis
dacvis, episkoposTa daniSvnis, saeklesio saqmeTa marTvaSi Carevis pretenzias an Zalian maRal gadasaxadebs awesebda saeklesio qonebaze. agnostikuri
iurisdiqcionalizmis dros ki saxelmwifo gulgrilobas, anu agnostikur
damokidebulebas iCenda religiuri

135

ijma

sakiTxebisadmi da, yvela moqalaqisTvis religiuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, uaryofda eklesiis
rame miwier Zaluflebas da, amave
dros, sulier sferoze saxelmwifos
rame gavlenas.
iRumeni (Egumeno) [berZ. hegmenos, awmyos mimReoba zmnisa hegeisthai
xelmZRvaneloba, gaZRola] marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi ase ewodeba
monastris zemdgoms.
ixaros (Exsultet) [laT. Exsultet
ixaros] ase ewodeba, sawyisi sity-

vis mixedviT, saaRdgomo sadidebels,

romelsac diakoni sapaseqo ciskris
litugiisas galobs.
ijma (Igma) [arab. Tanxmoba] islamuri kanonis erT-erTi wyaro yuranTan,
sunasTan da kiasTan erTad; Seesabameba
swavlulTa Tanxmobas. Tavdapirvelad
morwmuneTa mTeli sakrebulos, Semdeg
ki mxolod swavlulTa wris Tanxmoba igulisxmeboda. Tanxmoba SeiZleba
iyos sityvieri, qmedebiT gamoxatuli
an gamouTqmeli.

kabala (Qabbalah) ebrauli sityva
kabala (tradicia) aRniSnavs XIII
saukunis dasasruls aRmocenebul
mWvretelobiT mimdinareobas, romelmac samxreT safrangeTisa da CrdiloeT espaneTis ganaTlebuli ebraelebi
gaaerTiana. mimdinareoba samyaros neoplatonistur koncefcias daeyrdno
da, umTavresad, tradiciis wyaroTa
meSveobiT (biblia, Talmudi, midraSi) Seecada ganesazRvra damokidebuleba absoluturad transdendentur
RmrTaebasa (en sof) da Sesaqmes Soris.
yofnis cnobil safexurebs, romlebic
aristoteleseul da neoplatonistur
tradiciaSi RmrTaebasa da (materialur) samyaros Soris Suamavlobs, kabalistebma RmrTaebidan momdinare aTi
aqtiuri RmrTaebrivi Zala (sefiroT)
daumates. am ZalaTa saxelwodebebi
da aRweriloba bibliur da rabinul
TezisTa alegoriul-simbolur xedvas
efuZneba. ebrauli biblia mTlianad
ganixileba sefiroTebis procesTa daSifrul aRwerilobad, romlis sworad gageba kabalis mTavar amocanas
warmoadgens. pirveli sefira (keter/
gvirgvini) transcendenturi RmrTaebidan gamosvlas warmoadgens (zogjer
mas utoldeba) RmrTis nebis an
naazrevis saxiT. meore sefira aris

RmrTaebrivi sibrZne, (jerac ganusazRvreli) Toras idea, romelic mesame

sefiraSi (goniereba) nel-nela yalibdeba ebraul nawerTa ideebSi, ebrauli
enis mkafio lingvistikuri simbolizmis meSveobiT. umaRlesi sefiroTebis
triada TavisTavad erTeuls warmoadgens. Svidi dabali sefiroTidan meoTxe (abrami) absolutur gulmowyalebas ganasaxierebs, mexuTe (isaaki)
absolutur samarTlianobas: maTi
Sedegebi unda gawonaswordes meeqvse
sefiraSi (iakobi, dawerili Tora).
meSvide da merve sefiroTebs ufro naklebi mniSvneloba aqvT, mecxre aris
marTali, (samyaros) burji, mamakacuri sawyisi; meaTe (malkuT, samefo)
israelis sakrebulo, zepiri Tora,
qaluri sawyisia. emanaciis procesi
pirvel sefiraSi arsebuli mTlianobidan mravlobiTisaken mimdinareobs.
kabalisturi meditaciisa da wesebis
arsi da mizani mdgomareobs mravlobiTobasTan mimarTebaSi erTianobis
(iixud) aRiarebaSi, damkvidrebasa da
aRdgenaSi emanaciis safexurebisa da
sefiroTTa gamovlinebebis meSveobiT.
Torasadmi sruli morCileba rogorc
sefiroTebSi sawyisi harmoniis, ise erTianobis aRdgenas isaxavs miznad. iudaurma mistikam Rrma kvali daaCnia

137
oficialur religias. gviani Sua saukuneebisa da Tanamedrove xanis kabalistikaSi sul ufro mkafiod ikveTeba
mesianuri molodini, istoriis dasasrulis moaxloebaSi wvlilis Setanis
Tanmxlebi imediT. amas Sedegad kabalistikis gaubraloeba mohyva, idumali swavleba erTgvar saerTo ebraul
Teologiamde daqveiTda, ramac xSirad
crurwmenebisa da magiis saxec ki miiRo (e.w. praqtikuli kabala).
kazuistika (casistica/causistica) [sityvidan caso saqme, SemTxveva] zneobrivi Teologiis nawili, romelic
konkretul da savaraudo SemTxvevaTa
SeZlebisdagvarad did nawils zogad
principebs usadagebs, maT Sesaxeb rac
SeiZleba utyuari zneobrivi gansjis
Camosayalibeblad.
kaTarebi (Catari) [berZ. katharo spetakni] eretikuli seqtebi,
romlebic wmidaTa, spetakTa da
srulyofilTa
eklesiaze
ocnebobdnen da miiCnevdnen, rom misgan yvela susti da codvili unda
ganedevniliyo. am moZraobis winamorbedi iyo novaciane, romelic daJinebiT ambobda uars imaT mitevebaze,
vinc devnis dros ganudga sarwmunoebas. 251 wels romis krebam igi saeklesio sakrebulodan garicxa. XII saukunis meore naxevarSi kaTarebi ewodaT
eretikul jgufebsa da seqtebs, romlebic umTavresad SampanSi, samxreT
safrangeTsa (albi) da lombardiaSi
gavrceldnen. kaTarTa doqtrina ori
pirveldawyebiTi nebiskeTili nebisa
da boroti nebisarsebobis rwmenas
eyrdnoboda. boroti neba iyo dasabami

kaTolikeoba

ganadgurebadi da boroti materiisa.

sxeulSi suli datusaRebulad grZnobda Tavs da ganwmendis mizniT mas danaSauli unda gamoesyida. kaTarebi mkafiod ganasxvavebdnen morwmuneebsa
da srulyofilT. es ukanasknelni
samonazvno tipis cxovrebas eweodnen.
kaTarTa ideali, rogorc amqveyniuri boroti adamianuri cxovrebisgan
gaqcevis survili, SimSiliT an rame
sxva Zaladobrivi gziT Tavis mokvlis ukidures formebsac ki moicavda.
kaTarTa moZraoba sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo, Tumca eklesiis mxridan
mkacri zomebis gatarebis Sedegad, albigoelTa devniT daasrula arseboba
(1209-1229).
kaTarzisi (Catarsi) [berZn. ktharsis
ganwmenda] Tavdapirvelad tipuri
religiuri termini SemdgomSi gamoiyenes piTagorelebma, platonma da aristotelem. aRniSnavs vnebaTa gadalaxvas
xelovnebis meSveobiT, maTi gamoxatvis
Sedegad. amJamad kaTarzisze saubroben ara mxolod xelovnebasTan, aramed
aseve esTetikasa da fsiqoanalizTan
dakavSirebiTac.
kaTedra (cattedra) [berZ. kathdra
skami]
liturgiuli
msaxurebis
dros papis an episkoposisTvis gankuTvnili, xSirad baldaqiniani savarZeli.
amitomac termini saepiskoposo Rirsebasa da avtoritets aRniSnavs.
kaTedrali n. sakaTedro taZari.
kaTolikeoba (Cattolicesimo) [berZ.
katholiks universaluri] aRniSnavs
qristianTa erTobas, romelic romis
episkoposs petres memkvidred, sayovel-

kaTolike werilebi

Tao eklesiis meTaurad da swavlebis,

wesrigisa da samarTlis sakiTxebSi
umaRles avtoritetad miiCnevs, rac
aRiarebulia adgilobriv eklesiaTa
episkoposTa mier.
kaTolike werilebi (Lettere cattoliche)
ase ewodeba axali aRTqmis werilebs,
romelTa avtoria ara wmida pavle, aramed mociqulebi iakobi (iak.), petre
(1 da 2 petr.), iuda (iud.), ioane (1,
2 da 3 ioan.). saxelwodeba kaTolike
(sayovelTao) iqidan momdinareobs,
rom werilebi ara romelime calkeuli
sakrebulos, aramed yvela qristians
mimarTavs. am mokle da Teoriul-praqtikuli xasiaTiT gamorCeul nawerebSi
gadmocemulia mociqulTa, rogorc
moZRvarTa, zrunva adamianTa xsnasa
da cxovrebaSi RmrTaebrivi uwyebis
danergvaze, romlis matareblebad da
romelze pasuxismgeblebadac grZnoben
isini Tavs.
kaTolikoba (Cattolicit) [berZ. katholiks universaluri] nikea-konstantinopolis simbolos Tanaxmad, eklesiis mesame saxasiaTo niSani: mrwams
erTi, wmida, kaTolike da samociqulo
eklesia (Sdr. CCC, 830, Smd.). dasabamidanve sityvam universaluris,
sayovelTaos mniSvneloba SeiZina, im
TvalsazrisiT, rom eklesiis gzavnili
miemarTeba yvela droisa da xalxis
yvela adamians, Tanaxmad formulisa
is, rac mudam, yvelasaTvis da yvelganaa aRsarebis sagani. kaTolikoba,
rogorc eklesiis arsebiTi Tviseba,
mkafiodaa gamokveTili bibliaSi. Zvel
aRTqmaSi sayovelTaoba mesianizms ukavSirdeba,aRTqmuli mesiis sasuf-

138
eveli aRwerilia, rogorc sayovelTao
sasufeveli, romelmac dedamiwis yvela
xalxi unda gaaerTianos. axal aRTqmaSi
ieso acxadebs: wadiT da moimowafeT
yvela xalxi... (maT. 28:19) da Tqven
miiRebT Zalas, roca gadmova suli
wmida Tqvenze da iqnebiT Cemi mowmeni
ierusalemSi, mTel iudeasa da samariaSi da qveynis kidemde (saq. 1:8). axal
aRTqmaSi Semavali kaTolike werilebis
saxelwodeba swored maTi sayovelTao
daniSnulebidan momdinareobs. termini pirvelad wmida egnate antioqielma (107) gamoiyena Tavis werilSi
zmirnelTa mimarT, qristes mier gamocxadebuli da mociqulTa meSveobiT
gavrcelebuli erTiani moZRvrebisadmi qristianuli sakrebulos erTgulebis aRsaniSnavad. Sua saukuneebSi
dasavleTis eklesiam xazi gausva Tavis
kaTolikur Tvisebebs da 1564 wels
gamoqveynebuli tridentiseuli Professio fideikaTolikuri identurobis safuZvelikaTolike eklesiisa
da romis eklesiis igiveobas amtkicebs.
sxva qristianul konfesiaTa mier am
sityvis gamoyenebisa da ganmartebis sapirispirod, rogorc vatikanis I kreba,
ise pius XII-is enciklika Mystici Corporis amtkicebda, rom mxolod romis
eklesia warmoadgens erTaderT avTentikur kaTolike eklesias. ekumenuri
moZraobis (n. ekumenizmi) ganviTarebis
Sedegad kaTolikoba aRniSnavs qristes
mier daarsebul erTaderT eklesias,
romelic drosa da sivrceSi yvela im
eklesiaSi xorcieldeba, sadac, Tundac
arasrulyofili gziT, qristianuli
sarwmunoebis aRsareba xdeba. ekumenuri
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, eklesiis
Sesaxeb vatikanis II krebis dadgenileba

139
adrindel kategoriulobas uaryofs
da ufro mkrTalad acxadebs, rom
qristes eklesia kaTolike eklesiaSi
myofobs (LG, 8).
kaTolikuri religiis swavleba skolaSi (Insegnamento della religione cattolica nella scuola (IRS)) skolebSi
kaTolikuri religiis swavleba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo karlo feliCes
mier 1822 wlis 23 ivliss gamocemul
dadgenilebaSi skolebis Sesaxeb. 1878
wlis 1 ianvridan es dadgenileba gauqmda 1877 wlis 23 ivniss miRebuli
3198-e kanonis Tanaxmad. SemdgomSi jentiles reformam, romelic 1923 wlis
1 oqtombris 2185-e samefo dekretis
Tanaxmad ganxorcielda, kvlav daamkvidra skolebSi kaTolikuri religiis
swavleba, romelic gansazRvrulia,
rogorc safuZveli da dagvirgvineba sawyisi ganaTlebisa mis TiToeul
safexursa da doneze (3). 1929 wlis 11
Tebervals wmida saydarsa da italiis
saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli konkordatis mixedviT, kaTolikuri religiis swavleba saSualo skolazec
gavrcelda. konkordatis 36-e punqtSi
naTqvamia: italia miiCnevs sajaro ganaTlebis safuZvlad da dagvirgvinebad
qristianuli moZRvrebis swavlebas
kaTolikuri tradiciiT miRebuli
formis Sesabamisad. amitomac eTanxmeba imas, rom amJamad sajaro dawyebiT
skolaSi damkvidrebuli religiuri
swavleba, agreTve, saSualo skolaSic
gagrZeldes.... 1984 wlis 18 Tebervals
gaformebuli axali konkordatis 9, 2-e
paragrafi amgvarad gansazRvravs kaTolikuri religiis swavlebas skolaSi:
italiis respublika aRiarebs religiuri kulturis Rirebulebas, iTval-

kaTolikuri reforma

iswinebs imas, rom kaTolikeobis principebi italieli xalxis istoriuli

memkvidreobis Semadgeneli nawilia,
kvlavac uzrunvelyofs skolis amocanaTa farglebSi kaTolikuri religiis
swavlebas yvela donisa da safexuris
sajaro arasauniversiteto skolebSi.
sindisis Tavsuflebisa da mSoblebis
aRmzrdelobiTi pasuxismgeblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, TiToeul adamians eZleva
ufleba airCios, isargeblos Tu ara am
swavlebiT.
kaTolikuri reforma (Riforma cattolica) Tanaxmad devizisa eklesia mudam
ganaxlebadia (Ecclesia semper reformanda), eklesiis reformirebis mcdelobebi individTa Tu jgufTa mxridan
(poperistuli moZraobebi; eretikosTa
devna; kanonebi eresis Sesaxeb) yovel
epoqaSi aRiniSneboda. Tumca gvian Sua
saukuneebSi eklesiis wiaRSi farTo
masStabiT iqna gacnobierebuli mTeli
eklesiis saeroTa da sasulieroTa
TviTganaxlebis gadaudebeli aucilebloba. reformis mravalricxovani
programebis
arsebobis
miuxedavad
(konstancis, bazelis, lateranis V
krebebis, 1536 wlis papis reformis
komisiis mier SemuSavebuli programa,
XV-XVI saukuneebSi umTavresad espaneTsa da italiaSi gavrcelebuli ganaxlebis moZraoba), sagrZnobi Sedegi
ver iqna miRweuli. mxolod protestanturi reformis saxiT papis eklesiisadmi gacxadebulma gamowvevam
ubiZga eklesiis mamebs, papsa da romis
kurias, nel-nela xeli aeRoT gaamsofliurebis sul ufro gamokveTili suliskveTebis damkvidrebaze saxarebaze
dafuZnebuli qristianizaciis sasargeblod. 1536 wels pavle III-m daaarsa

kaTolikuri qmedeba

episkoposTa da kardinalTagan Semdgari reformis komisia, kardinalebad

mxolod Rirseuli pirebi daasaxela
da, Tundac xangrZlivi yoymanis Semdeg,
Tavisi taxtze yofnis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadgatridentis
kreba moiwvia. sam etapad, saerTo jamSi, 25 sesiis Sedegad (1545-1563), krebam
moiwona reformis programa, romlis
gansaxorcielebladac energiulad da
zogjer mkacri zomebis gatarebiT
iRwvodnen reformatori papebi: pius
V (1566-1572), grigol XIII (1572-1585)
da siqste V (1585-1590). mRvdlebTan
da episkoposebTan erTad, romlebic
umTavresad samwyso saqmianobas misdevdnen (savonarola, kontarini, Cervini, seripando, boromeo, neri, kanizio da sxvebi), saxarebis qadagebas
da pirovnul, saeklesio da sazogado
cxovrebaSi mis ganxorcielebas emsaxurebodnen, amasTanave, mravalricxovani
kongregaciebi da axlad daarsebuli
samoweseo institutebi (oratorielni,
barnabelni, iezuitebi, kapucinebi da
sxvani). kaTolikuri reformis mizezi
umTavresad iyo eklesiis Sinagani
moTxovnileba, kontrreformis zomebi
ki umTavresad protestantur reformasTan dapirispirebis surviliTa da
aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
XVII saukuneSi kaTolikuri reformis energiam Tanmimdevrulad kleba
daiwyo, Tumca mTlianad ar gamqrala.
XIX saukunis dasasrulisisken ganviTarda reformis moZraoba, romelsac
ZiriTadad Teologebi da episkoposebi
warmoadgendnen da romelic XVI-XVII
saukuneebis kaTolikuri reformis
mizanTa gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT ganxorcielebas isaxavda miznad.

140
kaTolikuri qmedeba (Azione Cattolica) saero organizacia, romelsac
XVIII da XIX saukuneebis kaTolikuri moZraoba daedo safuZvlad.
organizacia miznad isaxavda daecva
qristianuli sarwmunoeba racionalisturi ganmanaTleblobisagan, xolo
eklesiis
Tavisuflebaabsolutisturi saxelmwifoebriobisagan. magram
misi umTavresi mizani iyo saqmianoba
qristes samefos gasavrceleblad da
gasaaxleblad dedamiwaze. italiaSi
am organizaciis Camoyalibebis zusti
TariRi ar arsebobs, misi Seqmna ukavSirdeba XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi aRmocenebul kaTolikeTa iniciativebs, romelTa mizani iyo aqtiuri
monawileoba erovnuli cxovrebis yvela doneze (amgvar iniciativaTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia italiis kaTolike axalgazrdobis sazogadoeba, n. kongresTa saqme). es saeroTa mociquloba,
romelsac sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda
faSizmi, daamtkica vatikanis II krebam,
romlis aqtebSi naTqvamia: saeroni axorcieleben TavianT samociqulo misias eklesiasa da samyaroSi, sulier da
warmaval wesSic (AA, 5). Tavdapirvelad kaTolikuri qmedebis mTavari
mizani iyo pirovnuli siwmidisaken
swrafva, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi
organizaciis miznebi gafarTovda da
qveynierebis yvela sferos gaqristianebas moicavs (qristianuli cxovreba,
qristianuli politika, qristianuli
kultura...).
kairosi (Kairs) [berZ. kairs mizanSewonili, xelsayreli] aRniSnavs
RmrTis drois SeWras adamianTa
istoriaSi qristes meSveobiT.

141
kalendari (Calendario) [laT. kalendaeTvis pirveli dRe] warmoadgens TveTa, kviraTa da dReTa cxrils,
romlebic erTobliobaSi weliwads
Seadgens. qristianTaTvis Seicavs dResaswaulTa miTiTebebs: xsnis saidumloebebsa da wamebulTa da wmidanTa
xsenebis dReebs. yvelaze Zveli qristianuli kalendari Seadgina papma
miltiadem (314), Tumca is daikarga
da mxolod nawilobrivadaa Semonaxuli
filokalianes
qronografSi.
papma grigol XIII-m 1582 wels kalendris didi reforma Caatara: iuliusis
kalendars (anu, iulius keisris mier
damkvidrebul kalendars, romelic
qristemde 45 wlidan gamoiyeneboda)
daumata dagrovili aTi dRe da TariRi 4 oqtombridan 15 oqtomberze gadaswia. n. direqtoriumi.
kalvineloba (Calvinismo) religiuri moZraoba, romelsac Jan kalvinis
(nuaioni 1509Jeneva 1564) naazrevi
da nawerebi daedo safuZvlad. kalvinelobis damxasiaTebelia niSania ormagi
gangebis rwmena (anu rwmena imisa, rom
RmerTma winaswar ganusazRvra adamianTa erT nawils xsna, danarCenebs
kisaukuno daRupva), zneobrivi da
socialuri cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli koncefcia, amave dros, eklesiis,
kultisa da politikuri sistemis
gamorCeuli forma. qronologiurad
kalvineloba luTerelobisa da cvinglelobis Semdeg aRmocenda da dialeqtikurad maT gadalaxvas eswrafvis. samive es sistema amtkicebs bibliis, rogorc rwmenis normis, erTaderTobas. Tumca, Tuki luTereloba
da cvingleloba mxars uWers bibliis

kalvineloba

pirovnul interpretacias suli wmidis gavleniT, kalvineloba ufro

mkacria da Tavisufal Sefasebas ar
iRebs. raki RmerTi bibliis uSualo
STamagonebelia, WeSmariteba imTaviTve
masSia mocemuli, acxadebs kalvini naSromSi Institutio christianae religionis;
maSasadame, mxolod sityvaTa miRma misi
aRmoCenaa saWiro. WeSmaritebis siRrmiseuli arsis wvdomas mxolod rCeulni axerxeben, raki maT mas cnobiereba karnaxobs suli wmidis meSveobiT.
kalvineloba eTanxmeba luTerelobasa
da cvinglelobas eklesiis moZRvrebis,
papis uzenaesobis, tradiciis Rirebulebis uaryofaSi, agreTve, maTTan
erTad uaryofs kaTolike eklesiis
uflebas, ganmartos saRmrTo werili.
kalvinelobis Zireuli principebia,
erTi mxriv, absoluturi da uzenaesi
RmrTis idea da, meore mxriv, adamianis
bunebis uzomo waxdena, radgan adamians ar ZaluZs rame sasikeTo qmedebis
Cadena, Tuki RmerTi mas Tavis madls ar
miaSvelebs. xsna mxolod RmrTis mier
xorcieldeba, mTlianad da yovelmxriv.
eklesia rCeulTa sazogadoebaa, da es
rCeulni, RmrTaebrivi arCevis ZaliT,
sikeTis keTebisaTvis moxmobilebad
grZnoben Tavs. rCeuli, wmida eklesiis wevri, mxolod RmerTsa da mis
kanons eqvemdebareba da ar emorCileba
rame gare Zalauflebas. kalvinelobis
Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo aucilebelia da
RmrTaebriv instituts warmoadgens.
is unda iRwvodes moqalaqeTa amqveyniuri keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad,maTi sulieri sikeTis Sesabamisad. kalvinuri saxelmwifo reformirebuli eklesiis saero Stos warmoadgens. aseTma koncefciam xeli Seuwyo

kalmasoba

erovnul eklesiaTa, anu saxelmwifoeklesiaTa aRmocenebas,kaTolikeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zeerovnulobis sapirispirod. Jenevidan kalvineloba umTavresad SveicariaSi, SotlandiaSi, aSS-sa da safrangeTSi gavrcelda,
sadac safuZveli daudo hugenotebis
aRmocenebas.
kalmasoba (Questua) [laT. quaerere saZebnelad wasvla, anu Zieba]
fuladi Tu materialuri Sesawiravis moTxovna da Segroveba, kerZod,
glaxakTa ordenebis wevrTa mier, sakuTari da RaribTa moTxovnilebebis
dasakmayofileblad.
kamaldolelni (Camaldolesi) gandegili monazvnebi, romlebic benediqtelTa ordenidan iReben dasabams. maTi
saxeli pirveli monastris adgilsamyofeliskamaldolis (areco)saxelwodebidan momdinareobs. es monasteri 1023-1026 wlebSi wmida romualdom daaarsa. kamaldolelni gandegiluri da samonazvno cxovrebis Serwymas eswrafvodnen. am mizniT eklesiis
garSemo, senakTa garda, agebuli iyo
monasteric, romlis umTavresi daniSnuleba amqveyniuri fusfusisagan savanis moSoreba iyo. monasteri askezisa
da gandegilobisTvis momzadebas emsaxureboda. es iyo adgili, sadac gandegilebs SeeZloT, mdumared da sinanuliT, mWvretelobiTad ecxovraT
da mxolod qorosa da kapitulumze
Sekrebiliyvnen erTad. iuridiulad
ordeni Tavdapirvelad ori birTviskamaldolisa da fonte avelanas garSemo Camoyalibda. SemdgomSi
calkeulma monastrebma da savaneebma

142
(maT Soris iseTebmac, romlebic wmida
romualdos ar dauarsebia da TavisiT
aRmocendnen an pontifeqsTa Tu episkoposTa mier iyo daarsebuli) miiRes
kamaldolis meoTxe winamZRvris, rudolfos (1089)Edros SemuSavebuli
wesi Eremiticae Regulae. ganviTarebisa
da siwmidis periods (XII-XIII ss.) dacemisa da ganxeTqilebaTa xana mohyva.
amJamad kamaldolisa da montekoronas kongregaciebi asobiT wevrs moiTvlis. kamaldolelni mudam exmarebodnen Raribebs da maspinZlobdnen
momlocvelT. am ukanasknelTaTvis
TiToeul monasterTan aSenda sastumroebi, rac tyis dacvasa da didi arqivebisa da biblioTekebis Seqmnasa da
Senaxvas emsaxureba.
kamaurumi (Camauro) [laT. camaurum] wiTeli feris farTo Tavsaburavi, romelic mTlianad faravda Tavsa
da yurebs. XIX saukunemde mas papi atarebda.
kamerlingi (Camerlengo) [Suasauk.
laT. camarlingus, romelic nawarmoebia frankuli warmoSobis sityvidan
kamerlingxelmwifis samyofelze pasuxismgebeli] XII saukuneSi damkvidrebul am Tanamdebobis pirs (camerarius)
ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba kuriisa da
wmida saydris miwieri qonebis finansur
marTvaze (camera thesauraria). kamerlingiumeteswilad, maRali rangis
prelatiXV saukunidan yovelTvis
kardinali iyo. amJamad romis eklesiis kamerlingia kardinali, romelic
meTaurobs egreT wodebul samociqulo palatas. misi movaleobaa wmida
saydris miwieri qonebisa da uflebaTa

143
marTva da dacva, maT Soris, maSinac,
roca papis taxti Tavisufalia.
kamilielni (Camiliani) moweseTa religiuri ordeni, romlis oficialuri saxelwodebaa sneulTa msaxurni. ordeni 1584 wels, romSi wmida
kamilo de lelisma (bukianiko di
kieti 1550romi 1614) daaarsa. 1591
wels is papma grigol XIV-m scno. kamilielTa msaxurebis damaxasiaTebeli
niSani avadmyofTa sulieri da materialuri daxmarebaa. kamilielebi dResac
moRvaweoben mraval saavadmyofoSi,
sadac tanjulTa da SeWirvebulTadmi mimarTul saxarebiseul gzavnils
adastureben. kamilieli debis saerTo
saxeliT moixsenieben qalTa sxvadasxva
sakrebuloTa wevrebs, romelnic, kamilielTa ordenisagan damoukideblad,
wmida kamilos suliskveTebis Tanaxmad
moqmedeben evropis mraval qveyanasa da
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. kerZod,
kamiliel debad iwodebian: sneulTa
msaxuri debi, 1829 wlidan; wmida kamilos asulebi, 1892 wlidan; sneulTa
misioneri msaxuri debi, 1936 wlidan.
kandelora (Candelora) [laT. Serwymis Sedegi sityvebisa: (festa) candelarum kandelebis dResaswauli da
(festa) cereorumcvilis sanTlebis
dResaswauli] xalxuri saxelwodeba
iesos taZarSi Seyvanis dResaswaulisa,mirqmisa,romelic 2 Tebervals aRiniSneba. saxelwodeba iqidan
momdinareobs, rom am dRes imarTeba
msvleloba sanTlebiT, rac romSi
sirielma papma sergi I-ma (687-701)
daamkvidra. es dResaswauli imarTeba
im dRis mosaxsenieblad, roca simon

kanoni

moxucebulma da ana winaswarmetyvelma

icnes ieso (Sdr. luk. 2:22-38). vatikanis II krebis Semdgomma liturgiulma reformam aRadgina kandeloras
qristologiuri xasiaTi, romelic
warsulSi gamokveTilad mariamiseuli mimarTulebis anabeWds atarebda,
radganac yovladwmida qalwul mariamis ganwmedas eZRvneboda.
kankeli (Iconstasi) [berZ. eikn xateba+stsis ganTavseba, aRmarTva]
xatebiT damSvenebuli arqiteqturuli
struqtura, romelic, gansakuTrebiT,
bizantiur taZrebSi, erTmaneTisagan
hyofs, erTi mxriv, mRvdlis samyofels
(presbiteriums) da, meore mxriv, morwmuneTaTvis gankuTvnil sivrces. kankels
sami kari aqvs: mTavari maTgani centrSia
ganTavsebuli da wirvis aRmsrulebelTaTvisaa gankuTvnili, ori danarCeni,
ufro mcire zomis kari kisakurTxevlis msaxurTaTvis.
kanoni (Canone) [berZ. kann (viwro
mniSvnelobiT) keti, sazomi joxi; (gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT) wesi, norma] religiuri TvalsazrisiT, sityva
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas atarebs: a)bibliis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval wignTa
oficialuri nusxa, dadgenili 1546
wels tridentis krebis mier; krebam
gansazRvra rogorc pirvelkanonikuri, ise meoradkanonikuri wignebi;
sakuTari kanoni ebraelebmac Camoayalibes qristes Semdeg I saukuneSi iavnes rabinTa sinodze (n. biblia); b)
liturgiaSi aRniSnavs evqaristiul
locvas; g) eklesiis mier daSvebuli
sayovelTao iuridiuli norma; kanonTa erToblioba Seadgens kanonikuri
samarTlis kodeqss; d) wmidanTa ofi-

kanonizacia

144

cialuri sia; e) Zvelad, romelime

eklesiis mRvdelmsaxurebis aRmsarulebel sasuliero pirTa sia.

kanonikuri (Canonico) [berZ. kanoniks wesTa Sesatyvisi] is, rac

miemarTeba kanons an Seexeba kanonebs.

kanonizacia n. wmidanad Seracxva.

kanonikuri samarTali (Diritto canonico) [cnebebi momdinareobs: a) laT. directus, rac zmna dirigere-s (miTiTebis
micema, swori mimarTulebis micema)
namyos mimReobaa; b) berZ. kanoniks
wesTa Sesatyvisi] istoriulad, morwmuneTa pirovnebaTaSoris damokidebulebaTa maregulirebel pozitiur
normaTa erToblioba, romlebic momdinareobs rogorc bunebrivi RmrTaebrivi samarTlidan, ise gamocxadebuli RmrTaebrivi samarTlidan. pirvel
saukuneebSi qristianul sakrebuloTa
cxovrebis normebs sxvadasxva saeklesio krebebi gansazRvravda. kanonikuri
samarTali, rogorc aseTi, Camoyalibda
XIIXIV saukuneebSi, rogorc eklesiis
kanonTa mecnieruli kvleva. 1140 wels
gamoqveynebulma gracianes dokumentma
Decretum Gratiani safuZveli Cauyara
kanonikuri samarTlis sistematizacias
da saerosTan fardi organuli iurisprudenciuri sistemis Camoyalibebas.
gracianem Seadgina patristikuli,
saeklesio krebaTa da papTa swavlebis
mokle Sinaarsi eklesiis socialuri
struqturis, saidumloTa, liturgiisa da sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
amave periodSi Seiqmna sayovelTao
Rirebulebis mqone pirveli oficialuri krebulebi, romlebmac, Decretum
Gratiani-sTan erTad, Seadgines Corpus
iuris canonici. tridentis krebam Tavisi
dekretebiT ganaaxla kanonikur normaTa Sinaarsi, riTac dadginda saeklesio pirTa valdebulebebi, beneficiumebi, religiur ordenTa marTvis,

kanonika (Canonica) [arqaulidan

calnaca an calnica] winamZRvris
sacxovrebeli, mierTebuli sakrebulo
saxlTan. zogjer, agreTve, aRniSnavs
kanonikosTa sacxovrebels saepiskoposos siaxloves.
kanonikosi (Canonico) [berZ. kanoniks wesTa Sesatyvisi] sasuliero
piri, romelic sakaTedro taZris an
kolegiis kapitulumis wevria. IV-dan
VIII saukunemde qalaqSi mcxovrebi samRvdeloeba sakrebulo anu kanonikur
cxovrebas eweoda sakaTedro saxlSi da
imgvari wesis msgavs wess misdevda, rogoric monazonTaTvis iyo dadgenili
(wmida evsebi verCelieli, wmida avgustine; krodegango magonceli). es iqca
sakaTedro kapitulumTa dasabamad. IX
saukuneSi karlos didma samRvdeloebis yvela warmomadgenels sakrebulo
cxovreba dauwesa, ludoviko RmrTismosavma ki yvela eklesiisTvis savaldebulo gaxada almario magoncelis
wesi. aqedan warmoiSva saeklesio kapitulumebi. Tumca sakrebulo cxovreba
didxans ar gagrZelda, radganac jer
episkoposebma, Semdeg ki samRvdelo
pirebma saerTo qonebidan gamoyves sakuTari wili, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
misgan momdinare Semosavali da damoukideblad cxovreba daiwyes. aqedan
momdinareobs dayofa regularul da
sekularul kanonikosebad: pirvelTa
saerTo cxovreba aRTqmiTaa gansazRvruli, meoreni ki aRTqmas ar deben.

145
saidumloTa aRvlenis wesebi da sxva.
XX saukunemde es dokumenti kanonikuri samarTlis umaRles wyaros warmoadgenda. 1917 wels benediqte XV-m
kanonikur wesTa simravlis gamo maTi
moZiebisa da gamoyenebis sirTulis
daZlevis mizniT cametwliani Sromis
Sedegad gamosca 2414 kanonisgan Semdgari Codex iuris canonici (CIC) da
gaauqma kanonTa yvela Zveli krebuli.
vatikanis II krebis Semdeg ioane pavle
II-m samociqulo dadgenilebiT Sacrae
disciplinae leges (1983 wlis 15 ianvari)
daamtkica axali kanonikuri samarTlis
kodeqsi, romelic 7 wignad dayofil
1752 kanons aerTianebs (n. kanonikuri
samarTlis kodeqsi).
kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsi (Codice di Diritto Canonico) sruli saxelwodebaa Codex iuris canonici, misi
Semoklebuli formaCIC. laTinuri
kaTolike eklesiis erTaderTi, avTentikuri da sayovelTao kanoni. dawerilia laTinur enaze da Sedgeba Svid
wignad dayofili 1752 kanonisgan. axali kodeqsi ioane pavle II-m 1983 wlis
25 ianvars daamtkica samociqulo
dadgenilebiT Sacrae disciplinae legis.
kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsi warmoadgens eklesiis mTavar sakanonmdeblo dokuments da aris aucilebeli
saSualeba imisa, rom uzrunvelyos
saTanado wesrigi rogorc pirad da
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, ise TviT
eklesiis saqmianobaSi (Sacrae disciplinae legis). n. kanonikuri samarTali.
kanonikuri uzrunvelyofa (Provvisione canonica) [laT. provisio winaswar ganWvreta, Semdeg momarageba,

kapadokielebi

uzrunvelyofa] aqti, romliTac

kompetenturi saeklesio xelisufali
saeklesio samsaxurs aarsebs (Sdr.
CIC, kan. 146, Smd.).
kanonikuri
iuridiuli
velsayofad
moTxovnili

forma (Forma canonica)

aqtis qmediTobis uzrunkanoniT an mxareTa mier
procedurebi.

kanonisti (Canonista) [kanonidan

nawarmoebi sityva] kanonikuri samarTlis Semswavleli da, zogadad, mcodne.
kanoseli debi (Canossiane) ewodebaT, agreTve, mowyalebis asulebi. 1808
wels magdalena kanoselis mier daarsebuli religiuri kongregacia, romlis
mizanic gogonaTa aRzrda-ganTleba da
saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis warmarTva
iyo. papma leon XII-m misi wesdeba 1828
wlis 23 dekembers daamtkica.
kancleri (Cancelliere) [gvianlaT. sityvidan cancellarius (Tavdapirvelad)
sasamarTlos karibWis mcveli] amJamad misi movaleobaa uzrunvelyofa
imisa, rom kuriis aqtebi saTanadod iqnas redaqtirebuli da daculi missave
arqivSi (CIC, kan. 482). imave movaleobas asrulebs saeklesio sasamarTlos kancleric (CIC, kan. 1475, naw. 2).
kapadokielebi (Cappadoci) IV saukuneSi moRvawe gamoCenili Teologebi
da eklesiis mamebi, warmoSobiT kapadokiidan, saidanac momdinareobs maTi
zedwodeba. isinia: wmida basili didi,
misi Zma wmida grigol noseli da wmida grigol nazianzeli, romelic wmida basilis axlo megobari iyo. isini
ixilavdnen trinitologiur da qris-

kapamania

tologiur sakiTxebs. saxeli gaiTqves

qristianuli
marTlmorwmuneobis
dacviT arianelTa Tavdasxmebisagan da
imiT, rom mZlavri biZgi misces monazvnobas.
kapamania (Cappamagna) [gvianlaT. sityvebidan cappa mosasxami da magna
sazeimo] prelatis mosasxamis msgavsi,
farTo samoseli, grZeli SleifiTa da
kapiuSoniT. amJamad aRar gamoiyeneba.
kapela (Cappella) [Suasaukun. laT.
cappella, rac cappa-s kninobiTi formaa] a) sakulto daniSnulebis mcire
zomis sakraluri nageboba, calke mdgomi an arqiteqturuli kompleqsis
(sasaxle, eklesia, cixe-simagre, koSki...)
Semadgeneli nawili. terminis saxelwodeba momdinareobs qalaq turis
patara eklesiidan, romelSic inaxavdnen da Tayvans scemdnen wmida martines mosasxams, anu cappa-s. am tipis
nagebobebi aRmosavleTSic arsebobda
da maT samartvileni ewodeboda. samlocvelos (ekvderis) formis am nagebobebSi mowameTa nawilebi inaxeboda.
b) kapela ewodeba agreTve sagundo da
zogjer instrumentul jgufs, romelic papTan (siqstes kapela), sakaTedro taZarSi, samefo karze da a.S.
liturgiul msaxurebaSi monawileobs.
kapelani (Cappellano) [nawarm. forma
sityvidan cappella] mRvdelmsaxuri,
romelsac myarad aqvs mindobili samwyso mzrunveloba, an Tundac nawilobriv mainc, morwmuneTa calkeul
jgufsa Tu sakrebuloze (saero
moweseTa sakrebuloebi, morwmuneTa
asociaciebi, saavadmyofoebi, obolTa
da moxucebulTa TavSesafrebi,

146
satusaRoebi, emigrantebi, devnilebi,
samxedroebi, mezRvaurebi da a.S.). am
saqmianobas kapelani saerTo da adgilobrivi samarTlis normebidan gamomdinare aRasrulebs (CIC, kan. 564),
winamZRvarTan Sesabamisi urTierTobis farglebSi (CIC, kan. 571). garda
Cveulebrivi samwyso mzunvelobisaTvis
saWiro SesaZleblobebisa da uflebebisa, romlebic mas adgilobrivi
samarTlis wesebebidan gamomdinare
an gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebis
ZaliT eniWeba, misive msaxurebidan
gamomdinare, kapelans SeuZlia misadmi mindobil morwmuneTa aRsarebebis miReba, qadageba, sikvdiliswina
ziarebis micema, sneulTa mironcxeba,
sikvdilis safrTxis winaSe mdgomTa
zeTis kurTxeva (CIC, kan. 566, naw.
1). saavadmyofoebSi, satusaRoebsa da
zRviT mgzavrobisas mas aqvs, agreTve,
ufleba, gaaTavisuflos morwmune rogorc dafaruli, ise ganucxadebeli
gamoTqmuli sasjelis disciplinarul
sanqciaTagan (rasac 976-e kanonis 2
nawili iTvaliswinebs).
kapitulumi (Capitolo) [laT. sityvidan capitulum (kninobiTi forma sityvisa caput) Tavi] aRniSnavs: a)
mRvdelmsaxurTa kolegias, daarsebuls sakaTedro taZarSi (sakaTedro
kapitulumi) an sxva eklesiaSi (sakolegio kapitulumi) RmrTismsaxurebisaTvis gansakuTrebulad sazeimo
xasiaTis misaniWeblad. momdinareobs
antikuri presbiteriumidan, anu adgilobrivi samRvdeloebis erTobliobidan, romelic eklesiis arsebobis
pirvelive saukuneebidan episkoposis
sabWos warmoadgenda. IV saukunidan,

147
wmida avgustines magaliTiT, presbiteriumma mraval regionSi episkoposis
saxlSi calkeul normaTa (canones)
dacviT mRvdelmsaxurTa erToblivad
cxovrebis wesi daamkvidra. am mRvdlebs kanonikosebi ewodaT, maT yoveldRiur Sekrebas ki, romlis mizanic
sakuTari wesis mcire nakveTis, capitulum-is, savaldebulo wakiTva warmoadgendakapitulumi. mcire xanSi
kapitulumad iwodeboda kolegiis
nebismieri Sekreba, sabolood ki sityva TviT kolegiis aRmniSvnel terminad
damkvidrda; b) ordenis (n. religiuri
ordenebi) an religiuri kongregaciis
(religiuri kapitulumi) sakolegio
marTvis organo. ikribeba periodulad
umaRles winamZRolTa asarCevad an
instituciis cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebaTa
misaRebad. kapitulumi SeiZleba iyos
saerTo, provinciuli an adgilobrivi,
imisda mixedviT, mTlianad religiur
saZmos Sekrebs Tu mxolod mis erT
nawils; g) moweseTa TavSeyrisTvis gankuTvnili adgili, sadac sakrebulos
cxovrebisTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxTa
gansja mimdinareobs; agreTve sakaTedro taZrebSi kanonikosTa Sexvedris
adgili; d) liturgiaSibibliuri
sakiTxavi, romelic fsalmunis locvas
mosdevs. JamTa liturgiaSi mas ewodeba
mokle sakiTxavi.
kapucinebi n. franciskelebi.
kardinali (Cardinale) termini aRniSnavs: a) yvelaze maRali wodebis mqone,
papis TanamSromlebsa da mrCevlebs
eklesiis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebSi. araugvianes VI saukunidan

kardinali

kardinali ewodeboda mRvdels an diakons, Tavis unarTa gamo gadayvanils

eklesiidan, romlis msaxurebisTvisac
miiRo xeldasxma da romlis saxelsac
atarebda, sxva eklesiaSi, romelzec
igi damokidebuli iyo (savaraudod,
aman ganapiroba termin kardinalis
warmoqmna laTinuri sityvidan cardo).
VIII saukunidan kardinalis wodeba
eniWeboda mxolod sakaTedro taZris diocezur samRvdelo pirT, romlebic episkoposis sabWos anu senats
Seadgendnen. romSi kardinalTa sami
kategoria arsebobda: a) diakoni kardinalebi, romlebic lateranis sasaxlesa da romis Svid olqs marTavdnen
da iq mcxovreb Raribebze zrunavdnen; b) mRvdeli kardinalebi, romlebic myarad iyvnen ganawilebulni
romis xuT mTavar eklesiaSi (wmida
petres taZari, wmida pavles taZari,
wmida lavrenti galavans miRma, wmida
maria umTavresi, wmida ioane lateranSi), sadac liturgiul msaxurebas
aRasrulebdnen; g) episkoposi kardinalebi, romlebic ganagebdnen romis
siaxlovis Svid diocezs da exmarebodnen paps liturgiuli msaxurebis aRvlenaSi lateranis bazilikaSi. samive
kategoriis kardinalebi Seadgendnen
romis pontifeqsis sabWos, anu senats
da, rogorc legatebi, warmoadgendnen
mas,maT Soris, msoflio krebebze.
ara mxolod romis diocezis, aramed
sayovelTao eklesiis marTvaSi papis
TanaSemweebad XI saukunidan kardinalebi ukve msoflios sxvadasxva mxareTagan arian mowveulni da qmnian
kolegias. kardinalebs papi konsistoriumze asaxelebs. kardinalTa kolegias dekanozi kardinali uZRveba. mis

kardinali, mfarveli

prerogativaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba,

hkiTxos konklavze papad arCeuls,
iRebs Tu uaryofs igi am wodebas, da
episkoposad akurTxos axalarCeuli
romis pontifeqsi, Tuki is episkoposis Rirsebas ar atarebs (CIC, kan.
355). vikarusi kardinali ewodeba papis
warmomadgenelsa da moadgiles romis
diocezis marTvaSi. 1958 wels ioane
XXIII-m gadaaWarba kardinalTa dadgenil raodenobassamocdaaTs da, amasTanave, daadgina, rom samive kategoriis
kardinalebs episkoposis wodeba unda
hqonodaT. 1970 wels papma pavle VI-m
oTxmoc wels gadacilebul kardinalTa konklavidan daTxovna gadawyvita.
kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad (kan. 349), kardinalTa kolegias
sami funqciis Sesruleba ekisreba:
sakolegio wesiT romis pontifeqsis
arCeva; romis pontifeqsisTvis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT konsistoriumze rCevaTa micema;
TiToeuli maTganisrogorc calkeuli kardinalismxridan, romis pontifeqsis daxmareba sayovelTao eklesiaze zrunvaSi. am ukanaskneli amocanis Sesasuleblad kardinalebi romis
kuriis Semdeg Tanamdebobebs ikaveben:
saxelmwifo samdivnos Tavmjdomare,
romis kongregaciaTa da samociqulo sabeWdavis wevrebi da prefeqtebi, ekonomikur saqmeTa sabWoebisa da
prefeqturis wevrebi da Tavmjdomare,
samociqulo sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare, samociqulo palatisa da wmida
saydris qonebis administraciis Tavmjdomareebi, legatebi a latere (CIC,
kan. 358; 360). kardinalTa, rogorc
papis mrCevelTa, sakolegio saqmianoba
umTavresad mimdinareobs konsistori-

148
umze, romelsac papi iwvevs da Tavmjdomareobs. paps SeuZlia kardinalTa
plenaruli sxdomis mowveva ise, rom
mas konsistoriumis forma ar mieces
(CIC, kan. 353, naw 1). b) kardinaluri
ewodeba erT-erTs an mets kaTolikuri
religiis oTx saTnoebaTagan: keTilgoniereba, samarTlianoba, simtkice,
TavSekaveba.
kardinali, mfarveli n. mfarveli kardinali.
kardinalis Tavsaburavi n. Tavsaburavi.
karvoba (Capanne, festa delle) ewodeba,
agreTve, tabernakulumTa dResaswauli
anu Sukkth. ebrauli dResaswauli,
romelsac didi saxalxo mxiaruleba
axasiaTebs da mosavlis aRebis Semdeg
imarTeba, uflisadmi madlierebis niSnad. dResaswauli iwyeba 15 tiSriss
(seqtember-oqtomberi) da grZeldeba
Svid dRes, romelTa ganmavlobaSic
adamianebi uRrmavdebian Toras. miRebulia qveynis oTxive mxaris mimarTulebiT kedris nayofisa da, agreTve,
palmis, tirifisa da murtis totTa
darxeva da fsalmunTa warmoTqma.
totebi Semdgom msvlelobiT sinagogisaken miaqvT. iudevelTa tradiciis
Tanaxmad, totebi urTierTTanamSromlobaSi myof yvela rasis adamianebs
ganasaxierebs. dResaswaulis samiwaTmoqmedo mniSvneloba istoriul gadaZaxils erwymis: xis totebiT an TiviT
gadaxuruli qoxebi, romlebSic dResaswaulis dros mozeimeni kerZebs miirTmeven, gaxsenebaa israelis xalxis
udabnoSi mogzaurobisa, romlis drosac maT karvebSi uwevdaT cxovreba.

149
karitasi (Caritas) laTinuri sityvaa,
romelic siyvaruls niSnavs da qristianuli suliskveTebis yvela saxis
saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba. rogorc organizebuli instituti, eklesiis samwyso
saqmianobis saSualebas warmoadgens da
sxvadasxva safexurebze moqmedebs: a)
saerTaSoriso karitasi (Caritas Internationalis) (1954): karitasis erovnul
organizaciaTa federacia, romlis saTao ganyofileba romSi mdebareobs da
romlis mizanic saerTaSoriso saqvelmoqmedo da Tanadgomis moZraobaTa
koordinireba da maT Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTarebaa; b) italiis karitasi warmoadgens italiis episkoposobis gankargulebaSi myof oficialurad aRiarebul saSualebas italiis
saeklesio sazogadoebaSi saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis mxardaWeris, koordinirebisa da gaZlierebis mizniT (pavle VI). daarsda italiis episkoposTa
konferenciis (CEI) mier 1971 wlis
2 ivliss da saerTaSoriso karitasis
Semadgeneli nawilia; Sedgeba erovnuli sabWos, prezidentis, ori viceprezidentis, administratorisa da sami
buRaltrisgan; g) sadiocezo karitasi
xels uwyobs da erTmaneTTan aTanxmebs
adgilobriv eklesiaTa saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianobas. sadiocezo karitasis wesdebis modeli iTvaliswinebs sadiocezo sabWosa da prezidentis arsebobas, romelTac episkoposi asaxelebs;
sadiocezo karitasi avtonomiuria da
episkoposzea damokidebuli; d) samrevlo karitasi Sedgeba saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianobis maregulirebeli komisiisagan, romelsac samrevlo samwyso sabWo
asaxelebs. esaa samwyso organo samrev-

karmelelni

lo sakrebuloSi sadiocezo karitasis

mizanTa gansaxorcieleblad.
karmelelni (Carmelitani) samoweseo
ordenis wevrebi, romlis saxelwodebac
karmelis mTis saxelidan momdinareobs
(karmelis mTis netari qalwulis monazvnebi, palestina). ierusalemis laTinma patriarqma, wmida alberto verCelelma 1209 wels mkacri wesi daumtkica
im adgilas ukve mcxovreb monazonTa
jgufebs. 1226 wels wesi papma honorius
III-m daamtkica, SemdgomSi inokenti IV-m
is Seamsubuqa da karmelelni glaxakTa
ordenebis
ricxvs miakuTvna. Zveli
tradiciis Tanaxmad, ordeni TviT winaswarmetyvel eliasagan iRebs saTaves,
romelic swored karmelis mTaze cxovrobda. qristianTa da muslimTa Soris mravalricxovan konfliqtTa gamo
karmelelebma male miatoves palestina
da evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi damkvidrdnen. isini iyvnen warmodgenilni
wamyvan universitetebSi, maT Soris
kembrijSi, oqsfordSi, boloniisa da
parizis universitetebSi. Tavdapirveli
asketuri suliskveTebis Serbilebam
ordenis reformirebis mcdelobebi
gamoiwvia. amgvarad aRmocenda sxvadasxva reformirebuli kongregacia mantuaSi (XV), tursaSi (XVII) da sxva
qalaqebSi. Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovani
reforma XVI saukuneSi gatarda wmida tereza avilelisa da wmida ioane jvrisas meoxebiT, ris Sedegadac
ordeni or Stod daiyo. 1593 wels
klementeVIII-m uxamur karmelelTa
ordeni damoukidebel ordenad aRiara,
meore Sto ki xamlian karmelelTa
saxeliT damkvidrda. karmeleli deda
monazvnebi XV saukunidan arseboben,

kartagloria

aqvT orive wesis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba. mamakac monazonTa ordenis

msgavsad, karmelel monazonTa ordenic
or Stod iyofa. xamlian karmelel
daTa ordeni dReisaTvis 13.000 monazons aerTianebs, es monazonTa yvelaze
mravalricxovani mWvretelobiTi ordenia eklesiaSi. aseve, karmelelebs aqvT
mesame ordeni da sxvadasxva kongregaciebi.
kartagloria (Cartegloria) [sityvebidan carta+gloria] sakurTxevelze damagrebuli sami patara dafa, romelTa
funqcia mRvdelmsaxurisTvis wirvis
calkeul ucvlel nawilTa Sexseneba iyo. maTi gamoyeneba ukanaskneli
liturgiuli reformis Sedegad gauqmda.
kartuzielebi (Certosini/e) Ordo cartusiensis, samonazvno ordeni, romelic
1084 wels, grenoblis siaxloves mdebare dasaxleba SartrSi wmida brunom
daaarsa. saxelis italizebuli versia
Certoza rogorc monastris, ise am
ordenis wevr monazonTa aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyeneba. bruno da misi eqvsi Tanamoazre ganmartoebul mkacr cxovrebas eweodnen, Tavs cxvris faris mwyemsviT irCendnen. 1090 wels urban II-m
bruno Tavis mrCevlad romSi miiwvia,
1091 wels ki mas kalabriaSi, la toreSi (dRevandeli sera san bruno) axali
monastris daarsebis neba darTo. kartuzielebi wmida benediqteseul wesdebas misdeven da Zalian mkacr gandegil
cxovrebas ewevian, icaven mdumarebasa
da marxvas. monazvnebi gancalkevebiT
cxovroben senakebSi da erTad mxolod
liturgiuli locvisas, kviradRisa da

150
sazeimo dReTa trapezze ikribebian.
1127 wels Sartris mexuTe winamZRvarma, pietro guigo de Sastelma, Tavi
mouyara kartuzianuli cxovrebis saxasiaTo wes-Cvevebs, romlebic 1133 wels
papma inokenti II-m daamtkica. kartuzianel qalTa ordeni 1145 wlidan arsebobs, rodesac wmida andre de ramieresis ordenis wevrma Jermelim, romelic
wmida cezaris wess misdevda, sxva monazvnebTan erTad kartuziuli samonastro cxovrebis wes-Cvevebi miiRo.
katabasisi (Katbasis) [berZ. daRmarTi (nawarmoebia zmnidan katabanein
Casvla, Tavqve daSveba)] TeologiaSi gamoiyeneba xorcSesxmisas sityvis
daRmasvlis aRsaniSnavad.
katakomba (Catacomba) [laT. catacumbae (Sedgenilia berZ. sityvebiT
kat qveS da cumba Rrmuli)]
Tavdapirvelad (IV saukunidan) toponimi gamoiyeneboda via apias meore
da mesame mils SoriskerZod, wmida sebastianesa da sesilia metelas
saflavs Sorisarsebuli Rrmulis
aRsaniSnavad. amJamad katakomba Zvel
qristianul da ebraul miwisqveSa sasaflaoebs niSnavs. Znelia imis zustad
dadgena, Tu rodidan damkvidrda qristianul sasaflaoTa warmarTulTagan
gancalkevebis tradicia. magaliTad,
mociqulTa petresa da pavles saflavebi vatikanisa da ostiis warmarTul
sasaflaoTa teritoriaze ganTavsda.
tertulianes dros, II saukunis dasasruls, ukve cxadadaa saubari areae
sepulturarum nostrarum-is Sesaxeb
(Ad Scapulam, 3; PL 1,701). katakombaTa saxasiaTo niSania sxvadasxva zo-

151
mis da sxvadasxva doneebze ganlagebul
galereaTa qseli. samarxebi nakveTi iyo
rogorc galereaTa kedlebSi, aseve
kubikulumebSi, vertikalur rigebad,
oTx-oTxi an xuT-xuTi. samarxis Sesasvleli marmarilos filebiT an
dacementebuli agurebiT iketeboda.
mosazreba, rom eklesia Tavisi arasebobis pirvel sam saukunes miwisqveSa
sasaflaoebs afarebda Tavs, legendaa.
katakombebs
yovelTvis
sasaflaos
daniSnuleba hqonda, Tumca, im faqtma, rom iq mowameTa saflavebi imyofeboda, III saukunidan katakombaTa,
agreTve, sakulto adgilad gadaqceva
ganapiroba. guTebis mier gaZarcvisa
(VI saukune) da mowameTa neStebis gadasvenebis Semdeg katakombebi miiviwyes.
es mdgomareoba mecxramete saukunidan
TandaTan Seicvala. katakombaTa Soris
yvelaze cnobilia kalisTes, domicilasa da priscilas katakombebi.
katafalki (Catafalco) [etimologia
ucnobia; SesaZloa, momdinareobs berZnulidan kat qvemoT da laTinuridan fala xis koSki] Savi an moiisfro qsoviliT morTuli ficarnagi,
romelzec asveneben kubos eklesiaSi
samgloviaro msaxurebis dros.
katafaturi, Teologia (Catafatica,
teologia) [berZ. kataphatiks mtkicebiTi] Teologia, romelic RmrTis
Sesaxeb saubars misTvis aRmatebul
xarisxSi ayvanili yvela Risebis mikuTvnebiT asabuTebs. misdevs RmrTis
gamocxadebis daRmaval gzas. upirispirdeba apofatur Teologias.

katexizacia, katexizmos swavleba

katenebi n. bibliuri katenebi.

katexetika (Catechetica) [berZ. katechetiks] Teologiur-samwyso mecniereba, romelic katexezTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs Seiswavlis.
amrigad, es rwmenis WeSmaritebaTa
pedagogiur-didaqtikuri
meTodebis
meSveobiT swavlebis xelovnebaa.
katexizacia,
katexizmos
swavleba
(Catechesi) [berZ. katchesis zepiri
swavleba, sityvasityviT cocxlad,
xmiT swavleba] aRniSnavs swavlebas,
romlis mizanic qristianuli sarwmunoebis gadacemaa. wmida lukam da wmida
pavlem termini saxarebiseul uwyebaze
dafuZnebuli swavlebis aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyenes. qristianuli katexumenobis
damkvidrebasTan erTad (n. katexumeni)
sityvam naTlisRebisaTvis mosamzadebeli swavlebis mniSvneloba SeiZina.
Cvenamde mociqulTa moRvaweobis xanis verc erTma katexisturma teqstma
ver moaRwia, Tumca mociqulTa saqmeebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, am teqstTa
mTavari saxasiaTo niSnebi aRvadginoT
(petres sityvebi: saq. 2:14-40; 3:12-26;
5:29-32; pavles sityvebi: saqm. 13:16-41;
17:22-31). katexizaciis mniSvnelovani
naSromebididaqe, hermas mwyemsi,
werili diognetes mimarTmociqulTa Semdgom periods ganekuTvneba.
Semdeg, IV saukuneSi Seiqmna kiriles
katexeza, ambrosis saidumloTa
gamo, ioane oqropiris sanaTlisRebo katexeza da sxva. katexeza, romlis sagansac qristes msxneli movlena
warmoadgens (saRmrTo werili, gadmocema da moZRvreba), adamianis istoriul moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisad, ga-

katexizmo

mocxadebis gaTanamedrovebas cdilobs.

vatikanis II krebam axali biZgi misca
katexizacias da mis ganaxlebasa da
gaTanamedrovebas Seuwyo xeli.
katexizmo (Catechismo) [berZ. katechisms, Semdeg saeklesio laTin.
catechismus] sityvis Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT katexizmo aRniSnavs qristianuli religiis arsebiT WeSmaritebaTa zepir da martiv,
Zaldautanebel swavlebas bavSvebisa da
ganaTlebis armqone zrdasrulTaTvis,
rac naTlisRebis Semdeg xdeba. Tumca
SemdgomSi saxelwodeba swavlebis xerxidan gavrcelda im wignze, romelic
qristianobis Zireul WeSmaritebaTa
elementarul gadmocemas Seicavs. am
TvalsazrisiT katexizmo aris popularuli saxelmZRvanelo, qristianuli moZRvrebis zusti da utyuari
mokle gadmocema (e. manJeno). katexizmos pirvel teqstTagan aRsaniSnavia
alkuinis droindeli Disputatio puerorum per interrogationes et responsiones (qristianuli doqtrinis kompendiumi aT Tavad, PL 101, 1097-1144).
XIII saukuneSi aRmocenda saxasiaTo
saganmanaTleblo teqstebi, rogoric
iyo, magaliTad, honorius autunelis
Elucidarium, sive dialogus de summa
totius christianae theologiae (SekiTxvebi da pasuxebi mrwamsis, borotebisa da saboloo saganTa Sesaxeb, PL
172, 1109-1176). luTerma da kalvinmac
daweres katexizmoebi, Sesabamisad 1529
(didi da mcire katexizmo), 1537 da
1542 wlebSi. kaTolikur samyaroSi didad gaiTqva saxeli petre kanizelis
mcire katexizmom (1556) da roberto
belarminos qristianuli doqtrinis

152
mokle gadmocemam (1597). tridentis
krebis Semdeg papma pius V-m gamoaqveyna romauli katexizmo winamZRvarTaTvis, xolo vatikanis I krebis Semdeg
pius X-m SeimuSava katexizmo, gankuTvnili romis diocezisTvis, romelic
SemdgomSi mTel italiaSi gavrcelda.
vatikanis II krebam biZgi misca katexizmos swavlebis ganaxlebas, raTa
kiTxva-pasuxis Zveli formis nacvlad
damkvidrebuliyo axali meTodi, romelic metad gausvamda xazs Tanamedrove anTropologiur konteqsts. am
ganaxlebis Sedegia 1992 wlis 11 oqtombers kaTolike eklesiis katexizmos gamoqveyneba.
katexisti, katexizmos maswavlebeli (Catechista) [berZ. katechists]
qristes swavlebis erTguli mimdevari,pirovneba, romelic qristianuli sarwmunoebis codnisa da gamocdilebis saeklesio memkvidreobas gadascems adamianebs.
katexumeni (Catecumeno) [berZ. katechomenos (zmna katechein-is saSualo-vnebiTi mimReoba) is, visac aswavlian] pirovneba, romelic naTisRebisaTvis da saeklesio sakrebuloSi
Sesasvlelad emzadeba. adrindel eklesiaSi katexumeni mTeli sakrebulos
sulieri mxardaWeris TanxlebiT etapobriv mzadebas gadioda. katexumenad
miReba mRvdelmsaxuris mier xeldasxmis meSveobiT xdeboda, ris Semdegac
adamianis saxeli mosanaTlav pirTa
siaSi Tavsdeboda. am mosamzadebeli
etapis Semdeg iwyeboda uSualod katexumenati, romelic Sedgeboda katexizmos Seswavlisa, av sulTa gan-

153
devnisa da SemowmebaTagan (kandidatis
mzadyofnis gamocdebi). Semdeg etaps
warmoadgenda mrwamsis teqstis axsna
da Semdgomi saboloo sazeimo sulTa gandevna (effaTa, rac arameulad
niSnavs gaixsen). dasasrul, sruldeboda naTlisRebis wesi, mironcxebisa
da evqaristiuli msaxurebis TanxlebiT. katexumenatis periodSi mosanaTl
pirs mxolod wirvis pirvel nawilze
daswrebis ufleba hqonda (sityvis
liturgia). vatikanis II krebis Semdgomi liturgiuli reformis Sedegad
damkvidrda zrdasrulTa qristianuli
miRebis axali wesi, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia ara mxolod naTlisRebis
msurvel, aramed ukve monaTlul im
adamianTaTvisac, romlebsac katexezuri da saidumloebTan dakavSirebuli codna ar miuRiaT.
kacis Ze n. Ze kacisa.
keTilgoniereba (Prudenza) [laT.
prudentia (sityvidan prudens keTilgonieri, windaxeduli)] erT-erTi
oTx ZiriTad saTnoebaTagan, romelic
praqtikul gonebas yovelgvar viTarebaSi WeSmariti sikeTis amocnobisa da
mis Sesasruleblad saTanado saSualebaTa amorCevisaTvis ganawyobs. wmida
Toma akvineli ganmartavs, rom keTilgoniereba aris qmedebis marTebuli
forma (Sdr. CCC, 1806).
kenobiti (Cenobita) [berZ. koins
saerTo da bos cxovreba] monazoni, romelic RmerTTan Tavis kavSirs saerTo cxovrebis adgilas
ganicdis (n. monasteri), gansxvavebiT
anaqoretisagan. monazvnobis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli formaa. is daaxloebiT

kerpTayvaniscemloba

320 wels, egvipteSi wmida paxomma daamkvidra. saerTo cxovrebis garda, kenobitobis saxasiaTo niSania winamZRvris,
rogorc sasuliero winamZRolis, da,
agreTve, wesdebis arseboba. kenobitobis yvelaze cnobili formebi dasavleTSi wmida benediqtes, aRmosavleTSi
ki wmida basilis wesdebis gavrcelebis
Sedegad damkvidrda.
kenozisi (Knosi/kenotico) [berZ. knosis (nawarmoebia sityvidan kenon
dacla) dacarieleba] bibliurTeologiur terminologiaSi aRniSnavs gankacebiT qristes mier RmerTTan Tavis Tanasworobaze uaris Tqmas
mamisadmi morCilebis niSnad, raTa
msaxuris, adamianis saxiT warmdgariyo
adamianTa winaSe, TviT sikvdilis miRebamde (fil. 2:6). kenozisi siyvarulis
RmrTaebriv saxes warmoadgens.
kerigma (Kerygma) [berZ. sityvasityviT gamocxadeba, damowmeba] saxarebiseuli uwyebis safuZvelmdebi arsis gavrceleba (ieso qriste mokvda
da mkvdreTiT aRdga), romelsac eklesia RmrTaebrivi misiis ZaliT acxadebs
da romelic rwmenisadmi mowodebad da
moxmobad isaxeba.
kerpTayvaniscemloba (Idolatria) [berZ.
idolon kerpi+latra (zmnidan latreein msaxureba) sityvasityviT:
sakulto msaxureba da, maSasadame, gamosaxulebaTa Tayvaniscema] am terminiT
aRiniSneba nebismieri kulti, romelic
Semoqmedis nacvlad eTayvaneba qmnilebas (sagnebi, gamosaxulebani, xatebani),
romelsac RmrTaebrivi Tvisebebi da
Zala miewereba. kerpTayvanismcemloba,
romelic israelma xalxmac ki ver

kerpi

aicila Tavidan (oqros xbo, gam. 32)

dagmobilia rogorc Zvel (rjl. 13:2
da Semd.), ise axal aRTqmaSi (kor. 5:11).
kerpi (Idolo) [berZ. idolon gamosaxuleba, Semdeg laT. idolum] sagani,
gamosaxuleba Tu xateba, romelsac
RmrTaebriv Tvisebebsa da unarebs miaweren da eTayvanebian.
kvakerebi (Quaccheri) [ingl. quake
kankali] XVII saukunis Sua wlebSi
aRmocenebuli
mistikur-enTuziasturi mimarTulebis protestanturi
seqta. misi damaarsebeli, mousvenari
bunebis mqone mewaRe, religiuri
naTelmxilveli jorj foqsi (16241691), 1647 wels mivida daskvnamde,
rom TiToeul adamians WeSmaritebisa
da maradiuli xsnisaken RmrTis xmis
Sinagani naTeli (ioan. 1:9) waruZRveba. imis gamo, rom RmrTis sityvis
mosmenisas foqss kankali ipyrobda,
misi mimdevrebs kvakerebi, mokankaleni Searqves. foqsis mimdevrebi
Tavdapirvelad Tavs naTlis Svilebs (Children of the Light), an WeSmaritebis megobrebs (Friends of the
Truth) uwodebdnen, 1670 wlis Semdeg
kimegobarTa sazogadoebas (Society
of Friends) (ioan. 15:15). inglisSi Seviwroebulma da devnilma kvakerebma
Tavi CrdiloeT amerikas Seafares, mas
Semdeg, rac 1667 wlidan kvakeruli
moZraobaSi CarTulma uiliam penma
(1644-1718) iq Tavis represirebul
TanamoazreTa da sxva qristianuli
jgufebis wevri kolonistebisTvis Tavisufali saxelmwifo daaarsa (pensilvania). penis mier Sedgenili wesdeba
morwmuneebs aZlevda srul religiur

154
Tavisuflebas (1689 wlis Semwynareblobis aqti), uaryofda oms, samxedro
samsaxurs, ficis dadebas da saeklesio wesiT qorwinebas. garda amisa,
masSi mocemuli iyo zangebis monobis Semsubuqebis tendencia. kvakerebi
dogmebis gareSe religias misdeven,
swamT, rom garda bibliisa, RmrTis
suli uSualod Sinagani naTlis meSveobiT metyvelebs, romelic TiToeul
adamianSi arsebobs. dogmebs, saidumloebs, mRvdelmsaxurebsa da eklesias
kvakerebi uaryofen rogorc zedmets.
kvakerTa Tavyrilobebze ZiriTadad
mdumareba sufevs. maTi religiuri
debuleba omze, sikvdiliT dasjaze,
monobaze, yovelgvar diskriminaciaze,
azartul TamaSebsa da alkoholze
uaris Tqmas moiTxovs. garda amisa,
waxalisdeba kulturul urTierTobaTa damyareba-ganviTareba, marTebuli
ekonomikur-socialuri mimarTuleba,
qalTa iuridiuli Tanasworoba, fsiqikurad daavadebulTa mimarT adamianuri mopyroba. kvakerTa sakrebuloebi demokratiuladaa mowyobili. isini
zedamxedvelebis anu uxucesebis mier
imarTeba. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebis mizeziT,
rasac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
konstitucia iTvaliswinebs, religiur
sakrebuloTa oficialuri statistika ar arsebobs. amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi daaxloebiT
200.000 kvakeria, danarCen msoflioSi
kidaaxloebiT 185.000.
kvatrodecimanebi (Quartodecimani)
[gvianlaT. quartodecimani, nawarmoebia sityvidan quartodecimus meToTxmete] ase ewodaT mcire aziis im

155
qristianebs,
romlebic,
ebrauli
kalendris Tanaxmad, aRdgomas nisanis
Tvis (marti) me-14 dRes aRniSnavdnen, gansxvavebiT sxva qristianTagan,
romelTaTvisac aRdgomis dResaswauli
gazafxulis pirveli mTvaris movanebis
Semdgom kviradRes dgeboda. am gansxvavebam daudo dasabami diskusias aRdgomis TariRTan dakavSirebiT, romelmac mwvave saxe miiRo pap viqtor I-is
(189-199) dros. ganxeTqilebis Tavidan
acileba ireneos lionelis (202)
Carevis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli. am
konteqstSi ganixileba saaRdgomo qadageba, romlis avtoric aris egreT
wodebuli anonimi kvatrodecimani.
kvietizmi (Quietismo) [laT. quietus,
sityvidan quies simSvide] mistikur-religiuri koncepcia, romelic
RmerTTan erTianobis miRwevas eswrafvis sruli pasiurobisa da mWvretelobis gziT, rasac adamianis nebisa da
survilis sruli daTrgunva mohyveba.
am mimarTulebis moZraobebi arsebobda V saukuneSi, evtiqianelTa Soris,
XIV saukuneSi aTonel monazvnebsa da
gviani Sua saukuneebis mistikosebs Soris. moZraobis mTavari warmomadgenelia espaneli mRvdelmsaxuri migel de
molinosi (1628-1696), avtori wignisa
Guia espiritual, romelic 1675 wels
saeklesio xelisufalTa nebarTviT
gamoica. mis mimarT sxvadasxva mxridan
gamoTqmuli mravalricxovani braldebebis Sedegad, 1685 wels molinosi
daapatimres. inkviziciis winaSe misi
sasamarTlo procesi 1687 wels misi
naweridan aRebuli 68 debulebis dagmobiT dasrulda. molinosma uaryo Tavisi debulebebi, Tumca, amis miuxeda-

kviradRe

vad, sicocxlis bolomde sapyrobileSi

darCa. misi gavlena gansakuTrebiT ganicades Jan-mari de la mot guaionma
(1648-1717), episkoposma f. fenelonma
(1651-1715) da italiaSi, germaniasa da
inglisSi gavrcelebuli pietizmis
mimdevrebma. moZraobis aqtiuri mowinaaRmdege iyo episkoposi j. b. bosue
(1627-1704), romelmac, ludoviko XIVis mxardaWeriT, miaRwia inokenti XII-is
mier fenelonis 23 debulebis dagmobas
naSromidan Explication des Maximes
des Saints sur la vie intrieure (epistole Cum Alias, 1699).
kviradRe (Domenica) [laT. dominica
(dies), rac warmoadgens Targmans berZnuli frazisa kyriak hemra uflis
dRe] uflis mkvdreTiT aRdgomis dRe,
ris gamoc is pirvelsawyis dResaswaulad da liturgiuli wlis dasabamad
iqca. qristianebma dasabamidanve sajarod gamoacxades kviradRis uqmoba (1
kor. 16:2; Sdr. saq. 2:7). Tavdapirvelad es dRe iudevelTa SabaTTan erTad aRiniSneboda, Semdeg ki Caenacvla
mas. apologetebisa da eklesiis mamaTa
moRvaweobis periodSi sakvirao msaxureba ueWvelad damkvidrebul tradicias warmoadgenda. kviradRe saero uqme
dRed iqca imperator konstantines
mmarTvelobisas, romelmac 321 wels am
dRes fizikuri Sromis akrZalva daawesa. VI saukunidan eklesiam savaldebulod gamoacxada sakvirao evqaristiul
liturgiaSi morwmuneTa monawileoba.
kviradRe, mkvdreTiT aRdgomis aRsaniSnavi yovelkvireuli dResaswauli, romelic liturgiaSi RmrTis TayvaniscemiTa da Sromisagan dasvenebiT adamianis
Tavisufal da srul TviTgamoxatvas

kviradRe TeTrebSi

uwyobs xels, maradiuli sicocxlis

erTgvari winswrebaa.
kviradRe TeTrebSi n. Domenica in albis.
kiasi (Qiyas) [arab. analogia] erTerTi islamuri kanonis oTx wyaroTagan (yuranTan, sunasTan da ijmasTan
erTad). safuZvlad udevs yuransa da
sunaSi gadmocemul monacemTa Sesaxeb
analogiis meTodiT msjelobis xerxi.
kidobani (arca) [ebr. aron yuTi]
cnobilia: a) aRTqmis kidobani: akaciis
xisagan gamoTlili da oqroTi movarayebuli marTkuTxa skivri. savaraudod, misi sigrZe iyo daaxl. 112 sm, sigane da simaRle ki66 sm (gam. 25:10).
masSi inaxeboda RmrTis mier mosesTvis sinais mTaze micemuli ori dafa
maTze amotvifruli aTi mcnebiT, romelic warmoadgenda Tavis xalxs Soris RmrTis yofnis xelSesaxeb niSans;
b) noes kidobani: didi mcuravi skivri,
romelic noem aago RmrTis brZanebiT
(Sdr. dab. 6:13-22) msoflio warRvnis
dadgomamde Tavisi ojaxisa da cxovelTa yvela saxeobis gadarCenis mizniT.
kidobans uzarmazari yuTis forma
hqonda (daaxl. 135 m X 22,5 m X 13,5 m),
dayofili iyo sam sarTulad, TiToeuli maTgani daaxl. 5 metris simaRles
aRwevda. mas hqonda navisTvis uCveulo
elementebi: karebi gverdiTa mxares,
saxuravi wylisgan dasacavad (Sdr.
dab. 6,16) da gverdiTa kedlebis zeda
nawilSi datovebuli Riobi, saidanac
kidobanSi haeri da sinaTle Sedioda.
kipuri (Kippr) [ebr. aRniSnavs gamosyidvas] Semodgomis dResaswauli,
romelsac tisris TveSi (seqtember-

156
oqtomberi) aRniSnavdnen bralTagan
gansawmedad: umaRlesi mRvdelmsaxuri
Sedioda wmidaTa wmidaSi da ormag msxverpls swiravda: sakuTar,
mRvdelmsaxurTa da xalxis braleulobaTa gamosasyidad. Semdeg braleulobiT simbolurad datvirTul gantevebis vacs gareT agdebdnen da udabnoSi tovebdnen, raTa iq momkvdariyo (lev. 16:1-29; 23:26, Smd.) am dRes
akrZaluli iyo rame saxis samuSaos
Sesruleba da sasurveli iyo xorcis
mokvdineba (lev. 23:36, Smd.).
kiriali (Kyriale) [berZ. Kyrios ufali] wigni, romelic Seicavs wirvis
ucvlel sagaloblebs. esenia: ufalo,
Segviwyalen (Kyrie), dideba maRalTa
Sina (Gloria), mrwams erTi RmerTi
(Credo), wmida ars (Sanctus), kravo RmrTisao (Agnus Dei).
kirie eleison n. ufalo, Segviwyalen.
kirios (Kyrios) [berZ. ufali, batoni] Zvel aRTqmaSi gamoiyeneboda
iahves warmouTqmeli saxelis Sesacvlelad, axal aRTqmaSi ki iqca terminad, romlis meSveobiTac qristianuli
sakrebulo gamoxatavs Tavis rwmenas
iesos, rogorc mkvdreTiT aRdgomiT
gabrwyinvebuli qristesadmi, romelic
Tanamswrea aRdgomaSisuli wmidis
gamcemi da xsnis wyaro. n. adonai; ufali.
kiure
(Curato)
[laT.
curatus]
mRvdelmsaxuri, romelsac sulebze
zrunva aqvs mindobili. termini Sua
saukuneebSi warmoiSva, gacilebiT
adre, vidre parokosi (moZRvari). n.
winamZRvari.

157
klarelni (Clarisse) [nawarmoebi forma saxelidanklara] wmida klarasa
da wmida franciske asizelis mier 12121214 wlebSi daarsebuli franciskuli
meore ordenis anu qalTa religiuri ordenis mowese qalebi. ordenis
wesdeba 1253 wels papma inokenti IV-m
daamtkica, xolo 1263 wels urban IV-m
masSi Sesworebebi Seitana. moweseni
gansakuTrebiT did yuradRebas aqceven
locvasa da mWvretelobas.
klaretelni (Claretiani) religiuri
kongregacia, daarsebuli misioneris,
SemdgomSi santiago di kubas mTavarepiskoposis, antonio maria klaret i
klaras mier (1807-1870, kanonizacia
moxda 1950 wels). 1849 wels viCSi (espaneTi) daarsebuli kongregacia 1870
wels papma pius IX-m scno. sazogadoeba
saxelwodebiT mariamis ubiwo gulis
misioneri Svilebi (Cordis Mariae Filii) sxvadasxva xalxebsa da warmarTebs
Soris misionerul saqmianobas eweva.
dRes am sazogadoebis wevrebi msoflios yvela kuTxeSi moRvaweoben, umTavresad axalgazrdaTa aRzrdiTa da
samwyso saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni.
klaret i klaram daaarsa agreTve qalTa kongregaciac (misi oficialuri
saxelwodebaa ubiwo mariamis saxelobis maswavlebelTa samociqulo
instituti), romlis mTavari amocana axalgazrda gogonebis aRzrda da
ganTlebaa.
klauzura (Clausura) [laT. zmnidan
claudere daxurva, Caketva] aRniSnavs rogorc kanonikur normas, romelic gansazRvravs samoweseo dawesebulebebSi ucxo pirTa Sesvlisa da

klerjimeni

iq mcxovrebTa gareT gamosvlis wess,

aseve, amave dawesebulebebSi am wesisadmi daqvemdebarebul adgilebs. klauzuras ewodeba papiseuli, rodesac
is wmida saydris mier gansazRvrul
gansakuTrebul normebs Seesabameba,
saepiskoposoTuki mas adgilobrivi episkoposi awesebs, konstituciurirodesac ganisazRvreba samoweseo instituciis sakuTari samarTliT (CIC, kan. 667), am institutis
daniSnulebisa da misiis Sesabamisad.
klauzuris tradicia uZvelesi droidan momdinareobs da saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxvagvarad wesdeboda,
sanam XVI saukuneSi (tridentis kreba)
saerTo kanons ar daeqvemdebara. vatikanis II krebis
dekretSi Perfectae
caritatis gamoxatulia papiseuli klauzuris ganaxlebis survili im wes-CvevaTa gauqmebiT, romelTa arseboba ukve
gaumarTlebelia (PC, 16).
klerikalizmi (Clericalismo) [nawarmoebia sityvidan clericalis sasuliero, saeklesio] Tavdapirvelad termins polemikuri mniSvneloba hqonda
da gmobda sasuliero pirTa im iniciativebs, romlebic uSualod saeklesio sferos scildeboda, politikur,
socialur da kulturul sferoebSi
qristianTa saeklesio ierarqiisadmi
daqvemdebarebis midrekilebas da sasuliero pirTa TiTqosda Sefaruli aRmatebulobis fsiqologias. gamoiyeneba, agreTve, samRvdeloebasTan SedarebiT saeroTa arasaTanadod Sefasebis
aRsaniSnavadac.
klerjimeni (Clergyman) [ingl. sityvasityviT samRvdeloebis warmo-

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kliteTa Zalaufleba

madgeneli] Savi an ruxi feris samosi, romelsac sxvadasxva religiuri

konfesiis kultis msaxuri atarebs.
Sedgeba qurTukisa da Sarvlisgan, aqvs
TeTri sayelo da Savi feris Cadgmuli
mkerdze.
kliteTa Zalaufleba (Potere delle chiavi) gasaRebis, kliteTa gamosaxuleba
qristianul xelovnebaSi ganasaxierebs
qristes mier pirveli mociqulis, petresTvis miniWebul Zalauflebas
Sekvrisa da gaxsnisa, anu sayovelTao
eklesiis moZRvris Zalauflebas. rogorc petres memkvidres, paps, romis
eklesiis episkoposs, Tavisi Tanamdebobis ZaliT aqvs marTvis umaRlesi,
sruli, uSualo da sayovelTao Zalaufleba eklesiaze da mas SeuZlia am
Zalauflebis Tavisuflad aRsruleba
(CIC, kan. 331).
koadiutori (Coadiutore) [gvianlaT.
coadiutor (zmnidan coadiuvare) erTad daxmareba] ase ewodeba episkoposis Rirsebis matarebel TanamSromels,
romelic sadiocezo episkoposs samsaxurebriv movaleobaTa SesrulebaSi exmareba. episkoposis koadiutors niSnavs
wmida saydari ZiriTadi sadiocezo
episkoposis calkeul samwyso saqmianobaTa xelSewyobis mizniT. koadiutori
exmareba sadiocezo episkoposs mTlianad diocezis marTvaSi da enacvleba
mas am ukanasknelis aryofnis an rame
dabrkolebis SemTxvevaSi (CIC, kan.
405). damxmare episkoposisgan gansxvavebiT, koadiutori memkvidreobis uflebiT sargeblobs (CIC, kan. 409).
koine (Koin) [berZ. momdinareobs
zedsarTavidan koins saerTo, Cveu-

li] rogorc arsebiTi saxeli, aRniSnavs mTeli xmelTaSua zRvis samyarosTvis saerTo salaparako berZnul enas,
elinizmis xanidan daaxloebiT qristes
Semdeg 400 wlamde. es ena aleqsandre
makedonelis dros damkvidrda da mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli qristianobis
gavrcelebas. axali aRTqma koineze
daiwera, Tumca semitizmebiTaa gajerebuli. n. bibliis enebi.
koinonia (Koinona) [berZ. aRniSnavs
ziarebas, Tanaziarebas] axal aRTqmaSi aRniSnavs im damokidebulebaTa
wesrigs, romlebic mTlianobad aqcevs
qristianul sakrebulos rwmeniT, qadagebiT, saidumloTi, umTavresad, evqaristiuli msaxurebiT da mravali sxva
formiT, romelTa Sorisaa qonebis,
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
gaziareba,
rogorc qristianuli siyvarulis
gamoxatuleba.
kokola (Cocolla) [gvianlaT. cuculla
kapiuSoni] farTo, nakecebiani sagundo samosi grZeli farTo saxeloebiTa da kapiuSoniT, romelic zogierT
samonazvno ordenSi sagundo galobisas gamoiyeneba.
kolegia, kardinalTa n. kardinali.
kolegia, mrCevelTa n. mrCevelTa kolegia.
kolegiuri taZari (Collegiata) [nawarmoebia sityvidan collegium kolegia]
taZari, romelsac aqvs kanonikosTa kapitulumi (kolegia), Tumca ar warmoadgens episkoposis samyofels.
kolegiuroba (Collegialit) [laT. collegium kolegia, erToblioba pirTa,

159
romlebic Cveulebriv rame saerTo
mizniT erTiandebian] aRniSnavs eklesiis struqturis Zireul aspeqts da
miemarTeba episkoposobas, romelic Tavisi bunebiT kolegiuria. piri saepiskoposo organos nawilad iqceva saidumloebrivi kurTxevis ZaliT da kolegiis meTaurTan (papi) da mis wevrebTan
ierarqiuli Tanaziarebis meSveobiT
(LG, 22). saepiskoposo kolegiurobagamoxatuleba
Tanaziarebisa,
romelic akavSirebs yvela kaTolike episkopossa da papssazeimod
xorcieldeba msoflio krebaze an
msoflioSi gafantul episkoposTa
erToblivi moqmedebiT, Tuki is gamocxadda an nebadarTul iqna romis
pontifeqsis mier, imgvarad, rom ganxorcieldes WeSmariti kolegialuri
qmedeba (CIC, kan. 337).
koleridielebi (Colliridiani) es saxeli uwoda wmida epifanem eretikosTa
jufs (umTavresad qalebs), romelmac
mariamis sapativcemulod Trakiidan
SemoiRo gansakuTrebuli ritualebi,
dafuZnebuli puris Sewirvaze, romelic monawileTa Soris nawildeboda.
koleqta (Colletta) [laT. collecta
Segroveba] termins sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs: a) Zvelad aRniSnavda
Sekrebis adgils, saidanac morwmuneebi
msvlelobiT miemarTebodnen eklesiisaken, romelSic sazeimo msaxureba
imarTeboda; b) liturgiaSi koleqta
ewodeba locvas, romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri wirvis dros RmrTis sityvis
liturgiamde aRavlens; g) koleqta
ewodeba
gaWirvebulTa
daxmarebis
mizniT materialuri qonebis Segrove-

kongregaciebi

bas, rogorc es wmida pavlem gaakeTa

ierusalemis pirveli qristianuli
sazogadoebisTvis (1 kor. 16:1-2). am
TvalsazrisiT aRniSnavs agreTve mowyalebis Segrovebasac, romelic eklesiaSi Sewirulebisas xdeba.
kombonelni (Comboniani) iesos gulis kombonel misionerTa (Fili Sacri
Cordis Jesu an Verona Fathers) samoweseo kongregaciis wevrebi. daarsda
1867 wels episkopos daniele kombonis
mier, damtkicda 1910 wels. organizaciis mTavari samyofeli veronaSia. mis
wevrTa ZiriTadi saqmianobaa xalxTa
moqceva, umTavresad, afrikaSi (nigricia).
komentatori (Commentatore) [laT.
commentator komentaris Semsrulebeli] piri, romelic liturgiuli
msaxurebis dros ganmartebebiTa da
SegonebebiT mimarTavs morwmuneebs,
raTa isini RmrTismsaxurebis aRsrulebis procesSi CarTos da ukeT
ganawyos mis gasagebad da gansacdelad.
misi mimarTvebi unda iyos cxadi, lakonuri da kargad mofiqrebuli. saTanado momzadebis SemTxvevaSi komentatoris funqciis Sesruleba yvela
saeros SeuZlia (CIC, kan. 230).
kongregaciebi (Congregazioni) [laT.
congregatio TavSeyra, erToblioba
erTad Sekrebili mravali adamianisa]
termins mravali mniSvneloba aqvs: a)
religiuri kongregaciebi: religiuri
instituciebi, romelTa wevrebic deben
rogorc mudmiv, ise droebiT martiv
aRTqmebs (samoweseo ordenebs ki sazeimo aRTqmebi axasiaTebs); b) samonastro
kongregaciebi: ramdenime damoukide-

kongregacionalizmi

beli monasteri, gaerTianebuli ufro

did asociaciaSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, boironis benediqtelTa kongregacia; g) saqmelmoqvedo kongregaciebi: religiuri asociaciebi, romlebic miznad isaxaven RmrTismosaobis
calkeul gamoxatulebaTa gavrcelebas
an samyaroSi saxarebiseul rCevaTa Sesrulebas, Tumca maTi wevrebi ar misdeven erTad cxovrebis wess da ar atareben rame gansakuTrebul gamorCeul
samoss: d) romauli, anu sakardinalo
kongregaciebi: romis kuriis organoebi,
romelTac kardinali xelmZRvanelobs.
es uwyebebi eklesiis ZiriTad saqmianobas warmarTaven. esenia: sarwmunoebis
moZRvrebis kongregacia, aRmosavleTis
eklesiaTa kongregacia, saRmrTo kultisa da saidumloTa swavlebis kongregacia, wmidaTa saqmeebis kongregacia, episkoposTa kongregacia, xalxTa
moqcevis
kongregacia,
sasuliero
pirTa kongregacia, RmrTivSewiruli
cxovrebis instituciaTa da samociqulo cxovrebis sazogadoebaTA kongregacia, seminariebis, saswavleblebisa da
universitetebis kongregacia.
kongregacionalizmi (Concregazionalismo) [ingl. sityvidan congregationalism] umTavresad anglosaqsur qveynebSi gavrcelebuli reformistuli
qristianuli moZraoba, romelic amkvidrebs morwmuneTa TiToeuli sakrebulos (kongregaciis) absolutur damoukideblobas rwmenisa da saeklesio
moZRvrebis sakiTxebSi. kongregacionalizmi inglisis eklesiis sawinaaRmdegod aRmocenda, misi mTavari warmomadgenlebi arian robert brauni da
jon robinsoni. am moZraobis amerikis

160
SeerTebul StatebSi emigrirebulma
ramdenime wevrma dasabami misca amerikul kongregacionalizms, romelic
didi gavleniT sargeblobs.
kongresTa saqme (Opera dei Congressi) 1874 wels italieli kaTolike
axalgazrdobis sazogadoebis iniciativiT italiaSi daarsebuli kongresTa da kaTolikur komitetTa
saqme aqtiur italiel kaTolikeTa
pirveli didi organizacia iyo. is
iqca religiuri saqmianobiT dakavebuli mravalricxovani samrevlo da
sadiocezo komitetis damakavSirebel
organod. amgvar komitetebSi saqmianobisaken moxmoba kaTolikeebma mas
Semdeg miiRes, rac eklesiis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdeblobam qristianuli
suliskveTebis saqvelmoqmedo institutebi gaauqma. pap leon XIII-is dros
kongresTa saqme swrafad ganviTarda,
gansakuTrebiT, venetosa da lombardiaSi da mTeli italiuri kaTolikuri
moZraobis mamoZravebel Zalad iqca.
manve misca biZgi ekonomikur da socialur struqturaTa qselis Seqmnas.
1896 wlis Semdeg ukompromiso poziciis mqone mmarTveli kadrebis paralelurad ganviTarda, agreTve, axali
demokratiul-qristianuli
mimarTulebis nakadi romolo muris TaosnobiT, romelic socialur da politikur sferoSi meti gaxsnilobisaken
ixreboda. or mimdinareobas Soris
arsebulma dapirispirebam da kamaTma,
kaTolikuri samyaros liberalizmTan
rTuli damokidebulebis ganviTarebis
Tanmdev fonze, institutis krizisi
gamoiwvia da 1904 wels is wmida saydarma gaauqma.

161
kondaki n. mesali.
konventualebi n. franciskelebi.
konklavi (Conclave) [laT. sityvidan
conclave gasaRebiT daketili oTaxi]
termini aRniSnavs rogorc adgils,
sadac ikribebian kardinalebi papis
asarCevad da saboloo gadawyvetilebis
miRebamde gare samyarosTan kontaqtis
gareSe rCebian dRisiT da RamiT, aseve,
kardinalTa Sekrebas amave mizniT.
Zvelad paps romis mRvdelmsaxurebi
da morwmuneebi irCevdnen. 1059 wels
nikoloz II-m buliT In nomine Domini daadgina, rom papis arCevnebSi
mxolod kardinalebsa da episkoposebs
unda mieRoT monawileoba. 1179 wels
ki aleqsandre III-m dadgenilebiT Licet de vitanda papis arCevis pativi mxolod kardinalTa kolegias miakuTvna
da arCevisTvis aucilebeli kvorumimonawileTa ori mesamedidaawesa. papis konklavze (anu, daxurul
adgilas, normirebuli kvebis pirobebSi, rac wmida saydris vakanturobis zedmetad gaxangrZlivebis Tavidan acilebas isaxavs miznad) arCevis
aucilebloba 1274 wels lionis krebaze grigol X-m daamtkica. konklavis yoveli detali gasaidumloebulia,
ramis gamJRavneba ki gankveTiT isjeba.
papis asarCevad kenWisyra dReSi oTxjer
imarTeba siqstes kapelaSi: Tu papi ar
iqna arCeuli, kenWisyris baraTebs notio qaRaldis furclebTan da burbuSelasTan erTad wvaven, Savi feris
kvamlis misaRebad. TeTri kvamli ki
imis mimaniSnebelia, rom papi airCies.
konkordati (Concordato) [laT. sityvidan concordatum, romelsac igive

konkordati

mniSvneloba aqvs, rac sityvebs pactum

da conventio paqti, SeTanxmeba]
xelSekruleba wmida saydarsa da saxelmwifos Soris, romlis mizania saerTo interesebis gansazRvra pirovnebebTan, instituciebTan da saeklesio
qonebasTan dakavSirebiT. rogorc wesi,
konkordati Seexeba Sereul sakiTxs,
anu sakiTxs, romelic erTdroulad
rogorc saxelmwifos, ise eklesiis interesTa sferos ganekuTvneba. amgvari
SeTanxmebebi umTavresad XV saukunidan gaxSirda. maTgan gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani iyo 1516 wlis konkordati leon X-sa da safrangeTis mefe
fransua I-s Soris da 1801 wlis SeTanxmeba napoleonsa da pius VII-s Soris. am ukanasknelis meSveobiT safrangeTis saxelmwifom episkoposTa arCevis
procesSi Carevisa da eklesiis qonebis
nacionalizaciis ufleba miiRo. italiaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda
lateranis konkordats, romelsac
1929 wlis 11 Tebervals xeli moaweres
italiis mxridan benito musolinim da
wmida saydris mxridankardinalma
gasparim. kerZod, konkordatSi naTqvamia, rom kaTolikeoba italiis saxelmwifos oficialuri religiaa da
aRniSnulia, rom kaTolikuri religiis swavleba saSualo ganaTlebis saswavleblebsac moicavs. wmida saydarsa
da italias Soris axali konkordati
1984 wlis 18 Tebervals daido, mas betino kraqsim da kardinalma kazarolim moaweres xeli. es dokumenti mraval siaxles Seicavs, maT Soris aRiniSneba, rom kaTolikoba aRar warmoadgens italiis saxelmwifos oficialur
religias.

162

konsignatoriumi

konsignatoriumi
(Consignatorium)
[laT.] baptisteriumTan Serwymuli
kapela, sadac erT dros mironcxebis
saidumlos aRasrulebdnen. wyaroebSi
IX saukunidan moixsenieba.
konsistoriumi (Concistoro) [laT.
sityvidan consistorium sabWo, romelic exmareboda imperators (sityvidan consistere fexze dgoma, daswreba)] papisa da kardinalebis Sekreba.
konsistoriumi SeiZleba iyos ori
saxisa:rigiTi saidumlo: yvela an
romSi myofi yvela kardinalis Sekreba
seriozul sakiTxebze konsultaciis
an uaRresad sazeimo aqtebis Caterebis
mizniT (CIC, kan. 353, naw. 2). aseTi
aqtebia, magaliTad, axal kardinalTa
dasaxeleba, diocezTa daarseba da
sxva;rigiTi sajaro: ikribeba gansakuTrebul dResaswaulTa aRsaniSnavad,
mas eswrebian agreTve sxva prelatebi,
saxelmwifoTa diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebi, mowveuli stumrebi (CIC,
kan. 353, naw. 4);sagangebo: yvela kardinalis Sekreba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac eklesiaSi Seqmnili viTarebidan
gamomdinare gansakuTrebulad seriozul sakiTxTa ganxilvaa saWiro (CIC,
kan. 353, naw. 3).
konsubstanciacia
(Consustanziazione) [laT. sityvidan consubstantiatio] luTeruli Teologiis termini,
romlis Tanaxmadac, evqaristiaSi ieso
qristes sxeulis RmrTaebriv substanciasTan erTad agreTve puris substanciac Tanaarsebobs.
kaTolikeebs ki
swamT transubstanciacia, anu purisa
da Rvinis qristes xorcad da sisxlad
gadaqceva.

konteqsturi Teologia (Teologia

contestuale) termini aRniSnavs afrikaSi, aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi
aRmocenebul Teologiebs, romlebsac
religiuri,
socialur-politikuri
da humanuri konteqsti SemoaqvT Teologiur gansjaSi misi arsebiTi komponentis saxiT. es mcdelobani eqceva
dekolonizaciis Sedegad dawyebuli
identobis Ziebis zogad CarCoSi da
dasavlur qristianobaze reaqcias
warmoadgens. amasTan, yoveli Teologia konteqsturia, ramdenadac mudam
gansakuTrebul istoriul vaTarebaSia
moqceuli da mis gavlenas ganicdis. n.
Teologia; ganTavisuflebis Teologia.
kontrreformacia
(Controriforma)
[sityvasityviT Targmani germanuli sityvisa Gegenreformation reformisadmi dapirispireba] aRniSnavs tridentis krebis Semdeg protestantuli
reformisadmi dapirispirebis mizniT
kaTolike eklesiis mier gatarebul
iniciativaTa erTobliobas. kontrreformacia kaTolikobis siRrmiseuli
ganaxlebisa da saxarebiseuli gzavnilis siwmidisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gansaxierebad iqca. n. kaTolikuri reforma.
konfirmacia n. mironcxeba.
konfucianeloba/konfuci (Confucianesimo/Confucio) religiur, eTikur
da politikur moZRvrebaTa erToblioba, romelTa avtoria konfuci
(kun fuZi, qristes Sobamde 551-479),
xolo gadamuSavebuli da sistemuri
saxe maT men Zim (qristes Sobamde IV
s.) mianiWa. konfuci aRmosavleT aziis didi zneobrivi moZRvris saxeliT

163
Sevida istoriaSi. mas cxadad hqonda
warmodgenili sakuTari amocana: Tavs
miiCnevda gadmomcemad winaparTa codnisa (dialogebi, VII), romelic axali
mniSvnelobiT gaamdidra. misi mTavari
moZRvreba ianis saTnoebas Seexeba. am
termins mravalgvarad Targmnian: rogorc sikeTes, janmrTelobas, humanurobas da filantropias. Tavad konfuci mas gansazRvravs, rogorc moyvasis
siyvaruls, pirovnul mTlianobasa da
altruizms. mis swavlebaSi mTavari aqcenti adamianur urTierTobaTa eTikur
Rirebulebaze keTdeba. avtoris azriT,
zneoba adamianis bunebasa da RmrTaebrivisadmi mis gaxsnilobaSia fesvgadgmuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi
RmrTisa da momavali cxovrebis Sesaxeb
ar saubrobs, es dumili rwmenis naklebobad ar unda miviCnioT (dialogebi,
XX, 2). konfucis filosofia mkafiod
efuZneba religias, ufro zustad ki
simaRlis uflis, anu zecisuzenaesi pirovnuli RmrTaebistradiciul religias. konfuci aswavlida, rom
mas zeca icavda da wargzavnida. mas
arasodes gamoucxadebia Tavi religiis
fuZemdeblad da, miT umetes,RmerTad.
amis miuxedavad, Cinelebma konfuciusi
sakuTari qveynis pirvel wmidanad Seracxes da, Sesabamisad, eTayvanebodnen
mas ori aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi. CineTSi marqsistuli respublikis Camoyalibebam bolo mouRo konfucis oficialur kults.
konciliarizmi(Conciliarismo)[na_warmoebia sityvidan conciliare Sekreba]
mcdari moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmadac
msoflio krebas papis avtoritetze
aRmatebuli Zala aqvs. amgvari Sexed-

koptebi

ulebis Camoyalibebaze filipe lamazsa da pap bonifacius VIII-s, ludvig

bavarielisa da ioane XXII-s Soris
dapirispirebaTa Sedegad gamoTqmulma
marsilio paduelisa (1343) da uiliam
okamis (1347) ideebmac iqonia gavlena. papisa da saeklesio krebis institutebs Soris konfliqti kostancisa
(1414-1419) da, umTavresad, bazelis
(1431-1445) krebebis dros gamwvavda. es
ukanaskneli evgeni IV-m jer feraraSi
(1437) da Semdeg florenciaSi (1439)
gadaitana. krizisi papis prerogativaTa xelaxla ganmtkicebiT dasrulda.
koptebi (Copti) [arab. Qibt, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, nawarmoebia berZnulidan
(Ai)gypt(ioi) egviptelebi] cneba
aRniSnavs egviptelebs, romlebmac
qristianoba SeinarCunes arabTa mier
egviptis dapyrobis Semdeg (VII). koptur eklesiaze saubari SesaZlebelia mxolod qalkedonis krebis Semdgomi periodidan (451), romelmac
monofizitur ideaTa gamo dagmo da
gadaayena aleqsandriis patriarqi dioskure. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstantinopolidan aleqsandriaSi mravali
marTlmadidebeli episkoposi igzavneboda, egvipteli xalxis didi umravlesoba kvlavac monofiziti darCa,
risi mizezic iyo rogorc religiuri
mrwamsi, ise ucxoelTa ZalauflebasTan dapirispireba. amgvarad aRmocenda msoflio eklesiisgan gancalkevebuli kopturi eklesiaegviptelTa
erovnuli eklesia. kopturi eklesiis
saorganizacio struqtura monarqiuli tipisaa: mas meTaurobs patriarqi,
romelsac mis mier SerCeul episkoposTa sabWo exmareba.

kota

kota (Cotta) [frang. sityvidan Cotte]

muxlamde grZeli TeTri tunika farTo saxeloebiT, xSirad daboloebuli
maqmaniT, romelsac icmeven sasuliero
pirebi liturgiuli msaxurebis dros.
Tavdapirveli misi forma dRevandeli
stiqaris msgavsi iyo. misi xmareba daiwyo XI saukuneSi inglisSi, safrangeTis
CrdiloeT nawilsa da espaneTSi. ewoda
superpeliceumi (tyavze zemodan
Casacmeli), radganac mas CrdiloeTis
qveynebis civi klimatis gamo siTbosTvis aucilebel cxovelTa tyavisgan
damzadebul sxva tansacmelze zemodan
icmevdnen.
koheleT (Qohelet) [ebr. koheleT ar
aris sakuTari saxeli; aRniSnavs oficialur funqcias, romelic ganisazRvreba qhl fuZidan gamomdinare, rac
ebraul enaSi Tavyrilobas aRniSnavs.
amgvarad, termini SeiZleba niSnavdes
pirs, romelic Tavyrilobaze (qahal)
sityvas warmoTqvams (Tavyriloba aq
laTinur ecclesia-s Seesatyviseba)] koheleT Zveli aRTqmis sibrZnis wignia
da cnobilia eklesiastes saxeliT. am
wignis avtori ucnobia, miuxedavad
imisa, rom xSirad Tavs solomonad,
srulyofil brZenad, warmoaCens (ek.
1:1). wignis Tema mis SesavalSia warmodgenili (1:3): ra upiratesoba aqvs
adamians mTeli Tavisi Sromisagan, mzis
qveS rom Sromobs?; eklesiastes wignSi cxovrebis amaoebis, usamarTlobisa
da, umTavresad, imedgacruebaTa Temebia ganxiluli, mis 12 Tavs damafiqrebeli, antikomformistuli Tezisi aerTianebs: yovelive aris amaoeba, yovelive airs hebel (qrolva). qristemde
daaxloebiT 250-200 wlebSi Seqmnili

164
es nawarmoebi ueWvelad gamomwvevi xasiaTisaa da aucilebelia misi ganmarteba RmrTis sityvis gankacebis Suqze,
romelic adamianis mwuxarebas, eWvebs,
SekiTxvebs sakuTar Tavze iRebs.
kreacionizmi (Creazionismo) [laT.
sityvidan creatio] a) aRniSnavs azrovnebis sistemas, romelic amtkicebs
samyaros Seqmnas RmrTis mier Tavisufali Sesaqmis aqtiT, emanaciuri Teoriis sapirispirod; b) adamianis sulis warmoSobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs moZRvrebas, romelic
calkeul sulTa RmrTis mier Seqmnas
amtkicebs.
kreba (Concilio) [laT. sityvidan concilium, TavSeyra, Sekreba] episkoposTa Tavyriloba, romlebic eklesiis
cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxTa
gansaxilvelad Seikribnen da iReben
gadawyvetilebebs samoZRvro, wesebisa
da samwyso sakiTxebze. kreba msoflioa, rodesac kanonierad Tavs uyris
sayovelTao eklesiis warmomadgenel
yvela episkopossa da sxva mRvdelmsaxurT da mowveulia romis pontifeqsis
mier. mas aqvs ufleba, uTavmjdomareos
krebas piradad an Semcvlel pirTa
meSveobiT, gadaitanos, daSalos kreba
da daamtkicos misi dekretebi (CIC,
kan. 338). sul gaimarTa 21 msoflio
kreba: 1)nikeis (325), 2)konstantinopolisI (381), 3)efesos (431), 4)qalkedonis (451), 5)konstantinopolisII
(553), 6)konstantinopolisIII (680681), 7)nikeisII (787), 8)konstantinopolisIV (869-870), 9)lateranisI
(1123), 10)lateranisII (1139), 11)lateranisIII (1179), 12)lateranisIV (1215),

165
13)lionisI (1245), 14)lionisII (1274),
15)venis (1311-1312), 16)kostancis (14141418),
17)bazel-ferara-florenciis
(1431-1437), 18)lateranisV (1512-1517),
19)tridentis (1545-1563), 20)vatikanisI (1869-1870), 21)vatikanisII (19621965). plenaruli ewodeba krebas, romelic episkoposTa erTi da imave konferenciis yvela eklesiisTvis da maTi
monawileobiT tardeba (CIC, kan. 439),
provinciuli kreba ki erTi da imave
saeklesio provinciis episkoposTa krebas ewodeba (CIC, kan. 440).
krebis mamebi (Padri del concilio) ase
ewodebaT episkoposebs, romlebic krebaSi monawileoben.
kremacia
(Cremazione)
cxedris
ferflad qceva. eklesia adamianTa
cxedrebis dakrZalvis momxrea, Tumca
aRar krZalavs kremacias, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca is qristianuli moZRvrebis sawinaaRmdego motivebiT iqna
arCeuli (CIC, kan. 1176, naw. 3).
kretsabmeli (Conopeo) [berZ. sityvidan chonopeon, Semdeg laT. conopeum koRoebisgan damcavi farda]
wmida nawilebis sacavis, tabernakulumis win moTavsebuli qsovili; agreTve,
sanawileze gadasafarebeli.
kroCa (Croccia) [laT. sityvidan crocea, nawarmoebia crocus-idan, rac
zafranas niSnavs] kardinalTa mewamuli feris samosi, kacTmoyvareobisa da sarwmunoebisaTvis daRvrili
sisxlis simbolo.
kulti (Culto) [laT. cultus (nawarmoebia zmnidan colere Tayvaniscema)]

kurTxeva

umTavresad, koleqtiur wesTa da CvevaTa erToblioba, romelTa meSveobiTac adamiani urTierTobs RmrTaebasTan,
misi TayvaniscemiT. kaTolikobaSi esaa
evqaristiuli msxverplSewirva, mosagonari uflis sikvdilisa da mkvdreTiT
aRdgomisa,
romelSic
saukuneTa
manZilze xdeba ukvdavyofa jvris
msxverplSewirvisa; esaa mwvervali da
wyaro mTeli kultisa da qristianuli
cxovrebisa (CIC, kan. 897).
kurTxeva (Benedizione) [gvianlaT. sityvidan benedictio] RmrTisadmi pirdapir Tu arapirdapir mimarTuli Txovna,
raTa man gansakuTrebulad moavlinos
Tavisi madli pirovnebebze (pirovnebaTa kurTxeva) da akurTxos sagnebi.
viwro gagebiT, kurTxeva gansxvavdeba
meoxebis locvisagan, radganac mas
gansakuTrebuli avtoritetis mqone
pirimRvdelmsaxuriwarmoTqvams.
kurTxeva SeiZleba iyos moxmobiTi
an miZRvniTi. kurTxeva im SemTxvevaSia miZRvniTi, rodesac pirovnebas an
kultis sagans miemarTeba, anda axlavs
RmrTismsaxurebisadmi miZRvnis wess.
kurTxevis micema SeiZleba jvris gamosaxviT an xeldasxmiT, nakurTxi wylis
SepkurebiT an wmida zeTis cxebiT. gansakuTrebiT sazeimoa kurTxeva urbi et
orbi, romelsac papi qalaq romsa da
mTel samyaros aZlevs gansazRvrul
viTarebaSi da romelsac codvaTa sruli miteveba erTvis. kurTxevis Teologiuri safuZveli qristesmieri madlis
Suamavlobaa. marTlac, iesoSi xorcieldeba RmrTis umaRlesi keTilmosurneoba anu misi kurTxevis sisrule.
n. sakramentaliebi.

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kurTxevani

kurTxevani (Benedizionale) [warmoebuli sityvidan benedictio kurTxeva]

liturgiuli wigni, romelic Seicavs
eklesiaSi miRebul kurTxevaTa yvela
formulas.
kurTxevis moxsna (Sconsacrazione)
[sconsacrare, uaryofiTi nawilaki
s+zmna consacrare kurTxeva] aqti,
romliTac saero statusamde qveiTdeba rame wmida adgili an sagani.
kurTxeuli (Benedictus) [laT. Benedictus kurTxeuli] Sesavali RmrTis
sadidebeli galobisa, romelsac zaqaria Tavisi Zis, ioane naTlismcemlis,
dabadebisas aRavlens (luk. 1:68-79).
sruldeba ciskris qebanis Jams.
kuria (Curia) [laT. curia, etimologia ucnobia] Tavdapirvelad termini
aRniSnavda romaeli xalxis uZveles
dayofas,
Semdegromis
senatis
sxdomaTa adgils, mogvianebiT ki sxva
romaul dawesebulebaTa Senobebs. Sua
saukuneebSi hqonda sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebi, Tumca male damkvidrda
rogorc sasamarTlos an marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebisaTvis gankuTvnil
SenobaTa kompleqsis aRmniSvneli saxeli. kanonikur samarTalSi termini
aRniSnavs: a) romis kurias: uwyebaTa
da organoTa erTobliobas, romle-

bic exmareba pontifeqss misi umaRlesi samwyso saqmianobis aRsrulebaSi

sayovelTao eklesiisa da calkeul
eklesiaTa sasikeTod da maT samsaxurSi. papisadmi daqvemdebarebuli romis
kuriis Semadgeneli nawilebia: saxelmwifo samdivno, eklesiis sajaro saqmeTa sabWo, kongregaciebi, tribunalebi,
samdivnoebi, sabWoebi, papis komisiebi,
komitetebi da sxva uwyebebi (CIC, kan.
360). romis kuriis pirveli organuli
struqtura papma siqstus V-m (1587)
Camoayaliba. mas Semdeg kuriam mravalricxovani gardaqmnebi ganicada, 1988
wels ki papma ioane pavle II-m samociqulo dadagenilebiT Pastor bonus misi
reforma ganaxorciela; b) sadiocezo
kurias: is Sedgeba organoTa da pirTagan, romlebic exmarebian episkoposs
mTeli diocezis marTvasa da sasamarTlo saqmianobis aRsrulebaSi (CIC,
kan. 469).
kuriis warmmarTveli (Moderatore
di curia) episkoposis mier daniSnuli
mRvdelmsaxuri, romlis movaleobaa
kuriis administraciuli saqmianobis koordinireba da kuriis TanamSromelTa mier maTi movaleobis pirnaTlad Sesrulebis meTvalyureoba
(CIC, kan. 473).

lavabo n. Lavabo.

lazarelni (Lazzaristi) wmida vinCenco dei paolis mier 1625 wels daarsebuli da 1632 wels damtkicebuli misiis kongregaciis (Congregatio missionis) wevrebi. kongregaciis pirveli
mimdevrebi parizis wmida lazares
saavadmyofoSi moRvaweobdnen, saidanac momdinareobs maTi saxelwodeba.
lazarelni ewevian sxvadasxva xalxTa
da warmarTTa Soris misionerobas, aswavlian seminariebSi da marTaven maT,
warmarTaven gulmowyalebis asulTa
da qalbatonTa saqmianobas, awyoben
sasuliero samyofelebs samRvdeloebisa da saero pirTaTvis. germaniasa da
anglosaqsur qveynebSi cnobili arian,
agreTve, saxeliT bikentielni.
laTinuri eklesia (Chiesa latina)
[laT. Ecclesia latina] calkeul eklesiaTa erToblioba, romlis oficialuri enac, uZvelesi tradiciis Tanaxmad, laTinuria da romelTac wesis,
mmarTvelobisa da swavlebis Zireuli
erTianoba axasiaTebs. n. laTinuri ena;
laTinuri wesi.
laTinuri ena (Latina, lingua) Tavdapirvelad arameuli enis gamoyenebis
Semdeg (Sdr. Marana-tha adreuli

qristianobis evqaristiuli wesis aRsrulebaSi, didaqe 10:6; 1 kor. 16:22),

eklesiisa da liturgiis enad berZnuli, Semdeg ki laTinuri iqca.
laTinuri enis damkvidreba, SesaZloa,
CrdiloeT afrikidan daiwyo, sadac
yvelaze Zveli laTinuri qristianuli
dokumentebia Semonaxuli (III saukunis
pirveli naxevari). Tumca berZnuli ena
sakmaod didxans SenarCunda liturgiis umTavres nawilSi, wirvis wesSi.
romSi kanonis laTinizacia savaraudod mxolod damaskos I-is dros (366384) moxda, ieronimeseuli vulgatis
laTinur TargmanTan Tanadroulad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze Zveli
mowmoba wmida ambrosis nawerebSi
moipoveba (De sacramentis 4:21-37),
mainc savaraudoa, rom kulturul
urTierTobaTa enad laTinuris damkvidreba romSi moxda. IV saukunis
dasasrulidan, pap siriciusis droidan, laTinuri iqca papis kancelariis
enadac da es tradicia dRemdea ZalaSi (n. Acta Apostolicae Sedis). wmida
liturgiaSi laTinuri enis sayovelTao gabatonebas xeli Seuwyo agreTve
tridentis krebam (IV sesia: vulgatas
kanonizacia; XXII sesia, Tavi 8: saxalxo enis (vulgaris lingua) sawinaaRmdegod, laTinuris SenarCuneba wirvis

laTinuri wesi
aRsrulebisas). garda amisa, msoflio
kaTolikobis ganviTarebaSi laTinuri
ena sxvadasxva xalxebisa da enebis
mniSvnelovan makavSirebel elementad iqca. tradiciisadmi erTgulebas
gamoxatavs ioane XXIII-is dadgenileba Veterum sapietia (1962). vatikanis
II krebam (dadgenileba Sacrosanctum
concilium liturgiis Sesaxeb, 1963 w.
4 dekemberi) nebadarTulad miiCnia
erovnul enaTa gamoyeneba liturgiaSi, tradiciuli kanonis CaTvliT.
liturgiaSi xalxuri enebis gamoyenebam calkeul konservatiuli wreebis
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoiwvia
(mTavarepiskoposi lefevri, 1991, n.
tradicionalizmi).
laTinuri wesi (Latino, rito) dasavleTis kaTolike eklesiis wesi. Seicavs
romaul, ambrosiseulsa da mozarabikul wesebs.
laicizacia (Laicizzazione) [nawarmoebia sityvidan laico eriskaci,
saero piri] zogadi mniSvnelobiT
aRniSnavs saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo
institutTa saeroobis principiT
gardaqmnis
politikur-kulturul
process (Sdr. sekularizacia). kanonikuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, termini aRniSnavs sasuliero piris mier
samRvdelo statusis dakargvas (an mis
saero statusamde daqveiTebas) religiur xelisufalTa gadawyvetilebis
an sasamarTlo ganaCenis safuZvelze
kanonikuri kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul
SemTxvevebSi, an TviT sasuliero piris
mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze (CIC, kan. 290, Smd.).

168
laicizmi (Laicismo) [sityvidan laico
eriskaci, saero piri] damokidebulebaTa da koncefciaTa erToblioba,
romelTac axasiaTebs Tvisebrivi xazgasma Rirsebisa da miwier da saero RirebulebaTa sruli damoukideblobisa
religiur RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi
(gansakuTrebiT, pozitiur religiaTa
mier SemoTavazebul RirebulebebTan
mimarTebaSi). filosofiur-kulturuli TvalsazrisiT laicizms axasiaTebs
gamocxadebul RmrTaebriv WeSmaritebaTa uaryofa (an maT mimarT interesis arqona); im institutTa uaryofa,
romlebic am WeSmaritebaTa SemoTavazebis, ganmartebisa da damkvidrebis
avtoritetul kompetencias floben;
gonebisa da misi Tavisufali kritikuli gansjis (an adamianis bunebriv unarTa) damkvidreba erTaderT wyarod
(an, Tundac upirates da aRmatebul
saSualebad);
politikur-ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT, laicizmisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia uaryofa samoqalaqo
aRmsareblobiTi sazogadoebis Sua
saukuneebis modelisa da, zogadad,
uaris Tqma religiisa da mis institutTa (kerZod, kaTolike eklesiis)
mxridan nebismier Carevaze politikur,
socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi;
saxelmwifos warmodgena sakuTari damoukidebeli da imanenturi miznebisken
miswrafebul
sazogadoebad,
romelsac aqvs akonfesiuri mowyoba,
saeklesio institutTagan gancalkevebuli sakuTari institutebi da eklesiisgan sruliad damoukidebeli da
aRmatebuli politikuri Zalaufleba.
termini laicizmi agreTve aRniSnavs
amgvar damokidebulebebsa da koncefciebze dayrdnobiT moqmed da maTi

169
gavrcelebis xelSemwyob politikursocialur, ideologiur da kulturul moZraobebs. aseTi moZraobebi
iyo, upirveles yovlisa, XVIII saukunis
ganmanaTlebloba, XIX saukunis politikuri liberalizmi da mecnieruli
pozitivizmi. laicizmis arsi xSirad
gamoxatiula sakamaTo formiT, gansakuTrebiT, kaTolikobasTan mimarTebaSi.
lama (Lama) [tibeturidan (b)lma
(warmoiTqmis: lama) pativcemuli
maswavlebeli] im tibetel budhist
sasuliero moZRvarTa wodeba, romlebmac maswavleblis xarisxs miaRwies.
lamaizmi (Lamaismo) [tibeturidan (b)lma (warmoiTqmis: lama) pativcemuli maswavlebeli] tibetSi
gavrcelebuli budhizmis forma, romelic miekuTvneba did oTxTvalas
(mahaiana). esaa sakmaod rTuli religiuri forma, romelic did mniSvnelobas aniWebs meditacias. tibetSi
lamaizmi VI saukuneSi gavrcelda da
oficialur religiad iqca. budhistur
monastrebs didi mniSvneloba aqvT
qveynisaTvis, radganac budhisti sasuliero moZRvrebi (lama) ara mxolod
asruleben religiur ritualebs, aramed eswrebian dabadebas, gardacvalebas, adgenen horoskopebs da asruleben
Selocvebs. CineTis mier tibetis dapyrobis Semdeg (1950), risi mizeziTac
dalai lama (umaRlesi xelisufali)
iZulebuli iyo, qveynidan gaqceuliyo,
lamaizmma devna da Seviwroveba ganicada, Tumca, amave dros dampyrobTa
winaaRmdeg daumorCileblobis moZraobis centrad iqca.

lateranis krebebi

lampari (Lampada (del SS.mo)) SeZlebisdagvarad, zeTisxilis zeTiT an

futkris cviliT avsebuli lampari,
romelic mudmivad anTia uwmidesi
evqaristiis win. lampari XIII saukunidan damkvidrda, im droidan, rac
evqaristias sajaro adgilas inaxavdnen, XVI saukunidan ki misi gamoyeneba
savaldebulo gaxda.
lateranis krebebi (Lateranensi, concili) termini momdinareobs romis
episkoposis sakaTedro taZrislateranis wmida ioanessaxelwodebidan,
sadac xuTi msoflio kreba gaimarTa.
kalisTe II-is mier mowveuli lateranis I kreba (IX msoflio kreba) 1123
wlis 18-28 marts gaimarTa da investituraTa brZolis sakiTxs mieZRvna.
inokenti II-is mier mowveuli lateranis II kreba (X msoflio kreba) 1139
wlis aprilSi gaimarTa. lateranis III
kreba (XI msoflio kreba) aleqsandre
III-m 1179 wlis 5-19 marts gamarTa da
ZiriTadad mieZRvna kanonikur normaTa
gansazRvras, romelTa mixedviTac unda
xdebodes papis arCeva da viTarebis
mowesrigebas mas Semdeg, rac fridrix
barbarosam sam antipaps dauWira mxari.
inokenti III-is mier mowveuli lateranis IV kreba (XII msoflio kreba) 1215
wlis noemberSi gaimarTa da lateranis krebaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani
aRmoCnda: man gansazRvra transubstanciaciis dogma da miiRo zomebi
eretikosTa winaaRmdeg. lateranis V
kreba (XVIII msoflio kreba) 1512 wlis
10 maiss iulius II-m gaxsna. is ZiriTadad 1511 wels, ramdenime sqizmatikosi
kardinalis mxardaWeriT mefe lui XIIis mier pizaSi mowyobil krebas daup-

lateranis xelSekrulebani

irispirda. leon X-is mier gagrZelebuli es kreba 1517 wels, lui XII-sTan
SerigebiTa da konciliarizmis dagmobiT dasrulda.
lateranis xelSekrulebani (Patti Lateranensi) wmida saydarsa da italiis
saxelmwifos Soris 1929 wlis 11
Tebervals lateranis sasaxleSi dadebuli xelSekruleba, xelmowerili, Sesabamisad, kardinal pietro gasparisa
da benito musolinis mier. lateranis
paqti Seicavda politikur traqtats
(oTxi danarTiT, romelTaganac erTi
finansuri konvencia iyo), romliTac
daixura 1870 wels wamoWrili romis
sakiTxi, da, agreTve, konkordats italiaSi religiisa da kaTolike eklesiis mdgomareobis Taobaze. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, papi sruluflebian
uzenaes mmarTvelad iqna aRiarebuli,
daarsda vatikanis saxelmwifo, kaTolikeoba gamocxadda erTaderT saxelmwifo religiad, kaTolikuri religiis
swavleba SemoRebul iqna saSualo
skolebSi, sasuliero pirebi gaTavisufldnen samxedro samsaxurisagan,
saeklesio qorwinebas iuridiuli Zala
mieniWa da a.S. 1984 wlis 18 Tebervals, mravalricxovani mosamzadebeli
samuSaoebis Semdeg, lateranis konkordatis Sesworebul versias moewera
xeli. wmida saydris mxridan axal
dokuments xeli moawera kardinalma
agostino kazarolim, xolo italiis
saxelmwifos mxridanbetino kraqsim.
am dokumentSi, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad,
aRiarebulia yvela religiuri konfesiis Tanasworuflebianoba da Tavisufleba, amasTan, saxelmwifo aRiarebs
religiuri kulturis Rirebulebas

170
da iTvaliswinebs, rom kaTolikeobis
principebi italieli xalxis istoriuli memkvidreobis nawilia (par.
9, Tav. 2). saxelmwifo valdebulebas
iRebs, uzrunvelyos kaTolikuri religiis swavleba arasauniversiteto
sajaro skolebSi da uzrunvelyos
TiToeulisaTvis am swavlebiT sargeblobisa Tu masze uarisTqmis arCevanis
ufleba. sxva mniSvnelovani siaxleebi
Seexeba sajaro pirTa moraluri mdgomareobis iuridiul statuss, samRvdeloebis rCenisa da qorwinebasTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. n. konkordati.
lauda (Lauda) [laT. laus, qeba] Sua
saukuneTa religiuri Sinaarsis poeturi kompozicia xalxur enaze, xSirad
sruldeboda saero melodiaze. lauda
aRmocenda XIII saukuneSi toskanasa da
umbriaSi da sxvadasxva monanieTa Zmobebis meSveobiT swrafad gavrcelda
italiasa da evropaSi. friad cnobilia wmida franciske asizelis mier
SeTxzuli lauda qmnilebaTa qeba.
amgvar kompoziciaTa mniSvnelovani
krebulebia: kortonas laudariumi,
pizas laudariumi da a.S. lauda SeiZleboda yofiliyo lirikuli an dialogTa Semcveli (jakopone da todis
RmrTismSoblis tirili); dialogTa
Semcvelma laudam ganapiroba saRmrTo,
sakraluri warmodgenis gavrceleba.
Sua saukuneTa religiurobis tipuri
gamoxatulebalauda XVII saukuneSi
Camoyalibebul musikalur oratorias
daedo safuZvlad.
lafsni (Lapsi) [laT. dacemulni]
ase uwodebdnen qristianebs, romlebmac devnis, gansakuTrebiT, deciusis

171
mier ganxorcielebuli devnis (249251), periodSi sarwmunoeba uaryves.
lafsTa sxvadasxva saxeobani arsebobda: isini, romlebic warmarTTa kerpebisaTvis sakmevlis mkmevelni iyvnen;
isini,
romlebic
RmrTaebaTaTvis
msxverplis Semwiravni iyvnen; isini,
vinc motyuebiT an mosyidviT moipova
imperatoris ediqtis morCilebis damadasturebeli mowmoba, Tumca fizikurad msxverplSewirvaSi monawileoba
ar miuRia. lafsTa problema eklesiaSi
mas Semdeg dadga, rac mravalma maTganma eklesiis wiaRSi xelaxla daSvebis
nebarTva iTxova. damyoli xasiaTis pap
kornelis, romelic lafsTa Txovnis
dakmayofilebisaken ixreboda, xisti
noviciane daupirispirda da Riad
daadanaSaula eklesia SemrigeblobaSi.
novicianes mimdevrebs spetakni (berZ.
catarin. kaTarebi) uwodes, 251 wels
isini krebam saeklesio sakrebulodan
gankveTa. diokletianes dros lafsTa
Soris kidev erTi nairsaxeoba gaCnda:
traditorebi (laT. tradere Cabareba). is aRniSnavda pirebs, romlebmac
kerpTayvanismcemel xelisufalT wmida
wignebi an morwmune TanamoZmeTa siebi
Caabares.
laqsizmi (Lassismo) [laTinuridan
laxus farTo] zneobriv TeologiaSi damkvidrebuli tendencia XVII
saukunis calkeul kaTolike avtorTa Soris, romlis Tanaxmadac, saeWvo
an sakamaTo viTarebaSi dasaSvebi iyo
nebismieri mosazrebis gaziareba, Tuki
misi WeSmaritebis umciresi varaudi
mainc arsebobda. laqsizmi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT namdvil zneobriv
sistemad,aleqsandre VII-is gansaz-

levianebi

Rvrebis Tanaxmad, esaa laxus opinandi

modus (Semrigeblurad azrovneba),
romelic sabolood WeSmariti qristianuli cxovrebis wesTa modunebas
iwvevda. laqsizmi mravaljer iqna dagmobili iansenitebisa (n. iansenizmi) da
blez paskalis mier (Les provinciales). es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT iezuitebs upirispirdeboda, romelTac
laqsizmis didostatebad miiCnevda.
legalizmi (Legalismo) aRniSnavs sarwmunoebis formaluri da arasiRrmiseuli gancdisa da warmodgenis tendencias, gansakuTrebul valdebulebaTa da movaleobaTa erTgvari amZravi
Rvedis msgavsad. amgvarad, arasaTanadod fasdeba rogorc RmrTaebrivi
madli, ise kacTmoyvareoba da religia
sul ufro xSirad daiyvaneba garegnul
qcevasTan dakavSirebul gansazRvrul
miTiTebebad, romlebic advilad gardaiqmneba kanonis dacvamde. saxarebebSi
mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba iesos
galaSqrebas farisevelTa legalizmis
winaaRmdeg (maT. 23:1, Smd., 13:36 da par.).
leviaTani (Leviatan) [ebr. liwjathan]
bibliaSi aRwerili (is. 27:1; iob. 40:2532) legenduri zRvis urCxuli an gveleSapi, romelic RmrTis mier damarcxebul borotebas ganasaxierebs.
levianebi (Levitico) xuTwigneulisa da
bibliis mesame wigni. termini momdinareobs septuagintis berZnuli Targmanidan (Levitikn) da mis Sinaarsze
mouTiTebs: wignSi kultTan da sakulto msaxurebiT dakavebul adamianebTan,
anu levielebTan dakavSirebuli normebia aRwerili. 27-e Tavis mcire daskvn-

levielebi

iTi nawilis gamoklebiT wigni oTx

did kanonad iyofa: a) msxverplSewirvaTa kanoni (1-7) am wesTan dakavSirebul normaTa mravalferovnebasa da
mRvdelmsaxuris arsebiT funqciebs
aRwers; b) mRvdelmsaxurTa kanoni
(8-10): mRvdelmsaxuris kurTxeva da
dadgineba liturgiis aRsrulebaSi mis
samsxverplo qmedebas amzadebs; g) umwikvlobis kanoni (11-16): umwikvlobis
grandiozuli suraTi israelis wmida
sakrebuloSi mcxovrebTa sayuradRebod; d) siwmidis kanoni (17-26): siwmide RmrTis umTavresi Tvisebaa, Tumca
es Tviseba misma rCeulma xalxmac unda
SeiZinos da ganicados da amgvarad
unda dascildes uwmidursa da warmarTuls. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba siwmidis sam tips: sazogadoebriv
(18-20), sakulto (21-22), saero (23-25)
siwmides. lenianTa wignSi sakrebulosa
da mRvdelmsaxurTaTvis mocemul wesTa zedmiwevniT dacva israeli xalxis
ubiwo, wmida da momTxovn RmerTTan
axlo urTierTobisTvis momzadebas
isaxavs miznad: iyaviT wmidani, raki
me, ufali, var wmida.
levielebi (Leviti) [ebr. Lewi] iakobis mesame Zis, levis tomis warmomadgenlebi da RmrTis kultis msaxurni.
es samsaxuri 25 wlis asakSi iwyeboda,
Tumca mZime samuSaoebis Sesruleba,
rogoric iyo, magaliTad, kidobanis
gadatana (ricx. 4:3), levielebs 30
wlis asakidan evalebodaT. levielebi
50 wlamde msaxurobdnen, ar miekuTvnebodnen meomarTa ricxvs (ricx. 2:33).
aRTqmuli miwis danawilebisas maT
miwis nakveTebis nacvlad calkeuli
qalaqebi ergoT, romelTac levielTa

172
qalaqebi ewodeboda. levielebs saarsebo saxsrebiT mTeli xalxi uzrunvelyofda omSi mopovebuli nadavlis
wilisa (ricx. 31:30) da meaTedTa (ricx.
18:21-24; lev. 27:30) meSveobiT.
levirati (Levirato) [laT. levir mazli, qmris Zma] wesi, romelic
uSvilod gardacvlili Zmis qvrivis
colad moyvanas adgenda, misTvis STamomavlobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.
mraval pirvelyofil xalxSi cnobili
es instituti ebraelTa Sorisac iyo
gavrcelebuli (dab. 38:8; ruT. 4:3,
Smd.; rjl. 25:5-10; maT. 22:23-27; mark.
12:18-23; luk. 20:27-32).
lefevrianelni (Lefebvriani) mimdevrebi sqizmatikosi mTavarepiskoposis, marsel lefevrisa (1906-1991),
romelmac xeli moawera vatikanis II
krebis mniSvnelovan dokumentebs, Tumca Semdeg ramdenime maTganis miRebaze
uari ganacxada, maTi suliskveTebis miuReblobis sababiT. 1976 wels pavle
VI-is mier misTvis uflebamosilebis a
divinis SeCerebis miuxedavad, lefevri
kvlavac gangrZobda mRvdelmsaxurTa
da episkoposTa xeldasxmas. dasasrul,
1988 wels igi ioane pavle II-m gankveTa.
lefevrianelTa damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa tradicionalizmi.
leqtori (Lettore) [laT. lector leqtori] daniSnuli (da ara xeldasxmiTi) msaxuri, romelsac evaleba
liturgiuli
Tavyrilobis
dros
saRmrTo sityvis kiTxva (saxarebis
gamoklebiT), liturgiisaTvis Semzadeba, morwmuneTa momzadeba saidumloTaTvis, anu katexezis warmarTva

173
(Ministeria quaedam, 1972, V). leqtoris sxva movaleobebi calkeulma
saepiskoposo konferenciebma SeiZleba
gansazRvros (CIC, kan. 230).
leqtoriumi (Lectorium) gamyofi kedeli qorosa da navs Soris, romelsac
XII saukunidan aSenebdnen sagundo
msaxurebis mqone eklesiebSi (sakaTedro, saabato, kolegiumis eklesiebi).
mas xSirad efuZneboda wmida jvrisadmi miZRvnili sakurTxeveli. tridentis
krebis Semdeg mravali leqtoriumi
daangries da cxaurebiT Secvales. es
ukanasknelni kvlavac gamoyofda samRvdeloebisTvis gankuTvnil presbiteriums saeroTaTvis gansazRvruli
sivrcisagan, Tumca saSualebas aZlevda
morwmuneebs, ukeT edevnebinaT Tvali
liturgiuli msaxurebisTvis.

limbusi

da maT safuZvelze sakramentariumebi

Seiqmna. amgvari krebulis TvalsaCino
magaliTia veronuli libelumi. samarTalSi ase ewodeba mcire zomis nawers,
wardgenils kompetenturi mosamarTlisadmi, romelSic warmodgenilia
davis sagani da Txovna mosamarTlis
mimarT, Caerios sakiTxSi uflebaTa
dasacavad.

leqcionari (Lezionario) [laTi. lectionarium (sityvidan lectio kiTxva)]

wigni, romelic liturgiisaTvis gankuTvnil saRmrTo werilis monakveTebs
Seicavs. dResaswaulTa Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT dalagebul sakiTxavTa
mTliani krebuli XI saukunidan arsebobs. wigni SeiZleba or tomadac
daiyos: werilTa krebulad (epistolariumi) da saxarebis nawilad (evangeliariumi).

liberaluri Teologia (Teologia

liberale) XIX saukunis protestantuli mimdinareoba, romelic ganmanaTleblobis xanidan iRebs dasabams.
liberaluri Teologia qristianuli
rwmenisa da gonebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove debulebaTa erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebas eswrafvis. prioriteti aq
rwmenas ki aRar eniWeba (rogorc es,
magaliTad, anselmus kenterberielTan gvaqvs), aramedadamianis bunebas,
mis gonebas, grZnobebs an mis sibrZneganswavlulobas. liberaluri Teologiis mimdevrebi ar miiCneven aucileblad, uaryon zebunebrivi gamocxadeba
(RmrTis Careva bunebriv kanonTa miRma), da, amasTan, amtkiceben gamocxadebas bunebaSi, istoriasa da TviTcnobierebaSi. liberalizmis kaTolikuri
variacia modernizmSi povebs gamoxatulebas.

libelumi (Libelli/libello) [laT. libellum patara wigni] liturgiaSi

aRniSnavs gansazRvruli eklesiisaTvis
gankuTvnil mcire krebuls, romelic
erT an ramdenime wirvas Seicavs. aseTi krebulebi liturgiuli qmedebis
laTinur enaze warmarTvis sawyis periodSi aRmocenda. saukeTeso evqologiuri kompoziciebi Semdeg Seikriba

limbusi (Limbo) [laT. limbus napiri, kide] RmrTis gulwrfeli da

sayovelTao mxsneli nebisa da naTlobis absoluturi aucileblobis Tezisebma ganapirobes XIII saukuneSi aRmoceneba moZRvrebisa limbusis Sesaxeb.
is warmodgenilia gardamaval adgilad
da stadiad, sadac rCebian samudamod
isini, vinc ver miiRo mxsneli madli

litania

da, amave dros, Tavad araviTari danaSauli ar Caudenia (mag. mounaTlavad gardacvlili bavSvebi). limbusis
Tezisi, romlis Sesaxebac eklesias arasodes gamouTqvams mosazreba, sakmaod
aramyaria, radganac araviTari bibliuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia da, amasTan,
Riad tovebs calkeul sakiTxebs.
litania (Litania) [berZ. litania vedreba] dialogis formis cnobili
locva, Sedgeba mRvdelmsaxuris mowodebebisa da morwmuneTa pasuxebisagan. cnobilia sxva religiebSic. qristianobaSi IV saukunidan damkvidrda.
wirvaSi litaniaa kirie eleison
(ufalo, Segviwyale). mniSvnelobebiT mdidari da STamagonebelia wmidaTa litaniebi, romlebsac warmoTqvamen an galoben eklesiaTa kurTxevis,
saaRdgomo ciskrisa da sxva dResaswaulTa dros. agreTve, friad cnobilia loretas litaniebi wmida mariamis sapativcemlod, romlebic savardis
dasasruls warmoiTqmis. mTavari litania ewodeboda msvlelobas, romelic
imarTeboda romSi 25 aprils, luCinas
wmida lavrentis bazilikidan wmida
petres bazilikamde, RmrTisTvis uxvi
mosavlis saTxovnelad. am msvlelobaSi
papic iRebda monawileobas.
liturgia (Liturgia) [berZ. liton rgon sazogado saqme] klasikur berZnul sazogadoebaSi liturgia ewodeboda saxelmwifos an RmrTaebisaTvis
(religiuri msaxureba) Sesrulebul
met-naklebad savaldebulo nebismier
msaxurebas. septuagintaSi es termini
mRvdelmsaxurTa mier taZarSi wmida
wesis aRsrulebas, axal aRTqmaSi ki
qristes, maradiuli mRvdelmsaxuris

174
msaxurebas aRniSnavs. IV saukunidan
liturgia umaRles sakulto msaxurebas, wirvas ewodeba. Sua saukuneebSi liturgiis calkeul sinonimebs
eniWeboda upiratesoba, rogorebicaa,
magaliTad, oficiumi, kulti,
funqcia, rituali da sxv. liturgiis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani periodi iyo IV-V saukuneebi, am dros
daiwyo Camoyalibeba rogorc saidumloTa liturgiam, ise JamTa kanonizaciam (weliwadi da dRis saaTebi),
sajaro locvis meSveobiT. amave dros,
Camoyalibda sxvadasxva wesic: aRmosavleTSikopturi, eTiopiuri, somxuri,
xolo dasavleTSiabrosiseuli, mozarabikuli, galiuri wesebi. liturgiul msaxurebas formularTa meSveobiT asrulebdnen (leoniseuli, gelaseseuli, grigoliseuli...). tridentis
krebis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli locvani,
kondaki, samRvdelmTavro kondaki da
romis saweso daedo safuZvlad romaul ceremonials. vatikanis II krebam
liturgiasa da mis reformas miuZRvna
dadgenileba Sacrosanctum concilium (1963) da gansazRvra liturgia,
rogorc wmida qmedeba, romlis meSveobiTac wesis aRsrulebiT eklesiaSi
da eklesiis meoxebiT aRsruldeba da
grZeldeba qristes mRvdelmsaxureba,
anu adamianTa ganwmeda da RmrTis
gandideba. krebis momdevno wlebSi
am dadgenilebam axali liturgiuli
wignebis gamoqveyneba ganapiroba. maT
Sorisaa mesis wesi: zogadi dadgenileba romis wesisaTvis (1969), samRvdelmsaxurebo xeldasxmis wesi (1968), bavSvTa monaTvlis wesi (1969), mironcxebis
wesi (1971), sneulTa cxebis wesi (1972),
monaniebis wesi (1974)...

175
liturgiuli
msvleloba
(Statio,
liturgia della) [laT. statio SeCerebis
adgili] aRniSnavs romisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Zvel liturgiul qmedebas:
msvlelobas erTi eklesiidan (Sesakrebeli eklesiidan) sxva eklesiamde (Sesayovnebel eklesiamde), sadac
evqaristiis aRsasruleblad SeiZleba
SeCereba. iqca, agreTve, liturgiuli
Sekrebis sinonimad.
liturgiuli ferebi (Colori liturgici)
saRmrTo samoslis gansxvavebuli ferebi liturgiuli wlis ganmavlobaSi
(agreTve, garegan niSanTa meSveobiT)
rwmenis saidumloebaTa gansakuTrebuli niSan-Tvisebebisa da qristianuli
cxovrebis arsis gamoxatvas emsaxureba.
liturgiuli ferebia: TeTri, wiTeli,
mwvane, iisferi an Savi, vardisferi.
liturgiuli weli (Anno liturgico)
ewodeba mzis wlis xangrZlivobis
drois monakveTs, romlis ganmavlobaSic eklesia dadgenil dReebSi qristes
mxsnel qmedebas ganadidebs (Sdr. SC,
102), wmida xsovnis aRsaniSnavi dResaswaulebis meSveobiT. liturgiuli
weli ramdenime ZiriTad elements
moicavs. esenia:kviradRe (dies dominica uflis dRe), ieso qristes mkvdreTiT aRdgomis dRe: evqaristiuli
Sekrebis, sixarulisa da samuSaosagan
dasvenebis dRe;sagangebo dro anu
arsebiTi struqtura, romelic moicavs
qristes yvela saidumloebis aRniSvnas aRdgomisa da Sobis or ciklSi;
grZeldeba Cveulebrivi droiT wlis
ganmavlobaSi;wmindaTa gamorCeuloba anu kanonizirebul qristianTa
moxsenieba: ufro mniSvnelovan pirTa

lmobiereba

sayovelTao kalendris, xolo adgilobrivi wmindanebisTvis kiadgilobriv

eklesiaTa da samoweseo sakrebuloTa calkeuli kalendrebis mixedviT.
liturgiuli weli iwyeba adventis
pirveli kviradRis mwuxriT da Semdegnairad iyofa: adventi; Sobis dro
(mTavrdeba naTlisRebis Semdeg kviradRes); Cveulebrivi dro `wlis ganmavlobaSi~ (orSabaTidan, romelic mosdevs kviradRes 6 ianvris Semdeg, didi
marxvis wina samSabaTamde); didi marxva
(nacris oTxSabaTidan uflis serobis
wirvamde, misi gamoklebiT); uflis
vnebisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saaRdgomo samdReuri; aRdgomis dro (aRdgomis kviradRidan suli wmidis gardamosvlis kviradRemde); Cveulebrivi
dro wlis ganmavlobaSi (suli
wmidis gardamosvlis momdevno orSabaTidan adventis pirveli kviradRis
mwuxramde).
lmobiereba (Piet) [laT. pietas]
laTinur cnebapietasramdenime
mniSvnelobas atarebs: a) gulisxmisyofa, gulisxmierebaaRniSnavs erT-erTs
suli wmidis Svid niWTagan; b) Tanalmobazneobrivi saTnoeba, romelic
adamians RmrTisa da moyvasis winaSe
mis movaleobaTa aRsrulebisken uZRveba da pativiscemis, gulmowyalebisa
da Tanagancdis grZnobebiT sazrdoobs;
g) RmrTismosaobaaRniSnavs yvela im
formasa da aqtivobas, romlebic eklesiis liturgiuli cxovrebis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. aseTebia, magaliTad:
individualuri locva, savarde, momlocveloba, jvris gza, relikviaTa Tayvaniscema, religiuri cekvebi, romlebic xalxuri RmrTismosaobis gamoxat-

logosi

ulebad miiCneva (Sdr. CCC, 1674-1676);

d) pietafigurul xelovnebaSi
termini aRniSnavs nebismier nawarmoebs,
romelic gamosaxavs mariamis kalTaze
dasvenebul mkvdar qristes (maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia miqelanjelos
pieta).
logosi (Logos) [berZn. logos sityva] TeologiaSi aRniSnavs umTavresad
ieso qristes, rogorc mama RmerTTan
arsebuls, misive RmrTaebrivi bunebis
Tanamoziares, Seqmnisa da gamocxadebis
dasabamsa da dasasruls. rogorc filosofiuri termini, logosi aRniSnavs adamianis inteleqtualur da
racionalur sawyiss, an, adrindeli
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, gonebas, rogorc
kosmosis arsebiT princips.
lolardebi (Lollardi) ingliseli eretikosebi. saxelis holandiuri warmoSoba (lollen darweva), dakavSirebuli begin qalTa da begardTa mier
avadmyofTaTvis gaweul samsaxurTan
da XIV saukunis dasawyisSi anversSi
Wiris epidemiis dros dakrZalvebTan,
Semdeg daviwyebas mieca da Seicvala
laTinuri saxeliT lollium (RvarZli), rac miuTiTebs maTes igavze
(13:24, Smd.) xorblisa da RvarZlis Sesaxeb. am saxeliT moixsenieben im Ratak
mRvdlebs, romlebic, oqsfordeli
Teologis jon viklifis (husitebi)
sulierebis Sesabamisad, soflebSi
daiarebodnen, rogorc mqadagebelni
da, egreT wodebuli lolardTa bibliis (vulgatis Targmani adgilobriv
enaze) Tanaxmad, RmrTis kanons saxelmwifosa da eklesiisaTvis erTaderT normad acxadebdnen. lolardebma

176
qadageba viklifis sikvdilis (1384)
Semdegac gaagrZeles; mouwodebdnen
parlaments, gaetarebina saeklesio da
socialuri reforma (1395). maTi, rogorc eretikosTa, devna daiwyo 1401
wlis dekretis safuZvelze (De haeretico comburendo), gansakuTrebiT,
jon oldkastlisa da 37 lolardi
meTauris gasamarTlebisa da sikvdiliT
dasjis Semdeg (1417). amis miuxedavad,
lolardebma XVI saukunemde iarsebes.
locva (Preghiera) [provans. pregueira
(nawarmoebia laTinuridan precarius
locvebiT moxveWili)] locva aris
sulis amaRleba RmerTTan an saWiro
sikeTeTa RmrTisaTvis Txovna (ioane
damaskeli). RmerTi dauRlelad uxmobs TiToeul adamians masTan idumal
Sexvedraze. locva Tansdevs xsnis mTel
istorias, RmerTsa da adamians Soris
urTierTmoxmobis saxiT. Zvel aRTqmaSi
RmrTis xalxis locva aRTqmis kidobnisa da taZris CrdilSi viTardeba,
moZRvarTa
da
winaswarmetyvelTa
xelmZRvanelobiT; misi umaRlesi nimuSia fsalmunebi. axal aRTqmaSi locvis srulyofili nimuSia iesos locva
mama RmrTisadmi. xSirad martoobaSi,
siCumeSi aRvlenili iesos locva gamsWvalulia siyvaruliT aRsavse mindobiT mama RmrTis nebisadmi TviT
jvarcmamde da sruli rwmeniT imisa,
rom es locva Sesmenil iqneba. Tavis
swavlebaSi ieso mouwodebs mowafeebs,
ilocon gawmedili guliT, cxoveli
da mtkice rwmeniTa da Svilobrivi siTamamiT (n. mamao Cveno). ieso mouxmobs
mowafeebs, ifxizlon da misi saxeliT
mimarTon TavianTi locvebi RmrTisadmi. ieso qriste Tavad Seismens mis-

177
admi mimarTul locvebs. qristianul
locvas mravali gamoxatuleba aqvs:
Txovnis locvis sagania patieba,
RmrTis sasufevlis Zieba, yoveli namdvili saWiroeba; mfarvelobis locva
sxvisTvis aRvlenili Txovnaa; is ar
cnobs sazaRvrebs da mtrebzec ki
vrceldeba; sadidebeli locva moklebulia yovelgvar pirovnul interess
da mTlianad RmerTzea koncentrirebuli. am locviT adideben RmerTs,
mxolod imisaTvis, rom igi arsebobs,
damoukideblad yovelive imisagan,
rasac RmerTi akeTebs. srulyofili
locva liturgiuli locvaa, rogorc
mTeli eklesiisieso qristes mistikuri sxeulislocva (sadac ori an
samia Sekrebili Cemi saxeliT, mec iqa
var maT Soris, maT. 18:20) (Sdr. CCC,
2559, Smd.). n. morwmuneTa locva; evqaristiuli locva.
locvani (Breviario) [laT. breviarium kompendiumi, mokle Sinaarsi]
liturgiuli wigni, romelic Seicavs
Jamniseklesiis sajaro locvisTvis
yvela aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilis
srul teqsts. locvani saukuneTa manZilze Camoyalibda. Tavdapirvelad arsebobda calkeuli wignebi, romelTa
laTinuri saxelwodebania: Salterio
(fsalmunni), Omilario, Innario, Antifonale, Orazionale. mas Semdeg, rac
Jamni mxolod eklesiis qoroze ki aRar
sruldeboda, aramed kerZodac, saWiro
Seiqna am wignTa gaerTianeba. es moxda X
saukunis Semdeg. istoriis ganmavlobaSi
locvanma mniSvnelovani saxecvlilebani ganicada, misi radikaluri Secvla ki
ganapiroba vatikanis II krebis liturgiulma konstituciam Sacrosanctum

luTereloba

concilium (SC, 89). 1970 wels gamoqveynebuli samociqulo dadgenilebis

Laudis canticum-is kvalobaze 1971
wels gamoica editio typica oTx wignad, romelsac, nacvlad saxelwodebisa romauli locvani, ewoda JamTa
liturgia. locvanis saxecvlili varianti, romelSic mTeli daviTni (150
fsalmuni) oTx kviradaa dayofili, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom JamTa liturgia
yvela qristianis locvaa, miuxedavad
imisa, rom misi yoveldRiuri kiTxva mxolod RmrTismsaxurebsa da sxvadasxva
samoweseo sakrebuloebs evaleba. JamTa liturgia Semdegi nawilebisagan
Sedgeba: ori mTavari Jamniqebani da
mwuxri (rac Seesabameba dilisa da saRamos locvebs); Sualeduri Jamni, romelic iyofa mesame, meeqvse da mecxre
Jamnad da seroba, anu mosvenebis win
wasakiTxi locva; dasasrul, sakiTxavTa
wesi, romelic dRis an Ramis yvelaze
Sesafer dros unda Sesruldes.
locvisken moxmoba (Monizione) [laT.
monitio gafrTxileba, mowodeba,
moxmoba] aseTebia: vilocoT, iloceT, Zmano, maRla gulni da sxv.
garda CamoTvlilisa, gaTvaliswinebulia, agreTve, sxva momentebic, rodesac mRvdelmsaxurma an ganmmartebelma SeiZleba mimarTos morwmuneebs
ganmartebiT an mowodebiT, raTa metad
CarTos isini msaxurebaSi da ukeT ganawyos mis gasagebad. amgvari mimarTvebi unda iyos mkafio, mokle da kargad momzadebuli.
luTereloba (Luteranesimo) am terminiT aRiniSneba rogorc luTeris
(1483-1546) Teologiuri naazrevis

luminari

safuZvelze aRmocenebuli religiuri

moZraoba, ise am moZraobis saxasiaTo
doqtrinaluri memkvidreoba. is gadmocemulia luTeris mier daweril
didsa da mcire katexizmoSi (1529),
f. melanxTonis augsburgis aRsarebasa (1530) da apologiaSi (1531), smalkaldas (1537) statiebsa da naSromSi
Tanxmobis wesdeba (1577). luTerelobis liturgiul da saeklesio
aspeqtebs gansazRvravs luTeris germanuli wirva (1525) da melanxTonis
instruqciebi damswreTaTvis (1528).
luTeris Teologiis mTavari debulebis Tanaxmad, qristeSi mkrexeli,
anu RmrTis winaSe mudam codvili
adamianis gamarTleba SesaZlebelia
mxolod rwmenis meSveobiT (sola
fide). marTalida imavdroulad
codviliqristiani cxovrobs sakuTari xsnis Sesaxeb margebel gaurkvevlobasa da dapirebis sityvisadmi
mudmiv mindobaSi, kanonsa da saxarebas
Soris konfliqturi viTarebis mudmivi wnexis qveS. aqedan iRebs dasabams
luTeris Semdgomi naazrevi sityvisa
da saidumlos Sesaxeb, sadac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, garda
serobisa, agreTve, naTlobas da egreT
wodebul ori sasufevlis doqtrinas,
romlis saero xasiaTis direqtivebma
ganapiroba da gaaaqtiura luTeruli
samyaros amqveyniuri saqmianoba. luTerelobas axasiaTebs, agreTve, rwmena,
rom RmrTis sityvaa mTeli qristiano-

178
bis dasabami da safuZveli, Tumca
RmrTis sityva luTerma eklesiisagan
gancalkevebul da gadmocemisagan daSorebul mxolod saRmrTo werilamde
daiyvana (sola scriptura), aqedan
gamomdinare, yovel adamians Tavisuflad SeuZlia ganmartos (Tavisufali gansja) saRmrTo werili, raki
mas uSualod suli wmida exmareba.
luTereloba umTavresad germaniasa
da evropis CrdiloeT nawilSi gavrcelda, mogvianebiT, agreTve, CrdiloeT amerikaSic. amJamad Sinaganad
friad daqsaqsuli luTerelobis wiaRSi aRmocenda gaerTianebis moZraobebi. aseTebia, magaliTad, Lutherischer
Weltbund, anu msoflio luTeruli
liga (lundi, 1947). luTereloba
eklesiaTa msoflio sabWoSi Sedis (n.
eklesiaTa msoflio sabWo).
luminari (Luminare) [laTinuridan
luminare, nawarmoebia sityvidan lumen Suqi] vertikaluri an daxrili
Riobi, gakeTebuli katakombebSi, kubikulumTa an derefanTa sinaTliTa da
haeriT uzrunvelyofis mizniT.
luciferi (Lucifero) [laT. lucifer
(lux+fero) momaqvs sinaTle] aRniSnavda ciskris varskvlavs, romlis
Camovardnac pirveli demonis dacemis
gansaxierebad miiCneoda (Sdr. ezek.,
28:12, Smd., luk. 10:18; ioan. 12:31; gamocx. 12:9).

magnifikati (adidebs suli Cemi)
(Magnificat) qalwul mariamis mier
Tavis naTesav elisabedTan stumrobisas
aRvlenili RmrTis sadidebeli (luk.
1:46-55). saxelwodeba momdinareobs
locvis pirveli sityvidan (laTinurad), romelic niSnavs adidebs. es
sadidebeli, romelic Zveli aRTqmis
sxva nawyvetebs asaxavs (Sdr. 1sam. 2:110), warmoiTqmis mwuxris dasasruls,
Suamdgomlobis locvamde.
madli (Grazia) [laT. gratia, rac warmoadgens Targmans berZnuli sityvisa
chris keTilganwyoba, mowyaleba]
Zvel aRTqmaSi termini aRniSnavs aRTqmaze damyarebul RmrTis siyvaruls
israeli xalxis mimarT. axal aRTqmaSi
da, gansakuTrebiT, wmida pavlesTan,
madli aRniSnavs RmrTis mier adamianTaTvis sakuTari sicocxlis uangaro
miZRvnas qristes msxverplSewirviT,
ris Sedegadac qristianebi naTlisRebisa da suli wmidis niWis meSveobiT
RmrTis Svilebad iqcevian (rom. 6:3,
Smd.; 8:14, Smd.). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, madli aris samsaxuri, uangaro
daxmareba, romelsac RmerTi gviwevs,
raTa mis moxmobas vupasuxoT: viqceT
RmrTis Svilebad, ayvanil Svilebad,
gavxdeT RmrTaebrivi bunebis, maradi-

uli bunebis Tanamonawileni (CCC,

1996). madli SeiZleba iyos Cveulebrivi
(mudmivi da zebunebrivi ganwyoba, romelic srulyofs samSvinvels, raTa mas
RmerTTan Tanaarsebobis unari mianiWos) da aqtualuri (RmrTaebrivi Careva moqcevis dasawyissa da wmidadyofis
procesSi) (Sdr. CCC, 2000). madlis
Tema qristianobis pirvelive saukuneebidan iqca TeologTa gansjis sagnad.
wmida avgustine, pelagianelobis sapirispirod, amtkicebs madlis absolutur aucileblobas da ganasxvavebs
warmomavalsa (moqcevasTan dakavSirebul) da momdevno madls. kaTolikuri
Teologia yovelTvis xazgasmiT aRniSnavda qristes msxverplSewirvas, madlis uangarobasa da mis sayovelTaobas
Soris urRvev kavSirs. qristes wyalobiT TiToeuli adamiani iRebs madls,
raTa, Tavisi istoriuli viTarebisgan
damoukideblad, Tavisi miznisRmerTSi cxovrebismiRweva SeZlos. magram
TiToeulma adamianma, sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa Sesabamisad, madlis qmedebasTan unda iTanamSromlos. aRmosavluri
Teologia ufro met yuradRebas miapyrobs madliseuli ganRmrTobis aspeqts
(madlis meSveobiT adamiani TviT
RmrTaebrivi bunebis Tanamonawile xdeba), vidre madliseuli xsnis aspeqts.

madlis mdgomareoba

madlis mdgomareoba (Stato di grazia)

aRniSnavs sulis RmerTTan megobrobis
damokidebulebas, anu momakvdinebeli
codvisagan Tavisufali sulis mdgomareobas. es mdgomareoba miiRweva naTlobiT da misi aRdgena SesaZlebelia
monaniebis saidumlos an sruli sinanulis meSveobiT.
madona (Madonna) [laT. mea domina
Cemi qalbatoni] religiur wreebSi
esaa sapatio mimarTva qalwul mariamisadmi, gamoiyeneba, agreTve, ikonografiaSic.
mavedrebloba (mosarCleoba) (Intercessione) [laT. intercessio (zmnidan
inter+cedere valdebulebis aReba
vinmes sasargeblod)] vedrebis locva, romelic monawilea qristes Suamdgomlobisa, vincaa erTaderTi Suamdgomeli mama RmrTis winaSe yvela adamianis sasargeblod. am locvaSi mavedrebeli, romelic qristes, mariams an
wmidanebs mimarTavs, ara mxolod sakuTari sargeblisaTvis moqmedebs, aramed sxvebzec zrunavs (fil. 2:4) da
misTvis avis mqmnelTaTvisac ki loculobs (Sdr. CCC, 2634-2636).
mavrinelni (Maurini) wmida mavris
benediqtelTa kongregaciis wevrebi,
romelic safrangeTSi klunelma mowesem loren benarma (1573-1620) daaarsa.
1621 wels kongregacia grigol XV-m
daamtkica. mis wevrTa mTavari mizani
benediqteseuli wesdebis zedmiwevniT
dacvasTan mibruneba iyo, rasac mkacri
samonastro reJimis meSveobiT axorcielebdnen. mavrinelebma wvlili Seitanes, agreTve, istoriuli da literaturuli kvlevebis ganviTarebaSic.

180
mazdeanoba (Mazdeismo) sparseTSi,
zoroastrizmamde gavrcelebuli religia. mazdeanobis Tanaxmad, qveynad
arsebuli boroteba ar SeiZleboda
yofiliyo Seqmnili mazdas (brZeni
ufali) mier. amitomac borotebas avi RmerTiangra mainiuqmnis,
romelic samyaros dasasruls yovelgvar Zalauflebas mTlianad dakargavs.
savaraudod
mazdeanobamsakmaod
rTulma religiamganviTarebis mravali stadia ganvlo: winazoroastriul fazas moyva zoroastriuli, islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg ki mazdeanobis
mimdevrebi indoeTSi gamoCndnen, sadac es religia ufro monoTeisturi
ganxriT ganviTarda.
maias tomis religia (Maya, religione dei) xalxi, romelic saxlobda
meqsikaSi, gvatemalaSi, hordurassa
da salvadorSi espanelTa mier amerikis dapyrobis xanaSi. maias religiur
warmodgenaTa Tanaxmad, panTeonis saTaveSi iyo Semoqmedi RmerTi hunabi,
erTaderTi, warmosaxviTi usxeulo
arseba, romelsac ar gamosaxavdnen da
kultis meSveobiT ar eTayvanebodnen. is binadrobda zeciur fenaTagan
umaRlesmecxre (an mecamete) fenaSi.
Sesabamisi cxra qveda fenis sapirispiro am zeciur fenebSi saTiTaod TiTo
RmerTi saxlobda. hunabis Svili itcama
iyo maias mTeli kulturis Semoqmedi,
damwerlobis gamomgonebeli da kalendris Semdgeneli. mas Tayvans scemdnen,
rogorc zeciur RmerTs da xSirad
gamosaxavdnen. mzis RmerTi kiniC abau,
paraleluri figura, itcamas bunebis
erT nawils ganasaxierebda. maias RmerTebs ormagi buneba axasiaTebdaT, anu

181
adamianTan mimarTebaSi hqondaT erTi
dadebiTi da erTi uaryofiTi mxare.
panTeonis msgavsad, mkacri struqturis Tanaxmad agebul maias sazogadoebas (yovel SemTxvevaSi, klasikuri periodis pirvel wlebSi mainc) didgvarovanTa klasis warmomadgeneli memkvidreobiTi mTavrebimRvdelmsaxurebi
xelmZRvanelobdnen. udidesi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen is mRvdelmsaxurebi, romelTac, damwerlobisa da
kalendris codnis wyalobiT, bedze
gavlenis moxdena ZaluZdaT. maias damwerloba erTaderTia indiel tomTa
damwerlobaTa Soris, romlis gaSifrvac moxerxda: maTi damwerlobis
idiografiul-abstraqtul
grifTa
mesamedi wakiTxvadia. maias kalendari
grigolis kalendarze ufro zusti
iyo. naklebi wona da gavlena hqondaT
mRvdelmsaxurebs, romlebic adamianTa
msxverplSewirvebs
axorcielebdnen,
radganac am wesma, miuxedavad ukve
klasikur xanaSi misi arsebobisa, sayovelTao gavrceleba mxolod mogvianebiT moipova.
makabelTa wigni (Maccabei, libri
dei) [ebr. maqqabhah (mniSvneloba
dauzustebelia) CaquCi an iahves
mier gansazRvruli] antioqe IV epifanielTan brZolaSi ebraelTa winaaRmdegobis gmiris, iudas metsaxeli,
romelic Semdeg ojaxis yvela wevris
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda. esaa Zveli
aRTqmis sxvadasxva avtoris ori arakanonikuri wigni, sruliad gansxvavebuli erTmaneTisagan miznisa da gamosaxvis saSualebaTa mixedviT. pirvel
wignSi (1mak.) moTxrobilia iudevelTa winaaRmdegoba ZaldatanebiTi

malabarelni

elinizaciis procesisadmi, romelic

ormoci wlis manZilze gagrZelda,
qristemde 175 wlidan (antioqe epifanielis taxtze asvlis weli) qristemde
135 wlamde (am wels gardaicvala simoni, iuda makabelis ukanaskneli Zma).
pirvel wignze adre berZnul enaze
dawerili makabelTa meore wigni
(2mak.) iudeaSi qristemde 175 wlidan
160 wlamde momxdar faqtebs moicavs.
amgvarad es wigni ara makabelTa pirveli wignis gagrZeleba, aramed pirvel
wignSi naxsenebi faqtebis erTgvari
sagangebo warmodgenaa. Txroba ufro
qadagebis da ara istoriuli aRwerilobis xasiaTs atarebs da Seicavs mdidar samoZRvro swavlebas, rac Zveli
aRTqmiseuli gamocxadebis gavrcobaganmartebas uwyobs xels (magaliTad,
teqstSi gavrcobilia samyarosa da
adamianTa Semoqmedi RmrTis cneba).
makedonielni (Macedoniani) sanaxevrod arianeli eretikosebi, konstantinopolis episkoposis, makedoniusis
(IV saukune) mimdevrebi. ewodebodaT
agreTve pnevmatomaxebi (suli wmidis mowinaaRmdegeni), raki uaryofdnen
suli wmidis RmrTaebriobas.
malabarelni (Malabaresi) indoeTis
region malabarSi mcxovrebi siriul-aRmosavluri (an qaldeuri) wesis kaTolikeebi. uZvelesi tradiciis
Tanaxmad, es sakrebulo mociqulma
Tomam daaarsa, SesaZloa, im damokidebulebis gasamarTleblad, romelic
edesis sakrebulosTan hqonda II saukunidan moyolebuli. malabarelTa Sesaxeb zusti cnobebi XV saukunis dasasrulidan, anu indoeTSi portugaliel

182

malankarelni

misionerTa Casvlis droidan arsebobs.

1923 wels pius XI-m daaarsa siriulmalabariuli provincia, 1956 wels ki
meore aseTi provincia daarsda.
malankarelni (Malankaresi) indoeTis
region malabarSi mcxovrebi antioqiuri wesis kaTolikeebi. sakuTar Tavs
mociqul Tomas qadagebasTan akavSireben. liturgias aRavlenen TavianTi regionis enze, romelsac malaiami ewodeba.
malaqia n. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.
maltis raindebi n. raindTa ordenebi.
mama (mamao) (Padre) [laT. pater] pativiscemis niSnad ase mimarTaven samoweseo ordenis wevr mRvdelmsaxurebs.
Cveulebriv, es wodeba win uZRvis
naTlobisas darqmeul an sasuliero
cxovrebaSi miRebul saxels (mama evgeni) an mRvdelmsaxuris Tanamdebobis
aRmniSvnel sityvas (mama provincialo,
mama mcvelo da sxv.).
mamao Cveno (Padre nostro) saxarebis arsis gamomxatveli umTavresi
qristianuli locva, romelsac ieso
aZlevs mowafeebs pasuxad Txovnaze:
ufalo, gvaswavle locva (luk. 11:1).
mas, agreTve, ewodeba uflis locva,
radganac pirdapir qristesagan momdinareobs. mamao Cveno eklesiis umTavresi locvaa. mamao Cveno RmrTismsaxurebaTa da qristianuli iniciaciis
saidumloTanaTlobis,
ziarebisa
da evqaristiisSemadgeneli nawilia.
evqaristiaSi CarTuli mamao Cveno
amJRavnebs pirad TxovnaTa esqatologiur xasiaTs, uflis imediT, vidre
movidodes (1 kor. 11,26). saxarebebSi

ori formulirebiTaa gadmocemuli

(maT. 6:9-13; luk. 11:2-4). mamao Cveno
Seicavs erT moxmobas, Svid Txovnasa da
daskvniT amens. pirveli sami Txovnis
sagani mama RmrTis didebaa: uflis saxelis wmidayofa, uflis sufevis dadgoma da RmrTis nebis aRsruleba. danarCeni oTxi Txovna RmerTs adamianis
saWiroebebsa da survilebs warudgens.
es Txovnebi exeba adamianis sazrdoTi
uzrunvelyofas, codvisagan mis dacvas da ukavSirdeba borotebaze sikeTis
gamarjvebisTvis brZolas (Sdr. CCC,
2759, Smd.).
mama provinciali (Provincaile, padre)
[laT. provincialis provinciisa] vinc
kanonisa da dadgenilebaTa safuZvelze
Tavmjdomareobs instituciis monastrebsa Tu sakrebuloebs, romlebic
erTsa da imave religiur provinciaSia
ganlagebuli (Sdr. CIC, kan. 621).
mama, sulieri n. sulieri mama.
mama RmerTi n. RmerTi; sameba.
mamebi, samociqulo n. samociqulo mamebi.
mamona (Mammona) [aram. mammona
mogeba, sargebeli] sityva orjer
gvxvdeba axal aRTqmaSi (maT. 6:24; luk.
16:13), aris simdidrisa da Zalauflebisaken ltolvis simbolo.
mana (Mana) polineziuri termini,
aRniSnavs zebunebriv, upirovno Zalas,
romelsac sikeTisa da borotebis motana ZaluZs; gavlenas axdens adamianis
nebismier saqmianobaze, iqneba es nadiroba, Tevzaoba, saomari moqmedebebi
Tu sxva.

183
manani (Manna) [ebr. man hu? ra aris
es?] sakvebi, romliTac, bibliis Tanaxmad, ebraeli xalxi ikvebeboda udabnoSi xetialisas (gam. 16:14.21; ricxv. 11:7,
Smd.; ieso. 5:12). sinais naxevarkunZulze
xarobs 6-7 metri simaRlis xe tamarix
mannifera. maisidan agvistomde misi
norCi totebi gamoyofen tkbil nivTierebas, romelic Ramis gril haerTan
Sexebisas mkvrivdeba da patara marcvlebis formas iRebs. am manans arabebi
dResac agroveben, diliT an saRamos,
radganac dRisiT, mzis sxivTa mxurvaleba marcvlebas adnobs. nivTiereba
baci ferisaa, Taflis msgavsi gemo da
maRali sakvebi Rirebuleba aqvs. mas miirTmeven rogorc bunebrivi saxiT, ise
fqvilTan erTad gamomcxvars. sasargeblo TvisebaTa gamo israeli xalxi
manans RmrTis gansakuTrebul ZRvnad
miiCnevda (gam. 16:17). axal aRTqmaSi manani evqaristiis simboloa, sicocxles
momniWebeli namdvili zeciuri puri
(ioan. 6:31, Smd.).
mandevelni (Mandei) [aram. manda
xilva, gacnoba] gnostikuri seqtis warmoSobiT palestineli mimdevrebi (maT uwodeben agreTve wmida
ioane (naTlismcemlis) mowafeebs),
romlebic samxreT eraysa da iranSi
cxovroben. seqtaSi ioane naTlismcemels xsnis sagangebo Suamavlad miiCneven da gansakuTrebul rols aniWeben
naTlobasa da ganbanis wesebs. seqtis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb zusti cnobebi ar
arsebobs. mandevelebs swamT sinaTlis
did meufed wodebuli, angelosebiT
garSemortymuli absoluturi RmerTi,
romelsac upirispirdeba boroti sulisa da mis mier Seqmnili Svidi planetis samyaro.

maniqeveloba

manipulusi (Manipolo) [laT. manipulus, sityvidan manus da zmna plere-s

gavseba fuZidan, sityvasityviT erTi
muWa] zolis formis liturgiuli
samoseli,imave ferisa da qsovilisagan damzadebuli, rogoriTac Sesamoseli,romelsac erT dros wirvis
aRsrulebisas mRvdelmsaxuri marcxena
winamxarze atarebda. romauli warmoSobisaa da momdinareobs xilabandidan
(mas mappa an mappula ewodeboda), romelsac romaeli didgvarovnebi
samosis dasamSveneblad xelSi iWerdnen, xelsaxocad da niSnis misacemad
iyenebdnen. amJamad aRar gamoiyeneba.
maniqeveloba (Manicheismo) [spars.
Mani haja mani cocxali] sparsi
mTavris, manis (216-277 ww. qristes
Semdeg) mier daarsebuli religia.
maniqevelobis Tanaxmad, sinamdvileSi
arsebobs ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli sawyisi: keTili da boroti,
naTeli da bneli. Tavdapirvelad isini
cal-calke arsebobdnen; SemdgomSi
bnelma naTeli daTrguna, Tumca dasasruls sinaTle saboloo gamarjvebas
moipovebs. materialuri samyaro bnelis nayofia, amitomac TiToeulma
adamianma Zalisxmeva ar unda daiSuros imisaTvis, raTa Tavis cxovrebaSi
sinaTlis mier Seqmnili samSvinveli
sxeulisagan, anu sibnelis batonobisgan, gaaTavisuflos. maniqevelTa mTeli
zneobrivi swavleba am centraluri
miTosis garSemo viTardeba da mniSvnelovani msxverplis gaRebas moiTxovs
(marxva, sqesobrivi TavSekaveba da a.S.).
igi, vinc am gzas warmatebiT gaivlis (maTi ricxvi sinamdvileSi arc
ise didia) umal sinaTlis samoTxeSi

manteleta

aRmoCndeba. danarCenebi kvlav bnelis

mier Seqmnil sxeulebSi daibadebian,
Tuki maTi codvebi imdenad mZime araa,
rom pirdapir samudamo warwymedis
ufskrulSi gadaCexos isini. maniqevelTa doqtrinebi zogjer qristianuli
TvalsazrisiT gadamuSavdeboda xolme,
raTa mas ufro martivad SesZleboda
gavrceleba egviptis, CrdiloeT afrikis, galiis, dalmaciisa da sxva regionebis qristianul wreebSi. garkveuli periodi maniqevelTa seqtis mimdevari iyo wmida avgustinec. aRmosavleTSi maniqevelobam XII saukunemde
iarseba, dasavleTSi ki albigoelTa da
bogomilTa eresze moaxdina gavlena.
manteleta (Mantelletta) [kninobiTi
forma sityvisa mantella mosasxami]
zemodan Casacmeli prelatis mokle mosasxami, muxlebamde sigrZis da usaxelo,
mklavebisTvis datovebuli ori gaxsnili nawiliT gverdebze. mosasxamis feri
mflobelis wodebazea damokidebuli:
is wiTeli ferisaa kardinalTaTvis,
moiisfro episkoposTaTvis da a.S.

184
manualistika(Manualistica)swavleba,
romelic gavrcelebuli iyo mecxramete
saukunidan vatikanis II krebamde da romlis mizani iyo saxelmZRvaneloebSi,
anu teqstebis saxiT, Teologiis sagnis
arsebiTi elementebis organuli gadmocema. is mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
zogadi Teologiuri azrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi, ris gamoxatulebasac warmoadgens. manualistikis susti mxarea
zogjer aradamajerebeli, siRrmes
moklebuli gadmocema, rasac banalur
mosazrebaTa arakritikuli mowodeba
amZimebs.
maradiuli sicocxle (Vita eterna)
sikvdilis Semdeg RmerTTan maradiuli
sicocxle, romelsac qriste mis morwmune adamianebs uboZebs (rom. 5:21; 6:23;
1kor. 15:45). marTlebi imefeben qristesTan erTad samaradJamod didebaSi
suliTa da sxeuliT, da RmerTi iqneba
yvelaferi yvelaferSi (1 kor. 15:28).

mantia (Ferraiolo) [arab. feryul Salis

bluza] Txeli qsovilis mosasxami,
romlisganac miiReba mxrebze mosaxvevi
nakecebiani ganieri zoli. mas sasuliero pirebi atareben. tunikis sigrZis
mantias atarebdnen yelze Sekruls, amJamad aRar ixmareba.

maradiuloba (Eternit) [laT. sityvidan aeternitas] dasabamisa da dasasrulis armqone xangrZlivoba. RmrTis
gansakuTrebuli Tviseba, radgan igi,
uwmindesi suli, drosa da sivrces
ar eqvemdebareba. wmida Toma akvinelis azriT, maradiuloba aaSkaravebs
absoluturis sakuTar TavTan srul
identurobas, yovelgvari SesaZlo qmnadobis miRma.

manu (Manu) [sansk. manu kaci an

brZeni] hinduizmSi aRniSnavs kacTa
modgmis miTosur winapars, romelic
zogjer Semoqmed RmerT prajapatisTan igivdeba. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs adamians am sityvis srulyofili gagebiT.

marana-ta,
maran-aTa
(Marna-t/
Marn-ath) [aram. ufalo Cveno,
modi, Cveni ufali modis] palestinur sakrebuloTa liturgiuli
SeZaxili. wmida pavlem is korinTelTa
mimarT pirveli werilis dasasruls
gamoiyena. gvxvdeba, agreTve, ioanes ga-

185
mocxadebaSi, daskvniTi moxmobis saxiT:
modi, ufalo ieso (gamocx. 22:20).
marTlmadidebeli (Ortodosso) istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnavs marTlmadidebeli eklesiis morwmunes;
agreTve, aRniSnavs pirs (orTodoqsi), romelic mTlianad iziarebs ara
aucileblad religiur, magram dogmaturi xasiaTis gansazRvrul swavlebas.
marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi (Ortodosse, Chiese) aRmosavluri eklesiebi
Tavs marTlmadidebel eklesiebs uwodeben da es saxelwodeba Zveli eklesiis
samoZRvro debulebebisadmi maTs erTgulebas usvams xazs. konstantinopolTan dakavSirebuli aRmosavluri eklesiebis miTiTeba marTlmadideblobaze
V saukunis Semdeg damkvidrda, eretikul eklesiaTagan (nestorianuli da
monofizituri eklesiebi) gamijvnisa
da, aRmosavleTis sqizmis (1054) Semdeg, kaTolike eklesiasTan polemikuri
dapirispirebis mizniT. vatikanis II
krebam mZlavri biZgi misca ekumenur
urTierTobebs marTlmadidebel eklesiebsa da laTinur eklesias Soris da
xeli Seuwyo pap pavle VI-isa da konstantinopolis patriarq aTenagoras
istoriul Sexvedras (1964), rasac 1054
wlis gankveTis urTierTgauqmeba da
urTierTSendoba mohyva Sedegad (1965).
marTlmadidebelTa da kaTolikeTa
Soris samoZRvro sxvaobani mravalricxovani araa da umTavresad papis
primatisa da filiokves Teologiur
sakiTxebs Seexeba. ori eklesia Tanxmdeba saidumloTa, xsnis ganzraxulobaSi
mariamis rolis, bibliuri egzegezis,
episkoposTa samociqulo memkvidreobiTobisa da sxva sakiTxebze.

mariami

marTlmadidebloba, marTlmorwmuneoba (Ortodossia) [berZ. orths marTebuli, WeSmariti da dxa mosazreba] termini aRniSnavs qristianul
moZRvrebas, rogorc WeSmarits, rogoradac aswavlis da gansazRvravs mas
eklesia, eretikuli da mcdari Sexedulebebis sapirispirod.
marTlqmedeba
(Ortoprassi)
[berZ.
orths marTebuli, swori+prxis
qceva] aRsarebuli religiis swavlebis Sesatyvisi saqcieli. zogjer
marTlqmedebas (orTopraqsias) upirispireben orTodoqsias (marTlmorwmuneobas), rodesac es ukanaskneli
eklesiisadmi kuTvnilebis erTaderT
aRmniSvnelad ixmareba.
mariami (Maria) qristianul sarwmunoebaSi qalwuli mariami gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani figuraa, rogorc
qristes deda da eklesiis deda (pavle VI). rogorc qristes deda, mariami suli wmidam Seamzada: marTlac
madliT aRvsili unda yofiliyo imisi mSobeli, romlis arsebaSic damkvidrebulia xorcielad RmrTaebis
mTeli sisavse (kol. 2:9). maSasadame,
madlis wyalobiT, mariami ucodvelad
iSva yvelaze Tavmdabal qmnilebad,
romelsac yvelaze metad ZaluZda yovlisSemZle RmrTis gamouTqmeli niWis
miReba (n. ubiwo Casaxva). Tumca mariamma ara mxolod Soba ieso, aramed misi
erT-erTi uerTgulesi mowafec iyo,
rasac adasturebs golgoTaze mariamis
yofna qristes vnebis Jams da mowafeebTan erTad misi locva serobisas,
sulis wmidis gadmosvlis molodinSi.
mama RmrTis nebis, Tavisi Zis mxsneli

mariamis gvirgviniT Semkoba

186

qmedebisa da suli wmidis yoveli

qrolvisadmi mTlianad mindobis gamo,
qalwuli mariami eklesiisTvis rwmenisa da kacTmoyvarebis simboloa. amitomac is aRiarebulia eklesiis uaRresad amaRlebul da sruliad gamorCeul wevrad (LG, 53) da eklesiis
simbolod (typus) (LG, 63). Tumca
eklesiasa da mTel kacobriobasTan
mimarTebaSi mariamis roli kidev ufro
mniSvnelovania: igi sruliad gansakuTrebulad Seewia macxovris saqmianobasmorCilebiT, rwmeniT, imediTa
da mgznebare kacTmoyvarebiTsulTa
zebunebrivi cxovrebis aRsadgenad. amitomacaa mariami CvenTvis deda madlis
wiaRSi (LG, 61). cad aRyvanebuli
mariami (n. cad aRyvaneba) kvlavac asxivebs dedobriv zrunvas qristes sxeulis wevrebze, romelnic Tayvans scemen
mas gansakuTrebuli kultis meSveobiT.
es kulti mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
qristesadmi miZRvnili kultisagan
(Sdr. LG, 66; agreTve CCC, 721-726;
963-975). mariamis Tayvaniscema, romelic umTavresad savardis locviTa
da mariamis samlocveloTa momlocvelobiT gamoixateba, metad gavrcelebulia qristianTa Soris.

savardis mexuTedidebis saidumloebacaa. mariamis gamosaxulebaTa Tu qandakebaTa Zvirfasi gvirgviniT Semkoba

1600 wlidan gavrcelda qalwul mariamis mimarT Tayvaniscemis niSnad.

mariamis gvirgviniT Semkoba (Incoronazione di Maria) ikonografiuli

gamosaxuleba, romelic warmoadgens
qalwul mariamis gvirgviniT Semkobas (qristes an yovladwmida samebis
mier). xazs usvams mariamis sadedoflo
Rirsebas (romlis liturgiuli moxseniebis dRea 22 agvisto) da mis didebiT
Sesvlas netarTa saufloSi. es gamosaxuleba XIII saukunidan gavrcelda.
mariamis gvirgviniT Semkoba, agreTve,

mariamis Soba (Nativit di Maria) dResaswauli, romelic aRiniSneba 8 seqtembers da VI saukunis Suawlebidan
momdinarebs. mariamis Sobis dResaswauliT eklesia sagangebod aRniSnavs,
rom samyaroSi am arsebis Semosvlas
zepirovnuli, sayovelTao da istoriul-mxsneli mniSvneloba aqvs, ramdenadac mariams ukavSirdeba xsnis axali
wesrigis dadgoma, romelsac samyaroSi
sabolood qriste axorcielebs.

mariamiseuli monaxuleba (Visitazione di Maria) liturgiuli dResaswauli, romlis Sinaarsic ukavSirdeba gankacebis xarebis Semdeg qalwul
mariamis mier elisabedis monaxulebas
(luk. 1:39-56). XIII saukuneSi franciskelTa mier dawesebuli es dResaswauli 31 maiss aRiniSneba.
mariamis legioni (Legio Mariae) 1921
wels dublinSi frank dufis mier
(1980) daarsebuli saeroTa organizacia, romlis mizanic adamianis
pirovnuli ganwmeda da mociqulobaa.
dRes organizacia mTel msoflioSia
gavrcelebuli. pius XI-m, pius XII-m da
ioane XXIII-m mniSvnelovani Sefaseba
misces mis saqmianobas. organizaciis
umaRlesi organoa legionis sabWo
(Concilium Legionis), romelsac eqvemdebareba senati, komitetebi, kuriebi
da direqtorebi. calkeul jgufTa
yovelkvireuli Sekrebebi locvasa da
sasuliero sakiTxavs eyrdnoba.

187
mariamis weli (Anno mariano) mariamisadmi miZRvnili weli. is gamoacxada 1954 wels papma pius XII-m, qristes
dedis
gansakuTrebuli
siwmidis
xazgasasmelad, romelic misi ubiwod
Casaxvisa (rac zustad erTi saukuniT
adre iqna gansazRvruli) da zecad
aRyvanebis saidumloebebiT gamoixateba. ioane pavle II-m enciklikiT Redemptoris Mater daamtkica mariamis
axali weli, 1987 wlis 7 ivnisis suli
wmidis gardamosvlis dResaswaulidan 1988 wlis 15 agvistomde, qristes
mxsnel qmedebaSi mariamis dedobrivi
Tanamonawileobis mniSvnelobis mimarT
yuradRebis misapyrobad.
mariamistebi (Maristi) 1824 wels
J.-k.-m. kolinis (1790-1875) mier beliSi
daarsebuli da 1836 wels damtkicebuli mariamis sazogadoebis (Societas
Mariae) wevrebi. ZiriTadad axalgazrdebis aRzrdiTa da aqtiuri misioneruli da samwyso saqmianobiT arian
dakavebulni. kolinma daaarsa, agreTve,
mariamist daTa sazogadoeba (1817 w.
cerdoni), romelic 1884 wels leon
XIII-m daamtkica. misi wevrebi gogonaTa
aRrdaze zrunaven da sazogadoebriv
saqmianobas ewevian.
mariamologia
(Mariologia)
[Maria+loga (berZ. lgos msjeloba)]
kaTolikuri Teologiis nawili, romlis Seswavlis sagania mariami. konstitucia Lumen gentium mariams
qristesa da eklesiis saidumloebaSi
aTavsebs (LG, 54).
marielni (Marinisti, detti anche Fratelli di Maria (Frres de la socit de Marie)) 1817 wels bordoSi giom Jozef

maronitebi

Saminadis (1850) mier daarsebuli

mRvdelmsaxurTa da saeroTa kongregacia. 1865 wels kongregacia pius IX-m
daamtkica. kongregaciis wevrTa saqmianoba moicavs axalgazrdebis aRzrdas,
skolebSi swavlebasa da misionerobas.
kongregacias marTavs mTavari winamZRvari, romelsac adgilobrivi provincialebi uweven TanaSemweobas. marielTa kongregacia dReisaTvis 3000
adamians aerTianebs, maTi umravlesoba
mRvdelmsaxuria. marielni aT provinciad arian dayofilni, aqedan 3 provincia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
mdebareobs. maTi misioneruli saqmianoba umTavresad laTinur amerikaSi,
afrikasa da iaponiaSi xorcieldeba.
maronitebi (Maroniti) ase uwodeben
IV-V saukuneTa mijnaze siriaSi moRvawe mRvdelmsaxuris, wmida marones,
mimdevrebssiriul-antioqiuri wesis aRmosavlel kaTolikeebs. wmida
mwiris gardacvalebis adgilas aSenda
monasteri, sadac pirvelma maronitma
sakrebulom daido bina. VII saukunis meore naxevarSi arabTa Semosevis
safrTxem maronitebi aiZula, libanSi
gadasaxlebuliyvnen. VIII saukunis dasawyisSi maroniti mowese antioqiis
patriarqad iqna arCeuli. amgvarad
Caeyara safuZveli antioqiis sapatriarqos, romelic umniSvnelovanes
rols TamaSobda maronit qristianTa
cxovrebaSi rogorc religiuri, ise
sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT. amJamad patriarqis samyofelia beiruTis
maxloblad mdebare bkerke, xolo maronitTa sakrebuloebi, libanis garda, arsebobs agreTve kviprosze, siriaSi, egvipteSi, TurqeTsa da amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi.

martvilTa wameba

martvilTa wameba (Passione dei martiri) pirvel saukuneebSi rwmenis gamo

sikvdiliT dasjil qristianTa mier
ganvlili cxovrebis, gancdili mowameobisa da Cadenili sasawaulebis aRwera. ikiTxeboda sajarod morwmuneTa
darigebis mizniT. n. saqmeebi.
martirologi (Martirologio) [berZ.
mrtyros (naTesaobiTi brunva sityvisa
marts)+lgos] wigni, romelSic Setanilia sia (da cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi ambebi) mowameTa da wmidaTa, visac
eklesia yoveldRiurad miagebs pativs.
oficialurad, liturgiuli wignis
saxiT is tridentis krebis Semdeg damkvidrda (Martyrologium romanum,
1584), Tumca misi winamorbedi iyo kalendari, anu wmidaTa da dResaswaulTa
CamonaTvali, Sedgenili sxvadasxva adgilas maTi moxseniebis TariRis mixedviT. uZvelesi romauli liturgiuli
kalendaria Deposito martyrum, romelic 354 wlidan qronografis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. Tavdapirvelad
martirologi mxolod mowameTa saxelebs Seicavda, Semdgom sias daemata
episkoposebi, moZRvrebi, aRmsareblebi,
eklesiaTa miZRvnis dReebi da sxv.
marxva (Digiuno) [laT. ieiunium]
nawilobrivi an mTliani TavSekaveba
sakvebisagan monaniebis an sasjelis
mizniT. miRebulia mraval religiaSi. bibliaSi xSirad gvxvdeba marxvis
dacvis rCeva. sajaro cxovrebis dawyebamde TviT iesomac imarxula udabnoSi (maT. 4:2). dRes kaTolike eklesia
marxvis mxolod or dRes awesebs, esenia: nacris oTxSabaTi da didi paraskevi. maTi dacva savaldebuloa yvela

188
srulwlovanisaTvis 60 wlis asakamde.
am dReebSi marxvis dacva dRis ganmavlobaSi oridan erT-erT ZiriTad kvebaze uaris Tqmas gulisxmobs. xsenebul
or dRes, marxvis garda, dawesebulia,
agreTve, xorcze uaris Tqmac. evqaristiuli marxva niSnavs wmida ziarebamde
sul cota erTi saaTiT adre nebismieri saxis sakvebsa da sasmelze uaris
Tqmas, gamonaklisia wyali da wamlebi
(Sdr. CIC, kan. 919).
masonoba (Massoneria) [ingl. free
masson Tavisufali kalatozi]. Tavisufalma kalatozebma Sua saukuneebSi Seqmnes eklesiaTa mSeneblobiT
dakavebul kalatozTa (an xelosanTa
da mxatvarTa) saeklesio saZmoebi.
Tanamedrove xanis dasawyisSi am saZmoebma arseboba Sewyvites an gadaiqcnen
sazogadoebriv jgufebad, romlebSi
gawevrianeba sxva profesiaTa adamianebsac (didebulebs, eqimebs, oficrebs,
mwerlebs...) SeeZloT. amgvari jgufebi
kacobriobisaTvis universaluri religiis miwodebas isaxavda miznad. ganmanaTleblobis xanaSi masonTa loJebSi racionalizmisa da deizmis ideebma
SeaRwia, SemdgomSi ki ezoterikuli
wreebic Seiqmna alqimikosTa, rozenkroicerelTa, qristian mistikosTa
monawileobiT, romelTa damsaxurebiTac masonTa saqmianobam misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, dRemde SemorCenili
saxe miiRo. masonTa mrwamsis Tanaxmad, RmerTi samyaros aRmSenebeli
didostatia. adamianis uflebebi (maT
Soris rwmenis, sindisisa da azrovnebis
Tavisufleba),
Semwynarebloba
da
Serigebluri suliskveTeba is umaRlesi principebia, romlebze dayrdno-

189
biTac unda aigos humanurobis taZari. Sotlandielma presviteranelma
mqadagebelma j. andersonma Seadgina
dadgenilebis wigni (Book of Constitution, londoni, 1723), romelic dRes
masonTa Zireul sasuliero dokuments
warmoadgens. anglikanur saxelmwifo
eklesiasTan (n. anglikanoba) da samefo
ojaxTan mWidrod dakavSirebulma
anglosaqsma masonebma qristianuli
rwmena SeinarCunes, xolo frang, italiel da laTinuramerikel masonTa
Soris damkvidrda sul ufro mZafri
antiqristianuli ganwyoba. 1717 wels
londonis oTxma loJam pirveli didi
(ideologiurad neitraluri) loJa
Seqmna didi magistris xelmZRvanelobiT, kontinentze ki pirveli loJa 1721
wels, monsSi Seiqmna. italiaSi masonTa
moZraoba 1730 wlis Semdeg gavrcelda
romSi, florenciaSi, milansa da veneciaSi. kaTolike eklesia xangrZlivi
drois manZilze ebrZoda masonobas
da es brZola jerac ar dasrulebula. ramdenime saxelmwifoSi masonTa
moRvaweobaze dawesebuli akrZalvis
Semdeg (niderlandebi, safrangeTi,
venecia) papma klemente XII-m Tavisi
buliT In eminenti (1738) yvela masoni gankveTa im ficis gamo, romelic
masonebs sakuTari saqmianobis saidumlos gamJRavnebas ukrZalavs. amJamad,
sarwmunoebis moZRvrebis kongregaciis
mier 1974 wels gamocemuli dekretis
Tanaxmad, kaTolike morwmunes eklesiidan gankveTa emuqreba, Tuki loJa,
romlis wevric is aris, eklesiis sawinaaRmdego saqmianobas eweva. masonuri
simbolika inglisis didi loJidan
momdinareobs da mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva. masSi Sedis: CaquCi, qafCa,

macxovari

fargali, winsafarisamyaros didi

xuroTmoZRvris nebis Sesatyvisad, didi
taZris asagebad loJaSi gaerTianebul
kalatoz ZmaTaTvis. masonebs mravali
wesi aqvT, maTgan erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebulia Zveli da miRebuli
Sotlandiuri wesi.
masorelni (Masoreti) [ebr. massorah
tradicia, maSasadame, tradiciis
qomagni] ase ewodeba bibliis im swavlulebs, vinc 500-900 wlebSi Caiwera
bibliur teqstebTan dakavSirebuli
yvela zepiri tradicia, kerZod, yovelive is, rac teqstis zust wakiTxvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am adamianebma
gadaweres bibliis ebrauli teqsti da
22 Tanxmovnisgan Semdgar uZveles damwerlobas xmovnebi da maxvilebi daurTes. maTve dayves wignebi Tavebad da
muxlebad. masorelTa skola arsebobda
tiberiadaSi (dasavleTis masora) da
babilonSi (aRmosavleTis masora).
matroneumi (Matroneo) [gvianlaT.
matroneum, nawarmoebia sityvidan
matrona matrona] mraval bazilikaSi arsebuli Sida galerea, romelic
centraluri navis gaswvriv, gverdiT
navebze maRla mdebareobs. eklesiis
arqiteqturuli gegmidan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba hqondes grZivi an wriuli
forma. termini ukavSirdeba tradicias, romlis Tanaxmadac eklesiis es
nawili Cveulebriv qalebs eTmoboda.
macxovari (Redentore) [laT. redemptor mxsneli, mSveleli]
ieso
qriste umaRlesi mxsnelia, samyaros
danaSauli man jvarze Tavisi sikvdiliT gamoisyida (Sdr. CCC, 601). n.
gamosyidva.

maxarebeli

190

maxarebeli (Evangelista) [berZ. euvanghelists] pirvel qristian mqadagebelTa wodeba (saqm. 21:8; efes. 4:11; 2tim.
4:5). SemdgomSi ase mxolod saxarebis
oTxi avtori iwodeboda: maTe (maT.),
markozi (mark.), luka (luk.) da ioane
(ioan.). maTgan maTe da ioane mociqulebi iyvnen, markozipetres mowafe iyo,
xolo lukapavles mowafe.

termini aRniSnavda presbiteriumis

maxloblad mdebare, mTavari navis ramdenime safexuriT SemaRlebul nawils,
sadac iyvnen ganTavsebulni mgalobelni. dRes ase ewodeba mgalobelTa
jgufs, romelic liturgiis dros
gundad an damswre sazogadoebasTan
monacvleobiT galobs gundisTvis gankuTvnil monakveTebs.

mahdi (Mahdi) [arab. (RmrTis mier)

gaZRolili] muslimTaTvis mesianuri figura, romelic JamTa aRsasruls amoZirkavs borotebas, daamkvidrebs sikeTis batonobas da amgvarad
aRadgens islams Tavisi pirvelqmnili
srulyofilebiT. SiitTaTvis mahdi
igivdeba meTormete imamTan (gardaicvala 878 w.), romelic daudgenel
momavalSi dabrundeba. Tumca istoriis manZilze imamis tituli islamis
araerTma moZRvarma dairqva. maT Soris
iyo, magaliTad, ubaid alahi, fatimidTa dinastiis damaarsebeli (934), muhamad ahmad ibn abd alahi (1843-1885),
sudaneli mahdi da sxv.

meaTedebi (Decime) [laT. decima

(pars) meaTe (nawili)] RmrTisadmi
miZRvnili miwaTmoqmedebis nayofisa
da saqonlis aTi procentis toli
Sesawiravi, romelsac swiravda israeli xalxi kultis saWiroebisa da
mRvdelmsaxurTa Senaxvis mizniT. meaTedis Sewirvis wesi kaTolike eklesiaSic
arsebobda, Tumca XVIII-XIX saukuneTa
mijnaze meaTedis yvela forma gauqmda.
dRes kaTolikuri samarTlis kodeqsi
iuwyeba: ~morwmuneebs evalebaT, gaiTvaliswinon eklesiis saWiroebani, raTa
mas SeeZlos floba yovelive aucileblisa saRmrTo kultis, samociqulo
da saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobisa da
mRvdelmsaxurTa rigianad uzrunvelsayofad~ (CIC, kan. 222).

mahmadiani (Maomettano) muhamadisa

da mis mier dafuZnebuli religiis
mimdevari. n. islami; muslimi.
mgalobeli (Cantore) [laT. cantor,
nawarmoebi sityvidan canere, mRera]
gundSi an solo partiis mgalobeli.
Zvelad gundis solistoba diakons uwevda. amJamad saero pirebsac SeuZliaT
Seasrulon mgalobelis funqcia
(CIC, kan. 230).
mgalobelTa skola (Schola cantorum)
[laT. mgalobelTa skola] Zvelad

mebaJe (Pubblicano) [laT. publicanus,

nawarmoebia sityvidan publicum sajaro ganZi] Zvel romSi ase iwodebodnen pirebi, romlebic sajaro vaWrobis gziT iZendnen gadasaxadis akrefis
uflebas. iesos dros palestinaSi mebaJeebi, rogorc romis administraciis
mier dawesebuli baJis amkrefni, xalxs
sZulda da upatiosno, maSasadame, codvil da uwmidur pirebad miaCnda (maT.
9:11). mebaJe iyo maTe, SemdgomSi ieso
qristes mociquli (maT. 9:9-13; 10:3).

191
mebrZoli eklesia (Militante, Chiesa)
dedamiwaze mcxovreb yvela monaTlul
morwmuneTa erToblioba. gansxvavdeba
ganmwmedeli eklesiisa (sulebi salxinebelSi) da mozeime eklesiisagan (netarni). konstituciaSi Lumen gentium
naTqvamia: qristes mowafeTagan zogi
amqveynad momlocvelia, sxvani, gardacvlilni, salxinebelSi iwmidebian da
sxvani kidev didebaSi arian da xedaven
cxadad RmerTs, erTsa da samerTians,
rogoric igi aris (LG, 49).
meditacia (Meditazione) [laT. meditatio varjiSi, ufro zustad, sulieri
savarjiSo] saubaria yuriT mosmenilisa da gonebiT gaazrebulis aTvisebisaTvis saWiro samuSaoze. esaa ideaTa
gadamuSaveba, aTviseba, maTiT sruliad
gamsWvalvis mizniT. amgvari meditaciuri qmedeba axlavs asketizms, romlis
Semadgenel nawilsac is warmoadgens.
rodesac es gaTavisebis samuSao qristianuli rwmenis Sinaarss miemarTeba,
qristianul meditaciaze vsaubrobT. am
TvalsazrisiT, meditacia mWvretelobiTi locvis erT-erTi formaa.
mediumi (Medium) [laTinuri zedsarTavis, medius-is saSualo sqesis
formidan, SuaSi mdgomi, saSuamavlo] pirovneba, romelsac parafsiqologiisaTvis cnobili garkveuli
fenomenebis gamowvevis unari aqvs.
spiritizmis samyaroSi mediums ZaluZs sulebTan (umTavresad, gardacvlilTa sulebTan) cocxal adamianTa
dakavSireba da miRmiseulis sazRvris
gadalaxva. n. spiritizmi.
meTauri
(Preposto (o Preposito))
[laT. praepositus (zmnidan praepo-

meTodistebi

nere) upiratesobis miniWeba, win

dayeneba] calkeul samonazvno kongregaciaTa mTavari zemdgomi. Zvelad
termini aRniSnavda sasaflaoebze ganlagebul wmida petres, wmida pavles,
wmida lavrentisa da wmida pankrates
bazilikaTa mmarTvel xelmZRvanelebs.
isini samRvdeloebas miekuTvnebodnen,
magram titulovan xucesebTan SedarebiT ufro dabal wodebas atarebdnen.
meTodistebi (Metodisti) meTodistebs
an agreTve Holy club-s oqsfordSi
dacinviT uwodebdnen studentebisa
da morwmune saeroebis bibliur wres,
romelic Zmeb Carlz (1788) da jon
ueslebis (1791) TaosnobiT Camoyalibda da gansakuTrebuli meTodebis
meSveobiT (sarwmunoebaze moqceva,
rogorc qristesTan Segnebuli mibruneba, wmidayofis gacnobierebuli
da TviTkontrolirebuli Zalisxmeva)
sakuTari da sxvaTa sulebis xsnas isaxavda miznad. Tavisda uneburad, isini
qristianobis istoriaSi eklesiis
ukanaskneli didi
daarsebis mamamTavrebad iqcnen (m. Smidti). 1746 wels
meTodistTa sakrebuloebi klasebad
(adgilobrivi jgufebi) da wreebad
(adgilobriv sakrebuloebSi arsebuli
patara jgufebi) daiyo. Camoyalibda
saero mqadagebelTa isntituti, romlis wevrebic sacdel qadagebebs atarebdnen. mxolod Zmeb ueslebis gardacvalebis Semdeg daarsda inglisSi
Tavisufali meTodisturi eklesia.
meTodisturma eklesiam sxvagvari gza
ganvlo CrdiloeT amerikaSi, sadac
mas Zmeb ueslebis Tanamoazre jorj
uaitfildi (1770) xelmZRvanelobda.
uaitfildi Ria cis qveS mowyobili

melqitebi

sakulto Sekrebebisa (camp meeting)

da misioneruli karvis (londoni, 1741) iniciatoria. winaswarganzraxulobis Tavgamodebuli qomagobis
mizeziT, uaitfildi universalist
jon ueslis dascilda. amerikaSi damoukideblobisTvis omis (1775-1783)
Semdeg CrdiloeT amerikis saepiskoposo meTodisturma eklesiam swrafad
gauswro inglisel meTodistebs. misi
wamyvani roli kidev erTxel gamovlinda 1968 wels, gaerTianebul moZme
evangelistur eklesiebTan gaerTianebis
dros, ris Sedegadac gaerTianebuli
meTodisturi eklesiebi Camoyalibda.
generaluri konferenciameTodisturi eklesiis mTel msoflioSi gafantuli 19 milioni wevris umTavresi
organo4 weliwadSi erTxel amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi imarTeba.
melqitebi
(Melchiti)
[siriulidan malka mefe] bizantiuri wesis
qristianebi, romlebic miekuTvnebian
antioqiis, ierusalemisa da aleqsandriis sapatriaqroebs da romlebmac
qalkedonis krebis (451) Semdeg monofizitebTan dapirispirebiT, qristes
erTaderTi pirovnebis ori bunebis
Sesaxeb Tezisi gaiziares. am Teziss
icavda imperatori, saidanac momdinareobs melqitTa, anu mefis erTgulTa saxelwodeba. konstantinopolTan
kavSiri melqitebma aRmosavleTis sqizmis Semdegac SeinarCunes. XVII saukuneSi melqitTa erTi nawili romSi
Seikriba da 1724 wlidan daarsda
melqitTa kaTolikuri sapatriarqo,
romlis centric damaskoSia. rogorc
kaTolike, ise marTlmadidebel melqitTa wesis liturgiuli ena arabulia.

192
memento (Memento) [laT. Memento
gaxsovdes] ase ewodeba or locvas,
romlebsac wirvisas mRvdelmsaxuri
aRavlens rogorc cocxalTaTvis, ise
gardacvlilTaTvis.
menoelni (menonitebi) (Mennoniti) anabaptisturi seqta, daarsebuli
holandieli mRvdelmsaxuris, meno simonsis (1496-1561) mier, romelmac 1531
wels xelaxla moinaTla. holandiaSi
menoelebs sastikad devnidnen. germaniaSi maT wvlili Seitanes mrewvelobisa
da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaSi.
XVII saukuneSi bevri maTgani amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi gaemgzavra emigraciaSi. menoelTa calkeuli sakrebuloebi damoukidebelni arian; aRiareben sam msaxurebas (xucesTa, mqadagebelTa da diakonTa), maTi swavleba
metad axlosaa kalvinelobasTan. manoelebs ar aqvT savaldebulo sarwmunoebis aRsareba, naTlobas ki mxolod
ToTxmeti wlis asakidan aRasruleben. Mewevian mkacr zneobriv da asketur cxovrebas, uars amboben iaraRis
gamoyenebaze, samxedro samsaxursa da
ficis dadebaze. maT principTa Sorisaa, agreTve, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos
mkafio gamijvna.
menora (Menorah) Svidrtoiani Sandali. daviTis eqvsqimian varskvlavTan
erTad ebrauli religiis erT-erTi
simboloa.
meoradkanonikuri wignebi (Deuterocanonici, libri) [berZ. duteros meore+kann kanoni] Zveli aRTqmis
zogierTi naweri, romelTa zeSTagonebuli bunebis Taobaze sxvadasxva
dros calkeul qristianul sakrebu-

193
loebSi eWvi arsebobda. amdenad, saubaria wignebze, romlebic mudam da
yvelgan ar iyo Setanili kanonSi. aseTi wigni sul Svidia: 4 istoriuli
(tobia, ivdiTi, 1 da 2 makabelTa), 1
winaswarmetyveluri (baruqis wigni,
ieremias epistoleTurT), 2 sibrZnis
wigni (iso ziraqis sibrZnis wigni da
solomonis sibrZnis wigni). n. biblia;
kanoni.
meore rjuli (Deuteronomio) [berZ.
duteros+nmos meorekanoni] xuTwigneulis Semadgeneli mexuTe wigni.
Sedgeba xalxisadmi mimarTuli moses sami didi saubari-qadagebisagan,
romelTa mizania maTTvis warsulis
movlenebis Sexseneba da, umTavresad,
mowodeba, mudam uerTgulon TavianT
RmerTTan dadebul aRTqmas. rjulis
wignis dasasruls moyvanilia danarTi,
romelSic moses ukanaskneli saqmeebia
moTxrobili. meore rjuli samariis
separatistuli samefos dacemis Semdeg
(qristes Sobamde 722 w.) ierusalemSi
damkvidrebuli levitelTa Teologiuri skolis naSromia. is miznad isaxavs
ara mxolod instituciaTa reformas,
romelTa ideur centrsac warmoadgens
ierusalemis taZari, aramed umTavresad Sinagan moqcevas (rjl. 10:16).
mercedarebi (Mercedari/ie) (Ordo B.
Mariae de Mercede redemptionis captivorum) saeroTa asociacia, romelic
muslimTa xelT myofi qristiani
tyveebis gamosyidviT an gacvlis gziT
maTi gamoxsniT iyo dakavebuli. is 1218
wels pietro nolaskom (ris gamoc mis
wevrebs nolaskelebsac uwodebdnen)
da dominikelTa ordenis generalma

mesali (wirvis wigni, kondaki)

raimondo da penafortma daaarses

barselonaSi. esaa glaxakTa samoweseo ordeni; avgustineseul wesdebaze
damyarebuli misi wesdeba Cveulebriv
sam aRTqmasTan erTad datyvevebulTa
gaTavisuflebis aRTqmasac moicavs.
Tumca tyveTa gaTavisuflebis garda,
ordenis wevrebi, agreTve, samwyso
saqmianobiTa da misionerobiTac arian
dakavebulni, gansakuTrebiTafrikasa
da amerikaSi. 1265 wels maria di Cervelos mier daarsebuli ordenis qalTa
Sto dRes mraval kongregaciadaa
dayofili da misi wevrebi sxvadasxva
qveynebSi moRvaweoben. isini aswavlian,
exmarebian sneulebs da ewevian misionerul saqmianobas.
mesa (wirva) (Messa) [laT. missa sinonimi sityvisa missio-dimissio damSvidobeba] nawarmoebia evqaristiuli
msaxurebis daskvniTi formulidana:
Ite, missa est (warvediT, wirva aRsrulda). n. evqaristia.
mesalelni (Messaliani) siriaSi, IV-V
saukuneebSi aRmocenebuli eretikuli
mimarTulebis samonastro seqta. misi
moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, adamianis gulidan satanas verc naTloba gandevnis
da verc asketizmi, aramed mxolod
uwyveti locva.
mesali (wirvis wigni, kondaki) (Messale) [laT. (liber) missalis wirvis
wigni] liturgiuli wigni, romelic
Seicavs locvebsa (evqologiuri teqstebi) da liturgiul miTiTebebs
evqaristiis msaxurebisaTvis. liturgiuli reformis gatarebamde is plenariumad iwodeboda, radganac sakiTxavsac Seicavda.

mesame ordeni

mesame ordeni (Terziari/ Terzo Ordine)

termini aRniSnavs samoweseo mesame
ordenis wevrebs, romelic,pirveli (mamakacTa) da meore (qalTa)
ordenebisagan
gansxvavebiT,aerTianebs mamakacebsac da qalebsac.
mesame ordenis wevrebi saero da regularul wevrebad iyofian.
franciskelTa da dominikelTa ordenebma
pirvelebma gaaerTianes (SemdgomSi
maT agreTve karmelelTa, servitTa da
premonstratebis ordenebmac mibaZes)
Tavis garSemo mamakacebi da qalebi,
romlebic qristianul srulyofas
eswrafvodnen da gansakuTrebul valdebulebebs iRebdnen (warmoTqvamdnen locvebs an Jamns, marxulobdnen
da a.S.), monasterSi ar cxovrobdnen,
Tumca xSirad gamoirCeodnen TavianTi saqvelmoqmedo da sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobiT. mesame ordenis regularuli wevrebi (mamakacebi da qalebi, romlebic sakrebuloSi cxovrobdnen da
garkveul wess emorCilebodnen) XIV
saukuneSi ufro vrcel sazogadoebebSi, XV saukuneSi kikongregaciebSi
gaerTiandnen. vatikanis II krebis Semdeg
wmida saydarma axali wesebi daadgina
yvela samoweseo organizaciis mesame
ordenTaTvis (pavle VI-is 1978 wlis
samociqulo werili Seraphicus patriarca). es wesebi gamomdinareobs kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsidan, romlis
Tanaxmadac, mesame ordeni ewodeba
morwmuneTa gaerTianebebs, romelTa
wevrebic samociqulo cxovrebas ewevian da amqveynad qristianul srulyofas eswrafvian samoweseo institutis
qarizmaSi monawileobiT (CIC, kan.
303. Sdr. kan. 677, naw. 2)

194
mesveteni (Stiliti) [berZ. styltes (sityvidan stlos sveti)] aRmosavluri
asketizmisa da monazvnobis Ziebis
formaTa Sorisaa mesveteoba, romlis
yvelaze cnobili magaliTia sirieli monazoni svimeon mesvete (459),
romelmac miwidan daaxloebiT 20 metris simaRleze, svetze gaatara ormocamde weli, loculobda da Tavisi
siwmidiTa da saxeliT moziduli mravali adamianis winaSe qadagebda. svimeons mimdevrebi gamouCndnen, umTavresad siriasa da palestinaSi.
mesia (Messia) [ebr. mashah cxebuli, rac berZnulad iTargmneba,
rogorc christs] Zvel aRTqmaSi
termini aRniSnavs pirebs, romlebmac
cxeba miiRes: mefeebs, mRvdelmsaxurebs,
winaswarmetyvelebs. SemdgomSi am sityviT gamorCeulad moixsenieba daviTis STamomavali, romelmac israelis
samefo unda aRadginos. gamonaklisis
saxiT mesias uwodeben, agreTve, sparseTis mefe kiross, radganac is iahves
xelSi ebraeli xalxis gaTavisuflebis
saSualebad iqca (es. 45:1). axal aRTqmaSi mesia ewodeba iesos, vinc swored
qristes saxeliTaa cnobili.
mesianizmi (Messianismo) molodinTa da imedTa erToblioba, dakavSirebuli RmrTaebriv prerogativaTa
mqone idealur personaJTan (n. mesia).
romelsac gadamwyveti da dadebiTi
gardaqmnis moxdena ZaluZs istoriasa
da samyaroSi. israelis xalxSi mudam
cocxlobda mesianuri molodini winaswarmetyvelTa meoxebiT, romlebic,
erTi mxriv, mefesa da xalxs maTi mamebisaTvis micemul dapirebaTa mimarT

195
RmrTis erTgulebas axsenebdnen, meore
mxriv ki, xalxs iahvesadmi erTgulebisa
da mesiissaboloo mxsnelismolodinisaken mouwodebdnen. mesianizmi arsebobs islamSic da mahdis molodiniT
gamoixateba. mahdi JamTa aRsasrulis
mesiaa, romelmac xelaxla, pirvelqmnili srulyofilebiT unda daamkvidros
kanoni da sakrebulo da daamyaros
islamis oqros xana. budhizmis mesianizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia maitreias
an meteias (megobruli, budas tipuri gansaxiereba) dabrunebis molodini.
metanoia (Metanoia) [berZ. met cvlileba+noein azrovneba, fiqri,
amgvarad, azrovnebis Secvla] bibliuri termini, romelic RmerTTan mibrunebas, moqcevas aRniSnavs. gulisxmobs azrovnebis, msjelobis, arCevanTa radikalur cvlilebas da amis
gamoxatulebas monaniebis gamoxatulebis meSveobiT. aRmosavlur wesebSi
metanoia ewodeba muxlis moyras an
garTxmas morCilebisa da Tayvaniscemis
niSnad.
metemfsiqozi (Metempsicosi) [berZ.
metempschosis (nawarmoebia zmnidan
metempschousthai) erTi sxeulidan meoreSi gadasvla] metemfsiqozis
idea Zvel saberZneTSi Camoayalibes,
umTavresad, piTagoram da platonma,
romelic amtkicebda, rom samSvinvelma
gardasxeuleba (reinkarnacia) unda gaiaros, raTa ganiwmidos, rac mas SesaZleblobas miscems, ideaTa samyaros
netar mdgomareobaSi daubrundes. religiaTa Soris metemfsiqozi gvxvdeba
hinduizmsa da budhizmSi da samsaras
cnebas ukavSirdeba. budhizmis Tanax-

mefeTa wignebi

mad, sxva arsebobaSi xelaxla dabadebas sicocxlis dauSreteli wyurvili

ganapirobebs. xsna miiRweva, rodesac
adamiani am wyurvilis daokebiT samsarasagan Tavisufldeba. hinduisturi
swavleba ki acxadebs, rom samsaras
borblis trialis Sewyveta da adamianis sulis gaTavisufleba zneobrivi
kanonis dacviTaa SesaZlebeli. qristianoba ar uSvebs metemfsiqozs anu
reinkarnacias, ris Sesaxebac arc Zvel
da arc axal aRTqmaSi araa saubari.
mefeTa wignebi (Re, libri di) ase ewodeba Zveli aRTqmis or wigns (laTinur
tradiciaSi), romlebic mogviTxrobs
iudas da israelis xelmwifeTa istorias daviTis sikvdilidan babiloneTSi
gandevnamde, daaxloebiT oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Txroba sam nawilad
daiyofa. pirvel maTganSi (3 mef. 1-11)
daviTis mefobis dasasruli da solomonis samefos brwyinvalebaa aRwerili.
meore nawili (3 mef. 12-4 mef. 17) tomTa Soris ganxeTqilebis, CrdiloeTisa
da samxreTis dacalkevebuli samefoebis Seqmnis, maTi politikuri paeqrobisa da winaswarmetyvlTa eliasa da
elises Carevis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs.
mesame nawili (4 mef. 18-25) moicavs
iudas samefos istorias israelis
samefos dasasrulidan nabuqodonosoris mier ierusalemis damxobamde.
mTlianobaSi es ori wigni mefeTa biografiebis qronologiur Tanmimdevrobas warmoadgens. biografiaTa umravlesoba moklea da erTi ZiriTadi
sqemis mixedviTaa agebuli: a) mefis
wardgena, misi warmoSobis miTiTeba da
meore saxelmwifoSi misi Tanamedrove
monarqis xseneba, taxtze asvlis Tari-

mefsalmune

Ri da xSirad dedis saxeli; b) mefis

dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi daxasiaTeba,
rac umTavresad emyareba mis religiur Sexedulebebs, ZiriTadad taZris
mTlianobis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi; g)
wyaroebis miTiTeba, mefis gardacvaleba, dakrZalva, memkvidris Sesaxeb
cnoba. mefeTa wignebi warmoadgens religiuri saxis gansjas monarqiis istoriaze. kritikuli gansjis kriteriumi aRTqmis Teologiaa. xalxi RmrTis
wyalobas daviTis dinastiis meSveobiT
iRebs, Tuki uaryofs kerpebsa da maT
salocavebs da winaswarmetyvelTa sityvebisa da ierusalemis taZris kultis erTgulebas inarCunebs. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, mefeebsa da xalxs mravali
saxis bunebrivi ubedureba da samxedro
warumatebloba atydeba Tavs. mefeTa
wignebi xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi iwereboda da maTma avtorebma
da Semdgenlebma muSaobis procesSi
sxvadasxva wyaroebs mihmarTes.
mefsalmune (Salmista) [qristianuli
laT. psalmista, nawarmoebia berZnulidan psalmists (sityvidan psalms
fsalmuni)] fsalmunis Semqmneli
an mgalobeli. mefsalmunis saukeTeso
magaliTia mefe daviTi, romelsac 73
fsalmunis avtorad miiCneven. amasTanave, am terminiT aRiniSneba piri,
romelic galobs an warmoTqvams responsoriumis fsalmuns an sakiTxavTaSoris sagalobels JamTa liturgiis
aRsrulebisas.
meCeTi (Moschea) [arab. masdshid
Tayvaniscemis adgili] muslimTa
sakulto nageboba. yvelaze Zveli
meCeTi iyo muhamadis saxli medinaSi,

196
romelic XIII saukuneSi aRadgines.
Tavdapirvelad meCeTi warmoadgenda
marTkuTxa ezos (sani) mis SuagulSi
moTavsebuli, Ria portikebiT garSemortymuli SadrevniT ritualuri
ganbanvisaTvis. portikis Sida nawilSi
mdebareobda salocavi darbazi sagangebo niSiT (mihrabi), romelic
meqis mimarTulebas miuTiTebda. am
Tavdapirvelma struqturam nawilobrivi cvlilebebi ganicada, radganac
farTod gavrcelebis procesSi islamma sakulto miznebiT gamoiyena
ukve arsebuli Senobebi, magaliTad,
calkeuli qristianuli bazilikebi.
amJamad yovel meCeTSi aris qadagebisTvis gankuTvnili kaTedra (minbari),
SemaRleba yuranis sakiTxavad (dikari)
da sadgari TviT yuranisaTvis. meCeTis damaxasiaTebeli elementia minareTikoSki, saidanac mueZini morwmuneebs locvisken mouxmobs.
mececxluri (Turiferario) [laT. thuriferarius (sityvidan thus gundruki+fero vatareb)] ministranti,
romelsac liturgiuli msaxurebis
dros sacecxluri miaqvs.
mewamuli (Porpora) [berZ. porphra,
Semdeg laT. purpura] kardinalis
Rirsebis aRmniSvneli feri.
mTavarangelosi (Arcangelo) [berZ.
archngelos angelosTa umaRlesi
meTauri] arseba, romelic angelosTa
erT-erT dass, kerZod kimTavarangelosTa dass miekuTvneba. iudas werili
(9) am saxeliT moixseniebs miqaels.
Semdeg saeklesio tradiciam is, aseve,
gabrielisa da rafaelis mimarTac ganavrco. es sami mTavarangelosi moix-

197
senieba miRebulia kaTolike eklesiis
liturgiasa (29 seqtembers) da aRmosavleTis eklesiaTa liturgiebSi.
mTavardiakoni (Arcidiacono) [gvianlaT. archidiaconus (warmoebulia
berZ. archidikonos)] Zvelad aRniSnavda eklesiis diakonTa meTaurs,
romelsac administraciuli funqcia
ekisreboda. mogvianebiT mTavardiakoni
episkoposis Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovan pirad iqca sakaTedro taZris marTvis saqmeSi. es Tanamdeboba gauqmda
generaluri vikariusis Tanamdebobis
SemoRebis Semdeg. amJamad mTavardiakoni sakaTedro kapitulumis pirveli
Tanamdebobis piria.
mTavarepiskoposi (Arcivescovo) [gvianlaT. archiepiscopus (berZ. archiepskopos)] wodebiTa da movaleobebiT
episkoposis Tanaswori; rogorc wesi,
mTavarepiskoposi samitropolio diocezis meTauria; misi, rogorc saeklesio provinciis meTauris, movaleobebsa
da iurisdiqcias gansazRvravs kanonikuri samarTali (CIC, kan. 435, Smd.).
zogjer es sapatio wodebaa, romelic
pirovnulad (ad personam), agreTve,
SeiZleba mieniWos rezidenciis armqone episkoposebsac (magaliTad, romis kuriis episkoposebs).
mTavari mankierebani (Vizi capitali)
[laT. vitium] mankiereba codvis Cadenis Cveva an midrekilebaa. iqmneba
codvis ganmeorebiT, rac warmoSobs
gaukuRmarTebul midrekilebebs, romlebic Crdilavs sindiss da amaxinjeben
keTilisa da borotis Sefasebas. zogierT mankierebebs mTavari mankierebani
ewodeba, radganac isini sxva codvaTa

milenarizmi

da mankierebaTa mizezs warmoadgenen.

esenia: ampartavneba, sixarbe, mrisxaneba,
avxorcoba, Suri, gaumaZRroba, mconaroba (Sdr. CCC, 1865-1866).
mTavarxucesi (Arciprete) [gvianlaT.
archipresbyter (berZ. archipresbteros)] es wodeba calkeul eklesiaTa
xucesebs aniWebs sapatio upiratesobas
sxva xucesebTan SedarebiT. zog diocezSi es wodeba Seesabameba adgilobrivi vikariusis an dekanozis wodebas.
mTavrobani (Principati) n. angelosi.
midraSi (Midrash) [ebr. darash axsna,
ganmarteba] saRmrTo werilis erTgvari damrigebluri xasiaTis egzegeza,
gamoiyeneboda umTavresad gviandel
iudaizmSi. esaa rabinTa qadagebis werilobiTi redaqcia, romelSic saRmrTo
werilis muxlobrivi komentarebis
meSveobiT
yoveldRiur
problemaTa gadawyvetis xerxebs ayalibebdnen.
amgvarad Camoyalibebuli saRmrTo werilis komentirebis faqtiurad calke
literaturuli Janri axlosaa im literaturul mimdinareobasTan, romelsac
ganekuTvneba axali aRTqmis calkeuli
monakveTebi (mag., maT.1-22). midraSs SeiZleba hqonoda zneobrivi (halaka=svla,
kargad moqceva) an TxrobiT-gadmocemiTi (hadaga=moTxroba) miznebi.
miTraizmi (Mitraismo) iranul-babilonuri sinaTlis RmrTaebis, RmerT
miTras misteriuli kulti, romelic
elinur-romaul samyaroSi qristes
Semdeg I saukuneSi gavrcelda.
milenarizmi (Millenarismo) n. xiliazmi.

mimarTva

198

mimarTva (Allocuzione) [laT. allocutio, romelic warmoebulia sityvidan

alloqui, mimarTva visme mimarT] antikur samyaroSi ase ewodeboda romis imperatoris mimarTvas sityviT
jaris mimarT. dRes am sityviT aRiniSneba met-naklebad sazeimo sityva,
romelsac papi warmoTqvams wmida kolegiis an sxva didi saeklesio Tavyrilobis winaSe.

msaxurebisas damxmare pirovneba, Tundac Tavad xeldasxmis armqone an ara

daniSnuli mRvdelmsaxuri.

minareTi (Minareto) [arab. manara

Suqura, Semdeg Turq. minare, frang.
minaret] meCeTan myofi koSki, saidanac
mueZini morwmuneebs salocavad mouxmobs. Zvelad hqonda oTxkuTxa gegma,
Semdeg minareTis cilindruli forma
damkvidrda.

mironi (Crisma) [chrismn sacxi]

zeTisxilis zeTi masSi Sereuli surnelovani nivTierebebiT, romelsac
episkoposi akurTxebs wmida xuTSabaTs
mironcxebis wirvis dros. Semdeg is
gamoiyeneba naTlobisa da mironcxebis, samRvdelmsaxurebo xeldasxmisa da saepiskoposo kurTxevis aRsasruleblad, eklesiaTa, sakurTxevelTa,
barZimTa da zarebis kurTxevisaTvis.

minimebi (Minimi) glaxakTa religiuri

ordenis wevrebi, romelic 1435 wels
wmida franciske di paolam daaarsa saxelwodebiT wmida franciske asizelis
gandegilebi (Ordo minimorum sancti
Francisci de Paula). minimebi maT 1492
wels aleqsandre VI-m uwoda. ordeni
Tavdapirvelad, 1474 wels siqste IV-m
daamtkica, Semdeg, 1492 wlis 24 Tebervalsaleqsandre VI-m, sabolood ki,
1506 wlis 28 ivlissiulius II-m. ordenis wevrebi franciskuli ordenis
zedmiwevniT mkacri wesis Sesrulebisaken iswrafvian da, tradiciuli sami
aRTqmis garda, deben, agreTve, meoTxe
aRTqmas. esaa mudmivi didmarxva, risTvisac sazeimod iReben valdebulebas,
weliwadis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiurad
daicvan didmarxvisTvis gansazRvruli
normebi.
ministranti (Ministrante) [laT. ministrare msaxureba] liturgiuli

minoritebi (Minori) n. franciskelebi.

mirTmeva (Oblazione) [laT. oblatio,
nawarmoebia sityvidan oblatus, namyos
mimReoba zmnisa offerre SeTavazeba]
purisa da Rvinis da yoveli sxva Sesawiravis mirTmeva wirvis dros.

mironcxeba (Cresima) [berZ. chrsma sacxi, farTo mniSvnelobiT,

cxeba] erT-erTi Svid saidumloTagan, ewodeba, agreTve, konfirmaciac,
radganac monaTluli am dros suli
wmidis sisrulis miRebiT rwmenaSi ganmtkicdeba [sityvidan confermare, dadastureba]. mironcxebis saidumlos
bibliuri safuZveli mocemulia mociqulTa saqmeebis or teqstSi, sadac
suli wmidis niWi cxadad ukavSirdeba
mociqulTa mier xelis dasxmas, rac
naTlobis Semdeg xdeba (saqm. 8:5-25 da
19:1-6). mironcxeba suli wmidis niWis
saidumloa da qristianuli iniciaciis
saboloo niSans warmoadgens. amitomac
is miCneulia qristianis simwifis saidumlod, visac amgvarad eklesia aniWebs
unars, sajarod iRvawos samyaroSi

199
Tavisi sarwmunoebisaTvis. kaTolike
eklesiaSi mironcxebis aRmsrulebeli
mRvdelmsaxuria episkoposi, Tumca misi
aRsruleba amgvari uflebis mqone
sxva samRvdelo pirsac SeuZlia. marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi am funqcias
asrulebs mRvdelmsaxuri, romelic
mironcxebas naTlobasTan erTad aRasrulebs. saidumlo aRsruldeba Sublze mironis (wmida zeTi da balzami) cxebiT da episkoposis mier xelTa
dasxmiT, Semdegi formulis TanxlebiT:
miiRe beWedi suli wmidisa, romelic
mogeniWa Sen; naTlia marjvena xels
adebs mxarze mironis mimRebs da iRebs
valdebulebas, daexmaros da waruZRves
mas qristianul cxovrebaSi.
mirqma (Presentazione di Ges al tempio) dResaswauli aRiniSneba 2 Tebervals, cnobilia, agreTve, sinaTlis
dResaswaulis saxeliT.
misia (Missione) [laT. missio, nawarmoebia sityvidan missus (namyos mimReoba zmnisa mittere gagzavna)] misia aRniSnavs naTlisRebis ZaliT mTlianad eklesiisa da yoveli calkeuli
morwmunisaTvis dakisrebul amocanas,
daamowmon da yvela adamians gamoucxadon xsnis uwyeba, umTavresad im geografiul regionebsa da kulturul
wreebSi, romlebic saxarebiseuli gavlenis miRma aRmoCnda moqceuli (RM,
40). eklesiis misioneruli saqmianoba, romelic mama RmrTis Canafiqris
Tanaxmad, Zisa da suli wmidis misiidan
iRebs saTaves, daiwyo suli wmidis
gardamosvlis dRes samociqulo qadagebiT da mudmivad grZeldeba yvela
im formiT, romelic SesaZlebels xdis

misioneruli saqmeni

saxarebiseul RirebulebaTa gacnobasa

da miRebas adamianTa sul ufro farTo wreebisTvis.
misiologia (Missiologia) [sityvebidan
missio+loghia] disciplina, romelic
eklesiis misiasa da misiebTan dakavSirebul Teologiur, sociologiur,
istoriul problemaTa erTobliobas
Seiswavlis.
misioneri (Missionario) [sityvidan
missione misia] ioane pavle II-s Redemptoris missio-s (1990) Tanaxmad,
misionerebi arian adamianebi da instituciebi, wargzavnilni legitimuri
xelisuflebis mier, romlebic sarwmunoebisa da morCilebis suliskveTebiT
arian ganwyobilni qristesagan Sors
myofTa mimarT (AG, 23) da gansakuTrebul valdebulebad miiCneven
saxarebis qadagebis amocanas (RM, 65).
misioneruli saqmeni (Opere missionarie) morwmuneTa saqvelmoqmedo asociaciebi, romelTa mizanic misiaTa
daxmarebaa locviTa da SesawiraviT.
maTi umetesi nawili XIX saukuneSi
aRmocenda, sxvadasxva qveyanasa Tu kontinetze misioneruli saqmianobis ganviTarebasTan erTad. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia umTavresad papis misioneruli
institutebi (calkeul iniciativaTa
koordinatoria 1622 wels daarsebuli
sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis kongregaciaCongregatio de Propaganda Fide):
sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis saqme, daarsebuli 1822 wels lionSi mari-polin Jarikos (1799-1862) mier; organizaciam
1922 wls pius XI-isagan axali wesdeba
miiRo da sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis
kongregaciis Semadgenel nawilad iqca

mistagogia
(amave dros gadavida asociaciis xelmZRvaneloba lionidan romSi); wmida
bavSvobis misioneruli saqme (amJamad
papis wmida bavSvobis saqme), romelic 1843 wels nansis episkoposma k.
de forbin-iansonma daaarsa JarikosTan
erTad Cinel bavSvTa dasacavad, Semdeg
organizacia monobaSi myof afrikel
bavSvTa gamosyidviT iyo dakavebuli,
1855 wlidan ki mis mizani misiaTa meSveobiT yvela bavSvis daxmarebaa; papis
institutia 1922 wlidan, misi mmarTveli organo parizSi mdebareobs; wmida
mociqul petres saqme gaWirvebul samRvdeloTaTvis (Opus a sancto Petro
apostolo pro clero indigeno), daarsda
1888 wels senSi (mmarTveli organo
romSi mdebareobs), papis institutTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba 1922 wlidan;
samRvdeloebis misioneruli kavSiri
(Unio cleri pro missionibus), SemdgomSi
mRvdelmsaxurTa da moweseTa papis kavSiri, daarsda 1916 wels, 1919 wels
Seerwya sarwmunoebis propagandis kongregacias, 1956 wlidan papis institutia. calkeul qveynebSi aRmocenebul
mravalricxovan misionerul institutTagan pirvelTa Soris iyo germanel kaTolikeTa asociacia afrikis
dasaxmareblad, romelic daarsda 1888
wels (1920 wels gauqmda) da, misiis
xelSewyobis garda, zogadad, monobasTan brZolas isaxavda mTavar miznad.
aRsaniSnavia, agreTve pietro klaveris
gaerTianeba, romelic 1894 wels Tavadis qalma maria tereza ledoxovskam
daaarsa afrikis daxmarebis mizniT da
1925 wels a. Sultes mier daarsebuli
MIVA (Missions-werkehrs-Arbeitgemeinshaft). msoflio samisionero
dRe, romelic ZiriTadad oqtombris

200
mesame kviradRes imarTeba, 1926 wlidan
aRiniSneba. am dRes papis misioneruli
institutebi 97 qveyanaSi agroveben
Sewirulobebs egreT wodebuli axalgazrda eklesiebis dasafinanseblad.
mistagogia (Mistagogia/Mistagogico)
[berZ. mystagogha, nawarmoebia sityvidan mystagogs mistagogi] religiaTa istoriaSi aRniSnavs yovelives,
rac ukavSirdeba saidumloebasTan ziarebas. qristianul terminologiaSi
esaa is, rac uzrunvelyofs morwmunis saTanado damokidebulebas, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mas, marTebulad miiRos monawileoba qristianul
saidumloebSi (saidumlo). kerZod,
liturgiaSi aRniSnavs qristianuli
iniciaciis ukanasknel periods da
mosdevs morwmunis mier naTlisRebis,
mironcxebisa da evqaristiis miRebas.
misi meSveobiT xdeba aRdgomis saidumlos gaRrmaveba saxarebaze meditaciiT, evqaristiaSi monawileobiTa da
gulmowyalebis gamovlinebiT. mistagogiuri Teologia ki garkveul periodSipatristikis xanidan Sua saukuneebamdeganviTarebuli Teologiuri
tendenciaa, romelic neoplatonizms
mistikur, dialeqtikur da apofatur
xasiaTs daesesxa.
mistika (Mistica) [berZ. mystiks,
nawarmoebia sityvidan mysts gandobili]
Cveulebriv
aRniSnavs
RmerT_Tan pirdapiri kavSiris WeSmarit Tu amgvarad warmodgenil nebismier gamocdilebas, romelsac axasiaTebs Sinagani siRrme, uSualooba da
gamouTqmeloba. mas SeiZleba axldes
met-naklebad STambeWdavi movlenebi

201
(romelTac xandaxan paramistikuls
uwodeben). esenia eqstazi, xilvebi,
levitacia, stigmatebi... asketizmi aris
wvrTna, vnebaTagan ganwmedis Sinagani
samuSao, xolo mistika ki WvretiTi
swrafvaa, romelic RmrTaebrivi naTlis xilvamde amaRldeba (evagre pontoeli).
mistikuri kavSiri (Unione mistica)
mistikur kavSirSi qristianuli gadmocema gulisxmobs qristes gziT
RmerTTan kavSiris gamocdilebas: me
ukve aRar vcocxlob, aramed qriste
cocxlobs CemSi (gal. 2:20), an me da
mama erTi varT (ioan. 10:30). es gamocdileba rwmenaSi SeigrZnoba, rogorc
mTeli yofnis momcveli sinamdvile.
amas adasturebs ediT Stainis mimarTva
RmrTis mimarT: Sen ufro axlos xar
CemTan, vidre me Tavad; Cems Sinagan samyaroze ufro axlobeli xar CemTvis
da mainc miuwvdomeli da gaugebari
xar. n. mistika.
misticizmi (Misticismo) filosofiuri an religiuri moZRvreba, romelic RmrTis an absoluturis srul
Semecnebas ukavSirebs meditaciisa da
asketizmis meSveobiT miRweul Sinagan
gasxivosnebas da ara racionalur Ziebas.
miteveba (Assoluzione) [laT. absolvere ganTavisufleba, daxsna~] aqti,
romliTac aRsarebis mimRebi sinanulis anu Serigebis saidumloSi ieso
qristesa da eklesiis saxeliT monanies
Cadenil codvaTagan mitevebulad adgens da acxadebs. aRsarebis wesis aRsruleba mxolod RmrTismsaxurs SeuZlia (CIC, kan. 965).

mitropoliti

miteveba, sazogado n. sazogado miteveba.

mitra (Mitra) [berZ. mtra] liturgiuli Tavsaburavi, romelsac episkoposis wodebis mqone pirebi atareben. xandaxan, privilegiis saxiT misi tarebis
ufleba eZlevaT agreTve abatebs,
prelatebsa da kanonikosebs. Sedgeba oriwina da ukananawilisgan,
orive maTgani wawvetebuli formisaa.
misi gverdebi imgvaradaa SeerTebuli,
rom mitris qveda napiri gaixsnas da
misi Tavze daxurva gaxdes SesaZlebeli. Tavsaburavis ukana mxares uerTdeba ori ganieri, kefasa da mxrebze
daSvebuli lenti (n. infula). mitris
arsebobis pirveli utyuari cnoba XI
saukuniT TariRdeba: leon IX-m (10491054) mitra uboZa treviris mTavarepiskopos everardos, romelic romSi
gahyva mas. XII saukunis II naxevarSi
mitras ukve, Cveulebriv, yvela episkoposi atarebda.
mitropoliti (Metropolita) [berZ.
metropoltes (sityvidan metrpolis
mTavari qalaqi)] saeklesio provinciis administraciul centrSi myofi
mTavarepiskoposi. mitropolitis administraciul daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeba imave saeklesio provinciis
SemadgenlobaSi Semavali diocezebi,
romelTa
episkoposebsac
provinciis krebaze xmis ufleba aqvT. mitropolits SeuZlia da valdebulia: a)
Tvalyuri adevnos, rom sarwmunoeba
da saeklesio disciplina zedmiwevniT
iyos daculi, da romis paps moaxsenos savaraudo darRvevaTa Sesaxeb; b)
ganaxorcielos kanonikuri viziti, im

miqa

SemTxvevaSi Tu xmis uflebis mqone

episkoposma es ar gaakeTa; 3) daniSnos
diocezis administratori (CIC, kan.
435-438); d) moiwvios provinciis kreba.
miqa (Michea) n. winaswarmetyvelTa
wignebi.
miSna (Mishnah) [ebr. sanah gameoreba, swavleba, niSnavs swavlebas,
gameorebas] rabi iehudas mier (daaxl.
200 w. qristes Semdeg) kodificirebuli saRmrTo werilis zepiri komentari. momdevno saukuneebSi gakeTebuli
komentarebiTurT (gemara) Seadgens
Talmuds (palestinuridaaxl. 400 w.
qristes Semdeg; babilonuridaaxl.
500 weli qristes Semdeg). dRemde rCeba
normativad. miSnis sqema gameorebazea
agebuli (rabi ama da aman Tqva, rabi
ama da amaT Tqves). mravali mosazrebis
CamonaTvali iwvevs imas, rom miSna
xSirad imave bibliur normebs scildeba (Sdr. maT. 15:5, Smd).
miZRvna (Dedicazione) kurTxeva eklesiis an sakurTxevlisa, romlis ZaliTac isini mudmivad saRmrTo kultisaTvis gankuTvnebas iReben. pirveli
qristianebi evqaristias sakuTar saxlebSi aRavlendnen, milanis ediqtis
(313) Semdeg ki daiwyes eklesiaTa ageba
mowameTa saflavebis Tavze. IV saukunis
Suawlebidan mowameTa saxelze eklesiebs ukve iqac agebdnen, sadac TviT
mowameTa saflavebi ar iyo. am eklesiebSi mowameTa relikviebs aTavsebdnen
sakurTxevelze, romelic maT saflavad
ganixileboda. SemdgomSi damkvidrda
eklesiis nebismieri wmidanis, maT Soris aramowamisadmi miZRvnis tradicia
(n. kurTxeva). taZris miZRvna: iude-

202
velTa dResaswauli, romelic aRiniSneboda 25 kisleus (dekemberi), qristes
Sobamde 165 wels, ierusalemis gaTavisuflebis Semdeg iuda makabelis mier
taZris ganwmedis mosagoneblad.
miwieri samoTxe (Paradiso terrestre)
[etimologiisaTvis n. samoTxe] septuagintaSi ebr. gan, baRi naTargmnia sityviT pardeisos. aRniSnavs siamovnebaTa baRs, romelSic, dabadebis
Tanaxmad (2-3), imyofebodnen adami
da eva. eklesia avTentikurad ganmartavs bibliuri enis simbolizms axali
aRTqmisa da gadmocemis Suqze da aswavlis, rom Cveni winaprebi adami da
eva pirvelqmnili siwmidisa da samarTlianobis mdgomareobaSi arsebobdnen.
miwier samoTxeSi adamiani iyo mTliani,
mTeli arsebiT erTiani, radgan igi Tavisufali iyo sammagi gulisTqmisagan,
romelic grZnobad siamovnebaTa, miwier sikeTeTa mimarT sixarbisa da gonebis winaaRmdeg sakuTari me-s ganmtkicebis survilis monad aqcevs mas.
swored RmerTTan adamianis siaxlovis
niSania, rom RmerTma is moaTavsa baRSi
(dab. 2:8), sadac adamiani cxovrobda,
raTa daemuSavebina da daecva is
(dab. 2:15). am siaxloves adamisa da evas
codvis Sedegad moeRo bolo (dab. 3;
Sdr. CCC, 374-379).
miwyale (Miserere) [laT. (mx. ricxvis
meore piri brZanebiTi kilosi zmnisa
misereri Semiwyale)] mefe daviTis avtorobiT cnobili bibliis 51-e fsalmunis (vulgataSi 50-e) dasawyisi da
saTauri. yvelaze cnobili monaniebis
fsalmunTagan. xSirad sruldeba monaniebis wesebSi da dakrZalvisas.

203

modernizmi

mkrexeloba (Empiet) [laT. empietas

(in+pietas), sityvasityviT umowyalod] ugulebelyofa da upativmcemloba RmrTisa da, agreTve, adamianTa
mimarT. Cveulebriv, termini aRniSnavs
yovelive wmidas an zneobis sawinaaRmdego qcevas, romelic adamianebSi
SeZrwunebasa da aRSfoTebis grZnobas
iwvevs.

trologebma da brZenkacebmaiesos
ZRvnad miarTves oqro, sakmeveli da
muri, Sesabamisad mefurobis, RmrTaebriobisa da adamianurobis simboloebi. VI saukunidan tradicia miiCnevs,
rom mogvebi samni iyvnen da saxelad
erqvaT gaspari, melqiori da balTazari. wmida kesarios arlelma (VI s.)
maT mefeTa wodeba miakuTvna.

mnaTe
(Chierichetto)
[nawarmoebi
forma sityvidan chierico] biWi, romelic mRvdelmsaxurs exmareba wirvis
aRsrulebis an religiuri msaxurebis
dros.

modalizmi (Modalismo) daaxloebiT

II saukunis dasasruls aRmocenebuli
eresi, romelic ukavSirdeboda samebis
sakiTxs da gavrcelda smirneli mqadageblis, noetusis mier. mis Tanaxmad,
wmida samebaSi mama, Ze da suli wmida
ara sami Tanaswori da gansazRvruli
piria, aramed erTi piris garegnulad
gamovlinebisa da moqmedebis sami saSualebaa (saidanac momdinareobs termini modalizmi: modo xerxs, saSualebas
aRniSnavs). modalizmi romSic gavrcelda, umTavresad, sabeliusis meoxebiT (ris gamoc mas sabelianoba ewodeboda), romelic papma kalisTem 217
wels gankveTa. aRmosavleTSi miRweuli
xanmokle warmatebis Semdeg III saukuneSi modalizmma arseboba Sewyvita.

mne (ekonomosi) (Economo) [berZ.

oikonmos mmarTveli] piri, romelic diocezSi an religiur sakrebuloSi finansur da ekonomikur marTvasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs
ganagebs. diocezSi, sadac axali damkvidrebuli figuraa, mnes episkoposi
niSnavs (CIC, kan. 494); igi SeiZleba
iyos saero piri, mamakaci an qali, mTavaria, mas hqondes ekonomikur saqmeTa
warmarTvis gamocdileba da axasiaTebdes patiosneba.
mogvebi (Magi) [magis etimologia
dauzustebelia (SesaZloa, momdinareobdes sanskritidan mahhet didi,
an falauridan mog mRvdelmsaxuri)
aRniSnavs mRvdelmsaxurTa kastas midielTa samefoSi,imaT, vinc sparsTagan dapyrobis dros zaraTuStras
moZRvreba gaiziara. maTes saxareba
(2:1-12) mogviTxrobs ramdenime mogvis
Sesaxeb, romlebic varskvlavs gahyvnen
da aRmosavleTidan ierusalemSi Cavidnen iudevelTa meufisaTvis Tayvanis
sacemad. mogvebmaaRmosavlelma as-

modernizmi (Modernismo) XIX saukunis dasasrulisa da XX saukunis

dasawyisis religiuri da kulturuli moZraoba evropul kaTolikobaSi,
romelic qristianuli moZRvrebisa
da Tanamedrove mecnierebaTa, gansakuTrebiTistoriul-kritikuli
meTodisurTierTSeTanxmebas
eswrafvoda. amave dros misi mizani iyo
saeklesio disciplinis ganxriT reformaTa ganxorcieleba, rac eklesias
sazogadoebis Secvlil moTxovnile-

modreka

bebsa da Tanamedrove kulturis mier

wamoWril sakiTxebze pasuxis gacemis
saSualebas miscemda. modernizmis wiaRSi gamokveTilma a. luazisa (1940)
da g. tirelis (1861-1909) eqstremistulma poziciebma ganapiroba modernistuli mimdinareobis erTianad
dagmoba 1907 wlis ivlisSi dekretiT
Lamentabili. dagmoba ganamtkica pius
X-is 1907 wlis 8 seqtembris enciklikam Pascendi. eklesiis es nabiji
Tanamedrove moZraobaTa mimarT mikerZoebuli mtruli damokidebulebis
SenarCunebad iqna Sefasebuli. modernistebi uwodes, agreTve, kaTolikeebsac, romelTa modernistuli ganwyobis Taobaze mxolod eWvi arsebobda
da, amgvarad, liberalebis an eklesiis
mowinaaRmdegeTa ideologiuri daRi
daasves maT. dRes igive mniSvnelobiT
neomodernizmi moixsenieba.
modreka (Inchino) [nawarmoebia zmnidan inchinare daxra, moxra] Tayvaniscemisa da mowiwebis liturgiuli
Jesti, romelic Tavis an tanis moxraSi
gamoixateba. sruldeba sakurTxevlis
jvrisa da msaxurebis aRmvlenelis
winaSe gavlisas. es ukanaskneli, Tavis
mxriv, aseT Jests asrulebs evqaristiuli msaxurebisas iesos saxelisa da
monaniebis locvaTa warmoTqmisas.
mozarabuli wesi (Mozarabi/Mozarabico, rito) [esp. mozrabi (arab.
mostarabi arabizirebulni)] arabizebuli espaneli qristianebi, romlebic arabTa mier iberiis naxevarkunZulis dapyrobis Semdeg (711 w.) arabTa
Semwynarebluri religiuri politikis
pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, Tumca qris-

204
tianuli sarwmunoebis miReba sikvdilis muqariT ikrZaleboda. miuxedavad
socialur-kulturuli izolaciisa,
mozarabuli sakrebulo ar idevneboda da SeZlo antikuri espanuri
liturgiis SenarCuneba. es liturgia
dasabamidanve Zalian gansxvavdeboda
romaulisagan da vestguTebis batonobis dros ganicada aRmosavluri gavlena. asturiaSi,regionSi, saidanac
daiwyo omaiadTa winaaRmdeg ajanyeba,mozarabuli liturgia erovnul
wesad gamocxadda; is kidev ufro gaaZliera rekonkistam (1031-1260). Tumca
XI saukunis dasasruls grigol VII-m
is mainc Secvala romauli liturgiiT.
mozarabuli liturgiis SemorCenili
fragmentebi Seagrova da daabeWdina
kastiliis mTavarma inkvizitorma espanelma kardinalma franciske ximenes
de sisnerosma (1517). mozarabuli
liturgia Seicavs mniSvnelovan monacemebs, rac imave periodSi gamqrali
galikanuri liturgiis aRdgenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
mozeime eklesia (Trionfante, Chiesa)
aRniSnavs wmidaTa Tanaziarebas, romlebic ukve RmrTis didebaSi imyofebian da Suamdgomloben msxemi eklesiisaTvis, romlisTvisac magaliTs warmoadgenen (Sdr. CCC, 954-959).
moTmineba (Pazienza) [laT. patientia
(sityvidan pati atana)] sevdisa da,
Sesabamisad, gulgatexilobis gamomwvev
winaaRmdegobaTa da imedgacruebaTa
atanis
saTnoeba, dakavSirebuli
simtkicis saTnoebasTan.
moira (Moira) [berZ.] individualuri bediswera kosmosis saerTo sivr-

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momlocveli mamebi

cis farglebSi, romelsac RmrTaebrivi gangebis (prnoia) gamomxatveli

kanonebi (eimarmne) marTavs. es terminebi umTavresad istoriulad Camoyalibda samyaros ganmartebis mizniT,
Semdeg ki gnosisSi iqna gamoyenebuli
xsnis ganmartebisaTvis.

mokle locva (Giaculatroia) [gvianlaT. iaculatoria (prex) cisken aRvlenili locva] umTavresad, gulSi,
dRis ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebrivi saqmianobis dros naTqvami mokle locva,
romelic aRevlineba RmrTisadmi, masTan kavSiris dasamyareblad.

moiudeveloni (Giudaizzanti) axal

aRTqmaSi aRniSnavs moses kanonis erTgul qristianebs, romlebsac surT,
es kanoni da winadacveTa dauweson
warmarTobidan moqceulT. miuxedavad ierusalemis krebis mier (saqm.
15) maTi dagmobisa, moiudeveloni kvlavac ganagrZobdnen moRvaweobas da
seriozul problemebs uqmnidnen wmida
pavles mier daarsebul (gal.1-2) qristianul sakrebuloebs. termini aRniSnavs agreTve samebis mowinaaRmdege
im eresis mimdevrebsac, romelic XV
saukuneSi, ruseTSi, umTavresad moskovis didi mTavris, ivane II-is karze
gavrcelda. es saxelwodeba mianiSnebs,
rom eretikosebma iudauri azrovnebis
gavlena ganicades.

molinizmi (Molinismo) Teologiuri

mimdinareoba. ase iwodeba espaneli iezuitis, luis de molinas (1535-1600)
saxelis mixedviT. moZRvreba RmrTis
yovlisSemZleobisa da adamianis Tavisufali nebis erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebis
mcdelobaa RmrTis yovlismcodneobis
meSveobiT. Tomistur metafizikasa da
madlis Sesaxeb avgustineseul moZRvrebasTan araerT sakiTxSi dapirispirebuli es moZRvreba mravali kamaTis
mizezi gaxda. mis TezisTa erTi nawili
dagmobil iqna.

mokalmase (Questuante) Sesawiravis

Semgrovebeli. n. kalmasoba.
mokvdineba (Mortificazione) [saeklesio
laT. mortificatio, momdinareobs zmnidan mortificare mokvdineba] asketuri
termini, aRniSnavs sakuTari TavisaTvis
dawesebul SezRudvebs avxorcobis daZlevisa da codvis damarcxebis mizniT
zneobrivi da sulieri srulyofisaken
swrafvaSi. wmida pavle mas dabejiTebiT
urCevs morwmuneT (rom. 8:13; kol.3:5);
saWiroa sulieri zrdisa da ganviTarebisTvis (Sdr. CCC, 2015).

momakvdavTa Sevedreba (Raccomandazioni dei moribondi) locvaTa erToblioba, aRvlenili mRvdelmsaxuris

an damswreTa mier momakvdavTaTvis
da maTTan erTad, raTa gauadvilon
sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli bunebrivi
mRelvarebis miReba mkvdreTiT aRdgomis imediT, jvarze momakvdavi qristes
magaliTiT.
momlocveli (Pellegrino) [laT. peregrinus] momlocvelobis monawile piri.
momlocveli mamebi (Padri pellegrini)
inglisis eklesiaSi arsebuli separatistuli jgufi, romlis wevrebic 1620
wels amerikaSi gaemgzavrnen da masaCusetsSi kolonia daaarses im imediT,
rom amerikaSi cxovrebis ukeTes pirobebsa da met religiur Tavisuflebas
miiRebdnen.

momlocveloba

momlocveloba (Pellegrinaggio) [laT.

peregrinatio ucxo qveyanaSi mogzauroba] religiuri xasiaTis qmedeba:
wmida adgilebSi (xSirad igulisxmeba
samlocveloebi) individualuri Tu
koleqtiuri mogzauroba Tayvaniscemis an monaniebisa da danaSaulis
gamosyidvis mizniT. cnobilia TiTqmis
yvela religiaSi. amJamad qristianTa
momlocvelobis umTavresi adgilebia,
garda wmida miwisa, romSi mociqulTa
petresa da pavles saflavebi, da, umTavresad, mariamis saxelTan dakavSirebuli wmida adgilebi: lurdi, fatima,
loreto, pompei, Cestoxova, altetingi da sxv.
monazvnoba (Monachesimo) [berZ.
monachs (zmnidan monzein marto
cxovreba)] religiuri cxovrebis
forma, romelic gulisxmobs samyarosagan gancalkevebas RmerTTan erTianobaSi yofnis mizniT, locviTa da mWvretelobiT cxovrebas; axlavs asketizmi.
qristianobis dasabamidanve calkeuli
adamianebi eswrafvodnen qristianul
srulyofas saxarebiseul darigebaTa
cxovrebaSi radikaluri ganxorcielebis
gziT. umTavresad yuradReba ubiwoebis
dacvas eqceoda (mamakacebs ewodebodaT
continentes, qalebs virgines). daaxloebiT 300 wels, wmida antonis TaosnobiT Camoyalibda monazvnobis pirveli
forma, anaqoretoba. monazvnobis kidev
erTi forma iyo gandegiloba, rogorc
zomieri, ise ukiduresi gamoxatulebiT.
wmida paxomma daudo safuZveli kenobitur samonastro cxovrebas. nilosze,
TebaidaSi, man erTi winamZRvarisadmi
daqvemdebarebuli sxvadasxva monasteri
daaarsa. winamZRvars monazonTa peri-

206
odulad monaxuleba evaleboda. samonastro cxovrebis wesi aseve vrceldeboda qalTa monastrebzec. monazvnoba
swrafad gavrcelda palestinaSi, Semdeg
ki, wmida aTanases meoxebiTa da wmida
ieronimes mier naTargmni samonastro
wesebis meSveobiT, man dasavleTSic moikida fexi. dasavluri monazvnobis mamad miiCneva wmida benediqte (480-547),
romelmac subiakoSi daaarsa monasteri.
misi wesi SemdgomSi imperiis yvela monastrisaTvis iqca savaldebulod (n.
benediqtelebi). saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi monazvnobis sxvadasxva reforma gatarda mis idealTa sispetakis xelaxla
damkvidrebis mizniT. reformistul
moZraobaTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi
iyo klunis (klunis saabato, 909w.) da
cistercielTa reforma (sito, 1098
w.). XIII saukuneSi glaxakTa ordenebis
aRmocenebam mospo monazvnobis hegemonia rogorc saeklesio, ise kulturul
sivrceSi, Tumca monazvnoba kvlavac
asrulebs fundamentur funqcias eklesiis cxovrebaSi. Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT monazvnoba aRmosavleTis
eklesiaSic arsebobs, sadac samonazvno cxovrebis tradiciul formebTan
erTad arsebobs, agreTve, usamSoblo
moxetiale monazvnis formac. rogorc srulyofilebis Ziebis religiuri gamocdileba, monazvnoba budhizmsa da lamaizmSicaa gavrcelebuli.
monazoni (Monaco) [berZ. mnachos
(sityvidan mnos marto)] mamakaci Tu qali, romelic monazvnuli
(n. monazvnoba) cxovrebiT cxovrobs.
kaTolikeobaSi ase ewodeba samonazvno
ordenis wevrs.

207
monakveTi (Pericope) [berZ. perikop mokveTa (sityvidan per garSemo+nawarmoebi forma zmnisa kptein
moWra, mokveTa)] saRmrTo werilidan amoRebuli nawyveti.
monanie (Penitente) [laT. paenitens
(awmyos mimReoba zmnisa paenitere monanieba) piri, romelic inaniebs Cadenil codvebs da ambobs aRsarebas
(simwifis asakis miRwevis Semdeg yoveli morwmune valdebulia, pirnaTlad
Tqvas sakuTar mZime codvaTa aRsareba,
sul cota, weliwadSi erTxelCIC,
kan. 989). ase ewodeba, agreTve, adamians,
romelic mTel cxovrebas RmerTTan
mimarTebaSi miaqcevs, mwuxarebiTa da
sinanuliT zrunavs Cadenil codvaTa
gamosasyidad.
monanieba (Penitenza) [laT. paenitentia (paenitere monanieba)] aRsarebis,
anu codvaTa mitevebisa da RmerTTan da eklesiasTan codvis Camdenis
Serigebis saidumlo. is SesaZlebeli
gaxda qristes mxsneli nebis wyalobiT, vinc Tavis mociqulebs codvaTa
mitevebis Zalaufleba mianiWa: miiReT
suli wmida. visac miutevebT codvebs,
mietevebaT, visac daukavebT, daekavebaT
(ioan. 20:22-23). monaniebis saidumlo
monanie piris mier Sesrulebuli sami
qmedebisa da mRvdelmsaxuris mier misi
codvebisgan gaTavisuflebis erTobliobaa. monanie piris qmedebebia: sinanuli, mRvdelmsaxurisaTvis aRsarebis
Tqma da ganzraxva, aRasrulos mis mier
gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebisa Tu
gamosworebisaTvis saWiro qmedebebi.
monaniebis (romelsac, agreTve, sinanuli ewodeba) survili sarwmunoe-

monaniebis wignebi

biT nakarnaxevi mizezebiT unda iyos

gamowveuli. Tu monaniebas RmrTis
mimarT gulmowyale siyvaruli iwvevs,
mas srulyofili ewodeba, Tu is sxva
mizezebiT aris gamowveuliarasrulyofili. RmerTTan da eklesiasTan
Serigebis msurvelma mRvdelmsaxurs
unda Caabaros manamde mounaniebeli
yvela im mZime codvis aRsareba, romlebic axsovs. miuxedavad imisa, rom TavisTavad aucilebeli ar aris, eklesia
mainc dabejiTebiT urCevs morwmuneebs
mcire codvaTa aRsarebas. aRmsarebeli
monanies sTavazobs garkveul qmedebaTa Sesrulebas monaniebis, gamowveuli zianis gamosworebisa da qristes
mowafisaTvis Sesaferi qceva-damokidebulebis aRdgenis mizniT. qristes saxeliT codvaTa mitevebis ufleba aqvT
mxolod mRdelmsaxurebs, romelTac
eklesiam codvaTagan gaTavisuflebis
ufleba mianiWa. monaniebis saidumlos
sulieri Sedegebia: RmerTTan Serigeba,
ris Sedegadac monanie kvlav ibrunebs
madls; eklesiasTan Serigeba; momakvdinebel codvaTa mizeziT damsaxurebul maradiul sasjelTagan gaTavisufleba; codvis Sedegad miRebuli miwieri sasjelisagan nawilobriv mainc
gaTavisufleba; simSvide, sufTa sindisi da sulieri nugeSi; sulier ZalTa
ganmtkiceba qristianuli brZolisaTvis. mZime codvaTa individualuri da
sruli aRsareba, codvaTa Semdgomi
mitevebiT RmerTTan da eklesiasTan
Serigebis erTaderTi Cveulebrivi saSualebaa (CCC, 1422-1498).
monaniebis wignebi (Penitenziali, libri)
VII-VIII saukuneebidan ase ewodeboda
aRmsarebelTaTvis gankuTvnil wignebs,

monanuloba

romelibic codvaTa CamonaTvalsa da

Sesatyvis sanqciebs (n. monanieba) Seicavda. es wignebi mniSvnelovania monaniebis saidumlosa da kanonikuri
samarTlis istoriis Sesaswavlad.
monanuloba (Pentimento) [laT. paenitere monanieba] Cadenil codvaTa
gamo adamianis mwuxarebisa da tanjvis
grZnoba, darTuli gadawyvetilebas,
aRar Sescdos. is aucilebelia monaniebis saidumlos misaRebad da upirispirdeba ubralo sindisis qejnas,
rac mxolod codvis SedegTa SiSis
gamovlinebas warmoadgens.
monarqianeloba (Monarchianesimo)
[berZ. monarcha TviTmpyrobeloba]
moZRvreba, romelic uaryofda samebas da acxadebda RmrTis absolutur
erTaderTobas. am Teoriis Tanaxmad,
qriste RmrTis ayvanili Svilia, an
masze saubrisas modalizms iSvelieben
(cerintusi, pavle samosateli, ebionitebi).
monasteri (Monastero) [berZ. monastrion, Tavdapirvelad gandegilis
senaki (sityvidan monasts gandegili)] adgili, sadac cxovrobs mamakac an qal monazonTa sakrebulo.
pirveli monasteri 320 wels wmida
paxomma daaarsa, Tumca sabolood
monasteri aRmosavleTSi V saukuneSi, xolo dasavleTSiVI saukuneSi,
wmida benediqtes (benediqtelni) meoxebiT Camoyalibda. benediqteseuli
wesdebis Tanaxmad, yoveli monasteri
damoukidebel erTeuls warmoadgenda
da uzrunvelyofili iyo yovelive
aucilebliT: hqonda wyali, wisqvili, saxelosnoebi, bostani, skola,

208
biblioTeka, eklesia da a.S. amgvarad
monasterma,namdvilma socialurma
mikroorganizmma, SeZlo barbarosTa
Semotevebis gadatana da civilizaciisa da kulturis fasdaudebeli saganZuris SenarCuneba.
monoTeizmi (Monoteismo) [berZ. mnos mxolod erTi+thes RmerTi]
moZRvreba, romelic mxolod erTi
RmrTis arsebobas aRiarebs. upirispirdeba poliTeizms (mravali RmrTis
arsebobis daSvebas) da gansxvavdeba henoTeizmisagan (mxolod erTi RmrTis
miReba, Tumca, amave dros, sxva RmrTaebaTa arseboba ar gamoiricxeba). monoTeizms ori arsebiTi elementi axasiaTebs: RmerTi erTaderTia da yovelives
Semoqmedi. didi monoTeisturi religiebia: ebraeloba, qristianoba, islami.
monoTelitizmi (Monotelismo) [berZ.
mnos
mxolod
erTi+thlesis
neba] VII saukunis qristologiuri
eresi, romlis Tanaxmadac, ieso qristeSi mxolod erTiRmrTaebrivi neba
moqmedebda. konstantinopolis mesame
krebam (680-681) dagmo monoTelitizmi da gamoacxada qristeSi ori gancalkevebuli nebis (RmrTaebrivisa da
adamianuris) arseboba da adamianuri
nebis RmrTaebrivisadmi Tavisufali
mimxroba.
monofizitoba (Monofisismo) [berZ.
mnosmxoloderTi+phsisbuneba] evtiqis eretikuli moZRvreba,
romelic ieso qristeSi mxolod erT,
RmrTaebriv bunebas aRiarebs da adamianurs uaryofs. es moZRvreba V saukuneSi gavrcelda da qalkedonis krebis
mier iqna dagmobili (451).

209
monsiniori (Monsignore) [frang. mon
Cemi+seigneurbatoni]sapatio wodeba, romelic eniWeba episkoposebs da
gansakuTrebuli Rirsebis matarebel
calkeul saeklesio pirebs (papis karis
prelatebs, kanonikosebs da sxv.). erT
dros ase mimarTavdnen, agreTve, papebs,
monarqebsa da kardinalebs.
montanizmi (Montanismo) daaxloebiT 170 wels frigiaSi (mcire azia)
mRvdel montanis mier gavrcelebuli
eresi. milenaristuli ganwyobis es
mimdinareoba qadagebda mkacr asketur
cxovrebas qristes parusiis molodinSi, rasac Semdeg frigiis dablobze
zeciuri ierusalemis daSveba unda
mohyoloda. montanistebi Tavs uSualod RmrTisgan STagonebulebad miiCnevdnen da winaswarmetyvelebaTa
dros Smag eqstazSi vardebodnen.
acxadebdnen, rom eklesiis avtoritets
ara episkoposebi, aramed axali winaswarmetyvelebi warmoadgendnen. seqtis
pirvel mimdevarTa Soris iyvnen qalebic (winaswarmetyvelebi priscila da
maqsimila) da tertuliane. mkacrad
organizebulma montanisturma sakrebuloebma, romlebic frigiaSi mdebare
pepucas eqvemdebareboda, mcire aziaSi
V saukunemde iarseba.
monforelni (Monfortani/e) wevrebi mariamis sazogadoebis sasuliero
kongregaciisa, romelic daaxloebiT
1705 wels puatieSi (safrangeTi) wmida lui mari grinion de monforma (1673-1716) daaarsa. organizaciis
mizani iyo glexTa da moqalaqeTa Soris saxarebis gavrceleba qadagebisa
da xalxis msaxurebis meSveobiT. Sem-

mormonebi

dgomSi monforelebma, fuZemdeblis

wadilis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxarebis
qadagebis areali gaafarToves da
warmarTi xalxebic moicves (ad gentes). lui mari grinion de monforma
netar maria luiza trikesTan (16841759) erTad daaarsa organizacia
codnis asulebi, romlis mizanic axalgazrdaTa qristianuli aRzrda da
saavadmyofoebSi daxmarebis gaweva iyo.
monforis mier daarsebuli kidev erTi
institucia,wmida gabrielis qristianuli ganaTlebis Zmebi,agreTve,
axalgazrdobis aRzrdas emsaxureba.
moraluri (zneobrivi) Teologia (Morale, teologia) [laT. moralis, nawarmoebia sityvidan mos Cveva] Teologiis
is nawili, romelic Seiswavlis adamianis
qmedebas qristianuli mowodebisrogorc gulmowyalebiT siwmidis mowodebis da aqedan gamomdinare valdebulebaTaTvalsazrisiT.
moraluri
Teologiis, iseve, rogorc mTeli Teologiis, mTavari wyaro gamocxadebaa.
mormonebi (Mormoni) wevrebi XIX
saukuneSi aRmocenebuli adventisturi protestanturi seqtisa, romelic
ukanaskneli dReebis wmidaTa ieso
qristes eklesias uwodebs Tavs. jozef
smitis (1805-1844) mier daarsebuli am
seqtis wevrebi iziareben smitis mier
mormonis wignSi (Book of Mormon, 1830)
Camoyalibebul, bibliidan da piradad
smitis STagonebebidan momdinare sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebs. 1843 wels smitma
poligamia daamkvidra. misma memkvidrem
braiem iungma (1801-1877) mormonTa
sakrebulo 1847 wels kldovan mTebSi
waiyvana, sadac qalaqi solt leik siti

morCileba

da iutas mormonTa saxelmwifo (1896

wlidan amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
federaluri Stati) daaarsa. mormonebi JamTa aRsasruls qristes mosvlas
elian, roca is maTTan erTad aTaswlovan sasufevels Seqmnis. ierarqiuli
wyobis mqone mormonTa organizacias
amJamad 4 milionamde mimdevari hyavs.
axasiaTebT asketuri cxovrebis wesi da
moyvasisadmi siyvaruli.
morCileba
(Obbedienza)
[laT.
oboedientia (sityvidan
ob-audire
zedmiwevvniT
mosmena)]
zogadi
mniSvnelobiT, wmida Toma akvinelis
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, morCileba aris
samarTlianobasTan
dakavSirebuli
zneobrivi saTnoeba, romelic gansazRvravs qveSevrdomTa damokidebulebas
xelmZRvanelobasTan da ganawyobs adamianis nebas zemdgomis gankargulebis
Sesasruleblad. bibliaSi morCileba RmrTis sityvisa da nebis miRebas
aRniSnavs. ieso amgvari morCilebis
ubadlo nimuSia (luk. 2:48; rom.5:19),
radgan igi mamis morCili iyo sikvdilamde, jvarze sikvdilamde (fil.
2:8). am mizeziTaa morCileba erT-erTi
sam saxarebiseul rCevaTagan da samoweseo cxovrebis safuZveli, romelze
dayrdnobiTac moweseebi da monazvnebi
valdebulebas iReben, sakuTari neba
dauqvemdebaron kanonier zemdgomebs,
winamZRvrebs, romlebic calkeuli institutebis wesdebaTa Sesabamisad gankargulebaTa gacemisas RmrTis warmomadgenlebi arian (LG, 42; PC, 41; CIC,
kan. 601). sadiocezo mRvdelmsaxurebi
ar deben morCilebis aRTqmas, Tumca
mRvdlad xeldasxmis dRes episkoposis
mimarT morCilebis pirobas deben.

210
morwmuneebi (Fedeli) [laT. fideles (sityvidan fides rwmena)] morwmuneebad
(christifideles) miiCneven adamianebs,
romelTac miiRes naTlisRebis saidumlo, romlis ZaliTac SeiZines waruSleli urTierToba qristesTan da
iqcnen eklesiis Semadgenel nawilad.
rwmenis kategoria Zireuli kategoriaa, radgan naTlobis kurTxeviT
ganurCevlad yvela morwmune RmrTis
xalxs Seadgens da TviT qristes samefo
winaswarmetyvelursa da samRvdelmsaxurebo misiaSi monawileobs. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, eklesiaSi yvela morwmune erTnairi Rirsebis matarebelia
da mowodebulia, TiToeulma sakuTar
SesaZleblobaTa Sesabamisad ganaxorcielos misia, romelic RmerTma eklesias miando samyaroSi Sesasruleblad
(CIC, kan. 204).
morwmuneTa asociaciebi (sajaro da
kerZo) (Associazioni di fedeli (pubbliche e private)) asociaciebi, romlebSic
morwmuneni, saeroni Tu sasuliero
pirebi, cal-calke Tu erTad erToblivi moqmedebiT eswrafvian ufro
srulyofil cxovrebas,
an sajaro
kultisa Tu qristianuli moZRvrebis
xelSewyobas, an sxva samociqulo
saqmianobas, rogorebicaa saxarebis
gavrcelebisken mimarTuli iniciativebi, saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba Tu
gulmowyalebis samsaxuri, qristianuli suliT warmavali wesis ganmsWvalva (CIC, kan. 298). aseTi asociaciebi
SeiZleba iyos: sajaro, rodesac isini
uflebamosili saeklesio xelisuflis
mieraa daarsebuli an kerZo, Tuki
morwmuneTa Soris (piradi) SeTanxmebis safuZvelze arsdeba.

211
morwmuneTa locva (Preghiera dei
fedeli) saerTo locva, romliTac
sruldeba RmrTis sityvis liturgia
evqaristiaSi. mokle Sesavlis Semdeg,
romelSic mRvdelmsaxuri morwmuneebs
locvisaken mouxmobs, leqtori damswreT warmoudgens vedrebebs, razec
isini moxmobiT upasuxeben. vedrebaTa
Tanmimdevroba Semdegia: Tavdapirvelad
loculoben eklesiis, mmarTvelebis
saWiroebaTa, mTeli samyaros xsnisaTvis, calkeuli gasaWiris mqone pirebisaTvis, erTad Sekrebili adgilobrivi
sakrebulos da, dasasrul, micvalebulTaTvis. mcire dumilis Semdeg
mRvdelmsaxuri ufals avedrebs yvela,
maT Soris, sajarod gamouTqmel vedrebas.
mosaxsenebeli (Memoria) [laT. memoria, nawarmoebia sityvidan memor
is, visac axsovs] Zvelad, SesaZloa,
aRniSnavda saflavis Zegls an sasaflaos salocavs, aRmarTuls mowamis saflavze. dRes aRniSnavs wmidanis mosaxseniebel (savaldebulo an
arasavaldebulo) msaxurebas.
moteti (Mottetto) [kninobiTi forma
sityvisa motto (Sdr. Suasaukun. laT.
motetus, frang. motet, kninobiTi forma sityvisa mot sityva, strofi)]
vokaluri an vokalur-instrumentuli
polifoniuri forma, gavrcelebuli
XIII saukunidan. pierluiji palestrinas damsaxurebiT XVI saukuneSi miaRwia
ganviTarebis mwvervals; gansakuTrebiT
ganviTarda kapelad wodebuli stili
(oTxi an rva xmisaTvis).
motu proprio n. Motu proprio.

moyvasi

moqceva (Conversione) [laT. conversio (momdinareobs sityvidan convertere) mimarTva, mibruneba] termini aRniSnavs rogorc gadasvlas erTi
religiidan meoreze, iseve codvilis
RmerTTan mibrunebas misgan daSorebis Semdeg. tridentis krebam xazi
gausva moqcevis zebunebriv xasiaTsa da
RmrTis Carevis aucileblobas.
moqceuli, konversusi (Converso)
[laT. sityvidan conversus moqceuli] Zvelad aRniSnavda pirs, romelic
asakovani Seudga samonazvno cxovrebas.
Semdeg (X-XI ss.)moweses, romelsac
ar miuRia samRvdelmsaxurebo xeldasxma da romelic fizikur samuSaos
asrulebda.
moyvasi (Prossimo) [laT. proximus,
aRmatebiTi xarisxis forma sityvisa
prope axlobeli] israelSi aseTad
miiCneoda adamiani, romelic ar ganekuTvneboda gvars, magram gvaris axlobeli iyo, rogorc Tanamemamule
da RmrTis xalxis warmomadgeneli (es.
20:16; lev. 19:13.16.18; rjl. 5:1; 24:14, Smd.;
ier. 22:13; mal. 3:5), agreTve qveyanaSi
mcxovrebi ucxoeli (es. 22:20; lev.
19:34; rjl. 10:18; 24:17; 27:19; fsalm.
146:9), zogjer mteric (es. 23:4, Smd.;
prokl. 25:21; ier. 15:11). ieso am cnebas
yvela adamianze avrcelebs (maT. 5:44,
Smd.; luk. 10:25-37; ioan. 13:34, Smd.; rom.
13:8, Smd.; gal. 6:2.10) da acxadebs, rom
yoveli adamiani iseve unda gviyvardes,
rogorc unda gviyvardes RmerTi (maT.
22:36-40; mark. 12:28, Smd; luk. 10:25, Smd,;
1ioan. 4:20). keTili samaritelis igavSi
aRniSnulia, rom moyvasi is ki ar aris,
romelic Cven gvikeTebs sikeTes, aramed

moSurne

nebismieri adamiani, romlsac SeiZleba

sikeTe gavukeToT (luk. 10:25-37). n.
gulmowyaleba.
moSurne (Zelatore) [gvianlaT. zelator]
morwmune, romelic gulmodginebiT
emsaxureba sakulto Tayvaniscemis
rame konkretuli formis gavrcelebas
(magaliTad, wmida gulis, qalwuli
mariamis Tayvaniscema da a.S.) an eweva
saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas. rogorc
wesi, aseTi morwmune moweseTa krebulis an organizebuli jgufis wevria.
moSurneni n. zelotebi.
moceta (Mozzetta) [laT. mutius (sityvidan mutilus dasaxiCrebuli)
mokle,
Semoklebuli
samosi]
gulze RilebiT Sekruli sxvadasxva
feris mokle mosasxami patara kapiuSoniT. araa gankuTvnili liturgiuli msaxurebisTvis. icvamen roketos
zemodan. wiTeli ferisaa papisa da
kardinalTaTvis, iisferiepiskoposTa
da calkeul prelatTaTvis (abatebi,
kanonikosebi da a.S.).
mociqulTa saqmeebi n. saqmeebi.
mociqulTmsgavsni (Apostolici) ase
ewoda antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi aRmocenebul mravalricxovan
eretikul seqtaTa mimdevrebs. isini
mociqulTa magaliTiT (ramac ganapiroba maTi saxelwodeba) cxovrobdnen
saxarebiseul siRaribeSi, hqondaT
saerTo qoneba da misdevdnen asketuri cxovrebis wess. isini ar cnobdnen
saeklesio ierarqias, radganac mas
gadagvarebulad miiCnevdnen.
mociquli (Apostolo) [berZ. zmnidan
apostllein wargzavna, mivlineba;

212
warmoiqmna arsebiTi saxeli apstolos,
saidanac modis laT. apostolus] ase
ewodeba iesos Tormet TanamSromels,
romlebic Tavad SearCia (maT. 10:1-4)
da Tavisi saxarebis gasavrceleblad
(maT. 28:18-20) wargzavna. mociqulebia:
petre, andria, iakobi, ioane, filipe,
barTlome, maTe, Toma, iakob alfes Ze,
iuda Tadeozi, simeon zeloti da iuda
iskarioteli, romlis nacvladac maTia
iqna arCeuli. maSasadame, mociqulebi
arian mowmeni imisa, rac ixiles da
ismines, gansakuTrebiT kiiesos mkvdreTiT aRdgomis mowmeni. gadataniTi
mniSvnelobiT, mociquli ewodeba adamians, romelic mTlianad saxarebiseul
misiasa da qristianuli sarwmunoebis
msaxurebas uZRvnis sakuTar Tavs.
mociquloba (Apostolato) [momdinareobs berZ. apostllein wargzavna,
mivlineba~] mociqulis misia da saqmianoba, romlis mizania ieso qristes
davalebis ganxorcieleba; gamoixateba
qadagebaSi, anu sarwmunoebis gavrcelebaSi. am sityvas SeiZleba hqondes, aseve,
zneobriv, samoqalaqo da sazogadoebriv idealTa damowmebis an propagandis mniSvneloba.
moZraoba oazisi (Oasi, movimento) mama virjinio rotondis mier
meore msoflio omis Semdeg daarsebuli moZraoba, romelic axalgazrdebs
saxarebis Tanaxmad warmarTuli sulieri cxovrebis programas sTavazobs.
moZraobas sammagi struqtura aqvs:
msaxurebis jgufebi, warmmarTvelebi
da saero instituti Ancilla Domini.
mowame (Martire) [berZ. marts
mowme] pirovneba, romelic saku-

213
Tari sarwmunoebisaTvis ganicdis devnas, tanjvas da iRebs sikvdils. eklesia dasabamidanve miagebda pativs maT,
vinc rwmenas sakuTari sisxliT amowmebda. mowameobis adgilas yovelwliurad imarTeboda Sekrebebi, Semdeg iq
saRmrTo nagebobebi igeboda.
mowameTa saqmeebi n. saqmeebi.
mowameoba (Martirio) [berZ. martrion damowmeba] aRniSnavs sikvdils
an tanjvas, romelsac iRebs morwmune
sakuTari sarwmunoebis dasamowmeblad.
mowafeebi (Discepoli) [laT. discipulus, romelic nawarmoebia zmnidan
discere swavla] Zvel aRTqmaSi ase
ewodeba moZRvris swavlebis mimdevars
(igav. 5:13; 10:17; 23:12.26). axal aRTqmaSi iesos mowafeebi ewodebaT Tormet
mociquls (maT. 10:1), samocdaTormetsa
(luk. 10:1) da iesos yvela mimdevars
(maT. 4:19, Smd., 8:21, Smd., mark. 2:14; saqm.
6:1; 9:1.25; 11:26; 21:16), vinc saxarebiseul
radikalur mowodebas iRebs. iesos
mowafeTa Soris iyvnen: ioseb arimaTieli (maT. 27:57), mariam magdaleli
(luk. 8:2), iosebi, barSabad wodebuli,
romelsac iustosi Searqves, da maTia
(saqm. 1:23). es ukanaskneli Semdeg iudas
nacvlad airCies mociqulad.
mowese (Religioso) [laT. religiosus
religiuri] aRniSnavs pirs, romelmac siRatakis, ubiwoebisa da morCilebis sajaro aRTqmaTa meSveobiT
RmerTs miuZRvna Tavisi cxovreba.
moweseTa institutebi (instituciebi)
(Istituti religiosi) n. moweseTa ordenebi; moweseTa kongregaciebi.

mowese samRvdeloni

moweseTa ordenebi (Ordini religiosi) im

pirovnebaTa sazogadoebebi, romlebic
irCeven cxovrebis uzenaes wesad saxarebis mier SemoTavazebul da sakuTari
instituciis wesdebaSi gamoxatul
qristes gayolas (CIC, kan. 662). es
pirebi iReben valdebulebas, siRatakis, ubiwobisa da morCilebis sazeimo
aRTqmaTa meSveobiT ganaxorcielon
saxarebiseuli rCevebi. arsebobs Semdegi tipis moweseTa ordenebi: samonastro ordenebi, mowese kanonikosebi,
glaxakTa ordenebi, mowese samRvdeloni da raindTa ordenebi. mociqulobis
tipis mixedviT, es ordenebi mWvretelobiT, aqtiur da mWvretelobiTaqtiur ordenebad daiyofa. moweseTa
sazogadoebebs, romelTa wevrebic martiv aRTqmas deben, kongregaciebi ewodeba. amJamad miRebuli terminologiis Tanaxmad, samonazvno ordenebi
da samonazvno cxovrebis yvela forma
srulyofis instituciaTa zogad konteqstSi erTiandeba.
mowese samRvdeloni (Chierici regolari)
farTo mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs yvela
mowese samRvdelos,religiuri ordenisa Tu kongregaciis wevrs, xolo
viwro mniSvnelobiTXVI saukunidan aRmocenebul sazogadoebaTa da
ordenTa wevrebs, romelnic debdnen
aRTqmas da mociqulobis sxvadasxva
saxeobas misdevdnen (qadageba, swavleba,
avadmyofebze zrunva). iqidan gamomdinare, rom isini moweseTa romelime
sakrebulos ganekuTvnebian, ganirCevian saero samRvdeloTagan anu sadiocezo samRdveloTagan. samonazvno da
glaxakTa religiuri ordenebis wevrTagan gansxvavebiT, Jamns gundurad ar

mowodeba

asruleben (rac samociqulo samsaxurisaTvis meti mzadyofnis xelSewyobas isaxavs miznad). mowese samRvdeloTa ricxvs ganekuTvnebian: iezuitebi;
pasionistebi; skolopebi da sxv.
mowodeba (Vocazione) [laT. vocatio moxmoba] farTo mniSvnelobiT,
RmrTis mier TiToeuli adamianis mowodeba xsnisaken (maT. 16:24; saqm. 2:40; 1
kor. 1:26). viwro gagebiT, cneba aRniSnavs RmrTis mowodebas mRvdlobisa
da samoweseo cxovrebisaken. amas ukavSirdeba qristes moxmoba locvisaken:
samkali bevria, muSakni kicota.
amitom evedreT samkalis ufals, rom
gamogzavnos muSakni Tavis samkalSi
(maT. 9:37, Smd.)
mowyaleba (Elemosina) [berZ. eleemosne TanagrZnoba, Tanalmoba]
gvianiudeur xanaSi aRniSnavda gulmowyalebis gamovlinebas TanamoZmeTa
mimarT. iesos dros locvasa da marxvasTan erTad (maT. 6:1-4; luk. 11:41;
12:33) ase ewodeboda yoveli RmrTismosavi adamianis qmedebas, rac RaribTa
sasargeblod fulis SewirvaSi gamoixateboda. RmrTis siyvaruliT gaWirvebuli admianisaTvis uangarod gaweuli
nebismieri nivTieri daxmarebis mniSvnelobiT, mowyaleba dResac rCeba
moyvasis mimarT gulmowyalebis qmediT
gamoxatulebad.
mowyalebis misionerebi (Missionarie
della Carit) ufro cnobilni arian,
rogorc kalkuteli deda terezas
monazvnebi. ordeni 1950 wlis 7 oqtombers daarsda. netari deda tereza,
saero saxeli agnes gonja boiajiu,
daibada 1910 wlis 27 agvistos skopi-

214
eSi (albaneTi), monazvnad aRikveca
loretos wmida mariamis daTa kongregaciaSi. indoeTis qalaq kalkutaSi
maswavleblad muSaobisas (1946) gaacnobiera adgilobrivi xalxis materialuri da sulieri siRatakis siRrme
da gadawyvita, RaribTa Soris uRaribesTa msaxurebisaTvis mieZRvna Tavi.
igi faqtobrivad arafrisagan qmnida
TavSesafrebs mcirewlovanTa, miusafarTa, udedmamoTa, SidsiT daavadebulTaTvis. deda terezas monazonTa ricxvi 1990 wels ukve 3500-s aWarbebda.
isini italiis sxvadasxva qalaqebSic
moRvaweoben. samonazvno cxovrebisTvis
Cveuli sami ZiriTadi aRTqmis (ubiwoeba, siRatake, morCileba) garda,
isini agreTve mTeli guliT, nebayoflobiT da uangarod RaribTa Soris
uRaribesTa msaxurebis aRTqmas deben.
mowyalebis samociqulo samsaxuri (Elemosineria Apostolica) RaribTa (saero Tu sasuliero pirTa) saWiroebis
mixedviT rigiTi Tu sagangebo mowyalebis gacemis Cveuleba qristianuli
xanis sawyisi periodidan momdinareobs
da papebi mudam misdevdnen mas. papma
grigol X-m (1271-1276) pirvelma Camoayaliba mowyalebis samociqulo
samsaxuri da daadgina mowyalebis gamcemis uflebamosilebani. 1409 wels
gamoqveynebuli buliT aleqsandre
V-m samsaxuris miznebi da normebi
moawesriga. romis pontifeqsTa Zalisxmevis Sedegad, es samsaxuri XV da
momdevno saukuneebSic ganagrZobda
ganviTarebas. pavle VI-is 1968 wlis
9 maisis gankargulebis Semdeg, samsaxurma saxelwodeba Seicvala, mas wmida
mamis saqvelmoqmedo samsaxuri ewoda,

215
uwyebis xelmZRvaneli ki kvlavac
misi uwmidesobis mowyalebis gamcemad iwodeboda. 1988 wlis 28 ivnisis
samociqulo dadgenilebiT Pastor bonus kvlav damkvidrda Zveli saxelwodebamowyalebis samociqulo samsaxuri. misi uwmidesobis mowyalebis
gamcemi episkoposis Rirsebas atarebs,
papis saxlis wevria da monawileobas
iRebs papis oficialur audienciebsa
da msaxurebebSi. mowyalebi gamcemis
amocanaa Tanxebis gacemis meSveobiT
papis saxeliT RaribTa mimarT gulmowyalebis gamovlena. misi uwmidesobis mowyalebis gamcemi papis rwmunebis
safuZvelze
gascems
samociqulo
kurTxevas, rac pergamentze Sesrulebuli diplomebis meSveobiT damowmdeba.
mrCevelTa kolegia (Collegio dei
consultori) samRvdelo sabWos wevr
mRvdelmsaxurTa jgufi (6-12 adamiani), romelTac episkoposi xuTi wlis
vadiT irCevs (CIC, kan. 502). mrCevelTa kolegia iRebs samociqulo werilebs koadiutori an damxmare episkoposis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis Sesaxeb.
garda amisa, Tu sakuTar movaleobas
ver asrulebs episkoposi, agreTve koadiutori an damxmare episkoposi, an
episkoposis vikariusi, an generaluri
vikariusi, mrCevelTa kolegias evaleba
im mRvdelmsaxuris arCeva, romelmac
diocezi unda marTos. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac episkoposis Tanamdeboba
vakanturia da ar aris arc damxmare
episkoposi, diocezis marTva ekisreba
mrCevelTa sabWos, Tumca episkoposis
Tanamdebobis vakanturad gamocxadebidan rva dRis vadaSi mrCevelTa sabWom
diocezis administratori unda air-

mrisxaneba

Cios. garda amisa, sabWo awvdis wmida

saydars cnobas episkoposis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb damxmare episkoposis
aryofnis SemTxvevaSi.
mrwamsi (Credo) [laT. sityvidan credo
me mwams] pirveli sityva da saxelwodeba sarwmenoebis aRsarebisa, romelic
Sejamebuli saxiT Seicavs qristianuli rwmenis Zireul sakiTxebs. warmoiTqmis wirvis dros RmrTis sityvis liturgiis dasasruls. sxvadasxva
formiT arsebobda jer kidev eklesiis
aRmocenebis periodSi, umTavresad sanaTlisRebo katexezSi. nikeisa (325)
da konstantinopolis (381) krebebze
mrwamsis adreuli varianti gadamuSavda, ris gamoc mas agreTve nikea-konstantinopolis simboloc ewodeba. n.
sarwmunoebis simbolo.
mrwamsis miReba (Redditio symboli)
[laT. simbolos Cabareba] msgavsad
traditio symboli-s, anu sarwmunoebis
simbolosmrwamsis gadacemis tradiciisa, rac kaTakmevelTaTvis rwmenis
debulebaTa swavlebas gulisxmobs (es
rituali didmarxvis mesame, SemdgomSi
ki meoTxe kviradRes sruldeboda), arsebobda, agreTve, didi SabaTis diliT
sarwmunoebis sazeimo aRsarebis wesi.
am dros naTlobis miRebis kandidatebi
sajarod warmoTqvamdnen mrwamss, riTac mis miRebasa da gaTavisebas adasturebdnen.
mrisxaneba (Ira) Svid mTavar mankierebaTagan erT-erTi. mdgomareobs mZafr
reaqciaSi fizikur an zneobriv dabrkolebaze, romelic iwvevs samagieros
gadaxdisa da am gancdaTa aRmZvreli
piris dasjis survils. Tu mrisxaneba

msaxureba

moyvasis mokvlis an misi mZimed daWris

ganzraxvamde midis, is safuZvelSive
upirispirdeba kacTmoyvareobas: vinc
umizezod ganurisxdeba Tavis Zmas,
sasjelis Tanamdebi iqneba (maT., 5:22;
Sdr. CCC, 2302)

216

msaxureba (Ministero) [laT. ministerium] aRniSnavs rame funqciis Sesrulebas an Zalauflebis qonas. eklesiaSi
TiToeul morwmunes mTeli saeklesio
sxeulis zrdasTan dakavSirebuli sakuTari roli da pasuxismgebloba
akisria (Sdr. efes. 4:16). es roli, anu
misia, rac qristes magaliTiT msaxurebaSi gamoixateba, mWidro kavSirSia qarizmebTan, anu TiToeuli adamianisTvis suli wmidis mier boZebul
niWebTan (Sdr. rom. 12:6-8). eklesiis
struqturisa da misi misiis sirTule
ganapirobebs swored misiaTa mravalricxovnebas (AA, 2), mRvdlobis saidumlodan gamomdinare valdebulebebiT dawyebuli da daniSnul msaxurTa
(leqtorisa da akoliTosis msaxureba)
valdebulebebiT damTavrebuli. garda
amisa, amgvari msaxureba mJRavndeba,
agreTve, sxvadasxva samociqulo iniciativebSic.

rebaSi moavlinebs mezobel xalxTa

Cagvrisagan israelis erTi an ramdenime tomis daxsnis mizniT. zogjer msajulebs mxsnelebadac moixsenieben.
msajulTa wigni sam nawiladaa dayofili: pirveli maTgani istoriuli
Sesavalia (msj. 1:1-2:5) da aRTqmul
miwaze sxvadasxva tomTa dasaxlebis
nel, mouwesrigebel da rTul process
aRwers. es sirTuleebi Tavisi RmrTisadmi israelis araerTguli damokidebulebiT aixsneba (msj. 2:6-3:6). wignis
meore nawili calkeul msajulebTan
dakavSirebuli epizodebisagan Sedgeba
(msj. 3:7-16:31). es msajulebia: ehudi,
debora, baraki, gedeoni, iefTae, samsoni. wignis mesame nawili (msj. 17-21)
or damatebas moicavs. pirveli maTgani
danis sakrebulo taZris agebis Sesaxeb
mogviTxrobs (17-18), xolo meore (1921) gibyaSi momxdar beniaminis saZraxis
saqciels gvacnobs. msajulTa wigni
Semdeg morals Seicavs: iahve sjis israel xals da mtris monobaSi agdebs
mas yovelTvis, rodesac xalxi mas Ralatobs. Tumca iahve israelisTvis
mxsnel msajulTa mivlinebiT avlens
Tavis gulmowyalebas.

msajulTa wigni (Giudici, libro dei)

Zveli aRTqmis meore istoriuli wigni. misi saxelwodeba mTavar moqmed
gmirTagan momdinareobs, romelTac
msajulebi ewodebaT da romelTa
ambebicaa moTxrobili ieso naves Zis
wignSi sikvdilidan mefobis damyarebamde, anu daaxloebiT ori saukunis manZilze. msajulebi arian samxedro da samoqalaqo xelmZRvanelebi,
romelTac RmerTi garkveul viTa-

msvleloba (Processione) [laT. processio (zmnidan procedere svla)] religiuri msvleloba, romelic qalaqis
quCebSi an eklesiaSi imarTeba wmida
evqaristiis, wmida mariamis an wmidanis qandakebis (zogjer xatis) TanxlebiT. mas SeiZleba hqondes an monaniebis
(jvris gza), an sadidebeli da madlierebis gamoxatvis (uflis sxeulis
msvleloba) xasiaTi; SesaZloa, aseve,
iyos vedrebis gamomxatveli.

217
msoflio warRvna (Diluvio universale)
[laT. diluvium (nawarmoebia zmnidan
diluere wyalSi gaxsna, gazaveba)]
kataklizmi, romelic, bibliis Tanaxmad, daatyda dedamiwas noes dros.
bibliuri monaTxrobis Tanaxmad (dab.
6-8) warRvna moxda RmrTis nebiT,
romelmac kacTa borotebis dasja
ganizraxa. warRvnas gadaurCa mxolod
noe Tavisi ojaxiT, romelic RmrTis
brZanebas daemorCila, kidobans Seafara Tavi da yoveli saxeobis cxovelis TiTo wyvili waiyvana Tan. warRvnis dasasruls RmerTma adamianisadmi
ndobis xelaxali mopoveba ganamtkica
aRTqmiT, romlis niSnadac cisartyela
iqca. msoflio warRvnis Tema mraval
religiasa da kulturaSi gvxvdeba, maT
Soris berZnul, babilonur (romelic
Zveli Sumeruli miTosidan iRebs saTaves), Cinur, indur, maias, actekTa da
sxva kulturebSi.
msxvelSemwirvelni (Sacrificati) ase
uwodebdnen qristianebs, romlebmac
uaryves rwmena da RmerTTa qandakebs
msxverpli Seswires imperator deciusis (249-251) mier wamowyebuli devnisas. n. lafsni.
msxverplSewirva (Sacrificio) [laT. sacrificium (sityvidan sacer wmida+zmna
facere-s keTeba nawarmoebi forma)]
religiaTa istoriaSi msxverplSewirva
ritualuri qmedebaa, romliTac zeadamianur arsebebs ZRvens sTavazoben.
msxverplSewirviT adamiani cdilobs,
zeadamianur ZalebTan da arsebebTan
urTierTobis damyarebas im mizniT,
rom an am arsebaTa mxridan adamianis
samoRvaweo sferoSi ganxorciele-

msjavrmdebeli

bul Carevaze reagireba moaxdinos,

an amgvari Careva gamoiwvios. msxverplSewirva SeiZleboda yofiliyo sisxliani (rodesac msxverplad swiravdnen cxovels an adamians), an usisxlo
(bunebriv produqtTa Sewirva). ebraelobaSi msxverplSewirva imdenad TavisTavad cxadi movlenaa, rom arc kia
ganmartebuli an dakanonebuli Teologiurad. Tumca masze arsebiTi gavlena iqonia winaswarmetyvelTa mier
monoTeizmisa da kultis kritikam; is
samRvdelmsaxurebo
kanonmdeblobis
mier imarTeba (levielebi). qristianul religiaSi qristes mier kacobriobis xsnisaTvis jvarze sikvdiliT
sicocxlis Sewirva umal sakulto
msxverplSewirvis kategoriebSi gamoixata: esaa WeSmariti saaRdgomo msxverplSewirva, romelic adamianTa saboloo gamosyidvas axorcielebs,yvela msxverplSewirvaze aRmatebuli
axali aRTqmis msxverplSewirva (Sdr.
ebr. 10:10). am mizeziT, yvela drois
eklesiaSi evqaristia aRiqmeba da aRsruldeba rogorc erTaderTi WeSmariti msxverplSewirva suli wmidaSi,
romelsac qriste uZRvnis mama RmerTs
eklesiasTan erTad,msxverplSewirva,
romelic warmoaCens qristes mier
erTxel da samaradisod mama RmrTisaTvis gaRebuli sisxliani msxverplSewirvis Rirebulebasa da namdvilobas yvela droisaTvis.
msjavrmdebeli (Penitenziere) [penitenza monanieba] rogorc sakaTedro,
ise kolegiuri eklesiis mRvdelmsaxuri
(msjavrmdebeli kanonikosi), romelsac
aqvs Tanamdebobrivi uflebamosileba,
saRmrTo forumisas gaaTavisuflos

mueZini

pirovneba sasjelisagan, romelic ar

iyo arc gamocxadebuli da arc nebadarTuli wmida saydris mier (CIC, kan.
508).
mueZini (Muezzin) [Turq. muezzin,
arab. muadhdhin adhan-is warmomTqmeli] piri, romelic minareTidan
dReSi xuTjer mouxmobs locvisaken
islamis aRmsarebel morwmuneebs.
muri (Mirra) [ebr. mor, Semdeg
laTinurSi damkvidrda forma myrra] movardisfro feris aromatuli
fisi, romelsac arabeTsa da afrikaSi
gavrcelebuli calkeuli jiSis xeebidan iReben. bibliur samyaroSi mas
sxvadasxvagvarad moixmardnen, Tumca
umTavresad cxebisaTvis da nelsacxeblis saxiT. mogvebma is iesos miarTves
ZRvnad (maT. 2:11). RvinoSi Sereuli
muri jvarcmamde iesos daalevines,
rogorc gamabruebeli saSualeba (maT.
15:23). muri gamoiyenes, agreTve, iesos
sxeulis sacxebad dakrZalvis win
(ioan. 19:39).
muslimi (Musulmano) [spars. muslim,
RmrTisadmi damorCilebuli; mravlobiTi forma: musliman] aRniSnavs
islamis yovel mimdevars; muslimuri
ki aRniSnavs am religiasTan dakavSirebul cnebebsa Tu movlenebs.
muslimi Zmebi (Fratelli musulmani)
1929 wels egviptel hasan al-banas mier
daarsebuli islamuri integralisturi seqta. organizaciam gansakuTrebiT
gamoiCina Tavi meore msoflio omis
dros da SemdgomegvipteSi antikoloniur brZolaSi monawileobiT.
misi wevrebi iyvnen rogorc tradi-

218
cionalisturi wreebis, ise wvrili burJuaziisa da yvelaze Raribi
fenebis warmomadgenlebi. ukiduresi
konservatiuli mimarTulebis gamo
seqta akrZaluli iyo naseris mTeli
marTvelobis ganmavlobaSi da dRemde
akrZalulad rCeba.
muSa mRvdlebi (Preti operai) termini
aRniSnavs safrangeTSi Camoyalibebul
moZraobas, romelic XX saukunis 30iani wlebis muSaTa axalgazrduli
asociaciebidan iRebs dasabams. aseT
asociaciebSi safrangeTSi gawevrianebulia mravali sasuliero piric,
rac saSualebas aZlevs maT, gaecnon
Sromis samyaros da, umTavresad, gaacnobieron Sromis samyarosa da eklesias Soris gamyofi barieris arseboba.
swored es ubiZgebs sasuliero pirebs,
piradad Caeban SromiT saqmianobaSi
da imuSaon fabrikebSi. TandaTan muSa
mRvdelTa arsebobam (moZraobis ganviTarebis yvelaze intensiur periodSi
aseT mRvdelmsaxurTa ricxvi 100-s ar
aRemateboda) gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina safrangeTis mTeli
eklesiisaTvis, rogorc mis mier warmoCenil problemaTa, ise Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT da im motivaciis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic ubiZgebda
mRvdelmsaxurebs aseTi arCevanis gakeTebisaken. 50-ian wlebSi momxdari
wyvetis Semdeg muSa mRvdlebi kvlav
gamoCndnen rogorc safrangeTSi, ise
evropis sxva qveynebSi, magaliTad, espaneTsa da italiaSi. isini aq sakmaod
iyvnen gavrcelebulni 60-ani wlebis
dasasrulsa da 70-ian wlebSi, Tumca
aRsaniSnavia, rom eklesiis cxovrebaSi
maTi raodenoba da saqmianoba mainc

219
meorexarisxovani darCa da mas aRar
axasiaTebs is STambeWdavi efeqti, romliTac gamoirCeoda II msoflio omis
Semdgomi periodis moZraoba.
muxlmoyra (Genuflessione) [laT.
genuflexio (zmnidan genuflectere)]
Tayvaniscemis, pativiscemisa da morCilebis Jesti, romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri da morwmuneni asruleben evqaristiuli msaxurebis dros an tabernakulumisa da jvris winaSe. mdgomareobs
marjvena muxlis moxraSi manam, sanam
is iataks ar Seexeba (martivi muxlmoyra). sazeimo evqaristiis dros ki
mlocvelni orive muxliT iCoqeben
iatakze (ormagi muxlmoyra). laTinur
eklesiaSi muxlis moyra damkvidrda,
aRmosavlur eklesiaSi ki mis nacvlad
damkvidrebulia metanoia, Tavis daxra,
rasac erTad Sekruli TiTebis kocna
da pirjvris gadawera mosdevs.
muxlsayreli (Inginocchiatoio) avejis nairsaxeoba, Sedgeba muxlis mosayrelad gankuTvnili safexurisa da
locvaTa wignis dasadebi sadgamisagan.
muxlis modreka RmrTis winaSe adamianis araraobas da misadmi Tayvaniscemas
gamoxatavs.
mfarveli (Patrono) [laT. patronus,
(nawarmoebia sityvidan pater mama),
damcveli] wmidani an angelosi, romlis mfarvelobis qveS imyofeba gansazRvruli eklesia, pirovneba (n. dReoba), misi rame mdgomareoba, profesia,
qalaqi, qveyana, diocezi, an calkeuli
ganzraxvani. romauli katexizmo (1566)
mouwodebda morwmuneebs, naTlisRebis
dros pirovnebisaTvis SeerCiaT wmi-

mRvdeli

danTa saxelebi, raTa isini misTvis magaliTad da mfarvelebad qceuliyvnen.

wmida ambrosim Tavisi eklesia wmidanebis gervasisa da protases mfarvelobas miando, VI saukunis miwurulisTvis ki wmidanis mfarvelad arCeva
ukve Cveulebad iqca.
mfarveli angelosi (Angelo custode)
Tanamgzavri da mfarveli, romelsac
RmerTi
dabadebisTanave
uwesebs
TiToeul adamians.
mfarveli kardinali (Cardinale protettore) kardinali, romelsac romelime
ordenis an samoweseo kongregaciis (n.
kongregacia),gansakuTrebiT, qalTa
ordenis an gaerTianebis,mfarveloba ekisreboda.
mqadagebelTa ordeni (Predicatori, ordine dei) 1215 wels, wmida dominike
guzmanis mier daarsebuli ordeni,
dominikelni.
mRvdeli (Sacerdote) [laT. sacerdos
(sacer wmida+indoevropuli fesvi dhe, romelsac miekuTvneba facere
keTeba)] sxvadasxva religiaSi aRniSnavs pirovnebas, romlis movaleobaa
sakulto da ritualuri aqtebis aRsruleba religiuri sakrebulos rwmunebulisa da warmomadgenlis saxiT
da, amgvarad, RmrTaebasa da adamians
Soris Suamavlis rolis Sesruleba.
kaTolikeebi da marTlmadideblebi
ase uwodeben pirovnebas, romelmac
miiRo xeldasxmis saidumlo da aqvs
saidumloTa aRsrulebisa da sakulto
msaxurebis uflebamosileba. samoweseo
ordenis wevr mRvdelmsaxurebs regularulni ewodebaT, xolo Tuki dio-

mRvdelmsaxureba

cezSi arian gamwesebulni da episkoposis iurisdiqcias eqvemdebarebian, maSinsaeroni (diocezisani). n. xucesi;

mRvdloba; mRvdelmsaxureba.
mRvdelmsaxureba (Sacerdozio) [laT.
sacerdotium] aRniSnavs mRvdelmsaxuris Rirsebasa da movaleobebs. religiaTa istoriaSi mRvdelmsaxuri
adamiansa da RmrTaebas Soris Suamavlis rols asrulebs. primitiul
religiebSi mRvdelmsaxureba jgufis
ufrosis (TiTqmis yovelTvis mefis)
prerogativa iyo. mogvianebiT xelmwifisa da mRvdelmsaxuris funqciebi
TandaTan gaiyo da, bunebriv religiebSi, mRvdelmsaxurebam sami funqcia
SeiZina: wmida msaxureba, eSmakis gandevna da momavlis winaswarmetyveleba.
mRvdelmsaxureba xSirad memkvidreobiTi iyo an gadaecemoda investituris
msgavsi formiT, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, cxeba, xeldasxma da sxv. Zvel
aRTqmaSi mRvdelmsaxureba, romelsac
levielTa Temis warmomadgenlebi, kerZod kiaaronis STamomavlebi aRasrulebdnen, miznad isaxavda RmrTis
sityvis gamocxadebasa da RmerTTan
erTianobis aRdgenas msxverplSewirvisa
da locvis meSveobiT. Tumca amgvari
mRvdelmsaxureba uZluri iyo, aResrulebina saboloo xsna, risi ganxorcielebac mxolod qristes ZaluZda.
marTlac, ebraelTa mimarT werilis
Tanaxmad, swored sakuTari Tavis Semwiravi qriste (ioan. 17:19; ebr. 7:25;
8:1, Smd., 9:11.15) warmogvidgeba axal
da umaRles mRvdelmsaxurad, msgavsad
melqisedekisa, anu mas uSualod
RmrTisgan aqvs miRebuli investitura (Sdr. ebr. 5:5). naTlobis wyalo-

220
biT, qristes mRvdelmsaxurebas yvela
morwmune eziareba (eklesia, rogorc
mRvdelmsaxuri xalxi). am msaxurebis
safuZvelze da mis samsaxurSi arsebobs
sxva mRvdelmsaxureba, romlis funqciaa qristes saxeliT da mis nacvlad
msaxureba morwmuneTa sakrebuloSi.
is mieniWeba xeldasxmis saidumlos saSualebiT, romelic aniWebs swavlebis
(munus docendi), saRmrTo sakulto
msaxurebis aRsrulebis (munus liturgicum) da samwyso xelmZRvaneblobis
(munus regendi) Zalauflebas (Sdr.
CCC, 1533-1600).
mRvdlis xeldasxma (Ordinazione)
[laT. ordinatio (zmnidan ordinare,
nawarmoebia sityvidan ordo safexuri,
xarisxi)] mRvdlobis saidumlos
miniWebis rituali. xeldasxmis aRmsrulebeli aris episkoposi, romelic,
rogorc mociqulTa memkvidre, flobs
mRvdlobis saidumlos sisrules.
mRvdloba (Ordine) [laT. ordo,
safexuri,
xarisxi]
erT-erTi
iesos mier damkvidrebul Svid saidumloTagan. misi SemweobiT grZeldeba
eklesiaSi iesos mier mociqulTaTvis
mindobili misiis ganxorcieleba: saubaria samociqulo msaxurebis saidumloze, romlis funqciac qristes
saxeliTa da pirovnebis meSveobiT
sakrebuloSi msaxurebaa. xeldasxmuli
msaxurebi RmrTis xalxSi msaxurebas
axorcieleben swavlebis (munus docendi), saRmrTo kultis (munus liturgicum) da samwyso xelmZRvaneblobis
(munus regendi) meSveobiT. mRvdlobis saidumlo dasabamidanve eniWeba da
aRsruldeba episkoposTa, xucesTa da

221
diakonTa sami xarisxis meSveobiT. xeldasxmiT miniWebuli msaxureba Seucvlelia eklesiis organuli struqturidan gamomdinare: episkoposis, xucesisa
da diakvnis gareSe SeuZlebelia eklesiaze saubari. mRvdlobis saidumlos
aniWebs episkoposi xelTa dasxmis meSveobiT, rasac mosdevs kurTxevis sazeimo locva, RmrTisTvis xeldasxmulis
msaxurebisaTvis aucilebeli suli wmidis niWis saTxovnelad (CIC, kan. 1009,
par. 2). xeldasxma waruSlel saidumloebriv kvals aRbeWdavs. eklesia
mRvdlobis saidumlos aniWebs mxolod
monaTlul mamakacebs (viris), romelTa
midrekilebac msaxurebisken saTanadod
iqna warmoCenili. mRvdlobis saidumlos miRebisaken moxmoba eklesiis
pasuxismgebloba da uflebaa (CIC,
kan. 1024-1025). laTinur eklesiaSi
mRvdlobis saidumlo Cveulebriv eniWeba mxolod kandidatebs, romlebic
Tavisuflad irCeven celibats da sajarod acxadeben sakuTar nebas, daicvan is RmrTis sasufevlis siyvaruliT
da adamianTa msaxurebis mizniT (Sdr.
CCC, 1536-1600).
mRvime (Cripta) [laT. sityvidan crypta,
romelic momdinareobs berZnulidan
krypt (zmnidan krptein damalva),
mRvime] ase ewodeba gamoqvabuls
eklesiis presbiteriumis qveS, romelic
Zvelad mTavari sakurTxevlis qveS moTavsebuli mowamis samarxTan miaxloebis saSualebas iZleoda. Tanamedrove
eklesiebs zogjer aqvT momcro zomis
miwisqveSa eklesia, anu mRvime (kripta),
romelic mcirericxovan jgufebSi
msaxurebis aRsavlenad gamoiyeneba.

mSvidobis iaraRi

mSvidoba (Pace) [laT. pax (ebr.

shalm Salom)] bibliis Tanaxmad, mSvidoba aRniSnavs ara mxolod omis gareSe cxovrebas, aramed keTildReobas,
janmrTelobas, sicocxlis sisrules,
simSvides, rac mesianur xanaSi povebs
srul ganxorcielebas (dab. 15:15; 25:8;
43:27; ies. 21:44; 23:1; 2sam. 7:1; 18:28;
1neSt. 22:9; zir. 47:13). axal aRTqmaSi
adamianTaTvis mSvidoba iesoa (luk.
2:14), igia mesianuri mSvidobis mTavari (es. 9:6). jvarze msxverplSewirvis sisxliT iesom moakvdina Tavis
TavSi mtroba (efes. 2:16), Seariga
adamianebi RmerTTan da Tavisi eklesia
kacTa modgmis erTianobisa da RmerTTan misi kavSiris saidumlod aqcia. is
aris Cveni mSvidoba (efes. 2:14). netar
arian mSvidobismyofelni, acxadebs
ieso (maT. 5:9). mSvidoba, romelic,
rogorc Sinagani Zala, dasabams aZlevs
dialogis, gagebisa da TanagrZnobis
dadebiT urTierTobaTa damyarebisaken mimarTul azrebsa da qmedebebs,
adamianis cxovrebis pativiscemisa da
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
SeuZlebelia dedamiwaze mSvidobis
miRweva adamianTa sakuTrebis dacvis,
adamianTa Soris Tavisufali urTierTobis, adamianTa da xalxTa Rirsebis
pativiscemis, Zmobis Seupovrad damkvidrebis gareSe. mSvidoba samarTlianobis nayofi da gulmowyalebis Sedegia
(Sdr. CCC, 2302, Smd.).
mSvidobis iaraRi [laT. Instrumentum pacis saSualeba mSvidobisaTvis]
Zvirfasi liTonis an spilos Zvlis
marTkuTxa formis firfita, masze
gamosaxuli datirebiT an jvarcmiT,
romelsac XIII saukunidan eamborebodnen mSvidobis niSnad.

mSvidobis niSani

mSvidobis niSani (Segno di pace) wirvis dros, ziarebis wesTa Soris morwmuneebi mSvidobis niSnis meSveobiT
eklesiisa da mTeli kacobriobis erTianobasa da mSvidobas evedrebian
RmerTs da erTaderTi puriT ziarebamde erTmaneTisadmi urTierTsiyvaruls gamoxataven.
mSrali wirva (Messa secca) [laT.
missa sicca] Sua saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli araswori forma: im SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac erTi mRvdelmsaxuris mier
erT dRes ori wirvis Catareba ar iyo
SesaZlebeli, evqaristia kurTxevis gareSe aResruleboda.
mcveli (Guardiano) [momdinareobs sityvidan guardia] termini Tavis wesSi
wmida franciskem daamkvidra da is
franciskuli monastris winamZRols
aRniSnavs.
mcire qadageba (Fervorino) [sityva
fervore-s (gzneba, Zlieri grZnoba) kninobiTi forma] mokle sityva,
romliTac
mimarTavs
mRvdelmsaxuri morwmuneebs maTi damoZRvris an
gafrTxilebis mizniT.
mcire xeldasxmani (Ordini minori) vatikanis II krebamde ase iwodeboda ostiariati, leqtoriati, eqsorcistati
da akoliTati,diakvnobisa da mRvdlobis wina safexurebi. dRes maT nacvlad arsebobs Semdegi msaxurebani: leqtoriati (leqtori) da akoliTati
(akoliTosi).
mcnebebi (Comandamenti) [nawarmoebia laT. sityvidan commandare mindoba, dakisreba] termini aRniSnavs

222
aT mcnebas (n. dekalogi anu aTi sityva), romlebic, bibliuri tradiciis
Tanaxmad, RmerTma misca moses sinais
mTaze egviptidan gamosvlis Semdeg
(gam. 20:1-17) da romelTa dacvac evalebaT ebraelebsa da qristianebs. maTgan pirveli sami adamianis RmerTTan
urTierTobas Seexeba, danarCeni Svidi
ki adamianTa Soris urTierTobas: me
var ufali, Seni RmerTi: 1) ar iyolio sxva RmerTi Cems garda; 2) ar
warmoTqva uflis, Seni RmrTis, saxeli
amaod; 3) daicavi SabaTis dRe, raTa
wmidayo igi; 4) pativi eci mamaSensa da
dedaSens; 5) ara kla; 6) ar imruSo;
7) ar iqurdo; 8) ar gamoxvide cru
mowmed Seni moyvasis winaaRmdeg; 9)
ar isurvo Seni moyvasis coli; 10) ar
isurvo araferi, rac Seni moyvasisaa.
(Sdr. CCC, 2052, Smd.).
mconaroba (Accidia) [berZ. akeda
mondomebis gareSe] Svid mTavar
mankierebaTagan erT-erTi. mdgomareobs
sikeTis keTebis mimarT daudevar an
usulgulo damokidebulebaSi. xandaxan
ixmareba, aseve, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTac da aRniSnavs survilis arqonas,
romelic moqmedebaSi ugulobasa da
apaTias ganapirobebs.
mwignobari (Scribi) [laT. scriba
(zmnidan scribere wera)] mesopotamiasa da egvipteSi ase ewodeboda karis
moxeleebs, romlebic adgendnen oficialur aqtebs, uZRvebodnen weliwdeuls da sxva. palestinaSi, babilonis
gandevnis Semdeg, mwignobrebi iyvnen
rjulis maswavleblebi da atarebdnen
sapatio wodebas rabi. iesos dros
mwignobarni, romlebic Teologebi

223
da iuristebi iyvnen, agreTve kanonis
mcodneebad iwodebodnen, metad gavlenian fenas warmoadgendnen da sxvadasxva partias emxrobodnen (magaliTad, farisevlebs, sadukevlebs). ierusalemis ganadgurebis Semdeg (I saukunis 70 w.) maTi gavlena da avtoriteti
kidev ufro gaizarda da ganivrco.
mwirveli (Celebrante) [awmyos mimReoba ital. zmnisa celebrare, romelic
swavluli laTinuridan, sityva celebrare-dan momdinareobs, rac niSnavs daswrebas, aqedan sazeimod aRniSvnas]
termini gamoiyeneba liturgiasTan
mimarTebaSi, romelicaa qristes qmedeba, da, maSasadame, qristea WeSmariti
da erTaderTi mwirveli. Tumca liturgiul msaxurebaSi mwirvelia mTeli
damswre sakrebulo, romlis TiToeul
wevrsac sakuTari daniSnuleba aqvs.
gansakuTrebuli mwirvelia samRvdelo
piri, romelic xeldasxmis saidumlos
meSveobiT warmoadgens qristes, rogorc saeklesio sxeulis winamZRols
(Sdr. CCC, 1136-1144; 1187-1188).
mwuxare (Addolorata) ase moixsenieben
qalwul mariams im tanjvis gamo, romelic man ganicada rogorc qristes
dedam da misi vnebis Tanamonawilem.
mwuxare mariamis Tayvaniscema XI saukunidan damkvidrda. liturgiulad es
saidumloeba 15 seqtembers aRiniSneba.
mwuxarebisa (Dolorosi) ase ewodeba
savardis saidumloebebs, romlebic
qristes vnebasa da sikvdils ukavSirdeba. esenia: a) iesos locva geTsimaniis
baRSi; b) iesos gaSoltva; g) eklis
gvirgviniT misi Semkoba; d) golgoTaze asvla; e) iesos sikvdili jvarze.

mxiTarelni

mwuxri (Vespro) [laT. vesper saRamosi] eklesiis liturgiuli locva,

romelsac saRamos warmoTqvamen an
galoben (JamTa liturgia). misi saxeli mwuxris varskvlavs (Vesper) ukavSirdeba. mwuxrisas aRevlineba madloba dRis ganmavlobaSi boZebul sikeTeTaTvis an marTebulad Sesrulebul
amocanaTaTvis. iseve, rogorc qebani,
mwuxric mTavar JamTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.
mwyemsi (Pastore) [laT. pastor, zmnidan
pascere mwyemsva] saRmrTo werilSi
am metaforiT moixseniebian mefeebi
da meTaurebi (ier. 23:1, Smd.; ezek. 34:1,
Smd.); umaRlesi mwyemsi aris RmerTi
(dab. 49:24; fsal. 23), iesokeTili
mwyemsia, romelic sicocxles swiravs
Tavisi samwysosaTvis (luk. 15:3, Smd.;
ioan. 10:11, Smd.). SemdgomSi mwyemsni
ewodaT, agreTve, episkoposebsac, rogorc qristianul sakrebuloTa sulier xelmZRvanelebs. protestantul eklesiebSi, Cveulebriv, termini
pastori (mwyemsi) kultis msaxurs
aRniSnavs.
mxiTarelni (Mechitharisti) somexi
kaTolike moweseebi, romelTa ordenis
damaarsebelia petre manuqi sebastiidan (1749), wodebuli manugeSeblad
(mxiTari). ordeni 1701 wels konstantinopolSi daarsda saxelwodebiT wmida antonis somexi moweseebi. 1703 wels
man moreaSi gadainacvla, 1715 wels ki,
TurqTa Semosevis Semdeg, venecias Seafara Tavi, sadac wmida lazares mcire
kunZulze damkvidrda. am kunZulze
dRemde mdebareobs monasteri, somxuri literaturis dacvis centri. 1773

224

mxolodSobili

wels mxiTarelni or kongregaciad

daiyvnen: erTi maTgani veneciaSi darCa,
meore ki, mcire xans triesteSi yofnis
Semdeg, venaSi damkvidrda.
mxolodSobili (Unigenito) [gvianlaT. unigenitus mxolodSobili]
qristianul
moZRvrebaSi
termini
oden ieso qristes miemarTeba. ioanes
saxarebaSi qriste warmogvidgens kidec
Tavs, rogorc RmrTis mxolodSobil
Zes (ioan. 3:16), riTac amtkicebs Tavis
maradiul winaremyofobas da gansxvavebas sakuTar RmrTisSvilobasa da Tavis
mowafeTa RmrTisSvilobas Soris: Cemi

mama da Tqveni mama (ioan. 20:17; Sdr.

CCC, 441-445).
mxsneli/xsna
(Salvatore/salvezza)
[laT. salvator, nawarmoebia zmnidan
salvare xsna] mxsnelis umaRlesi
magaliTia ieso qriste. ebraulad ieso
iTargmneba swored rogorc RmerTi,
romelic ixsnis: igia is, romelic
ixsnis Tavis xalxs maTi codvebisagan (maT., 1:21; Sdr. CCC, 452); igia
kacobriobis codvisagan saxsnelad da
RmerTTan mis Sesarigeblad gankacebuli RmerTi: sxvaSi aravisSi ar arsebobs xsna (saqm. 4:12).

navi (Navata) [laT. navis, navi,
(formis mixedviT)] morwmuneTaTvis
gankuTvnili eklesiis grZiv danayofTagan TiToeuli maTgani, romelic
sxvebisagan svetebis an pilastrebis
meSveobiT gamoiyofa.
nazareveli (Nazareno) [laT. nazarenus nazareTidan] palestinis qalaqis mixedviT, sadac icxovra iesom,
romelsac xSirad swored nazarevelis
saxeliT moixsenieben (maT. 2:23; 26:71...).
am saxels iesos mowafeebsac uwodebdnen.
nazorevelni (Nazireato) [ebr. nazir
vinc Tavs ikavebs, maSasadame, gancalkevebuli, kurTxeuli] moklevadiani an mudmivi religiuri aRTqmis
Zveli ebrauli forma. moiTxovda
maTrobel sasmelTa miRebisagan Tavis
Sekavebas, grZeli Tmis tarebas, siwmidis mkacr dacvas (Sdr. lev. 10:8, Smd.;
21:5. 11, Smd.; ricxvn. 6:1-21). nazorevelni iyvnen samsoni (msaj. 13-16), samueli
(1sam. 1:11, Smd.), rexabis Zeni (ierem.
35:6), SesaZlebelia, ioane naTlismcemeli (luk. 1:15) da wmida pavle (saqm.
18:18; 21:23, Smd.)
naTelTa (Lucernario) [gvianlaT. lucernarium, nawarmoebia sityvidan lu-

cerna lampa] pirvel qristianTaTvis

es iyo wesi, romliTac sruldeboda
saRamos locva mzis naTelTan gamomSvidobebisa da lampris SuqTan Segebebis
niSnad (orive maTgani qristesmaradiuli da SeubRalavi sinaTlissimboloa). IV saukunidan Sewyvita arseboba, laus cerei-s gamonaklisiT (n. sapaseqo ciskari), romelic ambrosiseul
liturgiaSia Semonaxuli.
naTeli (Luce) liturgiaSi naTeli
qristes simboloa: gavixsenoT Tundac
saaRdgomo ciskris naTlis liturgia;
aseTive magaliTebia JamTa liturgiis sagaloblebi, romelTa Sorisac
gamoirCeva naTlis sadidebeli phs
hilarn: sasixarulo naTelo zeciuri, wmida, netari, maradiuli mamis
wmida didebisa, ieso qristev, mzis Casvlis Jams, mwuxris sinaTlis xilvisas
vugalobebT mamas, Zesa da suli wmidas, RmerTs. yvela dros marTebulia
SenTvis xotbis Sesxma bednieri xmiT,
RmrTis Zev, sicocxlis momniWebelo,
amisTvis gamkobs didebiT samyaro.
naTlia (Padrino) [gvianlaT. patrinus,
nawarmoebia sityvidan pater mama] ase
ewodebaT pirebs, romlebic monawileoben adamianis naTlobis an mironcxebis

naTloba

saidumloTa aRsrulebaSi da iRwvian

imisaTvis, rom monaTlulma adamianma
icxovros naTlobis Sesatyvisi qristianuli cxovrebiT da erTgulad Seasrulos masTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebani (CIC, kan. 872) an zrunaven,
rom mironcxebis miRebis Semdeg adamiani moiqces qristes WeSmariti mowmis Sesaferisad da erTgulad Seasrulos am saidumlosTan dakavSirebuli
valdebulebani (CIC, kan. 892). naTliebi qristianobis pirveli saukuneebidan monawileoben xsenebul wesebSi
(tertuliane, naTlobis Sesaxeb, T.
18). naTlia (mamakaci an qali) unda
iyos 16 wlisa, kaTolike da miRebuli
unda hqondes evqaristiisa da mironcxebis saidumloni (CIC, kan. 874).
naTloba (Battesimo) [berZ. bptein,
baptzein CaSveba] pirveli saidumloTagani: naTlobis Sedegad morwmune
RmrTis Svilad iqceva, saeklesio sakrebulos wevri xdeba da mas pirvelqmnili
da pirovnuli codvebi mieteveba. saxareba mogviTxrobs monaniebis Sinaarsis
mqone ioane naTlismcemlis naTlobaze
(maT. 3:11 da Sesab.), romelic iesomac
miiRo (maT. 3:13-17 da Sesab.). ioanes
naTlisReba iesos axali naTlobis Sesaxeb auwyebs xalxs: me Tqven wyliT
gnaTlavT... is mognaTlavT Tqven suli
wmidiT da cecxliT. naTlobis Sesaxeb
saxarebis sxva TavebSicaa saubari: vinc
wylisa da sulisgan ar iSveba, ver Seva
RmrTis sasufevelSi (ioan, 3:5); axla
wadiT da moimowafeT yvela xalxi,
monaTleT isini mamisa da Zisa da suli
wmidis saxeliT (maT. 28:19); vinc irwmunebs da moinaTleba, gadarCeba. vinc
ar irwmunebs, msjavri daedeba (mark.

226
16:16). maSasadame, SegviZlia, tridentis
krebis Tanaxmad, vTqvaT, rom naTloba
ieso qristem daamkvidra. meore mxriv,
mociqulTa saqmeebSi saubaria naTlobis wesze, romelic pirvel qristianTa Soris iyo gavrcelebuli; wmida
pavle mis Teologiur mniSvnelobas
ganadidebs da amtkicebs, rom naTloba
ieso qristes sikvdilsa da mkvdreTiT
aRdgomasTan gvaaxlovebs (Sdr. rom.
6:3-11). wmida avgustine naTlobis waruSlel xasiaTs gamokveTs da sisxliTa (mowameoba) da surviliT (naTlobisaken Tundac swrafva) naTlobis
SesaZleblobas azustebs. naTlobas
mRvdeli an diakoni aRasrulebs, Tumca, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, es roli
nebismierma adamianma SeiZleba Seasrulos, maT Soris mounaTlavmac. naTloba aRsruldeba CaSvebismosanaTlavi
adamianis wyalSi dasvelebis an wylis
pkurebismeSveobiT. amJamindeli naTlobis wesi iTvaliswinebs naTlobamdel cxebas, Semdeg wylis kurTxevas,
satanisagan ganSorebas, sarwmunoebis
aRsarebas, uSualod naTlobis wess,
wmida mironis cxebas, TeTri perangisa
da anTebuli kelaptrisqristes simbolos,gadacemas, efaTas (n. efaTa)
wesis aRsrulebas.
nakerpavi (Idolotti) [berZ. idolon kerpi, gamosaxuleba da zmna
thuein-is (Sewirva) fuZidan: kerpTaTvis msxverplis Sewirva] gasayidad
gamotanili kerpTaTvis Sewirul cxovelTa xorci, romelsac qristianebi
unda moridebodnen, wabilwvisa (saqm.
15:20.29; 21:25) da gulmowyalebis (1
kor.8:1, Smd.; 10:19.28; Sdr. gam. 2:20)
mizeziT.

227
nakurTxi wyali (Acqua benedetta/
lustrale) [laT. aqua benedicta, aqua
lustralis] Cveulebriv, ase uwodeben
ritualSi, mocemuli wesis Tanaxmad,
sagangebod nakurTx wyals. misi umTavresi mniSvnelobaa naTlobis gaxseneba. is gawmedisa da kurTxevis yvela
wesSi gamoiyeneba.
naosi (Naos) [berZ. nas, nawarmoebia
zmnidan niein cxovreba] Zvelad,
taZris Sida nawili, sadac RmrTaebis
Zegli iyo moTavsebuli. dRes aRniSnavs eklesiis centralur nawils, navs.
narTeqsi (Nartece) [berZ. nrthex]
kaTakmevelTa da monanieTaTvis gankuTvnili Zveli qristianuli eklesiis
Sesasvleli. TiTqmis yovelTvis mdebareobda fasadis gareT, iSviaTadmis
SigniT. romSi is Semonaxulia wmida
sabinas, wmida lavrentis, wmida agnesas
da sxva eklesiebSi.
naumi n. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.
nacvalgebis kanoni (Taglione, legge
del) [daudgeneli etimologiis laT.
sityva talio] gamoTqma aRniSnavs Zvel
aRTqmaSi
Camoyalibebul
sisxlis
samarTlis kanons (gam. 21:23-25; lev.
24:19-20; rjl. 19:21), romlis Tanaxmadac, sasjeli ar unda yofiliyo danaSaulze aRmatebuli, amitomac zarals
Sesatyvisi zarali unda mohyoloda da
ar unda yofiliyo masze aRmatebuli.
zemoxsenebuli kanoni brma SurisZiebis
aRkveTas da Sesabamisobis zomis damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad. saxarebaSi
ieso qriste mis radikalur gadalaxvas
gvTavazobs (maT. 5:38, Smd.).

nebarTvis werili

nacris oTxSabaTi (Ceneri, giorno delle) kaTolike eklesiis liturgiul

kalendarSi didmarxvis pirveli kviradRis wina oTxSabaTi, aRniSnavs didmarxvis dasawyiss. am dRes mRvdeli,
monaniebisa da moqcevis niSnad, morwmuneebs Tavze mcireoden nacars ayris da ambobs: gaxsovdes, rom mtveri
xar da mtvrad iqcevi (Sdr. dab. 3:19).
arsebobs, agreTve, bolo dros damkvidrebuli formula: moinanieT da
iwameT saxareba (mark. 1:15). erT dros
mxolod sazogado monanieTaTvis gankuTvnili es wesi papma urbanus II-m
(XI s.) yvela morwmuneze gaavrcela.
nacarisikvdilisa da adamianis araraobis gacnobierebis simbolowina
wlis nakurTxi zeTisxilis an bzis
totebis dawvis Sedegad miiReba. nacris oTxSabaTs eklesia samarxvo da
xorcisagan TavSekavebis dRed acxadebs.
nawili (Particola) [laT. particula,
kninobiTi forma sityvisa pars(-tis)
nawili] TiToeuli im nawilTagan,
romlebadac dayofs mRvdelmsaxuri
nakurTx hostias. aseve ewodeba morwmuneTaTvis ziarebisaTvis darigebul
hostias. saxelwodeba iqidan momdinareobs, rom Tavdapirvelad es hostia
didi zomis evqaristiuli puris natexebs warmoadgenda.
nebarTvis werili (Lettere dimissorie)
[laT. litterae dimissoriae (zmnidan dimittere nebarTvis micema)] dokumenti, romelic unda miiRos xeldasxmis
misaRebad Tavisi episkoposis an winamZRvrisagan RmrTismsaxurobis msurvelma (CIC, kan. 1018-1023).

neemias wigni

neemias wigni (Neemia, libro di) [neemia

niSnavs `iahve anugeSebs] babilonis
gadasaxlebis mZime gamocdis Semdeg
iudauri sakrebulos aRdgenis procesis erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi piri
ezrasTan erTad. neemias saqmianoba
aRwerilia Zveli aRTqmis istoriul
wignSi, romelic TviT neemias saxels
atarebs (wignis 13 Tavi sam nawiladaa
dayofili) da Tavdapirvelad ezras
wignTan erTad erT literaturul
mTlianobas Seadgenda. daaxloebiT 445
wels ierusalemSi dabrunebulma da
mmarTvelad daniSnulma neemiam (neem.
5:1) ierusalemis galavani aRdgina
(neem. 2:11-4:17) da qalaqis dacvasa da
masSi mosaxleobis dabrunebas uxelmZRvanela (neem. 7:1-72). Tavi gamoiCina
rogorc energiulma, uangaro, locvisaken midrekilma pirovnebam.
neoTomizmi(Neotomismo) [berZ. nos
axali+tomismo `Tomizmi~] neosqolastikaSi aRniSnavs mibrunebas wmida
Toma akvinelis moZRvrebasTan (Tomizmi). amgvari moTxovna gaCnda 1879 wels
pap leon XIII-is enciklikaSi Aeterni
Patris. neoTomizmis udides warmomadgenlebad miCneuli arian d. mersie da
J. mariteni.
neokatexumenuri gza (Cammino neocatecumenale) rwmenisa da moqcevis
gza, romelic miznad isaxavs qristianuli aRzrdis procesSi Zveli katexumenurobisaTvis (n. katexumeni) damaxasiaTebeli kerigmis, cxovrebis Secvlisa
da liturgiis sinTezis xelaxla gancdas. termini neokatexumenuri mianiSnebs, rom saubaria gzaze, romlis
gavlasac sTavazoben ukve monaTlul

228
adamianebs, romelTac sakmarisi qristianuli momzadeba ar gaaCniaT. neokatexumenuri gza 1964 wels aRmocenda
madridis Raribul raionSi, romelsac
palomeras altasi ewodeba, kiko arguelosa da karmen hernandesis iniciativisa da Zalisxmevis Sedegad. madridis
mTavarepiskoposis, monsinior kazimiro
morsilos mxardaWeriT, es iniciativa
mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda. dReisTvis
amgvari saeklesio gamocdileba daaxloebiT 10 000 sakrebulos aqvs ganvlili. 1990 wlis 30 agvistos is ioane
pavle II-m daamtkica. neokatexumenuri
gza eqvs etapad nawildeba: a) kerigmis
gamocxadeba: katexizaciis orTviani
kursi, romelsac uZRveba katexistebis
jgufi da romelic koncentrirebulia mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qristesmieri
xsnis gamocxadebaze; am periods amTavrebs sami dRis ganmavlobaSi erTad
yofna da erToblivi evqaristia, romelic warmoSobs axal sakrebulos; b)
katexumenurobis winare safexuri: ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi sakrebulo adasturebs sakuTar rwmenas da ganagrZobs
ganviTarebas RmrTis sityvis mosmeniT,
evqaristiis aRvleniT, piradi locviT. am periodis dasasruls, samdRiani
ganmartovebis Semdeg, xdeba pirveli
Sefaseba, rasac mohyveba sakrebulos
gadasvla katexumenurobis safexurze;
g) naTlobisSemdgomi katexumenuroba,
pirveli faza: ori wlis ganmavlobaSi
sakrebulo aRrmavebs RmrTis sityvis,
liturgiisa da Zmuri Tanaziarebis sam
sinamdviles. dasasrul, tardeba meore
Sefaseba; d) naTlobisSemdgomi katexumenuroba, meore faza: samwliani periodis manZilze Rrmavdeba fsalmuniT
locva, mrwamsis sarwmunoebrivi WeS-

229
maritebisa da mamao Cvenos gaazreba;
e) arCeva: orwliani periodi eTmoba
gandidebisa da madlierebis sulierebaSi zrdas; v) naTlobis dapirebaTa
ganaxleba: am ukanasknel etapze katexumenebi arian morwmuneni, romelTaTvisac mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qriste
cxovrebis centria.
neosqolastika (Neoscolastica) [sityvebidan nos axali+sqolastika] XIX
saukunis kaTolikeobaSi aRmocenebuli
filosofiuri moZraoba. miznad isaxavda Tanamedrove problematikis CarCoebSi Sua saukuneTa Teologiuri da
filosofiuri azrovnebis tradiciis
ganaxleba-aRdgenas, romelTan kavSiric
wina saukuneebSi Sesustda. neosqolastikis mniSvnelovani moRvaweebi iyvnen
kloitgeni, Seebeni.
neofiti (Neofita) [berZ. nephytos
axlad amoyrili (kvirti), axaldabadebuli] ase uwodebdnen axalmonaTlulebs, rogorc rwmenis axali sicocxlisaTvis xelaxla SobilT. termini gvxvdeba wmida pavlesTan (1 tim. 3:6).
nestorianeloba (Nestorianesimo) V
saukunis qristologiuri eresi, romelic nestoris saxelidan (maraSi,
TurqeTi, 381panopolisi, egvipte, 451)
iRebs saxelwodebas. konstantinopolis
patriarqi nestori antioqiuri Teologiuri skolis mimdevari iyo, romelic qristeSi ufro mis adamianurobas usvams xazs (gansxvavebiT aleqsandriuli skolisagan, romelic qristeSi
umTavresad RmrTaebriobas gamokveTda).
dapirispirebaTa amosaval wertilad
iqca wodeba RmrTismSobeli (theotkosRmrTis deda), romliTac mar-

netarad Seracxva, beatifikacia

iams moixseniebdnen. nestori upiratesobas aniWebda terminebs RmrTismimRebi (theodchosqali, romelmac

RmerTi miiRo) an qristesmSobeli
(Christotkosqristes deda), riTac gulisxmobda, rom mariami mxolod
qristes adamianurobis mSobeli iyo
da amgvarad uaryofda hipostatur
kavSirs. aqedan gamomdinare, qristeSi
pirovnebaTa orgvarobasTan gvaqvs saqme.
nestorianeloba 431 wels dagmo efesos
krebam, romelmac mariami RmrTismSoblad (theotkos) gamoacxada.
nestorianuli eklesia (Nestoriana,
Chiesa) efesos krebis (431) mier dagmobisa da qalkedonis krebis (451) mier
gamotanili dadgenilebis Semdeg nestoris mimdevrebma Tavi sparseTs Seafares,
sadac nestorianuli eklesia daaarses.
am eklesiis misionerebma malabaramde,
indoeTamde da CineTamde miaRwies. XIV
saukuneSi nestorianuli eklesia 30
samitropolito kaTedrasa da 250-mde
diocezs moicavda, Tumca imave saukuneSi daiwyo misi dakninebac, devnis,
TurqTa islamizaciisa da nestorianelTa jgufebis (qaldevelni da malabareli qristianebi) kaTolike eklesiis
wiaRSi dabrunebis (XVI saukune) gamo.
dRes nestorianuli eklesia moqmedebs
iranSi, eraySi, indoeTSi, TurqeTSi, siriasa da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
sadac, qalaq san franciskoSi, patriarqis rezidencia mdebareobs.
netarad Seracxva, beatifikacia (Beatificazione) [gvianlaT. beatificatio]
aqti, romliTac papi nebas rTavs, rom
RmrTis msaxuri sajarod iqnes pativdebuli netaris wodebiT. neta-

netareba

rad Seracxva oficialurad sruldeba

kanonikuri procesis Semdeg, romelic
pirovnebis saTnoebaTa gmirulobasa da
mis mier moxdenil saswaulTa utyuarobas adasturebs. yvela SemTxvevaSi,
saubaria kultze, romelic Semofarglulia gansazRvruli teritoriiT
an samoweseo sakrebuloTi.
netareba (Beatitudine) [laT. beatitudo, sityvidan beatus netari] sruli
da srulyofili bednierebis mdgomareoba, romelsac ganicdis gonierebiTa da nebiT dajildoebuli arseba
umaRlesi sikeTis miRwevisas.
netarebani (Beatitudini) rva gancxadeba (maTgan ukanaskneli meordeba da
ganivrcoba), romliTac iwyeba mowafeTa da xalxisadmi mimarTuli iesos
qadageba mTaze (maT. 5:1-12; Sdr. luk.
6:20-26). es gancxadebebi qristianobis
diadi wesdebaa. TiToeuli netareba
ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. esenia: a)
sakuTriv netareba, anu ~makarizmi
[berZn. makrios netari], romelsac
mosdevs kategoriis miTiTeba (Raribni, mgloviareni da a.S.); b) motivacia, anu gamarTleba (wamZRvarebuli kavSiriT vinaidan), romelic
gankuTvnil jildoze miuTiTebs. lukas saxarebaSi mxolod oTxi netarebaa
CamoTvlili, romelTac mosdevs oTxi
vai mas. am upirates netarebaTa garda, Zvelsa da axal aRTqmaSi araerTi
sxva netarebaa dasaxelebuli.
netari n. netarad Seracxva.
netari qalwuli mariamis ganwmeda
(Purificazione della Beata Vergine Maria) n. mirqma.

230
netari xilva (Visione beatifica)
RmrTis didebis xilva qristeSi, romelic marTalTa xvedria (ioan. 17:24)
da dakavSirebulia yovelives saboloo
aRsasrulTan. es iqneba adamianis WeSmariti da saboloo bedniereba.
neStTa wigni (Cronache, libri delle)
Zveli aRTqmis ori istoriuli wignis
ebrauli saxelwodeba. septuagintis
berZnuli biblia da vulgata maT moixsenieben saxeliT Paralipomeni, gadmocemani. SesaZloa amis mizezia mcdari
dajerebuloba, rom neStTa ori wigni
mefeTa wignebis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. neStTa wignebis avtori (IV s.
qristes Sobamde) ara imdenad istoriul, ramdenadac religiur-Teologiur
amocanas isaxavs: igi xotbas asxams iudeur Teokratias, romlis mTavari arsi
ierusalemis taZris, rogorc israelis
istoriis kulminaciis, religiur-kulturuli organizaciaa. TxzulebaSi mocemulia mravalricxovani informacia
adamis droidan dawyebuli kirosis ediqtamde (538 qristes Sobamde). neStTa
ori wigni oTx ganyofilebad SeiZleba
daiyos: winasityvaoba (1neSt. 1-9); daviTis istoria (1neSt.10-29); solomonis istoria (2neSt.1-9); iudeis taxtze solomonis memkvidreTa istoria
(2neSt. 10-36).
nikolozelni (Nicolaiti) mimdevrebi
adreuli qristianuli Tavisufalgnostikuri xasiaTis seqtisa, romelic
efesosa da pergamoSi gavrcelda da
gamocxadebaSia moxseniebuli (gam. 2:6;
2:16). seqtis wevrebi nikolozispirveli Svidi diakvnidan (gam. 6:5) erT-erTismowafeebad iyvnen miCneulni da

231
winaswarmetyveluri qarizmis flobas
iCemebdnen. maT aziis calkeuli qristianuli sakrebuloebis zneobrivi
dacema braldebodaT.
nirvana (Nirvana) [sansk. nirvana
Caqroba] budhizmSi nirvana aRniSnavs mZafri survilisa da yvela
vnebis srul gaqrobas, anu sulis
srulyofili simSvidis, umaRlesi netarebis miRwevas. amitomac nirvana
adamianisaTvis umaRlesi sikeTea, budhas mier miTiTebuli oTxi keTilSobili WeSmaritebis samyofeli. naklebad
sistemuri saxiT nirvanis cneba hinduizmSic arsebobs.
niSa (Nicchia) [nawarmoebia zmnidan
nicchiare, xalxuri laTinuridan nidiculare budeSi jdoma] ZiriTadad
naxevrad cilindruli vertikaluri
formis Rrmuli, gamokveTili kedelSi
qandakebis an rame sxva dekoratiuli
elementis mosaTavseblad.
niSi (Edicola) [laT. sityvidan aedicula, kninobiTi forma sityvisa aedes
(tempio) momcro taZari, patara
kapela] niSis formis arqiteqturuli struqtura, romelSic sakraluri
gamosaxuleba an qandakebaa moTavsebuli. umTavresad ganTavsebulia eklesiaTa, saxlebis kedlebze an quCaTa
kuTxeebSi.
novacielni
(Novaziani)
sqizmatikosi mRvdelmsaxuris, novaciusis
(257/258ww.) mimdevrebi. Semwynareblobis Tavdapirveli suliskveTebis
sawinaaRmdegod,
novaciusi
Semdeg
SeuZleblad miiCnevda eklesiis mier
sakrebuloebSi lafsTa kvlav dab-

noviciati

runebas da maT gankveTas moiTxovda.

es mkacri midgoma SemdgomSi kidev
ufro gamoikveTa xist poziciaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac Serigebaze uari unda
mieRo mZime codvis Camden nebismier
pirovnebas. wmidaTa eklesiis amaRlebuli idealis momxre novaciusi
jiutad daupirispirda pap korneliuss, ris Sedegadac qveynidan iqna
gandevnili. misi saxelobis seqtam aRmosavleTSi VI saukunemde iarseba.
novena (Novena) [laT. noveni (ricxviTi saxeli) cxra-cxra] liturgiuli an paraliturgiuli msaxureba,
romelic zedized cxra dRis ganmavlobaSi meordeba da miznad isaxavs
morwmuneTa momzadebas mniSvnelovani
dResaswaulisaTvis (saSobao, ubiwo Casaxvis novena da a.S.). pirovnuli TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnavs madlis
miRebis mizniT Tayvaniscemis saxeobas
da mdgomareobs zedized cxra dRis
ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebul locvaTa
warmoTqmasa da meditaciaSi.
noviciati (Noviziato) ase ewodeba
momzadebis periodsmorCilad yofnas, romliTac iwyeba cxovreba samoweseo instituciaSi. amgvari momzadebis mizania, morCilebma ukeT gaicnobieron instituciisadmi TavianTi
kuTvnilebis mowodeba, gaecnon masSi
arsebul cxovrebis wess, guliTa da
gonebiT gaiziaron misi suliskveTeba da amgvarad gamoscadon sakuTari
ganzraxva da instituciis cxovrebasTan Sesabamisoba (CIC, kan. 646).
noviciusTa aRzrda instituciisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli srulyofis cxovrebisTvis maT TandaTanobiT momzadebas

232

noviciusi

gulisxmobs (CIC, kan. 652, naw. 1). sagangebo kanoni gansazRvravs noviciusis aRzrdis reglaments (CIC, kan.
650, naw. 1), romlis Zireuli punqtebia: a) morCilebs sWirdebaT daxmareba
adamianur da qristianul saTnoebaTa
ganviTarebaSi; b) srulyofis sapasuxismgeblo gzisTvis isini locvisa da
sakuTar Tavze uaris Tqmis meSveobiT unda moemzadon; g) saWiroa maTi
xelmZRvaneloba xsnis saidumloebisa da saRmrTo werilis kiTxvisa da
masze gansjisas; d) maT unda gaiaron
aucilebeli momzadeba liturgiaSi
RmrTis msaxurebisaTvis; e) RmrTisa
da qristeSi adamianebisadmi miZRvnili
cxovrebis moTxovnilebebisaTvis noviciusebi saxarebiseul rCevaTa meSveobiT unda moemzadon; v) unda miiRon
informacia instituciis istoriis,
cxovrebis, xasiaTisa da suliskveTebis,
miznebisa da disciplinis Sesaxeb; z)
unda aRizardon eklesiisa da misi wmida moZRvrebisadmi siyvaruliT (CIC,
kan. 652, n. 2). noviciati, romelic, rogorc wesi, erT an or weliwads grZeldeba, moweseobis dafuZnebis pirveli
wlebidanve iRebs dasabams. mis Sesaxeb
Sesabamis wesebSi saubroben wmida paxomi (292-346) da wmida benediqte. papma
grigol didma 595 wels, faqtobrivad,
noviciati savaldebulod gamoacxada
yvela mowesisaTvis.

noviciusi (Novizio) [laT. novicius,

nawarmoebia sityvidan novus axali,
axalmosuli] morCili, religiuri
instituciis noviciatSi miRebuli
piri.
nugeSismcemeli
(Paraclito)
[berZ.
parkletos dasaxmareblad moxmobili, moxmobili, Semdeg laT. parclitus] tradiciulad ganimarteba,
rogorc qomagi, damcveli, damamSvidebeli (Sdr. iob. 33:23; es. 51:12), ase
moixsenieba suli wmida (ioan. 14:16.26;
15:26; 16:7) da ieso (1ioan. 2:1).
nunciatura n. sadespano.
nunciusi n. samociqulo sadespano.
nusi (Nous/nous theoretiks) [berZ.]
filosofiuri cneba, romelic umTavresad, zogadad, azrovnebis unars
aRniSnavs. ufro konkretulad SeiZleba aRniSnavdes inteleqts, rogorc
Teoriul intuiciur unars. yvelaze
xSirad swored am mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda aRniSnuli termini antikur
samyarosa da Sua saukuneebSi, Tumca,
amave dros, am mniSvnelobis mravali
saxesxvaoba arsebobda. termini SeiZleba aRiSnavdes, agreTve, qmediT unars,
homo faber, anu teqnikoss, romlis
Sesaxeb swavlebac Camoayaliba bergsonma.

o antifonebi (O, antifone) ase ewodeba Magnificat-is antifonebs, romlebic iwyeba mimarTviT hoi (o).
am antifonebs asruleben 17-dan 23
dekembramde SobisTvis mosamzadebel
periodSi.
oazisi, moZraoba n. moZraoba oazisi.
oblatebi (miZRvnilni) (Oblati/e)
[laT. oblatus, namyos mimReoba zmnisa offerre SeTavazebuli] aRniSnavs
imaT, vinc RmerTs mieZRvna. Zvelad
(IV s.) ase uwodebdnen RmrTis samsaxurSi Cayenebis mizniT mSoblebis
mier monasterSi miyvanil bavSvebs.
mogvianebiT am saxeliT moixseniebdnen,
agreTve, zrdasrul adamianebs, romlebic monasterSi midiodnen (samonastro oblatebi) an iziarebdnen
samonastro sulierebas, Tumca Tavad
monasterSi ar cxovrobdnen (saero
oblatebi). es ukanasknelni amgvarad
mesame ordenis wevrebs SeiZleba SevadaroT. religiuri kongregaciebi: wmida
ambrosis oblatebi, 1578 wels milanSi, karlo boromeos mier daarsebuli saero mRvdelTa kongregacia. misi
wevrebi episkoposis gankargulebaSi
iyvnen samwyso davalebaTa Sesasrule-

blad; ubiwo qalwul mariamis oblati

misionerebi (Congregatio Missionariorum Oblatorum B.M.V. Immaculatae), daarsda 1816 wels e. de maznos (1782-1861, 1837 wlidan marselis
episkoposi) mier. Tavdapirvelad kongregacias ewodeboda Missionnaires
de Provence, axali saxeliT ki isini
1826 wels leon XII-m aRiara. garda
saxalxo mosionerobisa, moRvaweobdnen
skolebSi, kolegiumebsa da seminariebSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo
maTi kvlevebi misiologiis dargSi; qalwul mariamis oblatebi, 1826 wels
pius bruno lanteris mier saxalxo
mociqulobisa da Soreul qveynebSi
misionerobis mizniT daarsebuli kongregacia; wmida franciske salelis
oblatebi (Istitutum Oblatorum sancti
Francisci Salesii) daarsda 1875 wels
da damtkicebul iqna leon XIII-is mier
1897 wels. misi wevrebi misdeven wmida
franciske salelis sulierebas, ewevian
samwyso, saganmanaTleblo da misionerul saqmianobas; wmida iosebis Ooblatebi (iosebelni astidan), daarsda
1878 wels axalgazrdaTa aRzrdis, maT
Soris samwyso saqmianobis warmarTvisa da misioneruli saqmianobis
mizniT. oblatTarogorc mamakacTa,
ise qalTaStoebi daiyofa samonas-

oTxi Jami

tro oblatebad (romlebic martiv

aRTqmebs deben) da saero oblatebad
(romlebic mxolod dakavSirebulia
calkeul monasterTan); oblatebi
sarkeTa koSkidan, ewodebaT, agreTve,
olivelTa qalTa ordenis wevrebsac.
es ordeni 1433 wels romSi franCeska
romanam daaarsa RaribTa da sneulTa
daxmarebis mizniT.
oTxi Jami (Quattro tempora) [laT.
tempora (mravlobiTi ricxvis forma zmnisa tempus dro, sezoni)]
ase ewodeboda sezonis dasawyisSi
monaniebisa da locvisaTvis gankuTvnil dReebs. amgvari dReebi romSi
III-IV saukuneebis mijnaze damkvidrda
da maTi mniSvneloba pap gelasi I-is
(496) dros gaizarda, romlis gankargulebiTac am periodSi, SabaT dRes,
xeldasxmis wesi aResruleboda.
okamizmi (Occamismo) XIV-XVII saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli filosofiuri, Teologiuri da politikuri
mimdinareoba, romelic eyrdnoba ingliseli franciskeli filosofosis,
uiliam okamis (1349-1350) naazrevs.
universaliaTa da cnebaTa (terminebis)
ontologiuri
realobis
uaryofiT,egreT wodebuli konceptualizmis
sasargeblod,romlis
Tanaxmadac, cnebebi enacvleba sagnebs,
rogorc niSnebi (Canacvlebis Teoria), saboloo jamSi filosofia gancalkevda Teologiisgan, saero samyaro
kireligiurisgan.
okultizmi (Occultismo) [laT. occultus, namyos mimReoba zmnisa occulere
damalva] mecxramete saukunis meore
naxevridan sazogadod damkvidrebuli

234
termini okultizmi aRniSnavs codnisa da saqmianobaTa erTobliobas,
romelTa saganic mecnierulad Seucnobadi da auxsnadi energia da raobaa,
risi marTvac SeuZliaT Cveulebrivs
aRmatebuli unarebis mqone pirovnebebs gansakuTrebul teqnikaTa daxmarebiT. okultizmimagiur-mistikuri
moZraoba, xSirad urwyamda erTmaneTs
religiur Janrebsa da koncefciebs
savaraudod arsebuli saerTo saidumlo tradiciis ZiebaSi. yvela meorexarisxovani fenomenisaTvis (gaRmerTebiT dawyebuli da moZravi magidebiTa
da gardacvlilTa sulebis gamoZaxebiT damTavrebuli) neospiritualisturi ganmartebis povnis miseuli
mcdeloba ki xSirad gamxdara gaugebari da banaluri daskvnis mizezi.
olivetoelni (Olivetani) 1313 wels
sienis maxloblad mdebare mTa olivetoze netar bernardo tolomeis mier
daarsebuli benediqtelTa kongregaciis wevrebi (Ordo sancti Benedicti
Montis Oliveti). kongregacia 1344
wels klemente VI-m da daamtkica. amJamad mis wevrTa ricxvi 200-s ar aRemateba.
ontologia (Ontologia) [berZ. ntos,
awmyos mimReoba zmnisa einai yofna+logha, fuZidan sityvisa lgos
sityva] metafizikad an zogad filosofiad wodebuli filosofiis is
nawili, romelic yofnas Seiswavlis.
ontologizmi (Ontologismo) [momdinareobs sityvidan ontologia (yofnis
Seswavla)] Seiswavlis im filosofiur
mimdinareobebs, romlebic RmrTis
uSualo, intuiciur Secnobas arse-

235
baTa nebismieri Secnobis safuZvlad
acxadebs, gamomdinare mosazrebidan,
rom yoveli arseba RmrTaebriv yofnaSi Tanamonawileobaa.
opus dei (Opus Dei) [laT. RmrTis
saqme] wmide benediqteseuli wesdebis
Tanaxmad (T. 43), liturgiuli locva,
radganac is RmrTis msaxurebad (dominicum servitum) miiCneva. gamonaTqvamis es Semoklebuli varianti Cveulebriv aRniSnavs 1928 wels madridSi
aragoneli mRvdlis, xose maria eskriva
de balager i albas (1902-1975) mier
daarsebul mamakacTa sazogadoebas
(Societas sacerdotalis sanctae Crucis et
Opus Dei), romelsac 1930 wels qalTa Stoc daerTo. 1943 wels aRmocenda wmida jvris samRvdelmsaxurebo
sazogadoeba, damtkicebuli pius XIIis mier 1950 wels saxelwodebiT wmida
jvris samRvdelmsaxurebo instituti.
1982 wels ioane pavle II-m opus deis
personaluri prelaturis statusi mianiWa. erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani saero institutisopus deis mmarTveli
organo 1946 wlidan romSi mdebareobs.
daaxloebiT 72 000 misi (saero da sasuliero pirebi) wevri, visi saxelebic
gasaidumloebulia, yvela kontinentis
80-ze met qveyanaSi moRvaweoben, Tumca
gansakuTrebiT espaneTsa da laTinur
amerikaSi arian warmodgenilni. opus
deis suliereba misma damaarsebelma
warmoadgina 1939 wels gamocemul
wignSi gza. religiuri TvalsazrisiT tradicionalisturi tendenciis
matarebeli opus dei miznad isaxavs
yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis
wmidayofas damowmebisa da Sromis meSveobiT,
locvisa da sulierebis konteqstSi.

oratoriumi

oratoria (Oratorio) [gvianlaT. oratorium (sityvidan orare locva)] religiuri Sinaarsis poeturi musikaluri Txzuleba solistebis, gundisa da
orkestris SesrulebiT sasceno warmodgenis gareSe.
oratorielni (Oratoriani) [nawarmoebia sityvidan oratorio samlocvelo] 1552 wels wmida filipe neris
mier daarsebuli saero mRvdelmsaxurTa kongregaciis wevrebi. 1575 wels
kongregacia grigol XIII-m daamtkica
(Institutum Oratorii sancti Philippi
Neri). saxelwodeba momdinareobs samlocvelodan, sadac ikribebodnen
salocavad filipe da misi megobrebi.
nerim uari Tqva Tavis sazogadoebaSi
rame wesisa Tu aRTqmis damkvidrebaze
da mas ubralod qristianuli sixarulis sastumro uwoda. neri axali
samwyso meTodebis meSveobiT (magaliTad, qadageba bavSvebisaTvis, momlocveloba, religiuri galoba xalxur
enaze, sulieri wvrTnani) qalaq romis ganaxlebas isaxavda mTavar miznad.
analogiuri kongregacia 1611 wels,
parizSi kardinalma pier de berulma
daaarsa (Congregatio Oratorii Jesu et
Mariae Immaculatae).
oratoriumi (Oratorio) [gvianlaT.
oratorium (sityvidan orare locva)]
termins sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebi aqvs:
a) ...adgili, gankuTvnili ...saRmrTo
kultisaTvis, romelic daTmobili aqvs
sakrebulos an morwmuneTa jgufs; am
adgilas SeuZliaT Tavmoyra, agreTve,
sxva morwmuneebsac, Sesabamisi winamZRvris TanxmobiT (CIC, kan. 1223). b)
umTavresad samrevlo
eklesiis mo-

oracionali

mijnave sivrce, sadac bavSvebi da axalgazrdebi kulturuli, sulieri,

TavSesaqcevi saqmianobiT arian dakavebulni.
oracionali (Orazionale) [laT. oratio locva] wigni, romelic Seicavda
locvebs JamTa liturgiisaTvis. misi
elementebi gabneulia pirvel saidumloTa wignebSi (magaliTad, veronulsa
da gelasiseulSi).
ordalia (Ordalia) [ingl. ordeal samsjavro] n. RmrTis samsjavro.
origenizmi (origeneloba) (Origenismo/Origenista) Zveli qristianuli,
umTavresad samonastro Teologiis
mimarTuleba, dafuZnebuli origenes
(254) moZRvrebis calkeul motivebze. ganicdida neoplatonisturi da
gnostikuri mimarTulebebis gavlenas,
amtkicebda kosmosisa da samSvinvelTa
maradiulobas (winarearsebobas), materiis uaryofiT xasiaTsa (codvis Sedegi) da apokatastaziss.
ormocdaaTianelebi (Pentecostali) XIX
saukunis dasasruls amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aRmocenebul calkeul
protestantul sazogadoebaTa wevrebi. es sazogadoebebi suli wmidis gardamosvlis (saqm. 2:1-11) gamocdilebas
ubrundebian da eklesiis religiur
gamoRviZebas eswrafvian. aRasruleben sulis naTlobas da aviTareben TavianT qarizmebs: glosolalias
(ucnob enebze saubars), sneulTa
gankurnebis unars, eqstazur locvas,
winaswarmetyvelebas da a.S. umTavresad
cnobilia am moZraobis Semdegi jgufebi: saRmrTo asambleebi (mmarTveli

236
organo mdebareobs misuris Statis qalaq springfildSi) da RmrTis eklesia
qristeSi (memfisi). vatikanis II krebis
Semdeg kaTolikobaSic Camoyalibda
qarizmatuli anu axali ormocdaaTianuli jgufebi (n. axali ormocdaaTianeloba), romlebic suli wmidaSi
saeklesio ganaxlebas eswrafvian. arsebiTad, esaa locvisa da bibliuri
kiTxvis jgufebi, romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia mZlavri religiuri da
socialuri erTianobis SegrZneba da
Zalisxmeva. Fjgufebi xelmZRvaneloben
saRmrTo werilSi (saqm. 2:42-47; 1kor.
12:12-27) aRwerili cxovrebis wesis
nimuSiT da eswrafvian, iqcnen suli
wmidaSi saeklesio ganaxlebis gamoxatulebad.
ormocsaaTiani (Quarantore) RmrTismosaobis gamoxatuleba, mdgomareobs
wmida evqaristiis TayvaniscemaSi ormoci saaTis ganmavlobaSi, Tundac ara
Seuwyvetliv. es wesi XIII saukuneSi,
caraSi gavrcelda, sadac erT-erTi
saZmo Tayvans scemda uwmides evqaristias 40 saaTis ganmavlobaSi didi
paraskevidan aRdgomis dilamde. evqaristiuli Tayvaniscemis es forma farTod gavrcelda, gansakuTrebiT italiaSi, XVI saukunis dasawyisSi. am wesma
daudo Sedeg saTave evqaristiis egreT
wodebul mudmiv Tayvaniscemas.
ormuxledi (Versetto) [laT. versicula
mokle teqsti] fsalmunis (an, zogadad, poeturi bibliuri nawarmoebis)
nawili, Sedgenili erTi frazisgan,
romelic TavisTavad dasrulebulia da
or, daaxloebiT Tanabar da simetriul
wevradaa ganawilebuli. liturgiaSi

237
ormuxledi ewodeba locvis teqsts,
romlis pirvel nawils mxolod erTi
mgalobeli warmoTqvams, morwmuneebi
ki erTxmad upasuxeben meore nawiliT.
orfizmi (Orfismo) mistikuri xasiaTis yvelaze didi religiuri fenomeni
Zvel saberZneTSi. SesaZloa, misi STamagonebeli yofiliyo Trakieli poeti
orfevsi (VI saukune qristemde). es
iyo ezoterikuli da saxalxo religia,
romelic ritualur da asketur wesTa
meSveobiT eswrafvoda sulis ganwmedas,
risi saboloo mizanic RmrTaebrivi siwmidis miRweva iyo. Tuki mizani ar miiRweoda, samSvinveli iZulebuli iyo,
reinkarnacia gaevlo sxva sxeulSi. orfeuli Teogonia emyareboda pirvelsawyisi principisqronosis (drois)
aRiarebas, romelic dionisemde yvela
RmrTaebrivi arsebis mSoblad iyo
miCneuli. igi titanebma daglijes da
SeWames; am umowyalo saqcielis gamo
zevsma isini ferflad aqcia. titanTa
ferflidan aRmocenda kacTa modgma,
romelic or sawyiss moicavs: samSvinvelszeciur, dionisur elements,
romelic RmrTaebriobasTanaa kavSirSi, da sxeulsbnel, titanursa da
materialur elements. orfizmis mTavari mniSvneloba isaa, rom man asketuri Zalisxmeva daukavSira RmrTaebrivis
winaSe adamianis pasuxismgeblobas da
daamkvidra sikvdilis Semdeg gasamrjelos arsebobis idea. orfizmidan
momdinare eTikuri muxti berZnulma
filosofiam gaiTavisa, xolo moxetiale orfistTa kultis orgiuli
elementebi da magiuri ritualebi
uaryofil iqna.

ostiari

osana n. hosana.
oservatore romano (LOsservatore
Romano)
vatikanis
saxelmwifos
yoveldRiuri gazeTi. italiis saxelmwifo arqivSi 1870 wlis Semdeg moTavsebuli saqme 162/1110 LOsservatore
Romano pap pius IX-is nebiT gazeTis
daarsebis dokumenturi sabuTia. axali gazeTi 1861 wlis ivnisSi italiis ministrTa sabWom da pap pius IX-m
daamtkices. gazeTis pirveli nomeri
imave wlis 1 ivliss daibeWda. oservatore romano pirvelive dRidan papis
naazrevis gavrcelebas emsaxureba da
mWidrod TanamSromlobs romis kuriis
uwyebebTan. gazeTis yoveldRiuri gamocema italiur enaze ibeWdeba. garda
amisa, arsebobs misi versiebi frangul (1949), inglisur (1968), espanur
(1969), portugaliursa (1970) da germanul enebze (1971). 1980 wlidan ibeWdeba oservatore romanos gamocema
polonur enaze.
osia n. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.
ostensoriumi (Ostensorio) [laT. ostensorium (sityvidan ostensus, namyos
mimReoba zmnisa ostendere Cveneba)]
saeklesio nivTi, romelic gamoiyeneba
nakurTxi hostiis morwmuneTaTvis saTayvaneblad gamosatanad da evqaristiuli kurTxevis gasacemad. esaa SuSiT
daculi luskumi, saidanac hostia moCans. misi xmareba XIV saukunis Semdeg
damkvidrda.
ostiari (Ostiario) [laT. ostiarius,
nawarmoebia sityvidan ostium karebi] sasuliero piri, romelmac ostiariatis mcire xeldasxma miiRo.

238

ostiariati

ostiariati (Ostiariato) [laT. ostiarius (sityvidan ostium karebi)]

pirveli oTxi mcire xeldasxmidan,
romelsac sasuliero piri mRvdlad
kurTxevamde iRebda da romelic dRes
ukve gauqmebulia. ostiaris movaleobebSi Sedioda eklesiis gaReba da
daxurva, misi darajoba, morwmuneTa
miReba, uRirsTaTvis eklesiaSi Sesvlis
akrZalva da zarebis darekva.
oqros wesi (Regola aurea) ase ewodeba
iesos safuZvelmdeb wess: yvelaferSi,
rogorc gindaT, rom mogeqcnen adamianebi, Tqvenc iseve moeqeciT maT. vinaidan es aris rjuli da winaswarmetyvelni (maT. 7:12, Sdr. luk. 6:31).
es maqsima kargad iyo cnobili Zvelad,
gansakuTrebiTiudaizmSi. qristianTaTvis is siyvaruliskacTmoyvarebis

konteqstSi unda iqnas aRTqmuli da

gaazrebuli.
oqtava (Ottava) [laT. octava (dies)
merve (dRe)] rva dRisagan Semdgari
liturgiuli periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic grZeldeba religiuri dResaswauli. dRes SemorCenilia mxolod
saSobao da saaRdgomo oqtavebi.
oqtaviariumi (Ottavario) [laT. octavarium, nawarmoebia sityvidan octava]
locvisa da meditaciisaTvis gankuTvnili rvadRiani periodi, romelic
miznad isaxavs religiuri dResaswaulisTvis momzadebas an rame mniSvnelovani movlenisaTvis qristianTa
ganwyobas (aseTi SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, qristianTa erToba; n. qristianTa erTobisaTvis locvis kvireuli).
ocdameaTe dRe n. Trigesima (dies).

pavlelni (Paolini/e) am saxeliT arian cnobilni: a) poloneTis pirveli
gandegilis, wmida pavles monazvnebi
(Ordo Fratrum sancti Pauli primi Eremitae), XIII saukunis Sua wlebSi ungreTSi daarsebuli maTi samonastro
kongregacia swrafad gavrcelda poloneTSi, avstriaSi, italiasa da germaniaSi; b) wmida pavles sazogadoebis
wevrebi, romelic 1904 wels albaSi
(kuneo) jakomo alberionem (1884-1971)
daaarsa, 1949 wels ki papma pius XII-m
daamtkica. wmida pavles samoweseo organizaciaTa wevrebi sazogadoebrivi
komunikaciis yvela saSualebis gamoyenebiT misdeven samociqulo saqmianobas, rac namdvil qadagebad miiCneva
da sityviT qadagebas utoldeba. maTi
samociqulo saqmianoba, romelsac italiaSi wmida pavles sagamomcemlo
jgufi uwevs koordinirebas, sxvadasxva
seqtorebad iyofa da moicavs ara mxolod sagamomcemlo saqmianobas (magaliTad, wmida pavles gamomcemlobis
mier dastambuli calkeuli Sromebi
da perioduli gamocemebi, romelTa
Soris umTavresia familia kristiana da jezu), aramed komunikaciis
sxva saSualebebsac (magaliTad, wmida
pavles audio-vizualuri gamocemebi).
wmida pavles sazogadoebis garda, don

alberionem daaarsa agreTve qalTa

oTxi samoweseo kongregacia (wmida
pavles asulebi, RmrTaebrivi maswavleblis saTno mowafeni, iesokeTili mwyemsis monazvnebi, mociqulTa
dedofal mariamis monazvnebi), oTxi
saero instituti da TanamSromelTa
asociaciebi da amgvarad misca dasabami wmida pavles ojaxs. g) agreTve,
pavlelni ewodebaT, 1920 wels milanSi daaarsebuli da 1950 wels damtkicebuli wmida pavles sazogadoebis
saero institutis wevrebs (n. saero
instituciebi).
pavles privilegia (Privilegio paolino)
aRniSnavs ori araqristiani meuRlis
qorwinebis gauqmebis SesaZleblobas
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erT-erTi maTgani qristianobas iRebs, meore ki uars
acxadebs am axal viTarebaSi mSvidobian Tanacxovrebaze (Sdr. 1kor. 7:12-16;
CIC, kan. 1143). n. petres privilegia.
pavles werilebi (Lettere di San Paolo)
wmida pavles werilTa krebuli 14
werils Seicavs, anu, ufro sworad,
misi saxeliT 14 werilia moRweuli.
maT Sorisaa ebraelTa mimarT werilic, romelic wmida pavles naazrevs
asaxavs, Tumca, mecnierTa erTsulovani

pavlikianelni

daskvniT, uSualod misi dawerili ar

unda iyos. saubaria sxvadasxva viTarebaSi daweril gansxvavebuli moculobisa da xasiaTis werilebze, romelTa
mizanic iyo gaugebrobis gaqarwyleba,
swavlebis damatebisa da dazustebis
miwodeba, dapirispirebis aRmofxvra,
siyvarulisa da madlierebis gamoxatva.
qristes Semdeg 51-67 wlebSi dawerili
es werilebi qristianobis uZveles teqstebs ganekuTvneba da asaxavs pirvel
qristianTa cxovrebas, swavlebasa da
liturgias. maTSi erTmaneTs enacvleba
dayvaveba da mkacri toni, umartivesi
miTiTebebi da umaRles WeSmaritebaTa
Sesaxeb gansja. werilebi maleve Seikriba krebulad saxelwodebiT corpus
paulinum, romlis arsebobas wyaroebi mociqulTa moRvaweobis xanaSive
adastureben da mas axali aRTqmis sxva
nawerTa Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWeben
(Sdr. petr. 3:16; wmida egnate, efeselTa
mimarT, 12:2). II saukunis bolos, aRmSenebelTa kanonis CamonaTvalSi Sevida yvela xsenebuli werili, ebraelTa
mimarT werilis garda. yvelaze mkacri
Tanamedrove kritikosebic ki aRiareben am werilTa umravlesobis avTentikurobas, Tumca arsebobs eWvi samwyso
werilTa (1 da 2 tim.) da efeselTa da
koloselTa mimarT werilebis avTentikurobis Taobaze. sakamaToa ara imdenad werilTa warmoSoba, ramdenadac
ufro stili da meorexarisxovani detalebi, romlebic advilad SeiZleba
mieweros pavles mowafeebsa da TanaSemweebs. qvemoT mocemulia werilTa
nusxa, romelic dayofilia sam jgufad
yvelaze gavrcelebuli qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobis Sesabamisad: pirveli didi werilebi: 1) 1Tes.: Tesaloni-

240
kelTa sakrebulosadmi (makedonia, saberZneTi) miwerili pirveli werili;
2)2Tes.: TesalonikelTa mimarT miwerili meore werili; 3) 1kor.: korinTos
sakrebulosadmi miwerili pirveli
werili; 4) 2kor.: korinTos sakrebulosadmi miwerili meore werili; 5)
gal.: galatiis (TurqeTi) sakrebulosadmi miwerili werili; 6) rom.: romis sakrebulosadmi miwerili werili.
sapyrobileSi dawerili werilebi: 7)
fil.: filipelTa (makedonia, saberZneTi) sakrebulosadmi miwerili werili; 8) fil.: werili filimonisadmi
(kolosi, mcire azia, TurqeTi); 9)
kol.: kolosis (mcire azia, TurqeTi)
sakrebulosadmi miwerili werili. 10)
efes.: efesos (mcire azia, TurqeTi)
sakrebulosadmi miwerili werili.
samwyso werilebi: 11) 1tim.: pirveli
werili timoTesadmi (efeso, TurqeTi);
12) tit.: werili titesadmi (kreta);
13) 2tim.: meore werili timoTesadmi
(efeso, TurqeTi).
pavlikianelni (Pauliciani) VII-XII saukuneebSi bizantiis imperiaSi gavrcelebuli gnostikur-dualisturi seqta.
savaraudod, dauzustebeli warmoSobisa da saxelwodebis pirveli sazogadoeba somxeTSi, kobosaSi aRmocenda.
seqtis mimdevrebi saRmrTo werilidan
mxolod axali aRTqmis erT nawils
iRebdnen da uaryofdnen Zvel aRTqmas; uaryofdnen ieso qristes gankacebas, radganac, maTi azriT, qriste ara
RmrTis Svili, aramed mxolod dedamiwaze movlenili angelosi iyo; ar aRiarebdnen saeklesio ierarqias da monazvnobas, wmida xatebsa da saidumloT.

241
pala (Pala) [laT. pala] sakurTxevelSi, CarCoSi moTavsebuli didi suraTi
(cnobilia, mag. veneciaSi, wmida markozis bazilikis sakurTxevlis pala);
aseve, pala (Palla) [longobardulidan
palla] ewodeba barZimze gadasafareblad gankuTvnil gaxamebuli qsovilis
kvadratul naWers.
palatinumis salocavebi (Palatine,
chiese/cappelle)
[laT.
Palatinus
(borcvi, romelzec imperatoris rezidencia mdebareobda)] ase ewodeba
saxelmwifos meTaurisa da misi ojaxis
religiur saWiroebaTaTvis gankuTvnil
eklesiebsa an kapelebs. aseTi eklesiebi imisaTvis aRmocenda, raTa saxelmwifos meTaurs miscemoda SesaZlebloba, episkoposTa mxridan akrZalvis
safrTxis miuxedavad, moexada Tavisi
religiuri vali. aqedan gamomdinare,
am tipis eklesiebi ar eqvemdebareboda
episkoposTa iurisdiqcias, xelisufals hqonda saeklesio xelmZRvanelTa
dasaxelebisa da palatinumis salocavebze sakuTrebis ufleba.
palestina (Palestina) (=Filistea, filis_timelTa miwa) am saxeliT moixseniebdnen berZnebi da romaelebi
is_raelis miwas, xmelTaSua zRvidan
siria-arabeTis udabnomde da libanidan mkvdar zRvamde. saxelwodeba momdinareobs filistimelTa tomis saxelidan, romelic qristemde XIII-XII
saukuneebSi saxlobda xmelTaSua zRvis
sanapiroze (Sdr. msaj. 13-16 da 1mef.)
bibliis teqstSi es saxeli samjer
gvxvdeba (fsalm. 83:8; 87:4; dan. 8:9).
palingenezi (Palingenesi) [berZ. plin
xelaxla+ghnesis Seqmna, dabade-

paliumi

ba] termini SeiZleba aRniSnavdes

rogorc adamianis xelaxal dabadebas sikvdilis Semdeg (individualuri
palingenezi), ise samyaros xelaxal
aRorZinebas misi ganadgurebis Semdeg
(kosmosuri palingenezi). am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT saubrobdnen palingenezze stoikosebi. Zvel aRTqmaSi
winaswarmetyvelTa mier gamocxadebuli palingenezi gulisxmobs rogorc
ebraelTa dabrunebas devnilobidan
da miwieri ierusalemis aRdgenas, ise
zeciuri ierusalemis dabadebas, romelic yvela xalxebs moicavs. axal
aRTqmaSi palingenezi ukavSirdeba
naTlisRebisas suli wmidis ganaxlebas (tit. 3:5) da miemarTeba qristes
daboloo dabrunebas, anu mis meored
mosvlas.
palioti (Paliotto) [nawarmoebia sityvidan palio alami, droSa]
XV saukunidan termini aRniSnavda
sakurTxevlis wina nawilis pirnakeTobas, Sesrulebuls ama Tu im dRis
liturgiuli feris qsoviliT. SemdgomSi sityvam mniSvneloba Seicvala
da aRniSnavs TviT sakurTxevlis wina
mxares,
romelic
sxvadasxvagvarad
SeiZleba iyos mopirkeTebuli (mag.,
oqroTi da vercxliT mopirkeTebuli
milanis wmida ambrosis bazilikis
palioti).
paliumi (Pallio) [laT. pallium mosasxami] Savi feris jvrebiT moqarguli TeTri Salis qsovilis zoli,
romelic rkalisebradaa Semoxveuli mxrebze, ise, rom misi boloebi
mcirediT gadmokidulia mkerdsa da
zurgze. qsovili mzaddeba ori TeTri

palma

kravis matylisgan, romlebsac yovelwliurad uZRvnian paps wmida agnesis

dResaswaulze. misi tarebis ufleba
mxolod papsa da mitropolitebs aqvT:
mitropoliti valdebulia, episkoposad kurTxevidan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi piradad an rwmunebulis
meSveobiT sTxovos romis pontifeqss
paliumi, gamomxatveli Zalauflebisa,
romelsac romis eklesiasTan TanaziarebaSi kanonierad iZens mitropoliti
sakuTar provinciaSi (CIC, kan. 437).
palma (Palma) bibliaSi warmatebis
(fsal. 92:13), sibrZnis (zir. 24:14),
silamazis (qeb. 7:8) simboloa. mis
rtoebs gamarjvebis niSnad atarebdnen.
qristianul xelovnebaSi palma mowameobis niSania da rwmenisaTvis mowameTa
gamarjvebas aRniSnavs.
palotielni (Pallottini) ase iwodebian
kaTolikuri samociqulo misioneruli
sazogadoebis (Societas Apostolatus
Catholici, Tavdapirvelad ewodebodaT, agreTve, Pia Societas Missionum)
wevrebi, romlebic ara aRTqmebs, aramed mxolod pirobebs deben (siRatakis, ubiwobis, morCilebis, erToblivi
cxovrebis, saeklesio wodebebze uaris Tqmis pirobebs). sazogadoeba 1835
wels vinCenco palotim (1795-1850,
kanonizebulia 1963) daaarsa, Tumca
sabolood is mxolod 1904 wels iqna
damtkicebuli pap pius X-is mier. dRes
organizaciis wevrebi ewevian samwyso
saqmianobas samrevloebsa da maT gareT, jgufebsa da asociaciebSi, muSaoben zrdasrulTa momzadebasa da
axalgazrdaTa aRzrdaze, usinaTloTa
saxlebsa da cixeebSi. garda amisa, ex-

242
marebian sanaxaobebze, gamofenebsa da
sastumroebSi momuSave kaTolikeebs.
maT damaxasiaTebel amocanaTa ricxvs
ganekuTvneba emigranTa Soris samwyso saqmianoba da misioneroba. mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvT Setanili publicistur saqmianobaSi. palotielTa
sazogadoeba 2000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs da msoflios yvela kuTxeSi
saqmianobs. misi mmarTveli organo
romSi mdebareobs. pirveli msoflio
omis Semdeg organizaciaSi samociqulo da mariamiseuli suliskveTebis
ganaxlebis moZraobis Sedegad Camoyalibda Sonstatis samociqulo moZraoba (cnobili saxelwodebiT Sonstatis instituti), romelic 1964
wels pavle VI-m palotinelTa organizaciisagan ganacalkeva. palotinel
qalTa Sto (Congregatio Sororum
Apostolatus Catholici), saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianobis garda, ZiriTadad, mozard
gogonaTa aRzrdiTaa dakavebuli.
panaRia(Panaghia)[berZ.panyvela-_
feri+ghios-is uwmidesi mdedrobiTis forma] bizantiur liturgiaSi
wmida qalwul mariamis wodeba; termini aRniSnavs, agreTve, mis pativsacemad
nakurTx purs; mRvdelmTavris mkerdze
satarebeli mcire zomis xati.
panegiriki (Panegirico) [berZ. paneghyriks (lgos) sityva TavSeyrili
sazogadoebis winaSe] Zvelad ase ewodeboda berZeni xalxis sazeimo Tavyrilobaze warmoTqmul saxotbo sityvas,
SemdeggamoCenili pirovnebis, rogorc wesi, wmidanis, saqebar sityvas,
warmoTqmuls misi xsenebis dResaswaulze.

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panTeizmi (Panteismo) [berZ. pan
yovelive+thes RmerTi] pirvelad
XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi gamoyenebuli
es termini aRniSnavs yvela im swavlebas, romelTa Tanaxmadac, RmerTi yoveliveSi cocxlobs rogorc erTaderTi,
absoluturi, maradiuli, usasrulo
da upiro substancia, ise rom RmerTSi
erTmaneTs emTxveva absoluturi yofna
da cocxali da Semoqmedi buneba. panTeizmis elementebi, romelsac saukuneTa manZilze gansxvavebulad ganmartavdnen, gxvdeba calkeul aRmosavlur
religiebSi, sokratemdeli berZeni
filosofosebis monizmsa da, mogvianebiT, materialistur stoicizmSi.
panTeizmis mimdevrebi iyvnen, aseve,
aRorZinebis xanis naturalisti filosofosebi (j. bruno, b. telezio da
sxv.). ganviTarebis mwvervals panTeizmi
spinozas filosofiaSi aRwevs. spinozas Tanaxmad, calkeuli sagnebi da arsebebi sufTa droebiTi saSualebebia,
samyaro ki RmrTaebriv substanciasTan
igivdeba. germanelma idealistebma
miiRes RmrTis bunebasTan spinozaseuli gaigiveba (Deus sive natura),
Tumca ganixilavdnen mTlianobas, rogorc daqvemdebarebuls gangrZobiTi
qmnadobisadmi, romelSic absoluturi
Tavis RmrTaebriobas ganmartavs.
panTeoni (Pantheon) [berZ. pantheon
(hiern) yvela RmrTisa (taZari)]
RmrTaebaTa erToblioba poliTeistur
religiur sistemaSi. Zvelad termini
aRniSnavda, agreTve, RmrTaebaTa erTobliobisadmi miZRvnil taZars. panTeonis koncefciis mixedviT, RmrTaebrivi
samyaro ierarqiuladaa mowyobili
da yovel RmrTaebas aqvs sakuTari

paolelebi

pirovneba, xasiaTi da funqcia, romlebic maT saTanado identurobas aniWebs.

pantokratori (Pantocratore) [berZ.
pan yvelaferi+nawarmoebi forma
sityvisa krtos Zalaufleba; aRniSnavs yovlisSemZles] qristes, samyaros uflis, erT-erTi gansazRvreba; aRmosavleTSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli swored qriste pantokratoris
gamosaxulebaa. qriste SeiZleba iyos
gamosaxuli mTlianad, rogorc es mraval afsidaSi gvxvdeba: taxtze mjdomi
macxovari akurTxebs mayurebels, misi
figura mTel navze dominirebs. ufro
xSiria qriste pantokratoris mkerdamde gamosaxulebani, sadac marcxena
xelSi mas saxareba upyria, marjvenaTi
ki kurTxevas iZleva.
panfsiqizmi (Panpsichismo) [berZ.
pan yvelaferi+psych samSvinveli] koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac
yvelafers bunebaSi adamianis msgavsi
fsiqikuri aqtivoba, anu samSvinveli
aqvs. am filosofiur koncefcias iziarebdnen empedokle, heraklite da,
umTavresad, aRorZinebis xanis naturalisti filosofosebi: b. telezio,
j. bruno, t. kampanela da sxvani. j.
bruno gvTavazobs cnebas anima
mundi, romelSic sxvadasxva saganTa
Tu arsebaTa calkeuli samSvinvelebi
gamoiyofa.
paolelebi (Paolotti) 1435 wels franCesko di paolas mier daarsebuli mcireTa ordenis wevrebi. aseve iwodebian
wmida bikentius dei paolis kongregaciis wevrebi (n. lazarelni) da 1833

papi

wels a. f. ozanamis mier daarsebuli

wmida bikenti dei paolis konferenciaTa wevrebi.
papi (Papa) [berZ. pppas, SemdgomSi
ppas; laT. papa; warmoadgens kninobiT formas sityvisa padre mama]
qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi papad iwodeboda yvela mRvdelmsaxuri
da episkoposi. romis episkoposis papad
xsenebis pirveli dokumentia wmida
kalisTes eklesiaSi aRmoCenili diakon severusis (296-304) warwera. IV
saukunis dasasruls papi romis episkoposis specifikur wodebad, VIII saukunidan kimis gamorCeul titulad
iqca. amave dros, iwyebs damkvidrebas
gamoTqma Summus Pontifex (umaRlesi
pontifeqsi), romelic manamde mxolod
qristesTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneboda.
qristes vikariusis cneba ki XIII saukunidan damkvidrda. papi, romis episkoposi da wmida petres memkvidre, romelic
iesom mTeli Tavisi samwysos mwyemsad
daadgina (ioan. 21:15-17) da romelsac
Tavisi eklesiis gasaRebi miando (maT.
16:18-19) aris samaradiso da xiluli
sawyisi da safuZveli rogorc episkoposTa, ise morwmuneTa erTianobisa
(LG, 23). marTlac, romis pontifeqss,
rogorc qristes vikariussa da mTeli
eklesiis mwyemss, eklesiaze aqvs sruli,
uzenaesi da universaluri Zalaufleba, romlis aRsrulebac mudam Tavisuflad SeuZlia (LG. 22; Sdr. CCC,
881-882).
qvemore moyvanilia papTa oficialuri
nusxa, papis weliwdeulis Tanaxmad:
wm. petre (gard. 64 an 67), wm. linusi
(67-76), wm. anaklete (an klete, 76-

244
88), wm. klementeI (88-97), wm. evariste
(97-105), wm. aleqsandreI (105-115), wm.
siqstusI (115-125), wm. telesfore (125136), wm. higiniusi (136-140), wm. piusI
(140-155), wm. aniketusi (155-166), wm.
soterusi (166-175), wm. elefTeriusi
(175-189), wm. viqtorI (189-199), wm. zefirinusi (199-217), wm. kalisTeI (217222), wm. urbanusI (222-230), wm. pontiane (230-235), wm. anTerosi (235-236),
wm. fabiane (236-250), wm. korneliusi
(251-253), wm. lucius
I (253-254), wm.
stefaneI (254-257), wm. siqstusII (257258), wm. dionisiusi (259-268), wm. feliqsI (269-274), wm. evtiqi (275-283),
wm. gaiozi (283-296), wm. marcelinusi
(296-304), wm. marcelius
I (308-309),
wm. evsebi (309 an 310), wm. miltiade
an melqiade (311-314), wm. silibistroI
(314-335), wm. markozi (336), wm. iuliusI (337-352), liberiusi (352-366),
wm. damasusI (366-384), wm. siriciusi
(384-399), wm. anastasi
I (399-401), wm.
inokentiI (401-417), wm. zosime (417418), wm. bonifaciusI (418-422), wm. celestineI (422-432), wm. siqstusIII (432440), wm. leon
I didi (440-461), wm.
hilariusi (461-468), wm. simpliciusi
(468-483), wm. feliqs
III
(II) (483-492),
wm. gelasiI (492-496), anastasiII (496498), wm. simaqusi (498-514), wm. hormizdasi (514-523), wm. ioaneI (523-526), wm.
feliqsIV (III) (526-530), bonifaciusII
(530-532), ioaneII (533-535), wm. agapiteI
(535-536), wm. silberiusi (536-537),
virgiliusi (537-555), pelagiusI (556561), ioaneIII (561-574), benediqteI (575579), pelagiusII (579-590), wm. grigolI
didi (590-604), sabiniane (604-606),
bonifaciusIII (607), wm. bonifaciusIV
(608-615), wm. adeodatus
I an deusde-

245
diti (615-618), bonifaciusV (619-625),
honoriusI (625-638), severinusi (640),
ioaneIV (640-642), TevdoreI (642-649),
wm. martineI (649-655), wm. evgeniI (654657), wm. vitaliane (657-672), adeodatusII (672-676), donusi (676-678),
wm. agaToni (678-681), wm. leonII (682683), wm. benediqteII (684-685), ioaneV
(685-686), kononi (686-687), wm. sergiI
(687-701), ioaneVI (701-705), ioaneVII
(705-707), sizinusi (708), konstantine (708-715), wm. grigolII (715-731),
wm. grigolIII (731-741), wm. zaqaria
(741-752), stefaneII(III) (752-757), wm.
pavleI (757-767), stefaneIII(IV) (768772), adrianeI (772-795), wm. leon
III
(795-816), stefaneIV(V) 816-817, wm.
pasqalisI (817-824), evgeniII (824-827),
valentinusi (827), grigolIV (827844), sergiII (844-847), wm. leon
IV
(847-855), benediqteIII (855-858), wm.
nikolozI (858-867), adrianeII (867872), ioaneVIII (872-882), marinusI
(882-884), wm. adriane
III (884-885),
stefaneV(VI) (885-891), formozusi
(891-896), bonifaciusVI (896), stefaneVI(VII)
(896-897),
romanozi
(897), TevdoreII (897), ioaneIX (898900), benediqteIV (900-903), leonV
(903), sergiIII (904-911), anastaseIII (911913), lando (913-914), ioaneX (914928), leonVI (928), stefaneVII(VIII)
(928-931), ioaneXI (931-935), leonVII
(936-939), stefaneVIII(IX) (939-942),
marinusII (942-946), agapiteII (946955), ioaneXII (955-964), leonVIII (963965), benediqteV (964-966), ioaneXIII
(965-972),
benediqteVI
(973-974),
benediqteVII (974-983), ioaneXIV (983984), ioaneXV (985-996), grigolV
(996-999), silibistroII (999-1003), io-

papi

aneXVII (1003), ioaneXVIII (1004-1009),

sergiIV
(1009-1012),
benediqteVIII
(1012-1024),
ioaneXIX
(1024-1032),
benediqteIX (pirvelad) (1032-1044),
silibistroIII (1045), benediqteIX
(meored) (1045), grigolVI (1045-1046),
klementeII (1046-1047), benediqteIX
(mesamed) (1047-1048), damasusII (1048),
wm. leonIX (1049-1054), viqtorII
(1055-1057), stefaneIX(X) (1057-1058),
nikolozII (1059-1061), aleqsandreII
(1061-1073), wm. grigolVII (1073-1085),
netari viqtorIII (1086-1087), netari
urbanusII (1088-1099), pasqalisII (10991118), gelasiII (1118-1119), kalisTeII
(1119-1124), honoriusII (1124-1130), inokentiII (1130-1143), celestineII (11431144), luciusII (1144-1145), netari evgeniIII (1145-1153), anastasiIV (1153-1154),
adrianeIV (1154-1159), aleqsandreIII
(1159-1181), luciusIII (1181-1185), urbanusIII (1185-1187), grigolVIII (1187),
klementeIII (1187-1191), celestineIII
(1991-1998), inokentiIII (1198-1216), honoriusIII (1216-1227), grigolIX (12271241), celestineIV (1241), inokentiIV
(1243-1254), aleqsandreIV (1254-1261),
urbanusIV (1261-1264), klementeIV
(1265-1268), netari grigol
X (12711276), netari inokentiV (1276), adrianeV (1276), ioaneXXI (1276-1277),
nikolozIII (1277-1280), martineIV
(1281-1285), honoriusIV (1285-1287),
nikolozIV (1288-1292), wm. celestineV (1294), bonifaciusVIII (12941303), netari benediqte
XI (1303-1304),
klementeV (1305-1314), ioaneXXII (13161334), benediqteXII (1334-1342), klementeVI (1342-1352), inokentiVI (13521362), netari urbanus
V (1362-1370),
grigolXI (1370-1378), urbanVI (1378-

papizmi

1389), bonifaciusIX (1389-1404), inokentiVII (1404-1406), grigolXII (14061415), martineV (1417-1431), evgeniIV
(1431-1447), nikolozV (1447-1455),
kalisTeIII (1455-1458), piusII (14581464), pavleII (1464-1471), siqstusIV
(1471-1484), inokentiVIII (1484-1492),
aleqsandreVI (1492-1503), piusIII (1503),
iuliusII (1503-1513), leonX (1513-1521),
adrianeVI (1522-1523), klementeVII
(1523-1534), pavleIII (1534-1549), iuliusIII (1550-1555), marceliusII (1555),
pavleIV (1555-1559), piusIV (1559-1565),
wm. piusV (1566-1572), grigolXIII
(1572-1585), siqstusV (1585-1590), urbanusVII (1590), grigolXIV (1590-1591),
inokentiIX (1591), klementeVIII (15921605), leonXI (1605), pavleV (16051621), grigolXV (1621-1623), urbanVIII
(1623-1644), inokentiX (1644-1655),
aleqsandreVII (1655-1667), klementeIX
(1667-1669), klementeX (1670-1676),
netari inokentiXI (1676-1689), aleqsandreVIII (1689-1691), inokentiXII
(1691-1700), klementeXI (1700-1721),
inokentiXIII (1721-1724), benediqteXIII
(1724-1730), klementeXII (1730-1740),
benediqteXIV (1740-1758), klementeXIII
(1758-1769), klementeXIV (1769-1774),
piusVI (1775-1799), piusVII (18001823), leonXII (1823-1829), piusVIII
(1829-1830), grigolXVI (1831-1846),
netari piusIX (1846-1878), leonXIII
(1878-1903), wm. pius
X (1903-1914),
benediqteXV (1914-1922), piusXI (19221939), piusXII (1939-1958), netari ioaneXXIII (1958-1963), pavleVI (19631978), ioane pavleI (1978), netari ioane pavleII (1978-2005), benediqteXVI
(2005-).

246
papizmi (Papismo) [frang. papisme
(sityvidan pape papi)] amgvarad
moixseniebdnen protestantebi kaTolike eklesias mis mimarT arakeTilganwyobis gamosaxatavad.
papis kari (Famiglia pontificia) saeklesio da saero pirTagan Semdgari papis
kari, romelic pontifeqsis pirad da
sameurneo saqmianobas warmarTavs. erT
dros is Zalze mravalricxovani iyo,
rac warmomadgenlobiTi xasiaTis mizezebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, amJamad
ki, ukanasknel pontifeqsTa surviliT,
mxolod uaRresad aucilebel personals moicavs.
papis komisiebi da komitetebi (Pontificie Commissioni e Comitati) romis
kuriis struqturebi, romlebic eklesiis sxvadasxva saWiroebebs emsaxureba.
esenia: papis bibliuri komisia; saerTaSoriso Teologiuri komisia; vulgatas redaqtirebisa da Sesworebis papis
komisia; saRmrTo arqeologiis papis
komisia; papis komisia Ecclesia Dei;
pompeis, loretosa da baris papis salocavTa sakardinalo komisia; romis
kuriis sadisciplino komisia; wmida
saydris prescentri; eklesiis mTavari
statistikuri uwyeba; saerTaSoriso
evqaristiul kongresTa papis komiteti; istoriul mecnierebaTa papis
komiteti; vatikanis II krebis arqivi;
Sveicariuli gvardiis korpusi.
papis kursori (Cursore pontificio)
[laT. cursor kurieri] romis kuriis
Tanamdebobis piri, romelic acxadebda
kardinalebisa da elCebis daniSvnis an
Sekrebis cnobebs.

247
papis sabWoebi (Pontifici Consigli) romis kuriis uwyebebi, romlebic romis
paps exmarebian misi umaRlesi samwyso
msaxurebis SesrulebaSi sayovelTao
eklesiisa da calkeul eklesiaTa sakeTildReod (Pastor bonus, par. 1).
amJamad moqmedebs Semdegi sabWoebi:
saeroTa; qristianTa erTianobis xelisSemwyobi; ojaxis; samarTlianobisa
da mSvidobis; Cor unum; migrantTa
da adgilmonacvleTa Soris samwyso
saqmianobis; samedicino muSakTa Soris
samwyso saqmianobis; sakanonmdeblo teqstTa ganmartebis; religiaTaSorisi
dialogis; aramorwmuneebTan dialogis; kulturis; socialur komunikaciaTa.
papis saxelmwifo/saeklesio saxelmwifo (Stato pontificio/ Stato della
Chiesa) papis saxelmwifos teritoria didebulTa da imperatorTa mier
papisaTvis Sewiruli da naanderZevi
qonebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda, ris
Sedegadac ukve VI saukuneSi papi imJamindeli italiis umdidresi miwaTmflobeli gaxda. am procesSi gadamwyveti gardatexa VIII saukuneSi moxda
frank xelmwifeTa wyalobiT: stefane
II-sa da mefe pipins Soris gaformebuli
kerzis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze (754),
longobardTa samefos ganadgurebis
SemTxvevaSi paps garentirebuli hqonda
romis, ravenis, veneciisa da istriis,
agreTve, spoletosa da beneventos
teritoriaTa floba. papis saxelmwifo formalurad aRiara imperatorma fridrix II-m egeris oqros buliT (1213), maqsimalur sidides ki man
iulius II-is (1503-1513) dros miaRwia.
1870 wels italiis axalCamoyalibebu-

papis upiratesoba

li saxelmwifos mier romis okupaciis

Sedegad papis saxelmwifom arseboba
Sewyvita. imJamindelma papma, pius IX-m
(1846-1878) Tavi vatikanis tyved gamoacxada da uari Tqva italiis saxelmwifos mier SeTavazebul calmxriv
garantiaTa kanonze (1871 wlis 13
maisi). amgvarad daedo dasabami romis
sakiTxs, romelic samoci wlis Semdeg,
lateranis xelSekrulebaTa gaformebiT (1929) gadaiWra.
papis saydari (Soglio pontificio) [laT.
solium, sityvidan solum niadagi]
papis taxti da, farTo mniSvnelobiT,
papis Zalaufleba da Rirseba.
papis taxti (Sedia gestatoria) taxti,
romliTac mihyavdaT papi pontifeqsis
taxtismtvirTvelebs wmida petres bazilikaSi sazeimo ceremoniebis dros.
dRes aRar gamoiyeneba.
papis upiratesoba (Primato del papa)
papis upiratesoba mociqul petres
memkvidres dedamiwaze ieso qristes
erTaderT vikariusad aRiarebs. romis episkoposTa pirveli mcdelobebi,
mTel eklesiaze ganevrcoT sakuTari
Zalaufleba, II-III saukuneebiT TariRdeba. IV saukunis dasasrulidan, gansakuTrebiT, leon I-sa da gelasi I-s
periodSi, romis episkoposis (n. papi)
upiratesoba (primati) sul ufro
mtkiced damkvidrda dasavleTSi, umTavresadadministraciuli samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, petres, rogorc
mociqulTa Tavis, uflebamosilebaze
dayrdnobiT (maT. 16:18). aman gamoiwvia mzardi konfliqtebi aRmosavlel
patriarqebTan. romis papebma SeZles
ganTavisufleba aRmosavleTis impe-

papoba

riisaTvis tipuri cezaropapizmisagan

da centralur italiaSi Cauyares
safuZveli sakuTar mmarTvelobas.
amgvarad, droTa ganmavlobaSi, romis episkoposi sulTa mwyemsidan TandaTanobiT teritoriebis mflobel
xelisuflad iqca da, gansakuTrebiT,
inokenti III-isa (1198-1216) da bonifacius VIII-is (1294-1303) dros eklesiasa
da msoflioSi erTaderT mbrZaneblad
damkvidrebis moTxovna wamoayena, riTac uaryofili iqna pirveli aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli
eklesiis saepiskoposo, kolegialuri
da sinoduri (an krebis) tradicia.
amgvar viTarebasTan dapirispireba
scada Sua saukuneTa miwurulisaTvis
konciliarizmma, xolo Tanamedrove
xanaSi episkopalizmisa da galikanobis
moZraobebma. tridentis krebis Semdeg
papis upiratesoba da kuriis centraluri roli antiprotestantuli brZolis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad iqca.
vatikanis I krebam kidev ufro ganamtkica papis rolis centraluroba da,
iurisdiqciul upiratesobTan erTad,
gamoacxada dogma papis upiratesobisa
da papis umcdomlobis Sesaxeb. maTi
Semdgomi dazusteba da Sevseba moxda
vatikanis II krebis mier miRebuli kolegiurobis swavlebis saSualebiT.
episkoposTa konferenciebi (romelTa
rolic axlo warsulSi xelaxla iqna
aRiarebuli) da axali saepiskoposo
sinodebi xels uwyobs, ganvlil saukuneebTan SedarebiT, papis upiratesobis
gansxvavebuli formiT Camoyalibebas.
papoba (Papato) [laT. papatus] termini aRniSnavs rogorc papis Rirsebas,
romeli periodis ganmavlobaSic papi

248
aRasrulebs Tavis Zaluflebas, aseve
papobis wminda istoriul instituts.
paradosisi (Pardosis) [berZ.] kaTolikur TeologiaSi aRniSnavs gamocxadebuli WeSmaritebis gadacemis processa da gadacemul Sinaarss,
rogorc suli wmidis mier marTuli
eklesiis cxovrebis moments. rTulia
misi damokidebuleba saRmrTo werilTan, romelic TviT gadmocemis mkafio Camoyalibebis moments warmoadgens.
paraliturgia (Paraliturgia) [sityvebidan para+liturgia] msaxurebis is
saxeebi, romlebic ver CaiTvleba srul
liturgiad, Tumca Seicavs liturgiul elementebs. aseTia RmrTis sityvis msaxureba. is unda waxalisdes
mRvdelmsaxurTa naklebobis adgilebSi, gansakuTrebiT, did dResaswaulTa
momzadebisas.
paramentumi (Paramenti) [gvianlaT.
paramentum, zmnidan parare momzadeba] liturgiuli saRmrTo samosi
da saeklesio regaliebi.
paraskevi (Parasceve) [berZ. paraskeu
momzadeba] aRniSnavda SabaTis an
dResaswaulis wina dRes (maT. 27:62;
mark. 15:42; luk. 23:54; ioan. 19:31). esaa
dResaswaulis an SabaTismTlianad
dasvenebisaTvis miZRvnili dRisaTvis,
sakvebis momzadebisa Tu sxva saWiro
samzadisisaTvis gankuTvnili dRe.
parenezisi
(Parensi/parenetico)
[berZ. paranesis, zmnidan parainein
Segoneba] qristianuli qadageba,
romelsac Segonebisa da gafrTxilebis

249
xasiaTi aqvs. rogorc egzegetikuri
cneba, aRniSnavs bibliur literaturul Janrs, romelic Seicavs Segonebas, waqezebas, damoZRvras; is xSirad
rwmenis praqtikul-zneobrivi xasiaTis moTxovnilebebs eTikis formiT
warmoadgens, im warmarTuli garemos
gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic biblia viTardeba.
parsebi (Parsi) [sityvidan parsi
sparseli] im adamianTa STamomavlebi, romlebic zaraTuStras religias
misdevdnen da arabTa mier sparseTis
dapyrobis Semdeg (650) sakuTari religiis SenarCunebis mizniT indoeTs
Seafares Tavi. parsizmSi zaraTuStras
Tavdapirveli aSkara dualizmi monoTeistur mimdinareobaTa gavleniT
Serbilda; misi mimdevrebi aRiareben
brZeni uflis (ahura mazdas) upiratesobas borot sulze (ahrimanze). religiuri safuZvlis mqone eTikis centraluri sagania swori gadawyvetileba da arCevani adamianisa, romelmac
Tavisi azriT, sityviTa da qmedebiT
sikeTisaTvis unda iRvawos da borotebas unda ebrZolos. samyarosa da adamianis xatebas sikeTisa da borotebis
samefoebad mkafio dayofa axasiaTebs.
adamianma unda gadawyvitos, Tu romel
maTgans surs miekuTvnebodes da romlisaTvis surs brZola. rac Seexeba
ritualebs, umTavresad miCneulia
wmida cecxlTan da cecxlis taZarSi
msxverplSewirvasTan
dakavSirebuli
wesebi. cecxli (atari) gaRmerTebuli
araa, Tumca miRebulia ganwmedisa da
siwmidis saSualebad da ahura mazdas
simbolod.

paseqi

parusia (Parusia) [berZ. parousa daswreba] TeologiaSi aRniSnavs qristes

mxsnel Tanaswrebas, umTavresad ganxorcielebuls xsnis istoriis daskvniT
fazaSi, mis srulad gamoaSkaravebisas. Cveulebriv, mas aigiveben qristes
meored mosvlasTan JamTa aRsasruls
(Sdr. 1Tes. 2:19; 3:13; 5:23).
paseqi (Pasqua) [berZ. (septuagintidan) pscha, rac Targmania ebrauli
sityvisa psah gadasvla] yvelaze
mniSvnelovani religiuri dResaswauli
rogorc ebraelTa, ise qristianTaTvis, romelTaTvisac is liturgiuli
wlis namdvil kulminacias warmoadgens. Tavdapirvelad es iyo pirveli
mosavlis dResaswauli rogorc miwaTmoqmedTaTvis (Sdr. gam. 12:14, Smd.;
34:25), ise mwyemsTaTvis (gazafxulis
mTvaris movanebisas msxverplad iwireboda faris pirveli namati), Semdeg
egviptidan Tavis daRwevis aRsaniSnav
zeimad iqca da mas nisanis Tvis 14
ricxvSi zeimobdnen. ebraelTaTvis es
dResaswauli egvipteSi dabadebul
pirvelSobilTa sikvdilis gaxsenebasa
da gamosvlis dasawyiss ukavSirdeba
(gam. 12; lev. 23:5; ricxv. 28:16; rjl.
16:1; ies. 5:10, Smd.; es. 30:29; mark. 14:1,
Smd.). qristianTaTvis ki paseqi niSnavs
aRdgomas da aRniSnavs iesos, axali
kravis, misvlas mamasTan (ioan. 13:1;
1kor. 5:7), sikvdilisa da mkvdreTiT
aRdgomis (ris sinonimadac iqca paseqi) gziT. paseqis serobis dros iesom
evqaristia daamkvidra (maT. 26:26, Smd.,
27:1, Smd.; mark. 14:12.22; 15:6; luk. 22:1-20;
Sdr. ioan. 2:13.23; 6:4; 11:55; 12:1; 13:1; 19:14;
saqm. 12:4; 1kor. 11:23, Smd.; ebr. 11:28).
sapaseqo msaxurebas win uZRvis samdRi-

pasionistebi

uri (n. didi xuTSabaTi; didi paraskevi; didi SabaTi) da iwyeba sazeimo
sapaseqo ciskari, romelic moicavs
cecxlisa da sapaseqo sanTlis kurTxevas (rac qristes, samyaros sinaTlis, simboloa), saaRdgomo galobas,
RmrTis sityvis mosmenas, wylis kurTxevas, naTlobis aRTqmaTa ganaxlebasa
da evqaristiul liturgias.
pasionistebi (Passionisti/e) wmida
pavle jvrisas (paolo dela kroCe;
paolo danei, 1694-1775) mier XVIII
saukunis dasawyisSi daarsebuli kongregacia saxelwodebiT Cveni uflis,
ieso qristes vnebisa da wmida jvris
fexSiSveli samRvdeloni (laT. passiovneba). kongregaciis pirveli
monasteri 1737 wels, arjentarios
mTaze aigo, dasaxlebul adgilTagan
moSorebiT, rac Semdeg Cveulebad
iqca. garda sami tradiciuli aRTqmisa, kongregaciis wevrebi valdebulebas iReben, xeli Seuwyon morwmuneTa
Soris qristes vnebisadmi Tayvaniscemis
gavrcelebas da sakuTari asketizmis
nimuSad tanjuli qriste daisaxon.
umTavresad ewevian saxalxo misionerobas da sulier wvrTnaTa qadagebas.
mniSvnelovania maTi misioneruli suliskveTeba. arsebobs kongregaciis qalTa Stoc, romlis wevrebic ZiriTadad mWvretelobiT cxovrebas misdeven.
patena (Patena) [berZ. patne TefSi, Semdeg laT. patena] rogorc wesi,
mooqrovili an movercxlili patara
TefSi, romelzec mRvdelmsaxuri debs
hostias evqaristiuli msaxurebis dros.
patieba (Remissione) [laT. remissio (zmnis remittere namyos mimReobis

250
formidan remissus)] codvaTa miteveba, ganxiluli, rogorc valis patieba. kanonikur samarTalSi ase ewodeba
sasjelis gauqmebas.
pativis migeba (Iperdulia) [iper+dulia] qalwul mariamis gansakuTrebuli
kulti, gankuTvnili misi siwmidisa da
RmrTaebrivi dedobis sadideblad. gansxvavdeba mowiwebisa (wmidaTaTvis gankuTvnili kulti) da Tayvaniscemisagan
(RmrTis kulti). n. Tayvaniscema.
patriarqi/sapatriarqo (Patriarca, Patriarcato) [berZ. patrirches (sityvidan patri warmomavloba + archs
meTauri), Semdeg laT. patriarca] sityva aRniSnavs rogorc ebraeli xalxis winaprebs, ise kaTolike eklesiis
calkeuli mniSvnelovani centrebisa
da aRmosavlur eklesiaTa episkoposebs:
a) pirveli mniSvnelobiT sityva, viwro
gagebiT, israelis tomis fuZemdeblebs
aRniSnavs: abrams, isaaksa da iakobs; gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT ki, agreTve,
adamidan abramamde tomis mamamTavrebs
(enuqi, maTusala, noe da sxvani, Sdr.
dab. 5:3-32); b) rac Seexeba terminis
meore mniSvnelobas, jer kidev nikeis
krebam (325) aRiara romis, antioqiisa
da aleqsandriis saepiskoposo rezidenciaTa gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba;
Semdeg konstantinopolis krebam (381)
maT ricxvs konstantinopolis, rogorc
axali romis kaTedrac miakuTvna, qalkedonis krebam ki (451) maT ierusalemis saepiskoposo kaTedris Rirseba
gauTanabra da aRniSna, rom konstantinopolis kaTedra umniSvnelovanesi iyo
aRmosavleTSi da uSualod mosdevda
romisas. droTa ganmavlobaSi, konstan-

251
tinopolis sapatriarqom msoflio
sapatriarqos wodeba miikuTvna da
man aRmosavleTis sxva sapatriarqoTa
saqmeebSi Carevis SemdgomSi tradiciuli ufleba moipova. dasavleTSi ki,
1451 wels daarsda veneciis sapatriarqo (rogorc VI saukuneSi daarsebuli
akvileis Zveli sapatriarqos mosaydre).
amerikis kontinentis aRmoCenis Semdeg
daarsda dasavleT indoeTis sapatriarqo, romlis mmarTveli uwyeba madridSi
mdebareobda. 1716 wels klemente
XI-m
lisabonis mTavarepiskoposs patriarqis tituli uboZa, leon XIII-m ki
goas (indoeTi) mTavarepiskoposs aRmosavleT indoeTis patriarqis wodeba
mianiWa. aRmosavleTis calkeul eklesiaTa romTan SeerTebis Semdeg yoveli
wesisaTvis calke patriarqi dainiSna
(maronitTa, melqitTa, somexTa, koptTa
da sxva wesTa patriarqebi). laTinur
eklesiaSi patriarqebi mxolod sapatio
wodebas atareben da maT marTvis rame
Zalaufleba ar gaaCniaT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac amgvari Zalaufleba zogierT maTgans samociqulo upiratesobis an damkvidrebuli tradiciis
ZaliT eniWeba (CIC, kan. 438).
patripasianizmi
(Patripassianismo)
[laT. pater mama + passio vneba]
II-III saukuneTa mijnaze aRmocenebuli
samebasTan dakavSirebuli eresi. mis
Tanaxmad, wmida samebis sami pirovneba sinamdvileSi mxolod erTaderTi
pirovnebis gamovlinebis saSualebas warmoadgens (n. modalizmi). amis
safuZvelze es eresi amtkicebda, rom
mama RmerTi uSualod iyo qristes
vnebis monawile. eretikul swavlebas
saxeli tertulianem daarqva.

pelagieloba

patristika (Patristica) [laT. pater

(naTesaobiTi brunvis forma patris),
(eklesiis) mama] patristikuli Teologia warmoadgens yvelaze adrindel qristianul Teologiur gansjas,
xolo ufro zogadadeklesiis mamaTa qristianul literaturas. patristikis xana dasavleTSi isidore sevilielis (636), aRmosavleTSi kiioane damaskelis (daaxl. 750) moRvaweobiT dasrulda.
patrologia (Patrologia) [berZ. patr
(naTesaobiTi brunvis forma patrs)
(eklesiis) mama+lgos swavla] patrologiis sagangebo amocanaa eklesiis mamaTa cxovrebis, naSromTa da moZRvrebis Seswavla da gadmocema, raki
eklesiis mamaTa erTianoba eklesiaSi
sarwmunoebis moZRvrebis ucdomel
normadaa miCneuli.
paciencia (Pazienza) [laT. patientia
(sityvidan pati atana)] a) calkeul
religiur
ordenTa
(magaliTad,
karmelelTa) samosis nawili: gverdebze gaxsnili koWebamde sigrZis usaxelo tunikis nairsaxeoba; b) marTkuTxa
formis, Savi feris qsovilis nawili,
mikerebuli saero mRdvelmsaxurTa
TeTr sayeloze; g) Toki, romelsac
monazvnebi sartylad ikraven samoselze; d) yelze satarebeli wmida mariamis gamosaxuleba.
pelagieloba (Pelagianesimo) V saukuneSi warmomavlobiT ingliseli (an
irlandieli) mowesis mier damkvidrebuli eresi, romelic madlis Temas Seexeboda. uaryofs pirvelqmnili codvisa da mis SedegTa simZimes. ganixilavs adamianis Tavisuflebas, rogorc

perangi

damoukidebelsa da sakmariss xsnis

mosapoveblad, xolo qristes miiCnevs
mniSvnelovnad, umTavresad, misi, rogorc nimuSis, TvalsazrisiT. pelagielobis yvelaze mtkice mowinaaRmdege iyo wmida avgustine, romelic
xazs usvamda madlis, rogorc RmrTis
mier adamianisTvis gaweuli uangaro
daxmarebis mniSvnelobas. efesos krebam (431) dagmo pelagielobis ideebi.
mogvianebiT sanaxevrod pelagiurma
moZraobam wamoayena moZRvreba rogorc RmrTis madlis, ise adamiani
nebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, Tumca, mis
Tanaxmad, adamians rwmenisken madli
ubiZgebda. es moZRvreba dagmo oranJis
krebam (529).
perangi (Camice) [bizantiuri berZ.
sityvidan kmasos tunika] koWebamde grZeli, gverdebze zonariT
SemoWerili selis TeTri samosi (ris
gamoc mas aseve alba ewodeba), romelsac
mRvdelmsaxurebi liturgiuli msaxurebis aRvlenisas icmeven. momdinareobs tunikidan, romelsac Zveli
berZnebi da romaelebi damoukideblad
an sxva samosis qveS atarebdnen. 830
wels leon IV-m daawesa wmida msaxurebis dros Cveulebrivisgan gansxvavebuli perangis tareba. amgvarad,
rodesac saeroTa Soris tunikis, rogorc samosis, tarebis Cveva daviwyebas
mieca, perangi SenarCunda liturgiaSi
da wmida samosad iqca.
perpetua (Perpetua) sityva nawarmoebia manconis romanis daniSnulebis
erT-erTi personaJis saxelidan da
aRniSnavs mRvdelmsaxuris Sinamosamsaxures.

252
pesaxi (Pesah) ebr. gadasvla. n. paseqi.
petres groSi n. wmida petres groSi.
petres privilegia (Privilegio petrino)
kanonikuri samarTlis principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, mounaTlav mamakacs,
romelsac erTdroulad ramdenime
mounaTlavi coli hyavs, kaTolike eklesiaSi naTlobis miRebis Semdeg, Tuki
pirvel colTan Tanacxovreba uWirs,
nebismieri maTganis datoveba SeuZlia,
xolo sxvebi unda gauSvas. igive wesi
moqmedebs ramdenime mounaTlavi qmris
mqone mounaTlavi colisTvisac (CIC,
kan. 1148). garda amisa, mounaTlav pirs,
romelsac kaTolike eklesiaSi naTlobis miRebis Semdeg SesaZlebloba ara
aqvs, ganaaxlos Tanacxovreba mounaTlav meuRlesTan patimrobis an devnis
mizeziT, xelmeored sxvaze qorwinebis
ufleba aqvs, maSinac, Tuki misma meore
naxevarma am dros naTloba miiRo
(CIC, kan. 1149). n. pavles privilegia.
peSita (Peshitta) bibliis siriuli
versia, romelic oficialur teqstad
iqca siriul enaze moqmedi eklesiebisaTvis. sityva niSnavs martivs.
pianeta (Pianeta) [gvianlaT. planeta,
samogzauro an sawvimari mosasxami,
romelsac momlocvelebi atarebdnen,
sityvidan plantes moxetiale] muxlebamde sigrZis, gulsa da gverdebze gaxsnili liturgiuli samoseli,
romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri wirvis aRsrulebisas stiqarisa da stolas zemodan icmevs. misi feri liturgiul
dRezea damokidebuli. vatikanis II
krebis Semdeg gatarebuli liturgi-

253
uli reformis Sedegad mis nacvlad
ufro Zveli da warmosaCeni kazula
imkvidrebs adgils.
pievano (Pievano) [nawarmoebia sityvidan pieve soflis samrevlo eklesia] ase ewodeba italiaSi soflis
sakrebulo eklesiis winamZRvars.
pieve (Pieve) [laT. plebs xalxi]
italiis CrdiloeTi da centraluri
raionebis sasoflo saeklesio olqi.
Mmoicavda teritorias mTavari eklesiiT (Tavisi baptisteriumiTurT) masTan
mierTebuli kapelebiT. amJamad termini aRar gamoiyeneba.
pieta n. lmobiereba.
pietizmi (Pietismo) [germ. Pietismus]
XVII saukuneSi protestantizmis wiaRSi Camoyalibebuli religiuri moZraoba, romlis mizanic iyo, metismetad civi da mSrali TeologiisaTvis
gancda da emocia STaebera. germaniaSi moZraobas safuZveli Cauyara f.
j. Spenerma (1635-1705), romelmac 1670
wels Collegia pietatis Camoayaliba: es
iyo saeroTa jgufebi, romlebic axali
aRTqmis Seswavlisa da urTierTganviTarebis mizniT ikribebodnen. Speneris
ideali iyo aqtiuri, bejiTi (pietas),
mkacr zneobaze damyarebuli qristianoba. 1675 wels gamoqveynda misi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani Txzuleba Pia
desideria, anu WeSmariti saxarebiseuli
eklesiis cxoveli swrafva RmrTisaTvis
sasurveli gaumjobesebisaken. nawarmoebSi Speneri amxelda luTeruli
eklesiis naklovanebebs (moWarbebuli
biurokratia, uTanxmoebani, simdidris
usamarTlo ganawileba da sxv.) da maTi

pirvelkanonikuri wignebi

gamosworebis SesaZlo gzebs (pii desideri keTili survilebi) miuTiTebda:

bibliis metad farTod gavrceleba,
sayovelTao mRvdelmsaxurebis aRdgena
(saeroTa TanamSromloba moZRvrebTan), mwvave polemikaze uaris Tqma,
qristianul saTnoebaTa damkvidreba,
moZRvrebis Seswavla da sxva. pietizms,
rogorc ganaxlebis moZraobas, gancalkevebuli eklesiebi ar Seuqmnia, es
iyo mravali dinebisa da mimarTulebis
momcveli moZraoba, romelmac kvali
daamCnia anglikanizms, puritanizmsa
da meTodizms (n. meTodistebi).
pileolusi n. cuketo.
piradi gamocxadebani (Rivelazioni private) esaa Setyobinebani, romelTac
RmerTi calkeul, mis mier gamorCeul
adamianebs gaandobs. eklesia aRiarebs
amgvar kerZo gamocxadebaTa arsebobas, Tumca miiCnevs, rom isini arsebiTs
arafers hmatebs RmrTis gamocxadebas,
ganxorcielebuls misi Zis meSveobiT,
rac sruli da saboloo gamocxadebaa.
pirveli ziareba (Prima comunione)
gamoTqma aRniSnavs evqaristiis saidumlos pirvelad miRebis adgilsa da
dros.
pirveli wirva (Prima messa) mRvdelmsaxuris mier xeldasxmis Semdeg
pirvelad aRsrulebuli evqaristia.
gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli sazeimo
xasiaTiT.
pirvelkanonikuri wignebi (Protocanonici, libri) [berZ. prtos pirveli+sityvis canone kanoni nawarmoebi forma] saRmrTo wignebi, rom-

pirvelmowame

lebic yvela qristianul sakrebuloSi

yovelTvis miiCneoda RmrTivSTagonebulad da Sedioda kanonis SemadgenlobaSi. n. biblia.
pirvelmowame (Portomartire) [berZ.
prtos, pirveli+mrtyr mowame,
mowme] ase moixsenieben wmida stefanes, romelmac pirvelma daamowma
sakuTari sicocxliT ieso qristes
rwmena.
pirveloba (Primazia) primasi episkoposis Rirseba.
pirvelsaxareba (Protovangelo) [berZ.
prtos
pirveli+eunghelos gamocxadeba, sasixarulo cnoba] ase
ewodeba pirvel dapirebas macxovris
gamo, gadmocemuls dabadebaSi (dab.
3:15) mesianuri interpretaciiT: da
Camovadgeb mtrobas Sensa da dedakacs
Soris da Sens Teslsa da mis Tesls
Soris: is Tavs gagiWeWyavs da Sen mas
qusls daugeslav.
pirvelqmnili codva (Peccato originale) moZRvreba pirvelqmnili codvis Sesaxeb, romelic ukavSirdeba adamisa da evas dacemis Sesaxeb bibliur
moTxrobas (dab. 3), gamoxatavs sarwmunoebis ueWvelobas, rom kacobriobis
mTeli istoria adamianis mier Tavisi
nebiT Cadenili pirveli danaSaulis
daRs atarebs, anu eSmakis mier cdunebulma adamianma neba darTo sakuTar
Tavs, rom, Tavis gulSi Semoqmedisadmi
ndobis ganelebiTa da sakuTari Tavisuflebis borotad gamoyenebiT, ar
damorCileboda RmrTis mcnebas, riTac kari guRo borotebas, umTavresad

254
zneobriv borotebas. saRmrTo werilis Tanaxmad, adamis codvaSi yoveli
adamiani Tanamonawileobs. marTlac,
wmida pavle amtkicebs: vinaidan, rogorc adamSi kvdeba yvela, aseve gacocxldebian qristeSi (1kor. 15:22);
agreTve: amitom, rogorc erTi adamianis mier codva Semovida sofelSi,
xolo codvis miersikvdili, aseve,
sikvdili gadavida yvela adamianSi,
radgan yvelam Sescoda (rom. 5:12).
moZRvrebas pirvelqmnili codvis Sesaxeb IV-V saukuneebSi SeewinaaRmdega
pelagieloba, romlis Tanaxmadac,
adamis codva, da, umTavresad, misi
Sedegebi ar gavrcelebula mTel kacobriobaze. pelagielobis eretikul
Teorias mtkiced daupirispirda wmida
avgustine, romelmac pirvelad gamoiyena gamoTqma peccatum originale. wmida
avgustine miiCnevda, rom adamiani daeca da xsnisTvis madli esaWiroeboda.
tridentis krebam ganamtkica moZRvreba pirvelqmnili codvis Sesaxeb
da ganacxada, rom is yovel adamianze
vrceldeba, misgan gaTavisufleba mxolod naTlobis meSveobiT qristeSi
xelaxla SobiTaa SesaZlebeli; rom
naTlisReba auqmebs pirvelqmnil codvas danaSaulisa da mis gamo sasjelis
CaTvliT, Tumca ar spobs gulisTqmas,
Jins (Sdr. CCC, 385-421).
pirvelwodebuli (Protoclito) [berZ.
prtos pirveli+kalein moxmoba]
qristes mier pirvelad moxmobili
wmida andria (ioan. 1:40).
pirjvari (Segno di croce) qristianis
ganmasxvavebeli, mudmivad misi Tanamdevi niSani: qristianis yoveli dRe,

255
locva, qmedeba pirjvris gadaweriT
iwyeba, mamis, Zisa da suliwmidis saxeliT, amen (CCC, 2157). jvris niSnis gamosaxviT iwyeba, agreTve, yoveli
liturgiuli msaxureba, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom msaxureba samebis saxeliT aRsruldeba. n. sameba; jvari.
piqsisi (Pisside) [berZ. pxis yuTi,
zardaxSa] Zvirfasi metalis (mTlianad mooqrovili) WurWeli, romelSic
nakurTxi hostia inaxeba.
pleroma (Pleroma) [berZ. plroma
sisrule, sisavse (sityvidan plerun gavseba)] rTulad gansamartavi
termini, axal aRTqmaSi misi meSveobiT
gamoixateba, rom qristeSi warmodgeba
samyaroSi RmrTaebriobis sisrule, anu
sisavse, xsnis momtani masSi miRebuli
adamianebisaTvis, da amgvarad RmerTi
yvelaSi yovelives saxiT xorcieldeba
(Sdr. 1kor. 15:28).
pluviale (Piviale) [laT. pluviale (saSualo sqesis gaarsebiTebuli forma
sityvisa pluvialis sawvimari labada)] liturgiuli samoseli, warmoadgens koWebamde sigrZis naxevrad
mrgvali formis mosasxams, romelic
win gaxsnilia da mkerdze SesakraviT ikvreba. XI saukunidan episkoposebi an mRvdelmsaxurebi mas icmeven
evqaristiuli kurTxevis, evqaristiuli msvlelobebis, wirvis gareSe
qorwinebis wesis aRsrulebis, JamTa
liturgiis dros.
pnevma/pnevmatologiuri/pnevmaturi
(Pnuma/Pneumatologico/Pneumatico) berZnuli sityvebi. Teologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, pnevma (=suli) um-

poliTeizmi

Tavresad aRniSnavs RmrTis sasicocxlo energias, samyaroSi misi qmedebis

sawyiss, mis Tanaswrebas diad ufalSi, mis wmidamyofel Zalas, romelic
adamians eboZa, rogorc eklesiisa
da calkeuli morwmunis WeSmaritad
qristianuli cxovrebis sawyisi. aqedan gamomdinare, suli wmidas vsaxavT
RmrTaebriv pirovnebad, samebaSi mamisa da Zisagan momdinare siyvarulad.
anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT, bibliaSi termini aRniSnavs adamianis Tvisobriv sicocxlisunarianobas, misTvis
RmrTis mier boZebulsa da mudam mis
nebaze damokidebuls.
pnevmatomaqosni
(Pneumatomachi)
[berZ. pnuma suli+nawarmoebi
forma sityvisa mchesthai brZola]
IV-V saukuneebis eretikosebi, romlebic uaryofdnen suli wmidis srul
RmrTaebriobas, mas mamasa da Zeze
ufro nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
da RmrTis samsaxurSi myof erTgvar
angelosad miiCnevdnen. maT winaaRmdeg gamovidnen kapadokieli mamebi da
konstantinopolis kreba (381).
poligenizmi (Poligenismo) [berZ.
ply bevri+ghnesis dasabami] biologiuri Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
kacTa modgma, SesaZloa, dasabams iRebdes saxeobis evoluciisas sxvadasxva
adgilebSi aRmocenebuli adamianTa
mravali wyvilisagan. upirispirdeba
monogenizms.
poliTeizmi
(Politeismo)
[berZ.
polythos (poly bevri+thes RmerTi)] aRniSnavs erTdroulad ramdenime RmrTaebis aRiarebas da Tayvaniscemas. upirispirdeba monoTeizms.

pontifeqsi

pontifeqsi (Pontefice) [laT. pontifex (pons xidi+facere keTeba)]

dRes papis aRsaniSnavad damkvidrebuli
tituli Summus Pontifex XI saukunemde yvela episkoposs aRniSnavda.
warmarTuli tituli Pontifex Maximus papebs XIV-XV saukuneebSi mieniWa, Tumca maTi mxridan sawinaaRmdego
arasodes gamoTqmula. papis ierarqiul
da politikur statuss gamoxatavs
tituli, romelic dRes oficialuradaa miCneuli: romis episkoposi, ieso
qristes vikariusi, mociqulTa winamZRvris memkvidre, msoflio eklesiis
umaRlesi pontifeqsi, italiis primasi,
romis provinciis mTavarepiskoposi da
mitropoliti, vatikanis saxelmwifos
meTauri, RmrTis msaxurTa msaxuri.
pontifeqsuri (Pontificale) [laT. pontificalis] is, rac papTan da episkoposebTanaa dakavSirebuli. pontifeqsuri wirva ewodeba sazeimo evqaristias, romelsac episkoposi aRavlens.
pontifeqsuri
niSnebi
episkoposis
Rirsebis atributebia: beWedi, mitra,
kverTxi da samkerde jvari.
pontifikati (Pontificato) [laT. pontificatus] termini aRniSnavs rogorc
umaRlesi pontifeqsis Rirsebas, ise
drois xangrZlivobas da istoriul
periods, romlis ganmavlobaSic papi
Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebs.
popi (Pope) rusulidan pop, sityva nawarmoebia laTinuridan pppas
(mama). ase ewodeba mRvdels rusul
marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi.

256
porciunkola (Porziuncola) [laT.
portiuncola, kninobiTi forma sityvisa
portio porcia, nawili] patara kapela asizis siaxloves angelosTa wmida
mariamis saxelobaze (moixsenieba rogorc santa maria dela porciunkola,
SemoklebiTporciunkola). swored
iq daaarsa wmida franciskem Tavisi
ordeni da sikvdilis win iq iTxova
Tavisi gadayvana. amJamad kapela taZris
angelosTa wmida mariamis bazilikis
nawils warmoadgens. honorius III-m mas
mianiWa imave saxelobis sruli indulgencia (2 agvisto), romelic Semdeg
franciskul eklesiebsa da yvela samrevloze gavrcelda.
postulanti (Postulante) [laT. postulans (sityvidan postulare Txovna)]
piri, romelmac samonazvno ordenSi
miReba iTxova da jer ar aris noviciusi.
postulati (Postulato) [laT. postulare Txovna] gamosacdeli periodi
pirisaTvis, romelmac samoweseo ordenSi miReba iTxova. es periodi mas
eniSneba noviciusad mis miRebamde.
postulatori (Postulatore) [laT.
postulare Txovna] sasuliero piri,
romelic Sesabamis samsjavroSi beatifikaciis an kanonizaciis saqmes waradgens da romelsac evaleba procesis
momzadeba, msajulTaTvis mimarTva da
samsjavros xarjebis gaReba.
predestinacionizmi (Predestinazionismo) [laT. praedestinatio] eretikuli
doqtrina, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianis maradiuli xsna Tu misi warwymeda damokidebulia mxolod RmrTis

257
nebaze, sakuTari xsnis saqmeSi adamianis
TanamSromlobis miuxedavad.
prevosti (Prevosto) CrdiloeT italiis calkeul zonebSi termini aRniSnavs moZRvars, romelic mosazRvre
samrevloebze garkveul iurisdiqcias flobs. amasTanave, aseve ewodeba
calkeuli sakaTedro da sakolego kapitulis yvelaze maRali Tanamdebobis
pirsac.
prekonicacia (Preconizzazione) [Sua
saukuneTa laT. praeconizatio sazeimo
gamocxadeba] aqti, romliTac papi
acxadebs episkoposis an kardinalis
arCevas.
prelati (Prelato) [Sua saukuneTa
laT. praelatum (namyos mimReoba zmnisa praeferre (sxvebis) win dasmuli)].
n. prelatura.
prelatura (Prelatura) [Suasaukuneobrivi laT. praelatura] SeiZleba
iyos pirovnuli an teritoriuli.
a) pirovnuli prelatura pirovnuli xasiaTis saero iurisdiqciuli
struqturaa, anu ar xasiaTdeba teritoriuli niSniT da dawesebulia
gansakuTrebuli
samwyso
miznebisTvis. Sedgeba saero samRvdeloTaganmRvdelmsaxurTa da diakonTagan
(CIC, kan. 294); is imarTeba samociqulo administraciis wesdebebiT da mas
dawesebuli hyavs sakuTari ganmgeblis
saxiT prelati, romelsac aqvs ufleba,
daafuZnos erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso seminaria, ganawesos mowafeebi diocezebSi da xeldasxmaze waradginos
isini prelaturis samsaxurSi (CIC,
kan. 295); b) teritoriuli prelatura

premonstratebi

aris teritoriulad SemosazRvruli

RmrTis xalxis gansazRvruli nawili,
romelze zrunvac, gansakuTrebul
mizezTa gamo, miendoba prelats..., romelic ganagebs mas, rogorc diocezis episkoposi, rogorc misi sakuTari
moZRvari (CIC, kan. 370).
premonstratebi
(Premonstratensi)
regularuli kanonikosebi, romlebic
miekuTvnebian wmida norbert qsantenis (daaxl. 1082-1134) mier 1120 wels
premontrSi daarsebul samonastro
ordens. oficialurad isini 1126 wels
papma honorius II-m daamtkica. ordeni
aRmocenda, rogorc momnanie, cistercielTa ordenis msgavsi centralizebuli struqturiT. ordeni swrafad
gavrcelda, Tumca mainc yvelaze mcire
iyo prelaturis oTx did ordenTagan (benediqtelni, cistercielni,
avgustineli kanonikosebi), mis saabatoTa maqsimaluri ricxvi 630 iyo.
evropis centralur da aRmosavleT
nawilSi gavrcelebuli meTauris (preposto) wodeba SemdgomSi abatis wodebiT Seicvala. XII saukuneSi wmida
dominike ordens TeTri feris samosels
daesesxa (aqedan momdinareobs wmida
norbertis mimdevarTa metsaxeli TeTri kanonikosebi), gadaiRo maTi wesi
(romaul-galuri liturgia, romelic
Liber ordinarius-Sia gadmocemuli) da
wesdebaTa didi nawili. grigoliseul
reformasTan daaxloebuli episkoposebisa da feodalebis mxardaWeriT,
ordenma warmatebiT ganaxorciela
germaniis centraluri, aRmosavleT
da CrdiloeT nawilebis kolonizacia
da gaqristianeba. mWvretelobiTi tendenciis upiratesobiT gamorCeuli

presbiterianeloba

sawyisi periodis Semdeg (premontre),

ganmtkicda aqtiuri cxovrebisaken
midrekileba (magdeburgi). 1188 wels
klemente III-m ordens samrevlo valdebulebaTa aRsrulebis nebarTva misca.
aqtiuri samwyso saqmianoba dRemde
rCeba ordenis erT-erT mTavar amocanad. meore msoflio omis Semdeg
holandielma mRvdelma verenfrid van
straatenma daaarsa Semweoba aRmosavlel mRvdelTaTvis (dRes misi saxelwodebaa gaWirvebaSi myofi eklesiis
mxardaWeradaxmareba
aRmosavlel
mRvdlebs) da aRmSenebelTa ordeni.
germaniaSi, frizoniasa da poloneTSi
daarsda ordenis qalTa Stos mravali
monasteri, sadac debi mWvretelobiTi
cxovrebiT iyvnen dakavebulni.
presbiterianeloba
(Presbiterianesimo/Presbiteriani) [ingl. presbyterian, nawarmoebia laTinuridan presbyter)] termini aRniSnavs kalvinuri
suliskveTebis calkeuli protestanturi eklesiebis struqturasa da
moZRvrebas. am eklesiaTa struqtura
presbiterebs, anu msaxurebsa da
saero xucesebs eyrdnoba. is gansxvavdeba rogorc episkopalizmis, ise
radikaluri kongregacionalizmisagan.
presbiterianeloba SotlandiaSi Camoyalibda kalvinis mowafis, jon noqsis
(1572) mier. noqsma Sotlandiis eklesia presbiterianul eklesiad gadaaqcia (1560: First Book of Discipline;
1592: Second Book of Discipline). inglisSi kalvinistma tomas kartraitma
(1603) 1569 wlidan daiwyo moRvaweoba presbiterianuli konstituciis SemosaRebad da elisabed I-is (1558-1603)
mier iqna gandevnili. anglosaqsuri

258
kolonialuri eqspansiis Sedegad presbiterianeloba gavrcelda CrdiloeT
amerikaSi emigrirebulTa eklesiebSi
(XVII s.), mogvianebiT kikanadaSi,
avstraliasa da sxva qveynebSi. vestminsteris
kalvinisturi
aRsareba
(1647) erTianobis mniSvnelovan faqtorad iqca. amJamad presbiterianuli
konfesiebi erTmaneTTan msoflio ligis meSveobiTaa dakavSirebuli. presbiterianelobaSi yoveli adgilobrivi
sakrebulo imarTeba konsistoriumis
mier, romelic moZRvrisa da xucesTagan Sedgeba. presbiteriumi ewodeba
sabWos, romlis SemagenlobaSic arian
moZRvrebi, xucesebi da sxvadasxva konsistoriumTa wevrebi. misi movaleoba
axal moZRvarTa xeldasxmaa. garda amisa, arsebobs sxvadasxva presbiteriumTa delegatebisagan Semdgari sinodi,
romelsac disciplinasa da moZRvrebaze zedamxedvelobis amocanebi ekisreba. umaRlesi organoa mTavari asamblea, romelic presbiteriumTa mier
arCeul xucesTagan Sedgeba.
presbiteriumi (Presbiterio) [berZ.
presvytrion, Semdeg laT. presbyterium (u)xucesTa sabWo] episkoposis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi diocezis
mRvdelmsaxurTa erToblioba.
presuli (Presule) [laT. praesul (sityvidan prae win+zmna salire-s
gadaxtoma fuZe) piri, romelic
saRmrTo rokvas waruZRveba] ase ewodeba episkoposs.
prete (Prete) [berZ. presbteros (SedarebiTi xarisxi sityvisa prsbys
mxcovani, (u)xucesi, Semdeg laT.
presbyter] italiurad aRniSnavs pirs,

259
romelmac mRvdlobis saidumlos meore xarisxi miiRo, anu mRvdelmsaxurad
ekurTxa. n. mRvdeli; samRvdeloeba.
prefacio (Prefazio) [laT. praefatio Sesavali] evqaristiuli locvis
pirveli elementi, romelic am locvis
Zireul Temas, yovlisSemZle RmrTis
winaSe aRsarebas gamoxatavs. struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, mis SemadgenlobaSia sawyisi dialogi, Sesavali nawili,
mTavari locva da daskvniTi nawili.
agvirgvinebs RmrTisadmi mimarTuli
sammagi moxmoba wmida ars.
prefeqti (Prefetto) [laT. praefectus,
namyos mimReoba zmnisa praeficere (sityvidan prae win+facere keTeba),
saTaveSi moqceuli] termini aRniSnavs sxvadasxva pirovnebebs: a) kardinali-prefeqti ewodeba romis kuriis
kongregaciaze, eklesiis sajaro saqmianobaTa da samociqulo beWedze pasuxismgebel kardinals; b) esaa papis
saxlis prefeqturis xelmZRvaneli
prelati; g) samociqulo prefeqti:
n. samociqulo perfeqtura; d) saswavlo dargis prefeqti ewodeba pirs,
romelsac seminariaSi saswavlo gegmis
warmarTva evaleba; e) seminariaSi erToblivi cxovrebis prefeqti ewodeba
pirovnebas, romelic, reqtorTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, Tvalyurs adevnebs seminariaSi disciplinis dacvas.
primasi (Primate) [laT. primas
gamorCeuli
(sityvidan
primus
pirveli)]: a) episkoposi, romelic
kaTedris gaTvaliswinebiT flobs sapatio privilegiebs Tavisi regionis sxva
episkoposebTan SedarebiT; am tituls
ar axlavs rame sagangebo iurisdiqci-

probondati

uli ufleba, Tuki aseTi mas damatebiT

ar eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mosazrebebiT; b) primasi abati ewodeba samonastro konfederaciis winamZRvars.
primati papisa n. papis upiratesoba.
priorati (Priorato) [gvianlaT. prioratus] raindTa ordenebSi ase ewodeba
rogorc prioris samyofels, ise misi
Zalauflebisadmi
daqvemdebarebul
teritorias.
priori (Priore) [laT. prior winmZRoli, winamZRvari] ase ewodeba
samoweseo sakrebulos winamZRvars;
calkeul raindTa ordenebSi gansazRvruli
iurisdiqciis
farglebSi
administraciuli
uflebamosilebis
mqone piris tituli.
prioroba (Priorato) [gvianlaT. prioratus] aRniSnavs prioris R
N irsebasa da
misi msaxurebis vadas.
probabilizmi (Probabilismo) [laT.
probabilis savaraudo] moralur
TeologiaSi aRniSnavs moZRvrebas, romelic saorWofo viTarebaSi garkveuli qmedebis an qcevis kanonierebas
emxroba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT
sasargeblod metyvelebs myarad savaraudo azri Tavisuflebis sasargeblod, miuxedavad imisa, rom masze
ufro savaraudod gamoiyureba sapirispiro azri kanonieri akrZalvis sasargeblod. es moZRvreba srulad 1577
wels barTlome medinelma gamoxata.
probondati (Probandato) [nawarmoebia laTinuri gerundivis formidan
probandus dasamtkicebeli] drois
periodi, romelic noviciats an pos-

provinciali

tulats uZRvis win da romlis drosac fasdeba samonazvno cxovrebis

msurvelis monacemebi da mdgomareoba.
provinciali n. mama provinciali.
provincialoba (Provincialato) [laT.
provincia] aRniSnavs mama provincialis Rirsebasa da movaleobebs, iseve
rogorc drois im periods, romlis
ganmavlobaSic mowese provincialis
movaleobebs asrulebs.
prozeliti (Proselito) [laT. proselytus (nawarmoebia berZnuli sityvidan
proslythos) axalmosuli] ebraelebi
ase uwodebdnen moqceul warmarTs.
farTo mniSvnelobiT, termini aRniSnavs romelime religiis, axali partiis, moZRvrebis da a.S. axal mimdevarsa
Tu wevrs.
prozoponi
(Prsopon)
[berZ.]
pirovneba, Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT.
n. hipostasi.
pronavi (Pronao) [berZ. prnaos (pro
win+nas taZari) Semdeg laT.
pronaus] saRmrTo nagebobis win mdebare portiki, gamoyofili kolonebiTa da pilastrebiT.
pronunciusi (Pro-nunzio) [TavsarTi
pro da sityva nuntius] wmida saydris despani romelime saxelmwifoSi.
nunciusisagan gansxvavebiT, ar aris
diplomatiuri korpusis duaieni. n.
romis pontifeqsis legati.
protestanti/protestantoba (Protestante/Protestantesimo) termini momdinareobs sityvidan protesta (protestatio), protesti: 1529 wlis 19 aprils

260
germaniis mTavrebma da luTerulma
qalaqebma Spaieris II krebas warudgines
protesti karlos V-isa da saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis gadawyvetilebis
winaaRmdeg, ganexorcielebinaT 1521
wlis 8 maisis vormsis ediqti. es ediqti
luTerisa da mis mimdevarTa imperiidan gandevnas, xolo savaldebulo saxelmwifo religiad romis kaTolikuri
sarwmunoebis gamocxadebas gulisxmobda. droTa ganmavlobaSi termini
protestantuli luTeris reformis
Sedegad kaTolike eklesiis gareT Seqmnil yvela eklesiaze gavrcelda. esenia:
luTeruli, kalvinuri, cvinglielTa
da anabaptisturi eklesiebi. amJamad
es termini reformistuli moZraobis Sedegad warmoSobil moZRvrebaTa da instituciaTa memkvidreobis
erTobliobas aRniSnavs. amasTan, sakmaod rTulia protestantobis arsis
erTi ukamaTo formuliT gadmocema,
radganac es danawevrebuli da mravalferovani realobaa. am danawevrebas da
mravalferovebas adasturebs, swored
protestantobis wiaRSi istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli jgufebis garda, presbiterianelTa, meTodistTa, baptistTa,
kvakerTa, ormocdaaTianelTa, adventistTa da sxva jgufebis arseboba.
luTeris mowafis, melanxtonis azriT,
Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT, protestantul reformas ori principi udevs
safuZvlad: saRmrTo werilis umaRlesi avtoritetis formaluri principi da rwmenis meSveobiT gamarTlebis
mxolod RmrTis madliT miRebis materialuri principi. maTi calmxrivi
gageba kaTolikobasTan mkveTri dapirispirebisa da gamijvnis mizezad iqca.

261
protestantuli reforma (Riforma
protestante) XVI saukunis religiuri moZraoba, romelic eklesiis reformirebas isaxavda miznad (n. protestanti). mis dasawyisad SeiZleba miviCnioT 1517 wlis 31 oqtomberi, rodesac
gamoqveynda martin luTeris 95 Tezisi
indulgenciaTa Sesaxeb, rasac haidelbergisa (1518) da laifcigis (1519)
disputebi mohyva Sedegad. ase daedo
safuZveli farTo moZraobas, romelSic
romis papiseul eklesiasTan dapirispirebam Zalian gansxvavebuli jgufebi (mTavrebi, didebulebi, qalaqebis
mcxovreblebi, raindebi, glexebi) da
mravalferovani mimdinareobebi (humanizmi, germanuli nacionalizmi, imperiul saxelmwifoTa avtonomisturi
miswrafebebi) gaaerTiana. sawyis etapze
(1517-1525) reforma martin luTeris
Zlieri pirovnebisa da avgusteli mowesis mier bibliis Seswavlisas miRebuli
religiuri gamocdilebis (sola scriptura) zegavleniT warimarTa. romaelTa
mimarT wmida pavles werilze meditaciam daarwmuna luTeri, rom RmerTi
uangarod aZlevs xsnas adamians ieso
qristes msxverplSewirvis wyalobiT da
adamianis moqmedebebisagan damoukideblad. amis safuZvelze Camoayaliba
man Teoria oden rwmeniT gamarTlebis
Sesaxeb. luTeri arsebiTad daupirispirda, agreTve, kaTolike eklesiis saidumloTa moZRvrebas (igi akritikebda
moZRvrebas transubstanciaciis Sesaxeb,
saeroTaTvis barZimze uaris Tqmas, wirvis saRmrTo xasiaTs, saidumloTa raodenobas). garda amisa, luTeri zneobriv dacemaSi adanaSaulebda eklesias
da eWqveS ayenebda papis primats. leon
X-is pasuxi, romelic uSualod gaxda

pulpitumi

Tavdasxmis obieqti indulgenciebTan

dakavSirebT, iyo gankveTis bula Exsurge, Domine (1520 wlis ivlisi),
romelSic luTeris Tezisebi eretikulad gamocxadda. protestantuli reformis meore faza (1525-1550) Sinagani
gaZlierebisa da gare samyaros mimarTulebiT konfesiuri konsolidaciis
niSniT warimarTa. reformirebuli Teologiis dasrulebuli nimuSi augsburgis seimze (1530) iqna warmodgenili melanxtonis mier redaqtirebuli
augsburgis aRsarebis saxiT. karlos
V-sa da protestantTa Soris (augsburgi, 1555) dadebuli religiuri zavis traqtatiT damkvidrda luTeruli
konfesia da dadginda germaniis dayofa
religiuri niSniT. momdevno wlebSi
protestantuli reforma evropis mTel
CrdiloeTSi gavrcelda.
protologia (Protologia) [berZ. prtos pirveli,+logha gadmocema]
filosofiaSi
termini
jobertim
gamoiyena wminda inteligibeluri arsebis Semecnebis aRsaniSnavad; TeologiaSi termini pirvelad realobaTa
Seswavlas miemarTeba, rogorebicaa,
magaliTad, samyaros dasabami, adamianis
Seqmna, pirvelqmnili codva da sxv.
profani (Profano) [laT. profanus
(pro win+fanum taZari) is, rac
win, anu taZris gareTaa] aRniSnavs
pirs, romelic ar aris naziarebi religiur idumalebebs; profanuli rame
garegani an ucxo wmidasaTvis.
procesia n. msvleloba.
pulpitumi (Pulpito) [laT. pulpitum]
xis an qvis masalaSi Sesrulebuli

purimi

arqiteqturuli elementi, romelic

mraval eklesiaSi gvxvdeba. esaa mcire
zomis gancalkevebuli da amaRlebuli,
an boZze Tu pilastrze damagrebuli
mcire zomis tribuna, romelzec kibis
meSveobiT SeiZleba asvla. saRmrTo oratoriisaTvis gankuTvnili es elementi
umTavresad XIII saukunis meore naxevridan ganviTarda, razec dominikelTa da
franciskelTa ordenebis gavrcelebam
iqonia gavlena. dRes is TiTqmis mTlianad Secvala ambionma.
purimi (Purim, festa del) [ebr. pur
bedi] ebrauli dResaswauli, romelic eZRvneba sparseTSi mcxovrebi
ebraelebis xsnas amanis mier dagegmili
sikvdilisagan (esT. 3:7; 9:15-32), mordeqaisa da esTeris damsaxurebiT. dResaswauli aRiniSneba 14-15 marts (adar),
am dros kiTxuloben esTeris wigns,
Slian uxv sufras, erTmaneTs saCuqrebs
Cuqnian.
puris gatexva (Frazione del pane) [laT.
fractio panis] iesos mier ukanaskneli
serobisas (Sdr. 1kol. 11:24; luk. 22:19;
mark. 14:22; maT. 26:26) puris gatexva,
romelmac Tavdapirvelad mTel evqaristiul msaxurebas misca saxelwodeba
(Sdr. saq. 2:42.46; 20:7). amJamad puris
gatexva xdeba mSvidobis niSnis Semdeg
da aRniSnavs Semdegs: Cven ki mravalni,
varT erTi sxeuli, radgan yvela erTi
puridan veziarebiT (1 kor. 10:17).
puritaneloba (Puritanesimo) [ingl.
puritan (sityvidan purity siwmide,
laTinuridan puritas)] anglikanobis
wiaRSi aRmocenebuli da inglisur
kalvinizmTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli religiuri moZraoba. es saxeli

262
mas mowinaaRmdegeebma Searqves. isini
amgvarad utevdnen religiuri ganwmedis Seswavlas (Studium purioris religionis), romliTac, umTavresad 1580
wlis Semdeg, t. kartraitma (1603)
daasabuTa Tavisi kritika inglisis
eklesiis mowyobis, liturgiisa da moZRvrebis mimarT,maT igi antibibliurad miiCnevda. puritanebi iTxovdnen
inglisis eklesiaSi yvela SemorCenili
papisturi elementis gauqmebas, dawyebuli liturgiidan (liturgiuli
samosi da morTulobani, galoba, orRanis JReradoba, jvari da a.S.), mxolod saRmrTo werilzeerTaderT
da absolutur normazedayrdnobis
mizniT. dedofal elisabed I-is (15581603) epoqasTan dasapirispireblad,
romelsac TavaSvebulad da dacemulad miiCnevdnen, puritanebi sagangebo
yuradRebas uTmobdnen kviradRis wmidayofas, uars acxadebdnen Teatrze,
cekvaze, kulturaze da etiketze. es
moZraoba politikis sferosac Seexo,
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa 1640 wlis
inglisis revoluciaSi, CarTuli iyo
episkopalizmTan da TviT monarqiasTan
brolaSi. puritanizmi daedo safuZvlad oliver kromvelis (1658) respublikas. mis Semdgom restavracias,
kaTolike stiuartebis meTaurobiT
(1660-1687), puritanebma didi devnis
xana uwodes, Tumca swored am dros
Seiqmna puritanuli saganmanaTleblo
literaturis yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSebi, rogorebicaa, jon miltonis
(1674) dakarguli samoTxe (1667)
Tu baptist jon bunianis momlocvelis mogzauroba (1678). puritanuli
memkvidreoba ingliselTa erovnuli
cnobierebis nawilad iqca da dResac

263

purpuratusi

gansazRvravs garkveulwilad am xalxis

qcevas.
puritani (Puritano) [ingl. puritan,
(laT. purus wminda)] puritanelobis mimdevari. aRniSnavs agreTve Seuval moralists.

purpuratusi (Porporato) [laT. purpuratus (sityvidan purpura mewamuli)] piri, romelsac mewamuli feris
samosis tarebis ufleba aqvs, anu kardinalis Rirsebis matarebeli piri. n.
mewamuli.

JamTa liturgia (Liturgia delle ore anu
ufficio divino) eklesiis sajaro locva (SC, 98), romliTac morwmuneebi
(samRvdeloni, moweseni da saeroni)
naTlisRebulTa sameufo mRvdelmsaxurebas aRasruleben. is imgvaradaa
agebuli, rom wmidayofs mTel dResa
da Rames RmrTisadmi qebis aRvleniT
(SC, 84). marTlac, JamTa liturgia
moicavs or mTavar Jams (qebani da
mwuxri), romlebic Sesabamisad dilas
da SuadRis Semdeg sruldeba; sakiTxavis Jams (diliT an RamiT) da or
mcire Jams (saSualo Jami SerCeviT
mesame, meeqvse an mecxre Jams warmoiTqmis, xolo seroba Ramis mosvenebis win).
JamTa liturgia Sedgeba fsalmunTagan (saxeldebiT, antifonebiT, fsalmunuri locvebiT), bibliur sagalobelTagan, bibliur sakiTxavTagan, patristikul monakveTTa, sxva saeklesio
avtorTa (ganmartebebiTurT) sakiTxavTa, responsoriumTa, sagalobelTa,

mfarvelobis locvaTagan. liturgiaSi

gaTvaliswinebulia agreTve dumilis
monakveTebimWvretelobisaTvis (Sdr.
CCC, 1174-1178; CIC, kan. 1173-1175).
Jini (Concupiscenza) [laT. sityvidan
concupiscentia, nawarmoebia zmnidan
concupiscere mxurvaled survili,
Jini] aRniSnavs adamianis midrekilebasa da Zlier survils, romelic jer
kidev gadawyvetilebis miRebamde mimarTavs adamianis Tavisuflebas arasrul
sikeTeTa mimarT, romlebic, Segnebuli
survilis SemTxvevaSi, codvis sagnadac
SeiZleba iqces. Tanamedrove Teologiam ufro gaaRrmava Jinis cneba: is
aRniSnavs adamianis bunebriv instinqtTa erTobliobas, romlebic araa
boroti, magram dapirispirebulia
adamianis zebunebriv mdgomareobasTan,
ramdenadac ar eqvemdebareba pirovnul
gadawyvetilebas.

rabi (Rabbi) [ebr. Cemo moZRvaro]

ase uwodeben ebraelebi moses rjulis
swavlulebs. amave saxeliT mimarTavdnen iesosac (maT. 23:7, Smd.; 26:25.49;
mark. 9:5; 11:21; 14:45; ioan. 1:38.49; 3:2.26;
4:31; 6:25; 9:2; 11:8;). zogjer gvxvdeba
mimarTvis ufro Sinauruli arameuli
varianti: rabuni (ioan. 20:16).
rabini (Rabbino) [ebr. rabbenu Cveni
moZRvari] ebrauli kanonis swavluli, ufro ganzogadebuladebrauli
sakrebulos sulieri meTauri.
rabinizmi (Rabbinismo) rabinuli
iudaizmis
saxelwodeba,
romelic
yoveli ebraelisaTvis savaldebulod
miiCnevs rogorc Toras daweril
kanons, ise zepir gadmocemas. amis gamo
rabinizmi Tavis ganuyofel nawilad
miiCnevs miSnasa da TalmudSi mocemul religiur da samarTlebriv wesTa
mTlianobasa da momdevno egzegezidan
momdinare normebs. miSnisa da Talmudiseuli interpretaciis miuxedavad,
rabinizmi zogadad bibliis Tavdapirvel uwyebasTan kavSiris SenarCunebas
eswrafvis, xSirad warmatebiT axerxebs
mravali saxis kulturul gavlenaTagan momdinare safrTxeebis acilebas
da diasporis sxvadasxva sakrebuloTa

mZlavr
rCeba.

SemakavSirebel

saSualebad

raindTa ordenebi (Ordini cavallereschi) Sua saukuneTa religiurma garemom, jvarosnul moZraobasTan erTad
(n. jvarosnuli laSqrobebi) dasabami
misca am epoqis erT-erT yvelaze damaxasiaTebel fenomens: monazon-rainds,
anu monazvnobisa da raindobis Serwymis simbolos. garda sami Cveulebrivi
samonazvno aRTqmisa (ubiwoba, siRatake
da morCileba), raindebi momlocvelTa
msaxurebisa da daxmarebis da urwmunoTagan wmida adgilebis dacvis valdebulebas iRebdnen. raindTa mravali
ordeni arsebobda, maT Soris yvelaze
cnobili da mniSvnelovani ordenebia:
a) maltis ordeni, daarsda 1099 wels,
rogorc saZmo, ierusalemis wmida ioanes saavadmyofoSi (amitomac mas ioanelTa ordens uwodebdnen). 1121 wels,
raindTa klasis Camoyalibebis Semdeg,
is namdvil raindTa ordenad iqca saxelwodebiT Sovrano Militare Ordine
Gerosolimitano. 1529 wels ordeni
maltis kunZulze damkvidrda (saidanac
momdinareobs misi amJamindeli saxelwodeba), misi simboloa Savi mosasxami
masze gamosaxuli TeTri jvriT. amJamad maltis ordenis ZiriTadi saqmi-

ramadani

anoba sneulTa da uZlurTa daxmarebaa; b) taZris raindTa (tamplierTa)

ordeni, daarsda 1119 wels ierusalemSi,
wmida samarxisa da mis mosalocad misul morwmuneTa dacvis mizniT. ordeni
swrafad gavrcelda evropaSic da Zlier finansur Zalad Camoyalibda, rac
mis wevrTa mimarT mtruli damokidebulebis mizezad iqca. 1312 wels, klemente V-m buliT Vox in excelsis gaauqma ordeni da misi qoneba saavadmyofoTa ordenebs gadaunawila; g) tevtonTa
ordeni, romelic 1189-90 wlebSi bremenisa da liubekis ramdenime moqalaqem
daaarsa, rogorc wmida ioane akrelTan
arsebuli saavadmyofos saZmo. 1198 wels
gardaiqmna ordenad, romelsac didi
magistri herman zalceli xelmZRvanelobda. 1309 wels ordenis mmarTveli
organo prusiaSi ganlagda, misi saqmianoba ZiriTadad evropis Crdilo-aRmosavleT raionebSi xorcieldeboda da
warmarTTa sawinaaRdegod iyo mimarTuli. 1805 wels tevtonTa ordeni napoleonma gaauqma, 1834 wels imperatorma
franciske I-ma is xelaxla daaarsa avstriaSi, sadac ordenma XX saukunemde
iarseba. dRes tevtonTa ordenis mcirericxovani wevrebi mRvdelmsaxurni
arian da glaxakTa ordenis wess misdeven; arsebobs tevton qal monazonTa
Stoc. ordenis simboloa Savi feris
jvari TeTr mosasxamze.
ramadani (Ramadan) [arab., islamuri
kalendris mixedviT weliwadis mecxre
Tvis saxelwodeba, romelic erTaderTia yuranSi saxeliT moxseniebuli
(yur. 2:185)] Tavisi SinaarsiTa da formiT marxvis Tve (marxva yoveldRiurad
ganTiadidan mzis Casvlamde grZelde-

266
ba) muslimTaTvis zeimis Tvea. swored
ramadanis dros aRiniSneba weliwadis
ori umniSvnelovanesi dResaswauli: a)
bedisweris Rame (lailaT alyadr),
romlis drosac muslimebi kacobriobisaTvis yuranis gamocxadebas zeimoben
(yur. 2:185; 97) da b) marxvis Sewyvetis
dResaswauli (id al-fitr), ramadanis
dasasruls.
rasizmi (Razzismo) [razza, Zveli
frang. haraz faSatTa jogi, cxenTsaSeni] gansjiT da praqtikul mimarTulebaTa Tu xedvaTa erToblioba,
romlebic rasebs umaRlesTa da umdablesTa kategoriebad dayofs da qadagebs an emxroba diskriminacias socialur, iuridiul da instituciur
sferoebSi, ramac devnisa da masobrivi
ganadgurebis saxec ki SeiZleba miiRos.
Teoriulad rasizmi umTavresad XIX
saukunis meore naxevarSi Camoyalibda,
xolo politikuri Tu, zogadad, praqtikuli gamoyeneba XX saukunis dasawyisSi hpova (nacizmi, faSizmi, zangTa
rasobrivi Cagvra amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, aparteidi samxreT afrikaSi).
qristianuli TvalsazrisiT, yvela adamiani Tanabari Rirsebis matarebelia,
radgan erTaderTi RmrTis xatebadaa
Seqmnili da erTsa da imave racionalur suls flobs. aqedan gamomdinare,
yovelgvari diskriminacia... seqsualuri, rasobrivi, kanis feris, socialuri, enobrivi Tu religiuri niSniT
unda iqnas daZleuli da aRmofxvrili,
rogorc RmrTis Canafiqris sawinaaRmdego (GS, 29; Sdr. CCC, 1934-1938).
racionalizmi (Razionalismo) [nawarmoebia sityvidan razionale racionaluri] zogadad, aRniSnavs nebismier

267

reduqciebi

moZRvrebas, romelic gadaWarbebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis gonebriv unars, an eswrafvis, gamoricxos RmrTaebrivi gamocxadeba, anda
misi mniSvneloba minimumamde dayvanas.
Teologiis istoriaSi termini aRniSnavs mimdinareobas, romlis Tanaxmadac, Rirebuleba mxolod rwmenis im
WeSmaritebebs aqvs, romelTa wvdoma
gonebiTaa SesaZlebeli. amgvarad Teologia filosofiad iqceva. pius IX-m
dagmo antidogmaturi racionalizmi
enciklikebiT Qui pluribus (1846) da
Syllabus errorum (1864). dagmobas
mxari dauWira vatikanis I krebam dadgenilebaSi Dei Filius (1870).

Redaktionge-

elobis mizniT daarsebuli uwmidesi macxovris kongregaciis wevrebi.

mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebuli am
sazogadoebis wevrebma XX saukuneSi
mociqulobis axali formebi Camoayalibes: garda saxalxo misionerobisa,
romelsac kvlavac wamyvani roli uWiravs maT saqmianobaSi, misdeven, agreTve,
gansakuTrebul samwyso saqmianobas
(msaxuroben saavadmyofoebSi, exmarebian narkomanebs, monawileoben qarizmatikosTa moZraobebSi, qristianuli
qadagebis kursebSi). TeologiaSi mniSvnelovania maTi poziciebi zneobriv
da samwyso TeologiaSi (magaliTad, b.
heringi, v. Suri). zneobrivi da samwyso Teologiis Semswavlel centrad
cnobili alfonsusis akademia (alfonsiana) ioane XXIII-m lateranis universitets SeuerTa. kongregaciis wesdeba,
romelic martiv da samudamo aRTqmebs
Seicavs, benediqte XIV-m 1749 wels
daamtkica. kongregacia dRes daaxloebiT 6 700 wevrs aerTianebs da sididiT
meSvidea xeldasxmul samRvdeloTa organizaciebs Soris. kongregaciis qalTa
Stoc alfonsus maria dei liguorim
daaarsa, episkopos falkoiasTan erTad,
misi wesdeba ki benediqte XIV-m 1750
wels daamtkica. esaa diocezis moqmedi episkoposis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi
mWvretelobiTi mimarTulebis ordeni
sazeimo aRTqmebiTa da mkacri klauzuris wesiT.

redemptoristebi
(Redentoristi/e)
1732 wels wmida alfonsus maria dei
liguoris mier yvelaze daCagruli socialuri fenebis moraluri
mxardaWerisa da sulieri xelmZRvan-

reduqciebi (Riduzioni) [espan. reducciones] laTinur amerikaSi iezuiti

misionerebis mier Camoyalibebuli
reduqciebi warmoadgenda gancalkevebul sasoflo-sameurneo koloniebs
monaTlul indielTaTvis, romlebic

regalia (Insegne) [laT. insignia,

mravlobiTi ricxvi saSualo sqesis
arsebiTi saxelisa insigne regalia]
garkveuli Rirsebis damaxasiaTebel
TvisebaTa amsaxveli sagnebi; saepiskopo
regaliebia: kverTxi, mitra, samkerde
jvari da sxva.
regularulni (Regolari) [laT. regularis, nawarmoebia sityvidan regula
wesi] aRniSnavs samonazvno institutebisa da samociqulo cxovrebis
institutTa wevrebs, romlebic emorCilebian wess da sajarod acxadeben
ubiwoebis, siRatakisa da morCilebis
saxarebiseul rCevaTa aRsarebas.
redaqciis
schichte.

istoria

n.

reinkarnacia

eklesiasa da samoqalaqo cxovrebas

aziares (pirdapir TargmanSi, miiyvanesreducti, saidanac momdinareobs termini) da asobiT da aTasobiT adamiani daasaxles erTad maTi
saboloo gaqristianebis mizniT. am
koloniaTagan yvelaze cnobili iyo
paragvais egreT wodebul iezuitTa
saxelmwifoSi Semavali koloniebi.
1750 wlis madridis traqtatis Semdeg,
romlis safuZvelzec centraluri paranas da paragvais teritoriaze arsebuli Svidi kolonia portugalias
gadaeca da daaxloebiT 30 000 upovari
iZulebuli Seiqna, espanur teritoriebze gadasaxlebuliyo, iezuitTa
winaaRmdeg seriozuli ciliswameba
wamoayenes (gansakuTrebiT ministrma
pombalma gamoiCina Tavi), rasac 1767
wels espanuri amerikidan maTi gaZeveba mohyva Sedegad. espanur amerikaSi
iezuitTa saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda
30 kolonia (maTgan 8 dRevandeli
paragvais teritoriaze), sadac daaxloebiT 100 000 gaWirvebuli adamiani cxovrobda. Tumca paragvais iezuitur saxelmwifos, rogorc aseTs,
arasodes uarsebia, radgan calkeuli
reduqciebi espanuri koloniuri imperiis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda.
iezuitTa gandevnis Semdeg reduqciebSi indielTa ricxvi swrafad Semcirda. 1848 wels saxelmwifom gaauqma
reduqciebi, iq mcxovrebni ki saerTo
kanonmdeblobas dauqvemdebara.
reinkarnacia (Reincarnazione) [laT.
reincarnatio xelaxali xorcSesxma]
aRniSnavs sikvdilis Semdeg sxva sxeulebriv cxovrebas. reinkarnaciis
cneba mraval kulturaSia cnobili

268
(aRorZineba, sulTa gadasaxleba, palingenezi, metemfsiqozi), ukavSirdeba
animistur Tu totemistur Sexedulebebs da Teoriuli gansjis sxvadasxva
safexurze aRmocenda. misi sistemuri
damuSavebiT umTavresad hinduizmi,
budhizmi da saberZneTia cnobili. rac
Seexeba qristianobas, reinkarnaciaze
arc Zveli da arc axali aRTqma ar
msjelobs. ireneosis mtkicebiT, qristianuli moZRvreba adamianis pirovnuli mTlianobis Sesaxeb gamoricxavs
mas, iseve, rogorc moZRvreba sxeulTa
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis Sesaxeb (tertuliane).
rekviemi
(Requiem)
qristianuli
locva micvalebulTaTvis, romelic
iwyeba sityvebiT Requiem aeternam...
maradiuli gansveneba....
reklusebi (Reclusi) ase ewodebodaT
(an klaustralebi, laTinuri sityvidan clausura) adreul Sua saukuneebSi
pirebs, romlebic momlocvelTaTvis
mniSvnelovan monasterSi an eklesiaSi
iketebodnen da mas Semdeg senakidan
ar gamodiodnen. maT uzrunvelyofaze
morwmuneebi zrunavdnen. amgvar Caketilobas araferi aqvs saerTo moweseobaSi miRebul klauzuris wesTan.
istoriuli mniSvneloba man XII-XIII
saukuneebSi SeiZina. am periodSi senakebSi martosul cxovrebas ZiriTadad
qalwuli da qvrivi qalebi misdevdnen.
rekoleqcia n. sulieri rekoleqcia.
rekonkista (Reconquista) ase ewodeba arabTa (mavrTa) mier dapyrobili
espanuri teritoriebis dabrunebis
moZraobas. moZraobas dasabami dae-

269
do asturiaTa samefoSi alfons IIis (791-842) mefobis dros, romelmac vestgoTebis kaTolikuri samefo
daibruna. pirvel etapze (daaxloebiT
1000 wlamde) qristianebma dueramde
(dRevandeli portugaliis CrdiloeTi nawili) miaRwies, xolo samefos
dedaqalaqma oviedodan leonSi gadainacvla. arabTa ukanaskneli winaaRmdegobiT gamowveuli Seferxebis Semdeg,
momdevno etapze (XI-XII saukuneebi)
rekonkistas moZraoba iberiis naxevarkunZulis samxreT provinciebsa
da mogvianebiTcentraluri nawilis
dabrunebiT gagrZelda. XIII saukuneSi arabTagan gaTavisuflda espaneTis
samxreTi (balearis kunZulebi, valensia, kordoba da sevilia). 1492 wels
granadis aReba rekonkistas trimfalur dasasrulad iqca.
religia (Religione) [laT. religio, rac,
qristiani mwerlis, laqtanciusis (IIIIV s.) Tanaxmad, momdinareobs zmnidan
religare mibma, dakavSireba] aRniSnavs adamianis damokidebulebas RmrTisadmi, romelic istoriulad rwmenaTa
da sakulto da ritualur aqtTa kompleqsis saxiT yalibdeba. amis gamo ar
arsebobs, zogadad, religia, aramed arsebobs religiebi. religiaTa sxvadasxva
tipologias ganasxvaveben: bunebrivi religiebi, romelTa dasabamad adamianuri
Ziebani iqca; gamocxadebis religiebi,
romlebsac safuZvlad daedo RmrTis
gamocxadeba, misi pirovnebis gamovlineba (ebraeloba, qristianoba), an RmrTis
gansakuTrebuli saxiT gamovlinebis
rwmena (islamizmi); eTnikuri religiebi xalxTa jgufebis an garkveuli
erebis wiaRSi viTardeba; universal-

religiur saqmeTa instituti

uria religiebi, romlebic adgilobriv

erovnul sivrces scildeba da ufro
farTod vrceldeba; monoTeisturi religiebi erT RmerTs aRiareben, poliTeisturebimraval RmrTaebas. bolos,
wignis religiebs uwodeben ebraelobasa da qristianobas, romlebic biblias
emyareba, da isalms, romelic dafuZnebulia yuranze.
religiuri (Religioso) [laT. religiosus religiuri] aRniSnavs yovelives,
dakavSirebuls religiasTan an mis
Sesatyviss; agreTve miemarTeba morwmune an RmrTis moSiS adamians.
religiuri samosi (Abito religioso)
[laT. habitus] samosi, romelsac atarebs samRvdeloeba
da moweseebi
niSnad RmrTisadmi sakuTari Tavis
miZRvnisa da siRaribis damowmebisa
(CIC, kan. 669). saeklesio pirTaTvis
grZeli samosis tarebas mxari dauWira
lateranis IV krebam, radganac imxanad
gavrcelebuli mokle saero tansacmeli maTTvis Seufereblad gamoiyureboda. samRvdelo pirTaTvis samoslis
Savi feri savaldebulod iqca tridentis krebis Semdeg.
religiuroba (Religiosit) [laT. religiositas (sityvidan religiosus religiuri)] adamianis sulis ganwyoba da
midrekileba, aRiqvas xilul sagnebSi
aRmatebuli, absoluturi da totaluri mniSvneloba. is ara mxolod
sxvadasxva religiaTa formebSi, aramed, amasTanave, bunebis dakvirvebaSic
gamoixateba.
religiur saqmeTa instituti (IOR/
Istituto per le opere di religione) 1942

relikviebi

270

wlis 27 ivniss vatikanSi, pius XII-is

qirografiT damoukidebeli iuridiuli piris statusiT daarsebul am instituts daevala religiur saqmeTa
administrireba, risi gankargulebac
leon XIII-m 1887 wlis 11 Tebervals
gasca. 1990 wlis 1 martis qirografiTa
da Sesabamisi wesdebiT ioane pavle II-m
(Sdr. AAS, 1990, tom. LXXXII, par.
1619, Smd.) ganaaxla institutis struqtura misi saqmianobisa da funqciaTa
drois moTxovnebTan ukeT misasadageblad. kerZod, papma sagangebo yuradReba miapyro kompetentur saero kaTolikeTa Tanamonawileobisa da pasuxismgeblobis mniSvnelobas. institutis
mizania, fizikur Tu iuridiul pirTa
mier misadmi mindobili an gadacemuli da religiuri an saqvelmoqmedo
miznebisaTvis gankuTvnili uZravi da
moZravi qonebis marTvisa da dacvis uzrunvelyofa (wesdeba, 2). institutis
saqmianobis mis wesdebasTan Sesabamisobas akontrolebs kardinalTa komisia,
romelic xuTi wlis vadiT daniSnuli
xuTi kardinalisgan Sedgeba.

esaa, agreTve, mowiwebis gamoxatuleba

sxeulisadmi, romelic moxmobilia
RmerTTan TanaziarebaSi Sesasvlelad
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis Jams. pirveli
qristianebi sakurTxevlebsa da salocavebs mowameTa saflavebze agebdnen.
aqedan momdinareobs swored yovel
sakurTxevelSi mowamis an wmidanis relikviis Catanebis tradicia.

relikviebi (Reliquie) [laT. reliquiae,

sityvidan reliquus naSTi, neSti]
wmidanis an netaris sxeulis nawilebi
(an sxeulTan mWidro kontaqtSi namyofi nivTebi), visi kultic sajarod
aris daSvebuli eklesiis mier. nikeis
krebam
(787) daadgina relikviaTa
kultis kanoniereba da akrZala relikviebiT vaWroba. relikviaTa Tayvaniscemis erTaderTi gamarTleba da
mizania qristes mier mis msaxurTa
meSveobiT moxdenil saswaulTa gamocxadeba da mowmuneTaTvis misabaZi magaliTis dasaxva (Sdr. SC, 111).

responsoriumi (Responsorio) [gvianlaT. responsorium (zmnidan respondere pasuxi)] galoba solistisa

(schola) da xalxis monawileobiT,
romelic misamReriT upasuxebs mas.
liturgiuli galobis uZvelesi forma, romelic evqaristiul liturgiaSi
fsamunTa Sepasuxebis saxiT damkvidrda.

remonstrantebi (Rimostranti) [holan.

remostraten] n. harminizmi.
reskripti (Rescritto) [laT. rescriptus,
namyos mimReoba zmnisa rescribere pasuxad miwera] kanonikur samarTalSi
esaa werilobiTi administraciuli
aqti, gacemuli Sesabamisi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflis mier, romlis meSvebiTac, vinmes moTxovnis safuZvelze,
xdeba privilegiis, nebarTvis miniWeba
an sxva saxis wyalobis gacema (CIC,
kan. 59). xsenebuli iuridiuli instituti romauli samarTlidan momdinareobs: es iyo werilobiTi pasuxi,
romelsac romis impetratorebi gascemdnen mosamarTleTa SekiTxvebs.

responsoriumis fsalmuni (Salmo responsoriale) fsalmuni, romelic warmoiTqmis an galobiT sruldeba wirvis
dros, pirveli sakiTxavis Semdeg, monacvleobiT solistisa da monawileTa

271
mier, romlebic misamReriT upasuxeben
solists.
reforma, grigoliseuli n. grigoliseuli reforma.
reforma, kaTolikuri n. kaTolikuri
reforma.
reforma, protestantuli n. protestantuli reforma.
reqtori (Rettore) [laT. rector (zmnidan regere marTva)] mRvdelmsaxuri, romelsac mindobili aqvs zrunva
im eklesiaze, romelic ar aris arc
sakrebulo, arc kapitulisa, ar ekuTvnis romelime samoweseo sakrebulos an
samociquli cxovrebis sazogadoebis
saxls (CIC, kan. 556). reqtori ewodeba, agreTve, seminariis xelmZRvanels,
an saeklesio Tu kaTolikuri universitetis profesorTa meTaurs, agreTve,
saero pirs, romelic saZmos udgas saTaveSi.
reqtoroba/sareqtoro (Rettoria) reqtoris msaxureba da Rirseba, an misdami daqvemdebarebuli eklesia.
rigorizmi (Rigorismo) [laT. rigor,
simkacre, Semdeg frang. rigorisme]
filosofiaSi aRniSnavs sistemas, romlis Tanaxmadac zneobis safuZvels
kanonisadmi usityvo morCilebas warmoadgens, rac kompromisis yovelgvar
SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. zneobriv
TeologiaSi aRniSnavs XVII saukunis II
naxevris mimdinareobas, romelic zneobis sferoSi imdroindel laqsistur
(n. laqsizmi) da probabilistur (n.
probabilizmi) tendenciebs daupirispirda.

ricxvni

ricxvni (Numeri, libro dei) xuTwigneulis meoTxe wigni. saxelwodeba warmoadgens Targmans septuagintis berZnuli saTaurisa (rithmoi), romelic
sinais mTis Ziras dabanakebuli israeli
tomebis aRweridan (1-4) momdinareobs,
wignis ebraul TargmanSi ki misi saTauria udabnoSi (bemidbar). sinais
Ziras dasaxleba da Semdeg aRTqmul
miwamde udabnoSi mogzauroba is ori
ZiriTadi ambavia, romelTa irgvlivac
viTardeba Txroba. wignis saboloo
redaqtirebisas gamoyenebulia gansxvavebul tradiciaTa (iahvisturi,
elohisturi, saRmrTismsaxurebo) sxvadasxva dokumenti. Tavisi istoriuli
da religiuri suliskveTebiT ricxvTa
wigni iribad ukavSirdeba gamosvlas,
xolo kanonTa mixedviTlevianTa
wigns da gamosvlis xanis sami didi
moqmedi piris sadidebels warmoadgens.
upirveles yovlisa, esaa ufali, romelic udabnoSi mogzaurobis WeSmariti mTavari gmiria, radganac israeli
arasodes rCeba marto da mitovebuli.
RmrTis Tanaswrebis mizeziT am wmida
istoriaSi ufalTan erTad monawileobs kidev erTi arsebiTad mniSvnelovani personaJi, iahves msaxuri
mose (ricxv. 12:8), anu RmerTsa da
xalxs Soris Suamavali, romelsac mgznebared uyvars RmerTi, Tumca, amave
dros, myari kavSiri aqvs Tavis xalxTan.
wignis mesame moqmedi piri ki xalxia.
rTuli xasiaTis, meamboxe, Seupovari
xalxi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili; isaa,
sabolood, RmrTis mzrunvelobisa da
siyvarulis umTavresi sagani. am mizeziT israelis Semdgom Taobebs mtkiced
swamdaT, rom swored im xalxidan iRebs
dasabams maTi fesvebi da identuroba.

rogacioebi

amgvarad, udabno israelis mTeli istoriuli da religiuri Tavgadasavlis nimuSad iqceva.

rogacioebi (Rogazioni) [laT. rogatio
locva] sajaro vedrebis msvlelobebi, rasac Tan axlda wmidanTa litaniebis kiTxva, aRvlenili mosavlis
baraqianobis Sesavedreblad.
rozminelni
(gulmowyalebis
instituti) (Rosminiani (Institutum
charitatis)) mRvdelmsaxurTa, sasuliero pirTa da saero ZmaTa kongregacia, daarsebuli 1828 wels antonio
rozmini-serbatis mier domodosolas
maxloblad, monte kalvarioze. 1839
wels is papma grigol XVI-m daamtkica. rozminelni RmrTisa da moyvasis siyvaruliT moRvaweoben skolebSi,
ewevian samrevlo samwyso saqmianobas,
saxalxo misionerobas da misionerobas
warmarTTa Soris, gansakuTrebiT, afrikaSi. antonio rozmini (1797-1855),
romelic 1821 wels ekurTxa mRvdlad,
cnobilia, agreTve, rogorc filosofosi da Teologi. Tavis wignSi
wmida eklesiis xuTi iaris Sesaxeb
(is daiwera 1832-1833 wlebSi, Tumca
anonimurad mxolod 1848 wels gamoqveynda) rozmini aanalizebs italiur
da avstriul kaTolikobas da masSi
xuTi iaris arsebobas asabuTebs, esenia: liturgiaSi saeroTa da sasulieroTa gancalkeveba; sasuliero pirTa
arasakmarisi momzadeba; episkoposTa
Soris TanamSromlobis ararseboba
(episkoposTa uzomo damokidebuleba
mTavrebze); episkoposTa arCeva saero
xelisufalTa mier; saeklesio qonebis
damoneba. im dros, rodesac rozminis

272
politikuri nawerebi 1849 wels indeqsSi moxvda, 1854 wels, mkacri winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, pius IX-m
misi filosofiuri Sromebi marTlmorwmuned gamoacxada. mxolod moazrovnis sikvdilidan sakmao drois gasvlis Semdeg, 1887 wels, dekretiT Post
obitum, leon XIII-m eretikulad gamoacxada rozminis 40 debuleba, usistemod amoRebuli misi nawerebidan, magaliTad, RmrTis xedvisa da Semecnebis
Sesaxeb. dRes rozminis saxeli reabilitirebulia da igi netarad aris Seracxili.
roketumi (Rocchetto) [Sua saukuneTa
laT. rocchettum (kninobiTi forma sityvisa roccus samosi), dasabams iRebs
frankulidan hrok] maqmaniani TeTri
selis samosi, kotas sigrZis, magram viwro da grZeli saxeloebiT. mas atareben papi, kardinalebi, episkoposebi da
prelatebi (zog SemTxvevaSi agreTve
kanonikosebi da winamZRvrebi). is samosis Semoklebuli variantia: saxeloebis
maqmani zemodan ekereba TeTr, vardisfer an iisfer abreSums, imis mixedviT,
Tu ra Rirsebis mqone piri atarebs mas.
romauli pontifikali (Pontificale
romano) liturgiuli wigni, sadac
Tavmoyrilia episkoposisaTvis gankuTvnili saRmrTismsaxurebo teqstebi
da normebi. am tipis pirveli wigni
iyo romaul-germanuli krebuli, romelic daaxloebiT 950 wels magoncaSi
Seadgines.
romauli wesi (Romano, rito) gamoTqma
aRniSnavs romis eklesiis Cveulebriv
liturgiul wess, romelic Semdeg, ambrosiseuli wesisa (milanis diocez-

273
Si) da mozarabikuli wesis (toledos
sakaTedro taZris erT-erT kapelaSi)
gamonaklisiT, mTels laTinur kaTolike eklesiaSi gavrcelda. es wesi
IV-VII saukuneebSi Camoyalibda, umTavresad grigol didis mier wirvis
kanonis gansazRvrisa da saidumloTa
did wignTa (wirvisaTvis gankuTvnil
locvaTa krebulebi) Sedgenis Sedegad.
karolingur xanaSi romauli wesi safrangeTSi, Semdeg kidasavleTis danarCen qveynebSi gavrcelda.
romis pontifeqsis legati (Legato del
romano pontefice) [laT. legatus rwmunebuli] papis warmomadgeneli. romis pontifeqss aqvs TavisTavadi da damoukidebeli ufleba (CIC, kan. 362),
daniSnos da wargzavnos Tavisi warmomadgenlebi, agreTve, gadaanacvlos da
gamoixmos isini saerTaSoriso normaTa dacviT, episkoposTa Tu saero xelisufalTa mxridan mowonebis gareSe.
legatebi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc sasuliero, ise saero pirebi. romis pontifeqsi andobs maT misi mudmivad warmodgenis misias calkeul eklesiebsa Tu
saxelmwifoebSi, sajaro xelisufalTa
winaSe Tu sxva organizaciebSi (CIC,
kan. 363, naw 1). 1969 wlis 24 ivnisis
dekretis Sollicitudo omnium Ecclesiarum (=SOE) Tanaxmad, arsebobs legatTa sxvadasxva tipebi: a) samociqulo
rwmunebulebi, romlebic xangrZlivad
iniSnebian mxolod calkeul eklesiebSi, gansazRvrul saeklesio regionSi;
b) rwmunebulebi, romlebic xangrZlivi drois manZilze warmoadgenen pontifeqss ara mxolod calkeul eklesiebSi, aramed saxelmwifoebSi da saero
xelisuflebis winaSe da Semdeg kate-

romis sakiTxi

goriebad iyofian: despanebi (nunciusebi), romlebic floben elCis xarisxs

da ipso iure diplomatiuri korpusis
duaienebi arian; vice-despanebi (pronunciusebi), romlebic am uflebiT ar
sargebloben; wargzavnilni (internunciusebi) anu sagangebo rwmunebulebi
an sruluflebiani warmomadgenlebi,
mivlenili im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
wmida saydarsa da saxelmwifos Soris
urTierToba srulyofili diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis wargzavnis saSualebas ar iZleva (SOE, 1:2). garda
amisa, arseboben: wmida saydris samociqulo rwmunebulebi da wargzavnilebi,
romlebic gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi
warigzavnebian saxelmwifoebSi; saqmeTa
rwmunebulni werilobiT, romlebic
xangrZlivad warmoadgenen pontifeqss,
Tumca maT misias damatebiTi xasiaTi aqvs (SOE, 1:3); saqmeTa droebiTi
rwmunebulni, romelnic cvlian misiis xelmZRvanels misi aryofnis dros
(SOE, II, 2). g) saerTaSoriso sabWoebSi
an konferenciebsa da kongresebze pontifeqsis warmomadgenlebi daiyofian:
xmis uflebis mqone rwmunebulebad;
damkvirveblebad, amgvari uflebis gareSe (CIC, kan. 363, naw. 2; SOE II,1); d)
delegati kardinalebi, romlebic romis pontifeqsis misiis Sesrulebisas mis
alter ego-s warmoadgenen, mievlinebian
xanmokle droiT rame gansakuTrebuli
davalebis Sesasruleblad (CIC, kan.
358).
romis sakiTxi (Questione romana)
politikur-religiuri
uTanxmoeba, romelic italiis saxelmwifosa
da wmida saydars Soris aRmocenda
italiis mTlianobis gamocxadebisa

rubrikebi

(1861) da romis SeiaraRebuli okupaciis (1870) Semdeg. italiis saxelmwifoebriv mTlianobas emsxverpla
eklesiis saxelmwifo, romelmac 1870
wlis seqtemberSi sabolood Sewyvita
arseboba, ris Sedegadac papma pius IX-m
Tavi vatikanis tyved gamoacxada da
uaryo SeTanxmebis misaRwevad misTvis
SeTavazebuli yvela saxis kompromisi.
1871 wlis 13 maisis egreT wodebuli
uzrunvelyofis kanonebiT (Legge
delle Guarentigie) italiis mTavrobam paps aRuTqva sruli Tavisufleba
da xelSeuxebloba eklesiis marTvis
saqmeSi, suvereni mmarTvelis privilegiebi da pativi, amave dros, vatikanis sasaxleebiTa da baRebiT, agreTve,
sxva SenobebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba flobis uflebis gareSe da
kidevSesatyvisi zaralis anazRaureba. pasuxad, 1871 wlis 15 maiss papma
gamosca enciklika Ubi nos, romelSic
gaaprotesta zemoxsenebuli SeTavazebebi da uzurpatorebi eklesiidan
gankveTa. amas daerTo 1874 wlis non
expedit, romliTac papma kaTolike
italielebs politikur arCevnebSi
monawileoba aukrZala. es akrZalva
kidev ufro damZimda 1886 wels da
mxolod 1905 wels pius X-is mier
iqna gauqmebuli. romis sakiTxi sabolood gadawyda italiis saxelmwifosa da wmida saydars Soris lateranis xelSekrulebaTa xelmoweriT (1929
wlis 11 Tebervali).
rubrikebi (Rubriche) [laT. rubrica
sityvidan ruber wiTeli] liturgiul enaze aRniSnavs liturgiul
qmedebaTa saTanadod Casatareblad
aucilebel ritualur direqtivebs.

274
es direqtivebi liturgiul wignebSi
wiTeli feriTaa aRniSnuli. bolodroindelma liturgiulma reformam
mniSvnelovnad Seamcira rubrikaTa raodenoba, Tumca misi Sinaarsi gaamdidra.
ruTis wigni (Rut, libro di) ucnobi
avtoris mier dawerili Zveli aRTqmis wigni. septuagintasa da vulgataSi
moTavsebulia msajulTa wignis Semdeg. saTaurad aRebulia moabi qalis,
wignis mTavari gmiris, saxeli. moabis
qveyanaSi sacxovreblad wasuli beTlemeli meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg
dedamTil nayomTan erTad ruTi iudas
qveyanaSi dabrunda da colad gahyva
qmris naTesav boyazs. qorwinebidan iSva
vaJi yobedi, daviTis winapari. wigni
mniSvnelovan da Rirebul darigebebs
Seicavs. masSi xazgasmulia israeleli
ojaxis yvelaze TvalsaCino Rirsebani:
mSoblebis mimarT Tayvaniscema, naTesavTa mimarT gulmowyaleba, siyvaruli da gulTbili damokidebulebani
ojaxur urTierTobebSi. RmrTaebrivi
gangeba cxovrebiseul mtkivneul movlenebs adamianTa sasargeblod amoqmedebs: ucxotomeli ruTi daviTisa da
TviT mesiis winapari xdeba. israelis
RmerTi iRebs ucxoelTa ZRvens. israelTa da ucxoelTa Soris qorwinebebi kanonieria da RmrTis mier aris
kurTxeuli. warmarTebs, romlebic samagaliTo cxovrebas ewevian, WeSmarit
RmerTTan ziarebis madli eZlevaT.
rusinTa eklesia (Rutena, Chiesa) [Suasaukuneobrivi laT. Rutheni, nawarmoebia sityvidan Ruthenia (ukraina)] konstantinopolis, anu bizantiuri wesis

275
kaTolike eklesia. marTlmadideblebi
mas uniaturs uwodeben, radganac romis eklesiaTan Tavisi kavSiri gamoacxada brest-litovskis krebaze (1596
wels). misi mitropolitis rezidencia
kievSia.
rCeva (Consiglio) [laT. sityvidan
consilium, momdinare zmnidan consulere rCevis micema] suli wmidis
Svid niWTagan erT-erTi. srulyofs
keTilgonierebis saTnoebas da erTgvari zebunebrivi intuiciis meSveobiT imis gansjaSi exmareba adamians,
Tu rogoraa saWiro moqceva, gansakuTrebiTrTul momentebSi.
rCeuli (Eletto) [laT. electus (namyos mimReoba zmnisa eligere arCeva)] aRniSnavs adamians an xalxs,
arCeuls RmrTis mier misi zebunebrivi niWis misaRebad. Zvel aRTqmaSi
rCeulebi ewodebaT ebraelebs, axal
aRTqmaSi ki qristianuli sakrebulos
wevrebs. TeologiaSi termini aRniSnavs xsnisadmi winaswar gansazRvrulobas (n. macxovari; xsna). amJamindeli
mniSvnelobiT rCeuli aRniSnavs adamians, romelmac RmerTs miuZRvna Tavi.
dabolos, zrdasrulTa naTlobaSi
rCeuli ewodeba monaTvlis msurvels,
romelsac kaTakmevelobis periodi aqvs
gavlili.
rwmena (Credere) [laT. sityvidan
credere, ebr. aman (saidanac momdinareobs sityva amen) mtkiced dgoma,
dacva, mindoba vinmesadmi] aRniSnavs qristianis rwmeniT damokidebulebas RmrTis, misi Zis, ieso qristesa,
da, agreTve, mis mier gamocxadebuli
yvela WeSmaritebis mimarT.

rwmenis Tavisufleba

rwmenis gancda (Sensus fidei (o fidelium)) [laT. Sensus fidei rwmenis

arsi] aRniSnavs intiuciis erTgvar
saxes, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli
Teoriul-racionalur msjelobasTan
da ufro instinqturia (Tumca ar aris
moklebuli racionalurobas), romlis
meSveobiTac suli wmidis Tanaswreba
amdidrebs eklesias da calkeul morwmuneebs sarwmunoebis WeSmaritebaTa
Secnobis gzaze. mas avTentikurad
ganmartavs eklesiis moZRvreba, romelic, amave dros, erTgvarad Tavad
eyrdnoba mas. misi gamoxatvis formebi
SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva saxis dokumenti (nawerebi, liturgia da sxv.),
romlebic iZenen locus theologicus-is
Rirebulebas.
rwmenis Tavisufleba (Libert religiosa) rwmenis Tavisuflebis ufleba
TviT adamianis bunebas efuZneba, visi
pirovnuli
Rirsebac
Tavisuflad
mimarTavs adamians imisaken, rom igi
amqveyniur wesrigs aRmatebul RmrTaebriv WeSmaritebas miemxros. rwmenis
Tavisuflebis
ufleba
mkafiodaa
gamoxatuli da Camoyalibebuli vatikanis II krebis mier deklaraciaSi Dignitatis humanae (1965), sadac naTqvamia:
religiasTan mimarTebiT aravin unda
iyos iZulebuli, imoqmedos sindisis
winaaRmdeg da aravis unda Seeqmnas
dabrkoleba, saTanado sazRvrebSi, imisaTvis, rom imoqmedos Tavisi sindisis Sesabamisad kerZod Tu sajarod,
pirovnulad Tu gaerTianebis farglebSi (DH, 2; Sdr. CCC, 2104-2109).
eklesiis istoriaSi rwmenis Tavisuflebis principi nela mkvidrdeboda,
ramdenadac eklesia xistad miiCnevda

276

rwmenis saidumloeba

Tavis valdebulebad yvela adamianis

WeSmarit rwmenasTan miyvanas. religiuri Tavisuflebis sakiTxs ganekuTvneba
erTgvarad saxelmwifos movaleoba, ar
Seuqmnas dabrkoleba saeklesio xelisufalT religiis gavrcelebaSi.

rwmenis saidumloeba (Mistero della

fede) [laT. misterium fidei. n. saidumloeba] evqaristiaSi rwmenis saidumloebaa mRvdelmsaxuris Sepasuxeba
kurTxevis Semdeg, rasac morwmuneebi
erTxmad upasuxeben.

saabato (Abbazia) [gvianlaT. abbata
(aram. abb)] moweseTa sakrebulo,
romelsac warmarTavs abati an abatisa da damoukidebelia episkoposis
iurisdiqciisagan. amave saxelwodebas
atarebs saabato sakrebulos kuTvnil
SenobaTa kompleqsi. Tavdapirvelad
saabatoebi sruliad damoukidebeli
iyo erTmaneTisagan, maTi centralizebis procesi daiwyo X saukuneSi, klunis saabatos daarsebis Semdeg. saabatos marTvaSi abats exmareba monastris
kapitulumi da uxucesTa sabWo. Sua
saukuneebSi, rodesac saabato feodad
miiCneoda, xSirad saabatos daarsebis
nebarTvas gascemda xelmwifeinvestituris meSveobiT. amJamad aseTi nebarTvis gacema mxolod paps SeuZlia.
saabato aradiocezuri (Abbazia nullius dioecesis an, ubralod, nullius)
papis mier diocezis saxiT daarsebuli,
abatis iurisdiqciis mmarTvelobaSi
myofi saeklesio teritoria. kanonikuri samarTlis axal kodeqsSi saubaria teritoriul sabatoze, romelic
warmoadgens RmrTis xalxis teritoriulad gamoyofil gansazRvrul
nawils, romelze zrunvac, gansakuTrebuli pirobebidan gamomdinare,
ekisreba abats, romelic ganagebs mas

sadiocezo episkoposis msgavsad, rogorc misi Sesabamisi moZRvari (CIC,

kan. 370).
saavadmyofoTa ordenebi (Ordini ospedalieri) religiuri ordenebi, romlebic
jvarosnuli
laSqrobebis
droidan arsebobs. am ordenTa wevrebi,
Tanaxmad maT mier dadebuli meoTxe
aRTqmisa, umTavresad momlocvelebsa
da avadmyofebs emsaxurebodnen. termini ospedaliero (TargmanSi saavadmyofosilaT. hospitalarius) Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda swored moweses,
romelic monastersa Tu TavSesafarSi
RaribTa dabinavebaze iyo pasuxismgebeli. saavadmyofos ordenTagan yvelaze
cnobilia: wmida ioane RmrTisas ordeni (n. fatebenefratelebi) da kamilelTa ordeni. saavadmyofos daTa
saxeliT moixsenieben avadmyofTa an
RaribTa daxmarebiT dakavebul yvela
monazons (magaliTad, elisabedis ordenis debi, franciskeli monazoni debi,
nacrisferi debi, fatebenesorelebi)
da tevtonTa ordenis, ioanelTa, suli
wmidis ordenisa da sxva ordenTa qalTa Stoebis warmomadgenlebs.
saaRdgomo
sadidebeli
(Preconio
pasquale) [laT. praeconium saja-

saaRdgomo sanTeli

ro gamocxadeba (sityvidan praeco,

praeconis mauwyebeli, gamomcxadebeli)] sagalobeli, romelic sruldeba sapaseqo ciskris dros, saaRdgomo
sanTlis kurTxevis Semdeg.
saaRdgomo sanTeli (Cero pasquale)
kelaptari, romelsac RmrTismsaxuri
sapaseqo ciskris dros cecxlis kurTxevis Semdeg anTebs. dedamiwis gamasxivosnebeli, mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qristes
(lumen Christi) naTlis niSani. mis
simbolos warmoadgenda cecxlis sveti
(gam. 13:21-22). paseqis garda, es kelaptari gamoiyeneba naTlobisa da dakrZalvis wesebSi.
saaRsarebo (Confessionale) [sityvidan
confessione aRsareba] adgili, sadac
xdeba monaniebis saidumlo. amJamindeli
saxiT saaRsarebo pirvelad XVI saukuneSi damkvidrda. manamde aRsarebis
mimRebs hqonda Cveulebrivi skami, romlisTvisac eklesiaSi gansazRvruli
adgili ar iyo gamoyofili. dRes saaRsarebo Sedgeba skamisa (aRmsarebis mimRebTaTvis) da ori samuxlisagan (monanieTaTvis). es ukanasknelni skamisgan
gamoiyofa kedliT, masSi datanebuli
gisosiani fanjriT, romlis miRmidanac esaubreba monanie mRvdelmsaxurs
da usmens mas.
sabaoT (Sabaoth) [laSqarTa, rigTa] ucnobi etimologiis ebrauli
sityva, romelic qerubimebze mjdar
(1mef. 4:4) ufals miemarTeba (1mef.
1:3) da aRTqmis rituals (2mef. 6:2.18;
7:8.27) miekuTvneba. Semdeg winaswarmetyvelebma is xelaxla daamkvidres,
gansakuTrebiT, zaqariam. laSqarTa
ufali aRniSnavs an israelis laSqa-

278
rs, anzeciurs (angelosebsa da varskvlavebs), an miwier da zeciur kosmiur ZalTa erTobliobas.
sabelianizmi (Sabellianesimo) samebasTan dakavSirebuli eresi, romelsac
amgvarad III saukueneSi moRvawe Teologis, sabeliusis saxelis mixedviT
moixsenieben. sabeliusi amtkicebda,
rom erTaderTma mama RmerTma gamoavlina Tavisi Tavi, rogorc mamam ZeSi
nazareveli iesos niRbiT. anu, misi
mtkicebiT, jvarze tanjva da sikvdili
Tavad RmerTma miiRo (egreT wodebuli patripasianizmi), xolo zecad
amaRlebis Semdeg suli wmidis saxiT
gamovlinda. sabeliusi papma kalisTeI-ma gankveTa. yvela SemTxvevaSi, misi
doqtrina sami formis (an xerxis,
rac italiurad modo-d iTargmneba,
saidanac momdinareobs saxelwodeba
modalizmi) Sesaxeb, romlebic RmrTis
erTaderTma bunebam miiRo, III saukunis SuawlebSi pentapolisis mravalma episkoposma gaiziara. sabelianizms
daupirispirda dionise didi, aleqsandriis episkoposi.
sabolooni (Novissimi) [laT. novissimus (aRmatebiTi xarisxi sityvisa
novus) ukanaskneli, bolo] kaTolikur TeologiaSi aRniSnavs ukanasknel realobas, romlis winaSec dgeba
yoveli adamiani Tavisi amqveyniuri
cxovrebis dasasruls. igulisxmeba:
sikvdili, samsjavro, jojoxeTi an samoTxe. am WeSmaritebebs esqatologia
Seiswavlis.
sagalobeli (Cantico) [laT. canticum] bibliuri poeturi kompozicia,
romelic fsalmunebs hgavs, magram ar

279
Sedis fsalmunTa krebulSi. gvxvdeba rogorc Zvel, ise axal aRTqmaSi.
gamoiyeneba JamTa liturgiaSi.
sagandegilo (Eremo) [berZ. remos
ganmartoebuli] ganmartoebuli da
gancalkevebuli adgili (qvabuli an
senaki), sadac gandegili ixizneba.
sagzali n. viatikumi.
sagrilebeli (Flabello) [laT. flabellum, sityvidan flare Seberva] siraqlemisa da farSevangis bumbulebisgan
damzadebuli farTo marao, moTavsebuli wiTeli xaverdis tarze. axlda
paps taxtrevanSi (sedia gestatoria)
an evqaristiul msvlelobebSi misi
gadaadgilebisas. cnobilia egviptelTa, babilonelTa da Zvel berZenTa
droidan, liturgiul wesebSi is papma
agapitem (VI saukune) daamkvidra. dRes
aRar gamoiyeneba.
sadagi dRe (Feria) [laT. feria, Tavdapirvelad, sazeimo dRe (anu, dResaswauli
wmidanisa,
kviradRis,
uflis dRis sapirispirod), Semdeg
SeiZina samuSao dRis mniSvneloba]
liturgiaSi aRniSnavs kviris yovel
dRes, SabaTisa da kviradRis garda,
romelTan TiToeuli Sesabamis saxels
atarebs (orSabaTi, samSabaTi da a.S.).
sadespano (nunciatura) (Nunziatura) aRniSnavs samociqulo despanis
Rirsebas, misi misiis moqmedebasa da
mis sacxovrebel adgils. leon didis
xanidan pontifeqsebs konstantinopolis saimperatoro karsa da frankTa
karze sakuTari warmomadgenlebi hyavdaT.
Tumca mudmivmoqmedi sades-

sadukevelni

panoebis aRmoceneba ufro savaraudod

nuncius collector et commissarius decimarum-is Tanamdebobas ukavSirdeba.
XIIIOsaukunidan romis kuria sxvadasxva
qveynebSi meaTedebs sagangebo moxeleTa
meSveobiT krefda. Tavdapirvelad am
movaleobas Tavad kuriis TanamSromlebi asrulebdnen, xolo mogvianebiT,
roca am saqmianobis mniSvneloba gaizarda, meaTedis akrefa maRali wodebis
prelatebsac daevalaT. calkeul qveynebSi Semgroveblebi (meaTedis amkrefni) TavianT movaleobas saxelmwifos teritoriis Sesabamis farglebSi asrulebdnen. mogvianebiT maT
diplomatiuri funqciebi daekisraT,
isini xelmwifis karze saxlobdnen da
Suamavlis rols asrulebdnen wmida
saydarsa da mefeebs Soris. TandaTan
es moxeleebi calkeul saxelmwifoebSi
wmida saydris namdvil elCebad iqcnen.
amave dros da umTavresad despanebi
calkeul eklesiebsa da wmida saydars Soris urTierTobebze zrunaven
(eklesiaTaSorisi funqcia).
sadidmarxvo qadagebani (Quaresimale)
qadagebaTa wyeba, romlebic didmarxvis
dros warmoiTqmis, am periodisaTvis
gankuTvnil qadagebaTa krebuli. maTi
ZiriTadi sagani, umTavresad, monanieba
da sulieri ganaxlebaa.
sadukevelni (Sedducei) cadokis STamomavalni, warmoadgendnen konservatiul seqtas, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen mRvdelmsaxurebi da
maRali warmoSobis ojaxebi (maT. 3:7;
saqm. 5:17; 23:6). maT swamdaT mxolod
Tora, uaryofdnen mkvdreTiT aRdgomas da angelosTa arsebobas (maT.

saeklesio asistenti

22:23, Smd.; mark. 12:18, Smd.; saqm. 23:8).

sadukevelni mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili iesosadmi da farisevlebTan erTad SeTqmulni iyvnen mis winaaRmdeg
(maT.21:23, Smd.; 26:14, Smd.; mark. 11:15,
Smd.; ioan. 11:47). sadukevelni ierusalemis dangrevis (70 w.) Semdeg gaqrnen.
saeklesio asistenti (Assistente ecclesiastico) saeklesio xelisuflebis mier
daniSnuli RmrTismsaxuri, romlis
movaleobaa am xelisuflebis warmomadgenloba kaTolikur asociaciebSi
(mag. kaTolikuri qmedeba) da maTs
wevrTa religiuri da sulieri aRzrdis xelSewyoba da Camoyalibeba.
saeklesio kalendari n. direqtoriumi.
saeklesio provincia (Provincia ecclessiastica) [laT. provincia] ramdenime
axlomdebare diocezis erToblioba,
romlebic saerTo samwyso qmedebis
xelSewyobis mizniT gaerTianda. maT
xelmZRvanelobs mitropoliti, romelic, rogorc wesi, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
diocezis
episkoposia.
saeklesio provinciaSi mmarTveli funqcia aqvs provinciis sabWosac (Sdr.
CIC, kan. 431-434).
saeklesio regioni (Regione ecclesiastica) eklesiis nawili, romelic ramdenime saeklesio provincias moicavs.
yalibdeba wmida sayrdis mier saepiskoposo
konferenciis
winadadebis
safuZvelze. SeiZleba hqondes iuridiuli piris statusi (Sdr. CIC, kan.
433). italiaSi 16 saeklesio regionia.
saeklesio samarTali (Diritto ecclesiastico) [berZ. ekklesiastiks eklesia-

280
sTan dakavSirebuli, Semdeg laT. ecclesiasticus] saxelmwifos iuridiuli
mowyobis normaTa erToblioba, romelic religiur sakiTxebs warmarTavs.
Tavdapirvelad termini gamoiyeneboda
kanonikuri samarTlis sinonimad da
mxolod augsburgis samSvidobo zavis
Semdeg (1555) principiT vinc marTavs,
misia religia (cuius regio eius et religio) gamoTqmam religiuri samarTali gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi SeiZina da
sabolood, dRes miRebuli mniSvnelobiT damkvidrda.
saeklesio samsaxuri (Ufficio ecclesiastico) [laT. officium valdebuleba,
samuSao] rogorc saRmrTo, ise
saeklesio ganwesebiT dadgenili nebismieri mudmivi Tanamdeboba (munus),
romelic sasuliero miznebs emsaxureba (CIC, kan. 145, naw. 1). zogadad, esaa
msaxureba, romelic Tanamdebobrivi
funqciebis farglebSi sakrebulos
sasargeblod sruldeba. is efuZneba
mandats, anu Carevas Zalauflebisa,
romelic RmrTaebrivia, rogorc papisa
da episkoposTa msaxurebis SemTxvevaSi
an saeklesiosadiocezo msajulis
an sasamarTlo vikariusis SemTxvevaSi.
mudmivobis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba,
romlis gamoc cxadia, rom Tanamdeboba mis mimRebamde arsebobda da mis
mier dakargvis Semdegac ganagrZobs
arsebobas, gamoricxavs, oden droebiTi
davalebis saeklesio msaxurebad miCnevas. saeklesio samsaxuri ori TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli:
obieqturi TvalsazrisiT, rogorc mis
Semadgenel funqciaTa erToblioba,
anu misTvis damaxasiaTebel uflebaTa
da movaleobaTa erToblioba, magali-

281
Tad, msajulis saeklesio samsaxuri
moicavs faqtebis kompetentur codnas, aucilebels zneobrivi ueWvelobis
SesaZenad amave faqtebTan damokidebulebaSi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
uflebas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor
unda miesadagos kanoni am mocemul
SemTxvevas; subieqturi TvalsazrisiT,
rodesac saqme exeba movaleobaTa ganxorcielebas TviT Tanamdebobis piris
mier, iqneba es fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piri.
saeklesio tribunalebi (Tribunali
ecclesiastici) organoebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac saepiskoposo kolegia,
yovelTvis mxolod romis papTan erTad, aRasrulebs eklesiaSi sasamarTlo Zalauflebas individualur Tu
sazogado uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. eklesiis sasamarTlo Zalaufleba Seexeba: a) sasuliero (sarwmunoeba, zneoba, saidumloni, aRTqmebi) an maTTan dakavSirebul (saeklesio
qoneba) sakiTxebze warmoqmnil davas;
b) saeklesio kanonebis darRvevasTan dakavSirebul sadavo sakiTxebs;
g) administraciuli Zalauflebis
aqtebidan gamomdinare davebs (CIC,
kan. 1400-1401). kompetenciis TvalsazrisiT, saeklesio tribunalebi daiyofa: pirveli instanciis (sadiocezo
tribunali, episkoposis mier daniSnuli sasamarTlos vikariusis xelmZRvanelobiT), meore instanciis (sadac
pirveli instanciis tribunalTa mier
gamotanili ganaCenebi gasaCivrdeba;
aseTi tribunali SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, samitropolito), mesame instanciis tribunalebad (n. saRmrTo
tribunali; samociqulo signatura).

saerTaSoriso Teologiuri komisia

saepiskoposo (Vescovado) episkoposis

adgilsamyofeli Senoba, sadac, Cveulebriv, ganlagebulia saepiskoposo
kuriis dawesebulebebi.
saepiskoposo sabWo (Consiglio episcopale) episkoposis, mTavari da saepiskoposo vikariusebisagan Semdgari sabWo,
romelic samwyso saqmianobis xelSewyobas emsaxureba (CIC, kan. 473, naw. 4).
saepiskoposo saxli (Episcopio) [laT.
episcopium saepiskoposo Rirseba,
momdinareobs berZnulidan episkopion] episkoposis sacxovrebeli, saepiskoposo, episkoposis sasaxle.
saepiskoposo xelTaTmani (Guanti episcopali) episkoposTa liturgiuli samosis detali, romelsac X saukunidan
iyenebdnen sazeimo wirvisas. Tavdapirvelad isini TeTri ferisa iyo da
umTavresad abreSumisagan mzaddeboda,
XIII saukunidan ki sxva liturgiuli
ferebis xelTaTmanebsac amzadebdnen.
saerTaSoriso Teologiuri komisia
(Commissione Teologica Internazionale) komisia 1969 wels pavle VI-m
daaarsa sarwmunoebis moZRvrebis kongregaciasTan, im mizniT, raTa man wmida saydars da, umTavresad, xsenebul
kongregacias umniSvnelovanesi samoZRvro sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi gauwios
daxmareba. komisiaSi Sedis araumetes
30 wevrisa, mas xsenebuli kongregaciis
prefeqti kardinali Tavmjdomareobs.
komisiis wevrebi arian sxvadasxva
skolaTa da xalxTa warmomadgeneli
Teologebi, romlebic ganswavlulobiTa da eklesiis swavlebisadmi
erTgulebiT gamoirCevian (Annuario

saerTo cxovrebis Zmebi

pontificio 1994). prefeqti kardinalis

SeTavazebis safuZvelze da saepiskoposo komisiebTan konsultaciis Semdeg
komisiis wevrebs papi asaxelebs. saerTaSoriso Teologiuri komisia weliwadSi erTxel mainc ikribeba plenarul
sxdomaze; Tavis saqmianobas axorcielebs, agreTve, qvekomisiebSi.
saerTo cxovrebis Zmebi (Fratelli della
vita comune) n. erToblivi cxovrebis
Zmebi.
saero institutebi (Secolari, istituti) XVIII saukunidan aRmocenebuli
sakrebuloebi (procesi ufro intensiuri XX saukuneSi gaxda), romelTa
wevrebisaero da sasuliero pirebiuTavseben erTmaneTs saero profesiul saqmianobasa da saxarebiseul
darigebaTa Tanaxmad cxovrebas, amave
dros, ar atareben sagangebo samoss da
ar misdeven klauzuris wess an rame sxva
dadgenil normas. saero institutTa
iuridiuli statusi gaurkveveli iyo
manam, sanam pius XII-m ar aRiara isini
dadgenilebiT Provida Mater Ecclesia (1947) da dekretiT Primo feliciter anno (1948). amgvarad, kanonikuri
TvalsazrisiT, saero institutebi gansxvavdeba rogorc religiur sakrebuloTagan (ordenebi da saZmoebi), ise
aRTqmaTa armqone saerTo cxovrebis
sazogadoebaTagan. saero institutTagan yvelaze cnobilia: opus dei (Opus
Dei), kardinal feraris wmida pavles
Zmoba, mama a. jemelis RmrTis sasufevlis misionerebi (Missionari del regno
di Dio di padre A. Gemelli).
saeroni (Secolare) [laT. saecularis
(sityvidan saeculum saero samya-

282
ro)] saero samRvdeloeba: samRvdelo
pirebi, romlebic amqveyniur garemoSi moRvaweoben da ar ganekuTvnebian
RmrTivSewiruli cxovrebis instituts; saero pirebTan mimarTebaSi
termini aRniSnavs saeroTa misias, Seasrulon saero msaxurebani da, amgvarad,
saxarebiseuli suliskveTebiT ganmsWvalon amqveyniuri realobani.
saero piri (laico) [berZ. laics xalxi,
mdabio, nawarmoebia sityvidan las
xalxi] eklesiaSi saero piria morwmune, romelsac miRebuli aqvs saerTo
naTlisRebismieri kurTxeva da aSenebs
RmrTis sasufevels eklesiasa da samyaroSi rwmenis damowmebiT sakuTari
qarizmissaeroobis qarizmisSesabamisad. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saeroa
yoveli morwmune, romelic araa samRvdeloebis wevri (CIC, kan. 204-207).
termini saero aRniSnavs, agreTve,
samonazvno an samoweseo sakrebulos
wevrs, romelsac ar miuRia samRvdelo
xeldasxma (saero Zma). ufro farTo
mniSvnelobiT, sarwmunoebrivis sapirispirod, saero aRniSnavs eklesiis gareT yofnas (mag., saero daxmareba) an
religiuri aRmsareblobis sawinaaRmdego an misgan dacilebul ideebsa da
ideologiebze dayrdnobas (mag. saero
partia).
saero samRvdeloni (Chierici secolari) mowese samRvdeloTagan gansasxvaveblad ase ewodebaT sadiocezo
mRvdlebs, radganac isini ar deben
samoweseo aRTqmas.
savane (Convento) [laT. sityvidan conventus Sekreba] aRniSnavs
wesdebiseuli ordenis, anu sazeimo

283

saTnoeba

aRTqmaTa mqone arasamonazvno religiuri sazogadoebis saxls an religiur sakrebulos. umTavresad, termini aRniSnavs glaxakTa ordenebis
(n. franciskelebi da a.S.) saxlebs an
sakrebuloebs.

sarebis gareSe (CIC, kan. 961). is SesaZlebelia mxolod sikvdilis gardauvali safrTxis an ukiduresi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. gadawyvetilebas
amgvari viTarebis arsebobis Sesaxeb
diocezis episkoposi iRebs.

savarde (Rosario) [laT. rosarium savarde] mariamisadmi miZRvnili locva, Camoyalibebuli 1400 wlis axlos.
Sedgeba aTeulebad dayofili 150 gixarodenisagan, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gamoiyofa mamao Cvenos da didebis
locvebiT (Sesabamisad, yoveli aTeulis dasawyissa da boloSi) da saidumlod wodebuli qristes cxovrebis
romelime faqtis xsenebiT, romlis
Sesaxebac grZeldeba meditacia aTeulis warmoTqmisas. savarde sruldeba
Salve Regina-s da loretas litaniaTa warmoTqmiT. savardis klasikuri
formebia: sixarulis saidumloebani
(iesos Sobis aRmniSvneli), mwuxarebisa (iesos vnebaTa amsaxveli),
didebisa (mkvdreTiT aRdgomis, suli
wmidis movlinebis da a. S. amsaxveli),
sadac TiToeuli jgufi 5 saidumlos Seicavs. savarde momlocvelobis,
msaxurebisa da piradi locvis dros
warmosaTqmel yvelaze gavrcelebul
saxalxo locvad iqca (savardis dResaswauls 1571 wlidan aRniSnaven).

saTnoeba (Virt) [laT. virtus Rirseba; sityva, amave dros, simwifesa da

Zalasac miemarTeba: vir mamakaci da
vis Zala. terminis berZnuli Sesatyvisia aret, romelic marTebulad
aRzrdil adamians aRniSnavs] saTnoeba
sikeTis keTebis Cveuli da mtkice mzadyofnaa. is adamians saSualebas aZlevs,
ara mxolod keTili saqmeebi Caidinos,
aramed Tavisi saukeTeso Tvisebebi gamoavlinos. saTnoeba gonebisa da nebis
myari mzadyofnaa, romelic ganagebs
adamianis qmedebebs, awesrigebs mis
vnebebs da warmarTavs mis saqciels
rwmenisa da gonebis Sesatyvisad. SesaZlebelia saTnoebaTa dajgufeba oTxi
ZiriTadi saTnoebis garSemo: keTilgoniereba, samarTlianoba, simtkice,
TavSekaveba. es adamianis mier SeZenili
saTnoebania. isini zneobrivad keTil
qmedebaTa nayofia da adamianis mTel
SesaZleblobas ganawyobs RmrTaebriv
siyvarulTan Tanaziarebisaken. adamianuri saTnoebani fesvgadgmulia
saRmrTismetyvelo saTnoebebSi, romlebic adamianur unarebs RmrTaebriv
siyvarulTan
ziarebaSi Sesvlisaken
ganawyobs. saRmrTismetyvelo saTnoebani RmerTs miemarTeba da qristianebs
uwmides samebasTan kavSirSi cxovrebisaTvis ganamzadebs. aseTi saTnoeba
samia: sarwmunoeba, imedi da siyvaruli,
xolo maTi dasabami, mizezi da sagania
RmerTi; isini afuZnebs, acocxlebs da

sazeTe/ampula (Ampolla) [laT. ampulla, amp(h)ora-s (amfora) kninobiTi

formaa] vercxlis an Tunuqis WurWeli, romelSic wmida zeTi inaxeba.
sazogado
miteveba
(Assoluzione
generale) codvaTagan saerTo gaTavisufleba, romelic miecema erTdroulad
araerT monanies winaswari piradi aR-

saidumloeba

ganapirobebs qristianis mTel zneobriv qmedebas (Sdr. CCC, 1803-1845).

saidumloeba (Mistero) [berZn. mystrion (zmnidan mein piris daxurva,
dadumeba), Semdeg laT. mysterium]
elinur berZnulSi sityvas hqonda ormagi mniSvneloba, saero da religiuri.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavda saidumloebas, anu dafarul simarTles an
rame sinamdviles; meore mniSvnelobiT,
mravlobiT ricxvSi (saidumloebani),
aRniSnavda religiuri iniciaciis (gandobis) wesebs, romlebic gandobilebs
sruliad saidumlod unda SeenaxaT.
axal aRTqmasa da winareTanamedrove
TeologiaSi sityva aRniSnavs qristes
xsnis maradiuli Canafiqris gamocxadebas; qristes cxovrebis movlenebs rogorc am Canafiqris ganxorcielebasa
da gamocxadebas. Tanamedrove TeologiaSi saidumloeba aRniSnavs sarwmunoebis WeSmaritebebs, ramdenadac
isini scildeba Canafiqrisa da gagebis
adamianis inteleqtualur unarebs;
an im Secnobas, romliskenacaa mimarTuli adamiani Tavisi sulis arsebiTi
trascendentobis wyalobiT, romelic
xsnis mas gonebiTa da siyvaruliT, usasrulobis mimarT.
saidumloebani (Misteri (del Rosario))
n. savarde.
saidumloTa Teologia (Sacramentaria, teologia) Teologiis nawili,
romelic Seiswavlis saidumloebTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs (maTi buneba,
qmediToba, monacemebi da sxv).
saidumloTa wigni (Sacramentario)
[saeklesio laT. sacramentarium] saubaria amJamindeli wirvis wignis wi-

284
namorbedze. is Seicavda evqaristiis,
saidumloTa da sakramentaliaTa aRsrulebisaTvis saWiro liturgiul
formulebs. maT Soris umTavresia krebulebi veronisa, gelasiseuli, bergamosi.
saidumloni (Sacramenti) [laT. sacramentum (sityvidan sacrare kurTxeva)] saidumloni madlis qmediTi
niSnebia. isini ieso qristem daamkvidra
da miando eklesias adamianTa wmidayofisaTvis. saidumloni Svidia: naTloba,
konfirmacia, anu mironcxeba, evqaristia, monanieba (aRsareba), sneulTa cxeba, xeldasxma da qorwineba. saTanadod
aRsrulebuli saidumloni im madls
aniWeben, romelsac aRniSnaven. maTs
qmediTobas maTSi TviT qristes qmedeba
ganapirobebs. amgvarad, saidumloni
moqmedeben ex opere operato (sityvasityviT: TviT qmedebis Sesrulebis
faqtis ZaliT), erTxel da samudamod aRsrulebuli qristes mxsneli
qmedebis ZaliT da ar aris damokidebuli mRvdelmsaxuris pirovnul siwmideze (Sdr. CCC, 1113-1134).
saidumlos anabeWdi (Sigillo sacramentale) [laT. sigillum, kninobiTi forma
sityvisa signum anabeWdi da sacramentale saidumlo] piroba, romelic
unda daicvas aRmsarebelma da agreTve,
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, mTargmnelma, ar gaamxilos monanie morwmunis aRsarebis Sinaarsi (Sdr. CIC, kann. 983984). am wesis damrRvevisTvis arsebuli
sasjelis sakiTxze ixileT kanonikuri
samarTlis kodeqsi (kan. 1388).
saidumlo seroba (Ultima cena) sapaseqo seroba, romelic iesom moci-

285

sakelumi

qulebTan erTad gamarTa datusaRebasa

da jvarcmamde (maT. 26:26, Smd.; mark.
14:22, Smd.; luk. 22:19, Smd.; 1 kor. 11:23,
Smd.) da romlis drosac daaarsa evqaristia.
saidumlos saidumloeba (Segreto sacramentale) n. saidumlos anabeWdi.
saidumlo swavleba (Arcano, disciplina dell) es gamoTqma XVII saukuneSi protestantma dualem daamkvidra
qristianTa TavSekavebuli dumilis
aRsaniSnavad, raTa maT ar gaecnoT
araqristianTaTvis qristianul ritualTa garkveuli monakveTebi, romlebSic mxolod monaTluli qristianebi
monawileobdnen.
saientistebi n. qristianuli
niereba.

mec-

saientologiis eklesia (Scientology,

chiesa di/Dianetics) 1954 wels, kaliforniaSi lafaiet ronald (ron)
habardis (1911-1986) mier daarsebuli fsevdoreligiuri moZraoba.
1950 wels gamoqveynebuli habardis
wigni dianetika: gonebrivi sijansaRis Tanamedrove mecniereba bestselerad iqca. moZraobis sakvanZo cnebaa
dianetika (berZ. di miRma, meSveobiT+nos goneba, goniereba),
romelic ganmarteba rogorc sulieri sijansaRis mecniereba, rac gonebis gaZlierebasa da azrovnebis Tavisuflebis xelSewyobas isaxavs miznad.
am miznebs swavlebis mimdevari miaRwevs Svidi, erTi meoreze ufro ZviradRirebuli kursis gavliT. amJamad
saientologiis eklesia, romelic Tavs
msoflio sibrZnis saukeTeso skolaTa

koncentrats uwodebs, daaxloebiT

ocdaaTamde qveyanaSia gavrcelebuli
da 400 000-mde mimdevars iTvlis. am
ueWvelad fsevdoreligiuri jgufissaientologiis eklesiisyovlismomcveli prozelituri saqmianoba, romelmac mravali sazrunavi
gauCina sasamarTloebsa da policias
mTel msoflioSi, axalgazrda moxaliseTa aqtiurobas efuZneba: seqtaSi
axali mimdevrebis mizidva moxaliseebs
saSualebas aZlevs, gadaixadon egreT
wodebuli sulieri gaTavisuflebis
kursebis safasuri.
sakaTedro taZari (Cattedrale) [berZ.
kathdra, Semdeg laT. cathedra skami, savarZeli] diocezis mTavari
taZari, episkoposis adgil-samyofeli.
ewodeba agreTve duomoduomo
[laT. domus saxli], RmrTis saxli.
Tu episkoposi rame gansakuTrebuli
Rirsebis an uflebamosilebis matarebelia, taZaric analogiur wodebas
iRebs: sawinamZRvro, samTavarepiskoposo, samitropolito an sapatriarqo
taZrad iwodeba. episkoposis kaTedra
mdebareobs taZris absidaSi, sakurTxevlis ukan, an mis gverdiT.
sakelumi (Sacello) [laT. sacellum (kninobiTi forma sityvisa sacrum) wmida galavani] mrgvali an
kvadratuli formis mcire zRude
sakurTxevliT, romelic Zvel romSi
mfarvel RmrTaebas eZRvneboda; farTo
mniSvnelobiT ase ewodeba nebismier
gancalkevebul Tu mSvid sakulto
adgils. qristianul arqiteqturaSi
aRniSnavs Tayvaniscemis gansakuTrebuli damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT gamor-

sakmarisoba

Ceul kapelas. micvalebulTa sakelumi

ewodeba sasaflaos SesasvlelTan ganlagebul kapelas, sadac micvalebulebs aTavseben dakrZalvamde.
sakmarisoba (Soddisfazione) [laT. satisfactio sakmarisis gakeTeba] saidumlosmieri sakmarisoba ewodeba monaniebas (locvebi an gulmowyale saqmeebi),
romelsac aRmsarebeli uwesebs monanies
aRsarebisas misi piradi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT da misi sulieri
sikeTis miRwevis mizniT. sakmarisobis
aucilebloba iqidan momdinareobs,
rom saidumlosmieri miteveba abaTilebs codvas, magram ver anazRaurebs
codvis mier miyenebul yvela zians. amitomac monaniem rame unda gaakeTos sakuTari danaSaulis gamosasyidad, unda
daakmayofilos, anu Sesatyvisad unda
aanazRauros Tavisi braleulobis Sedegebi (Sdr. CCC, 1459-1460).
sakmeveli, gundruki (Incenso) [laT.
incensum anTebuli ram] zogierTi
mcenaridan miRebuli gumfisiT damzadebuli surnelovani naerTi, romelic
farTod gamoiyeneboda antikur samyaroSi, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleTSi
(Sdr. gam. 30:34; lev. 2:1). is simboloa
locvisa (warimarTos Cemi locva
Sens winaSe, viTarca sakmevelifsal.
140,2), Tayvaniscemisa da pativisgebisa
(wmida evqaristiis sakmeveliT kmeva).
liturgiaSi sakmeveli umTavresad
gamoiyeneba evqaristiuli msaxurebisas (sakurTxevlis, jvris, saxarebis,
SewirulobaTa kmeva) da micvalebulTa
mosaxseniebel msaxurebaSi.
sakramentaliebi (Sacramenatali) [gvianlaT. sacramentalis] eklesiis mier

286
dawesebuli wmida niSnebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac,
saidumloTa
analogiiT,umTavresad eklesiis vedrebiT,sulieri
Sedegebi
miiRweva
(CIC, kan. 1166). maTi meSveobiT morwmuneebi ganewyobian saidumloTa umTavresi Sedegis misaRebad, wmidaiyofa
maTi cxovrebis yvela mniSvnelovani
movlena, imgvarad, rom materialur
sikeTeTa marTebuli moxmarebis TiTqmis yoveli SemTxveva SeiZleba emsaxuros adamianis wmidayofas da RmrTis
didebas (SC, 60-61). sakramentaliaTa
aRmsrulebeli umTavresad Sesatyvisi
Zalauflebis mqone sasuliero piria.
sakramentaliebia: saganTa Tu pirTa
kurTxeva, eklesiis miZRvna, eqsorcizmi da damfuZnebeli da mavedrebeli
kurTxeva. damfuZnebeli kurTxevis
dros rame sagani nakurTxi zeTebis
gamoyenebiT (eklesia, sakurTxeveli)
an maT gareSe (oratoriumi, kapela,
sasaflao da sxva.) saRmrTo kultisadmi kuTvnilebas iZens. mavedrebeli
kurTxevis SemTxvevaSi ki RmrTis sikeTe
da mfarveloba moixmoba adamianebze,
adgilebze, sagnebze, cxovelebze da
sxv., Tumca, amave dros, maT saRmrTo
statusi ar eniWeba.
sakrariumi (Sacrario) [laT. sacrarium]
mcire Casadeni, gankuTvnili ganmwmedi
wylisa da dazianebuli an ferflad
qceuli wmida nawilebisaTvis.
sakratumi (Sagrato) [laT. sacratum
(nawarmoebia zmnidan sacrare kurTxeva) nakurTxi miwa] eklesiis Sesasvlelis win mdebare, Cveulebriv, quCis
donidan ramdenime safexuriT amaRlebuli, sivrce. Zvelad termini, agreTve,

287
aRniSnavda morwmuneTa dasakrZalavad
gankuTvnil, xSirad eklesiis maxloblad mdebare nakurTxi miwis nakveTs.
sakrebulo (samrevlo) (Parrocchia)
[berZn. paroika saaxloblo, samezoblo (zmnidan paroikin axlos
cxovreba), Semdeg laT. paroecea]
calkeuli eklesiis mudmivad arsebuli, morwmuneTa gansazRvruli sakrebulo, romelzec samwyso zrunveloba
mindobili aqvs diocezis episkoposis
avtoritets daqvemdebarebul winamZRvars rogorc samrevlos pirad xelmZRvanels (CIC, kan. 515). im eklesias,
sadac sakrebuloa, sakrebulo (samrevlo) eklesia ewodeba.
sakrebulos winamZRvari (Parroco)
[berZn. prochos mimwodebeli, zmnidan parchein momarageba, miwodeba, Semdeg laT. parchus] ase
ewodeba sakrebulos sakuTar moZRvars, romelic qristes msaxurebaSi
monawileobs da sakrebulos samsaxurSi asrulebs swavlebis, ganwmedisa
da marTvis funqciebs, sxva mRvdlebTan
Tu diakvnebTan TanamSromlobiTa da
saeroebTan urTierTobiT (CIC, kan.
519; CD, 30). sakrebulos winamZRvari
unda iyos mRvdeli (CIC, kan. 521,
naw. 1), ramdenadac misi movaleobebi
mTlianad moicavs sulebze zrunvas da
saWiroebs samRvdelo xeldasxmas.
sakrebulos winamZRvris moadgile
(Viceparroco) episkoposis mier daniSnuli mRvdeli, romelic winamZRvars
samwyso saqmianobaSi exmareba.
sakristanusi (Sagrestano) [Suasaukun.
laT. sacristanus (sityvidan sacrista,

sakurTxeveli

nawarmoebia sityvidan sacer wmida)]

saero piri, romlis movaleobaa eklesiis movla-dasufTaveba da kultTan
dakavSirebuli wvrilmani amocanebis
Sesruleba.
awesrigebs
saeklesio
nivTebs da uvlis sakristias.
sakristia (Sagrestia) [Suasaukun. laT.
sacristia, sityvidan sacer wmida]
eklesiis Senobis (rogorc wesi, mRvdlis samyofispresbiteriumis momijnave) saTavso, sadac mRvdeli icvams
liturgiul samoss saRmrTo msaxurebisaTvis da sadac inaxeba saeklesio
nivTebi (WurWeli, wignebi, samoseli).
sakurTxeveli (Altare) [gvianlaT. altare (klasikur laT. altaria) msxverplSewirvisTvis gankuTvnili trapezi]
sakurTxevlis gamoyeneba qristianobaSi
iudevelobidan damkvidrda. ebrauli
sakurTxevlis gansakuTrebuli niSani
iyo rqebi, zeda oTx kuTxeSi mdebare
gamoweuli nawilebi, romlebsac msxverplis sisxls usvamdnen. qristianTaTvis
sakurTxeveli is sufraa, romelzec evqaristia aResruleba. Tavdapirvelad am
mizniT morwmuneTa saxlebSi Cveulebriv
magidebs iyenebdnen, SemdgomSi ki, pirvandel eklesiebSi, mxolod sakulto
msaxurebisTvis gankuTvnil magidebs.
sakurTxevlis simboluri mniSvneloba
ukavSirdeba nakurTx qvas, romelic,
sakurTxevlis centrSi, samaris msgavsad,
mowameTa nawilebs itevs: esaa qriste-qvakuTxedi, WeSmariti mowme (Sdr. 1 kor.
10:4; eb. 13:10), nawinaswarmetyvelebi Zveli aRTqmis msxverplSewirvebiT. saukuneTa manZilze sakurTxevelma sxvadasxva
forma miiRo (magidis, skivris, lodis,
sarkofagis) da kidev meti mniSvneloba

salezelni

SeiZina. privilegirebuli ewodeboda

sakurTxevels, romelsac garkveuli
privilegiebi eniWeboda. vatikanis II
krebis Semdeg damkvidrda sakurTxevlis
formaTa arsebiToba da misi mobruneba
morwmuneTa mimarT. is SeiZleba iyos
fiqsirebuli an gadasatani. presbiteriumSimRvdlis samyofelSi mdgar
sakurTxevels mTavari sakurTxeveli
ewodeba.
salezelni
(Salesiani)
aRniSnavs:
a) wmida franciske salelis misionerebs anesidan. kongregacia 1838
wels daaarses episkoposma j. reim
da p. mermiem, 1843 wels is grigol
XVI-m daamtkica; exmareba Raribebs,
mozardebsa da arakaTolikeebs; b)
wmida franciske salelis sazogadoebas (Societas sancti Francisci Salesii,
1946 wlidan ewodeba don boskos
salezelni). 1859 wels turinSi wmida ioane boskos mier daaarsebuli da
1874 wels pap pius IX-s mier damtkicebuli mRvdelTa da saero ZmaTa es kongregacia dakavebulia mozardTa aRzrdiTa da ganaTlebiT, gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas ki aqcevs riskis jgufSi
myof axalgazrdebs; Tavis mfarvelad
wmida franciske salels miiCnevs. ioane bosko (1815-1888, kanonizebulia
1934) 1841 wlidan muSaobda, rogorc
mRvdeli, turinel axalgazrdebTan,
romelTaTvisac daaarsa oratoriumebi, sadac maT dRis ganmavlobaSi SeeZloT yofna, da sagangebo skolebi. igi
mniSvnelovan samociqulo saqmianobas
eweoda beWdviTi saSualebebiT. don
boskos salezelni martiv aRTqmebs
deben; garda samrevlo samwyso saqmianobisa, sagangebo samwyso amocanebsac

288
asruleben (axalgazrdebTan muSaoba,
sulieri wvrTnebi, publicistika, saxalxo da warmarTTa Sorisad gentesmisioneroba). 1964 wlidan aqvT
TavianTi sakuTari, papis universiteti
romSi (manamdeturinSi). italiidan salezelni swrafad gavrceldnen
jer safrangeTsa da espaneTSi, Semdegmsoflios mraval sxva qveyanaSi;
g) wmida franciske salelis moweseTa
kongregacias (Oblati di San. Francesco
di Sales), romelic 1873 wels truaieSi a. brisonma daaarsa. organizacia
1887 wels leon XIII-m daamtkica. misi
wevrebi axalgazrdebTan muSaoben da
misionerobas ewevian; d) don boskos
daTa organizacias, romelic 1872
wels don boskom da maria macarelom
daaarses saxelwodebiT mariam Semwis
qaliSvilebi. misi wevrebi gogonebTan
muSaoben da misionerul saqmianobas
ewevian; e) salezel TanamSromelTa
RmrTismosav gaerTianebas (Pia associazione dei cooperatori salesiani), romelic 1850 wels don boskom daaarsa
da 1876 wels pius IX-s mier iqna damtkicebuli. is mesame ordens Seesabameba
da misi wevrebi kaTolikuri qmedebis
suliskeTebiT saqmianoben.
salvatorelni (Salvatoriani/e) wevrebi religiuri kogregaciisa RmrTaebrivi macxovris sazogadoeba (Societ
del Divin Salvatore), romelic 1889
wels, romSi germanelma mRvdelma i.
b. iordanma daaarsa. salvatorelni
miznad isaxaven iesos, rogorc samyaros
WeSmariti da erTaderTi mxsnelis, gacnobas swavlebisa da warmarTTa Soris
(afrikaSi) saxalxo misionerobis meSveobiT. kongregaciis qalTa Sto (Le

289
salvatoriane an Suore del Divin Salvatore) 1888 wels tivoliSi daarsda da
gansakuTrebiT sneulTa daxmarebasa da
socialur da misionerul msaxurebas
eweva.
saliaTi (Salat) islamSi ase ewodeba
ritualur savaldebulo locvas,
romelic Sedgeba religiuri formulebisa da ritualuri Jestebisagan.
maT morwmune muslimebi dReSi xuTjer
imeoreben meqis mimarTulebiT.
salxinebeli (gansawmedeli) (Purgatorio) [laT. purgatorium (zmnidan purgare ganwmeda)] eklesia salxinebels
uwodebs rCeulTa saboloo ganwmedas, anu imaT ganwmedas, vinc RmrTis
madlSi kvdeba, magram jer ar miuRia
zeciur sasufevelSi Sesabijeblad
aucilebeli siwmide. salxinebelTan
dakavSirebuli sarwmunoebrivi moZRvreba eklesiam umTavresad florenciis (1439) da tridentis (1563) krebebze Camoayaliba da gaiTvaliswina
micvalebulTaTvis locvis praqtikac,
romelzec saRmrTo werilSia saubari
(2mak. 12:46, Sdr. CCC, 1030-1032).
samarTlianoba (Giustizia) [laT. iustitia (sityvidan iustus)] erT-erTi oTx
kardinalur saTnoebaTagan (agreTve n.
keTilgoniereba; simtkice; TavSekaveba),
romelic mdgomareobs mudmivsa da
myar nebaSi, miago kuTvnili RmerTsa
da moyvass (CCC, 1807). bibliaSi
xSiradaa saubari samarTlianobaze:
fsalmunebSi (71:2; 97:9) RmerTi warmodgenilia, rogorc samarTlianad
ganmsjeli, radgan igi yvelas Tavis
kuTvnils miagebs; levianTa wignSi

samarielni

(19:15) naTqvamia: ara qmna usamarTloba sasamarTloSi, ar iyo pirmoTne glaxakis mimarT da ar miepirfero Zliers: simarTliT gansaje Seni
moyvasi. biblia batonebs mimarTavs:
miageT monebs, rac swori da samarTliania (kol. 4:1) da saSinel risxvas
aRuTqvams maT, vinc muSaks sazRaurs
daukavebs (iak. 5:4).
samarTlianobis xelSemwyobi (Promotore di giustizia) saeklesio tribunalebSi esaa erT-erTi sajaro msaxurebis aRmsrulebeli ori uwyebidan.
mas evaleba sazogadoebriv sikeTeze
zrunva rogorc sisxlis samarTlis,
ise samoqalaqo saqmeTa garCevisas.
saeklesio Tu saero piri am Tanamdebobaze episkoposis mier iniSneba. mas
unda hqondes patiosani saxeli, unda
iyos kanonikuri samarTlis mcodne an
xarisxis mqone am dargSi, samarTliani
da windaxeduli adamiani (CIC, kan.
1430-1435).
samarielni (Samaritani) saxeli samarielni (2
mef. 17:29; septuaginta:
samartai) aRniSnavs mTiani regionis,
samariis, macxovreblebs, warmarTi da
ebraeli xalxebis nazavs, warmoqmnils
asurelTa deportaciis Semdeg, romlebmac CrdiloeTis samefos dangrevis
Semdeg, qristemde 722 wels aq ucxo
tomTa jgufebi daamkvidres. religiur SexedulebaTa aRrevis Sedegad
aq Camoyalibda iahves sinkretistuli
kulti, romelmac gamoiwvia ierusalemis marTlmorwmuneobasTan mzardi
dapirispireba da gaaRrmava jer kidev
926 wels, israelis didi samefos
CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis samefoe-

samdReuri

bad daSlis droidan arsebuli bzari.

samxreTis samefos mosaxleobis gandevnis periodSi (qristemde 587-538)
samarielni erTaderTi WeSmariti rwmenis mcvelebad (ebr. Somronim)
miiCnevdnen Tavs, Tumca neemiam isini
taZris aRdgenis procesidan gariya.
ierusalemis
samRvdelo
kolegiis
SigniT arsebulma dapirispirebam da
ezras reformaze uaris Tqmam gamoiwvia kulturuli daSoriSoreba da
garicimis mTaze (Sixem-nablusis maxloblad) sakrebulos daarseba. iesos
dros sakmaod mwvave iyo samarielTa
dapirispireba iudevelebTan (maT. 10:5;
luk. 9:52, Smd.; ioan. 4:4, Smd.). iesom
daiaxlova samarielni da magaliTad
dasaxa zogierTi maTganis qceva (luk.
10:30-37, igavi keTili samarielis Sesaxeb). istoriis manZilze samarielebma
araerTgzis ganicades devna. dRes isini
mxolod ramdenime aseuls moiTvlian
da cxovroben nablussa da xolonSi,
Tavs uZvelesi ebrauli kultis mimdevrebad miiCneven da saRmrTo werilad mxolod xuTwigneuls aRiareben.
samdReuri (Triduo) [laT. tres+fuZe
sityvisa dies sami dRe] sagangebo
locvebisa da msaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili sami dRe. liturgiaSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovania saaRdgomo samdReuri
(didi xuTSabaTi, didi paraskevi da
didi SabaTi).
sameba (Trinit) [gvianlaT. trinitas]
samebis cneba gamoxatavs erTi RmrTis
saidumloebas (rjl. 6:4; es. 45:5), romelic sam pirovnebadaamama, Ze da
suli wmidagamocxadebuli. Zvel
aRTqmaSi igi mxolod simboluradaa

290
warmoCenili, mkafiod ki axal aRTqmaSia gamocxadebuli (maT. 3:16, Smd.;
28:19; mark. 1:10, Smd.; luk. 1:35; 3:22; saqm.
2:33; 20:27), sadac pavle da ioane samerTiani locvisa da sarwmunoebis formulebiT gamoxataven mas (Sdr. 1 kor.
12:4-6; 2 kor. 13:13; ioan. 14:17.21.23.26;
15:26; 16:7.13.17). qristianulma tradiciam rwmenis es WeSmariteba pirvelive
xanebidan miiRo. didaqe (I saukunis
meore naxevari) gvirCevs, rom naTlisReba unda aRsruldes mamis, Zisa da
suli wmidis saxeliT; msgavsi xasiaTisaa iustines, ireneosisa da tertulianes gancxadebebi (II saukune), raki
kaTolikuri sarwmunoeba mdgomareobs
erTaderTi RmrTis mxolod samebaSi
TayvaniscemaSi, sameba kierTobaSia,
pirovnebaTa aRrevisa da maTi arsis
dacalkevebis gareSe: sxvaa mama RmrTis
pirovneba, sxvaZisa da sxvasuli
wmidisa, magram erTaderTia RmrTaebrioba mamis, Zisa da suli wmidisa,
Tanabari dideba, maradiulisidiade
(simbolo Quicumque, DS, 75). maSasadame, wmida samebis saidumloeba qristianuli sarwmunoebisa da cxovrebis
mTavari
saidumloebaa,
romelSic
Tanaziarebisaken arian moxmobilni,
naTlobis madliT, morwmuneni rwmenis
burussa da, sikvdilis Semdeg, maradiul naTelSi (Sdr. CCC, 232-267).
samkerde (Encolpio) [berZ. enklpion,
mkerdSi moTavsebuli] momcro bude,
masSi moTavsebuli wmidanis relikviiT,
romelsac qristianobis pirvel xanebSi
morwmuneebi yelze atarebdnen. hqonda
sxvadasxva forma: sanawilis an jvris,
zogjer masze amotvifruli iyo
gamoTqma, locva, bibliis muxli an

291
sarwmunoebis romelime saidumloebis
amsaxveli gamosaxuleba. aRmosavleTis eklesiebSi ase ewodeba gulsakids,
episkoposis regalias. n. panaRia.
samlocvelo (Santuario) [laT. sanctuarium (sityvidan sanctus wmida)]
eklesia, sadac daculia wmida xatebi
an saswaulmoqmedi relikviebi, an Tayvaniscemis Rirs adgilas (sadac moxda
rame saswauli, gamocxadeba an daibada
wmidani) agebuli eklesia. termini
aRniSnavs agreTve eklesiis nawils
sakurTxevlis garSemo, sadac saRmrTo
msaxurebebi tardeba. am SemTxvevaSi is
presbteriumis sinonimia. bolodroindel liturgiul reformamde is
gamoyofili iyo navisagan moajiriT
an gisosiani zRudiT, romelic dRes
gauqmebulia.
sammagi (Trinazione) [laT. trinatio
(sityvidan trinus sammagi)] mRvdelmsaxuris mier sami wirvis aRsruleba
kviradRes an dResaswaulebze, rac
SesaZlebelia mxolod samwyso aucileblobidan gamomdinare, episkoposis nebarTviT (CIC, kan. 905).
sammarTvelo (Fabbriceria) administraciuli organo, romelic ganagebs
saeklesio Senobebsa da fabrikebs da
marTavs taZarTa Tu samlocveloTa
qonebas.
samoTxe (Paradiso) [spars. pairi daeza meseri, galavani, Sesabamisad,
SemoRobili adgili, aRniSnavs didebul baRebs, siamovnebisa da tkbobis
adgils; gandevnis Semdgomi periodSi ebraul enaSi damkvidrda forma
pardes, Semdeg berZ. pardeisos, baRi,

samociqulo daTariRebis dawesebuleba

laT. paradisus] erT-erTi sakiTxi sabolooTagan. aRniSnavs rCeulTa netarebis mdgomareobas: esaa iesos mier
dapirebuli caTa sasufeveli (dResve
CemTan erTad iqnebi samoTxeSiluk.
23:43),
mdgomareobs
srulyofil
cxovrebaSi, cxovrebisa da siyvarulis
TanaziarebaSi uwmides samebasTan, qalwul mariamTan, angelosebTan da yvela wmidanTan. esaa adamianis saboloo
mizani da mis yvelaze siRrmiseul
miswrafebaTa ganxorcieleba, uzenaesi
da saboloo bednierebis mdgomareoba.
saRmrTo werilSi samoTxe sxvadasxva
xatebiTaa
warmodgenili:
sicocxlis, sinaTlis, mSvidobis, saqorwilo
nadimis, Rvinis, mamis saxlis, zeciuri
ierusalemis, zecisa da kidev sxva xatTa meSveobiT (Sdr. CCC, 1023-1029).
samoTxe, miwieri n. miwieri samoTxe.
samociqulo administracia (Amministrazione apostolica) ewodeba RmrTis
xalxis gansazRvrul nawils, romelic
sagangebo da gansakuTrebulad Rrma
mizezTa gamo ar aris daarsebuli
diocezad umaRlesi pontifeqsis mier
(CIC, kan. 371). masze samwyso zrunva
samociqulo adaministrators ekisreba.
samociqulo daTariRebis dawesebuleba (Dataria Apostolica) romis kuriis
uwyeba, romlis movaleobac pontifeqsis dokumentebze TariRis miTiTeba
iyo (datum apud S. Petrum). XIII saukunidan kancelariis TanamSromeli
Sewyalebis sigelebsa da pontifeqsis
dokumentebs aTariRebda. XIV saukunidan am funqcias asrulebda prelati,
romelic ixilavda, agreTve, papisadmi

samociqulo despani (nunciusi)

mimarTul Txovnebs, Tavad iZleoda

maTze dadebiT pasuxs da aTariRebda
Sewyalebis sigelebs. am uwyebam udides
aRzevebas siqstus V-is mmarTvelobisas miaRwia, romelmac Tavis breveSi
Decret Romanum Pontificem (1588) am
uwyebis mravalricxovani funqciebi
gansazRvra. SemdgomSi uwyebam TandaTanobiT dakarga mniSvneloba.
samociqulo despani (nunciusi) (Nunzio apostolico) [laT. nuntius, nawarmoebia sityvidan nountius, Semoklebuli forma sityvisa noventius
ambebis momtani (novus axali,
saidanac iwarmoeba novere da Semdeg
noventius)] romis pontifeqsis legati, romelsac ekisreba pontifeqsis
piradad warmodgenis xangrZlivi misia
eklesiebSi, saxelmwifoebsa da samoqalaqo mTavrobaTa winaSe msoflios
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi (Sdr. Sollisitudo
omnium Ecclesiarum, 24 ivnisi, 1969
weli; CIC, kan. 363). samociqulo despans evaleba wmida saydarsa da saxelmwifos xelisufalT Soris urTierTobis xelSewyoba da ganviTareba;
eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobaTa sakiTxebis mogvareba; gansakuTrebulad zrunva konkordatebisa
da msgavsi SeTanxmebebis dadebasa da
moqmedebaze (CIC, kan. 365).
samociqulo kancelaria (Cancelleria
Apostolica) [Sua saukuneTa laT. cancellaria da apostolica] romis kuriis
samsaxuri, gauqmebuli 1973 wels,
romelsac pontifeqsis bulaTa redaqtireba da gavrceleba evaleboda.
samociqulo mamebi (Padri apostolici)
gamoTqma, pirvelad gamoyenebuli j.

292
b. kotelies mier (Patres aevi apostolici) XVII saukuneSi. termini aRniSnavs
mociqulTa da eklesiis mamaTa xanebs
Soris moRvawe berZnulenovan qristian mweralTa jgufs. Tavdapirvelad
ase uwodes mxolod fsevdo-barnabas,
klemente romaels, egnate antioqiels,
polikarpe smirnelsa da ermas. mogvianebiT maT ricxvs miemata papia herapolisidan, diognetesadmi werilis
ucnobi avtori da, aseve, didaqes avtori. am avtorTa naSromebSi pirvel
qristianul sakrebuloTa cxovrebaa
asaxuli.
samociqulo memkvidreobiToba (Successione apostolica) mociqulTa Zalaufleba efuZneba im faqts, rom isini iesos mowafeebi da misi mkvdreTiT
aRdgomis uSualo mowmeebi arian (saqm.
1:2, Smd.), amave dros, maT mimarT, rogorc saSinel samsjavroze Tormeti
TanamSromlisadmi, mindobil esqatologiur misias (maT. 19:28). yovelive zemoTqmulis ZaliT, mociqulebi
uzrunvelyofen, agreTve, gadmocemasac
(1 kor. 15:3, Smd.). Tavdapirvelad samociqulo tradicia mociqulTa mier
uflisagan mosmenilis safuZvelze
gadacemul swavlebasa da moZRvrebas
aRniSnavda. gangrZobiTobis damatebiT
uzrunvelyofad iqna miCneuli episkoposTa da xucesTa xeldasxma mociqulTa mier suli wmidis ZaliT (saqm. 20:17,
Smd.) da episkoposTa uwyveti Tanamimdevroba (Sdr. CCC, 77).
samociqulooba (Apostolicit) [warmoebuli berZ. apostllein wargzavna,
mivlineba] eklesiis oTx arsebiT maxasiaTebelTagani erT-erTierTiano-

293
basTan, siwmidesTan, kaTolikeobasTan
erTad, romlebic nikea-kostantinopolis simbolom gamoacxada (381);
eklesiis samociqulo xasiaTi niSnavs,
rom eklesia Tavisi arsebiT mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qristes cxovrebis,
sikvdilisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis
macocxlebel movlenasTan, romelic
aucileblad mociqulTa damowmebis
SuamavlobiT gadmoicema (Sdr. CCC,
kan. 857-865).
samociqulo prefeqtura (Prefettura
apostolica) [laT. praefectura (sityvidan praefectus prefeqti)] RmrTis
xalxis gansazRvruli nawili, romelic, gansakuTrebul garemoebaTa
gamo, jer ar aris Camoyalibebuli diocezad da masze samwyso zrunva mindobili aqvs samociqulo vikariuss an
samociqulo prefeqts, romelic umaRlesi pontifeqsis saxeliT ganagebs
mas (CIC, kan. 371).
samociqulo protonotariusi (Protonotario apostolico) [bizantiuri berZ.
protonotarios (berZ. prtos pirveli,
da laT. notarius notariusi)] am
tituls atarebs samociqulo kuriis
Svidi pirveli notariusi, romlebic
kuriis mier gamocemul yvela sabuTs
amowmeben. es notariusebi prelatebi arian da ganekuTvnebian kolegias,
romelsac dekanozi Tavmjdomareobs.
am notariusTa movaleobaa papis taxtze asvlasa da mis sikvdilTan da wmidaTa kanonizaciasTan dakavSirebuli
oqmebis Sedgena; garda amisa, isini eswrebian konklavis gaxsnasa da daxurvas, kongregaciaTa da krebaTa sesiebis
gaxsnasa da daxurvas.

samociqulo signatura

samociqulo samjavro (Penitenziera

apostolica) saeklesio samsjavro, romlis kompetenciac mxolod Sida forumze vrceldeba, oRond ara saidumloTa sakiTxebSi. amitomac mas administraciuli, anu aRmasrulebiTi
Zalaufleba aqvs da ara sasamarTlo.
is gascems Sewyalebas, gaTavisuflebis
nebarTvas, Semsubuqebis gankargulebas,
gamonaklisis uflebasa da Sendobas.
misi kompetencia vrceldeba agreTve
indulgenciaTa gacemisa da gamoyenebis
sakiTxze.
samociqulo
samsjavros
xelmZRvanelobs kardinali (mTavari
msjavrmdebeli), romelsac exmarebian
mmarTveli da xuTi mrCeveli.
samociqulo signatura (Segnatura
apostolica) wmida saydris umaRlesi
tribunali, romelic eklesiaSi marTebul samarTalwarmoebas uzrunvelyofs (CIC, kan. 1445, naw. 3, 10).
Sedgeba papis mier dasaxelebuli ramdenime kardinalisagan da iyofa or
seqciad: a) sasamarTlo seqcia, romelic rigiTi ZalauflebiT sargeblobs da gansjis:ganaCenis baTilobis saCivrebs, restitutio in integrum-is
moTxovnis SemTxvevebs, saRmrTo tribunalis mier gamotanili ganaCenTa winaaRmdeg Setanil sarCelebs;sarCelebs pirad statusze aRZrul saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa xelaxal
ganxilvaze saRmrTo tribunalma uari
ganacxada;saRmrTo
tribunalis
msmenelebTan mimarTebaSi saeWvo gamonaklisebis da sxva saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT maT mier movaleobis Sesrulebis
dros Sedgenili aqtebis gamo;tribunalTaSoris kompetenciis sakiTxebs,
romlebic ar aris damokidebuli

samociqulo cxovrebis sazogadoebani

imave saapelacio instanciaze (CIC,

kan. 1445, naw. 1); b) administraciuli
seqciis kompetenciaSi Sedis: dadgenil ocdaaTdRian vadaSi wardgenili
sarCelebi, rogorc uSualod romis
kuriis organoTa, ise maT mier mowonebuli sxva saeklesio organoTa
mier gacemul aqtTa winaaRmdeg, Tu
maT daarRvies rame kanoni ganCinebis an
procedurul nawilSi; legitimurobis
dadgenis garda, mosarClis moTxovnis
SemTxvevaSi, tribunali uflebamosilia imsjelos, amasTanave, aralegitimuri aqtiT miyenebuli zaralis
anazRaurebis
sakiTxzec;administraciuli davebi, gadacemuli misTvis
romis papis an romis kuriis organoTa
mier;konfliqtebi uwyebaTaSorisi
kompetenciis sakiTxebze (CIC, kan.
1445, naw. 2). sxva kompetenciebs adgens
kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsi (CIC,
kan. 1445, naw. 3,20-30).
samociqulo cxovrebis sazogadoebani
(Societ di vita apostolica) kanonikuri
samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, amgvari
organizaciebi asimilirebulia samoweseo cxovrebis instituciebTan (CIC,
kan. 731, naw. 1), radganac maTi wevrebi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar deben samoweseo aRTqmebs, eswrafvian am instituciaTaTvis damaxasiaTebel samociqulo
miznebis ganxorcielebas da Zmuri
da erToblivi cxovrebiT cdiloben
gulmowyalebis srulyofas wesdebaTa
dacvis meSveobiT (CIC, kan. 731, naw.
1). zogierT maTganSi saxarebiseuli
rCevebi wesdebiT gansazRvrul rame pirobasTan erTad aris miRebuli da am
mizeziT sazogadoebebi Tavs namdvil
samoweseo instituciebad miiCneven.

294
samociqulo werili (Lettera apostolica) teqnikuri gansazRvreba, gamoyenebuli samociqulo dadagenilebaSi
Sapienti consilio (1908 wlis 29 ivnisi).
aRniSnavs administraciul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul romis pontifeqsis
aqts. samociqulo werili motu proprio warmoadgens kanons sadisciplino
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
samoweseo aRTqmani (Prefessione religiosa) sajaro aRTqmaTa meSveobiT
siRatakis, ubiwoebisa da morCilebis
saxarebiseul rCevaTa miReba. is iwvevs
statusis Secvlas, anu eklesiaSi
iuridiuli mdgomareobis Secvlas,
ramdenadac adamiani ukve samonazvno
wodebas iRebs, eklesiis msaxurebis meSveobiT RmerTs uZRvnis Tavs da eklesiis kanoniT (Sdr. CIC, kan. 654) gansazRvruli valdebulebisa da uflebebis
Sesabamisad samonazvno instituciis
wevri xdeba. droebiTi samoweseo
aRTqmani dawesebulia aranakleb sami
da araumetes cxra wlis vadisa, mas
mosdevs samudamo samoweseo aRTqmani
rogorc RmrTisadmi Tavis Sewirva da
samonazvno instituciaSi samudamod
gawevrianeba.
samoweseo dadgenilebani (Costituzioni
religiose) [laT. sityvidan constitutio,
romelic momdinareobs zmnidan constituere Seqmna, daarseba] Zireuli
kodeqsebi, romlebic calkeul samoweseo instituciaTa cxovrebas warmarTavs. Seicavs instituciis marTvasa
da mis wevrTa disciplinasTan, maTi
miRebisa da momzadebis wesebTan,
agreTve, TviT wmida valdebulebaTa saganTan dakavSirebul Zireul normebs

295
(CIC, kan, 587). garda amisa, warmoaCens
institutis qarizmas, sulierebasa da
mizans, bunebasa da xasiaTs, mis damaarsebelTa Canafiqris Sesabamisad, da
TviT instituciis jansaR tradiciebs.
samoweseo cxovreba (Vita religiosa)
misi damaxasiaTebeli niSania pirovnebis
mTliani miZRvna RmrTisadmi, sakuTari
Tavis misTvis Sewirvis mizniT, raTa
mTeli amqveyniuri arseboba RmrTisadmi siyvaruliT uwyvet Tayvaniscemad (n. kulti) iqces (CIC, kan. 607).
samoweseo cxovrebiT RmrTisadmi Tavis miZRvna samudamod an droebiT
sajaro aRTqmaTa dadebis gziT xdeba
da sakrebuloSi Zmuri Tanacxovrebis
meSveobiT xorcieldeba, eklesiisa da
qristes sajaro damowmebis surviliT,
rac samyarosagan gancalkevebaSi mdgomareobs, TiToeuli samoweseo instituciis wesdebisa da ganzraxvaTa Sesabamisad.
samreklo (Campanile) damoukideblad
mdgomi an eklesiasTan gaerTianebuli
koSkis formis nageboba, romelzec moTavsebulia zarebi da saidanac ismis
rekva (aqedan momdinareobs misi saxeli). samreklos simaRle JReradobis
ukeT gavrcelebas uwyobs xels. samreklo VIII-IX saukuneebSi damkvidrda,
zarebis sazogado xmarebasTan erTad.
italiaSi erT-erTi uZvelesi samrekloa milanis wmida satiris eklesiis samreklo (IX s.), yvelaze damaxasiaTebelicilindruli formis
samrekloebi ravenasa (klases wmida
apolinariusisa da axali wmida apolinariusis taZrebi) da pizaSi (wriuli gegmis mqone gadaxrili samreklo

samuelis wignebi

sarTulebad ganlagebuli lojiebiT),

agreTve, taZris Senobisgan gamoyofili wmida markozis taZris samreklo
veneciaSi.
samuelis wignebi (Samuele, libri di)
Zveli aRTqmis ori istoriuli wigni
(aRmosavlur tradiciaSi maT mefeTa
1-2 ewodeba). Txzuleba or nawilad
mogvianebiT iqna dayofili, Tavdapirvelad is erT mTlianobas warmoadgenda. laTinuri versiis saTauri savaraudod momdinareobs Zveli iudauri
tradiciidan, romlis Tanaxmadac samueli iyo avtori oTx nawilad dayofili ori wignisa, romlis TiToeuli
nawili gamoCenil pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb
mogviTxrobs. pirvel nawilSi (1 mef.
1-7) elis samRvdelo saqmianobis konteqstSi aRwerilia samuelis winsvla
dabadebidan winaswarmetyvelur mowodebamde da israelis mxsnelad mis
gadaqcevamde. meore nawili (1 mef. 8-15)
mogviTxrobs monarqiis damyarebisa da
saulis mefobis dasawyisis Sesaxeb,
romelsac xifaTi elis. mesame nawilSi
(1mef. 162mef. 4) aRwerilia daviTis winsvla, misi arCevidan da saulis
karze moxvedridan mTeli israelis
mefed gamocxadebamde. meoTxe nawili
ki (2mef. 5-20) gvacnobs daviTis
politikur, samxedro da religiur
saqmianobas, winaswarmetyvel naTanis
mier misTvis micemuli pirobas, samefo
karis intrigebs, romlebSic saulis
Svilebi merib-baali, solomoni da
asalonic aRmoCndnen CarTuli. danarTi (2 mef. 21-24) eTmoba or lirikul kompozicias da stiqiuri ubedurebis or aRwerilobas. nawarmoebis
literaturuli analizi cxadyofs,

samRvdeloeba

rom samuelis wignebi rTuli xasiaTis

Txzulebaa. miuxedavad gamoyenebuli
masalebis mravalferovnebisa da wignis
Seqmnis xangrZlivi procesisa, samuelis
pirveli da meore wignebi organuli
struqturiTa da erTiani CanafiqriT
xasiaTdeba. naSromSi warmodgenilia
Zireuli da damaxasiaTebeli aspeqtebiT gamorCeuli monarqiis istitutis
mizanSewoniloba. nawarmoebis sami
mTavari gmirissamuelis, saulisa da
daviTis aRwerilobaSi upiratesoba
eniWeba maTi cxovrebis warmmarTveli
movlenis xazgasmas, danarCeni saqmianoba ki lakonurad aris Sejamebuli.
samRvdeloeba (Clero) [berZ. klros
bedi da, farTo mniSvnelobiT,
wilad rgebuli xvedri, Semdeg laT.
clerus] qristianobis adreul xanaSi am
terminiTklerosmoixseniebdnen
mTel qristian xalxs, rogorc rCeul
ers, Tumca ukve III saukunidan am saxels kultis msaxurebs uwodeben. wmida
ieronimes ganmartebiT, samRvdeloT
es saxeli imitom ewodeba, rom isini
uflis nawilia. wmida avgustine ki
terminis gamoyenebas im faqtiT asabuTebs, rom mociquli maTia wilisyriT
iqna arCeuli. samRvdeloeba saeklesio
sazogadoebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli
nawilia. mis meore nawils saeroni
warmoadgenen (Sdr. CIC, kan. 207, 1-2).
kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsis 266-e
kanoni iuwyeba: adamiani samRvdeloebis wevrad iqceva sadiakvno xeldasxmis
Sedegad da ganwesdeba calkeul eklesiaSi an personalur prelaturaSi,
romlis msaxurebisTvisac aris daSvebuli. amitomac, samRvdeloebas miekuTvneba samRvdelo statusis matare-

296
beli yvela piri. mxolod am pirTa
kompetenciaa saeklesio mmarTvelobisa da xeldasxmis ganxorcieleba-aRsruleba. samRvdeloT umaRlesi pontifeqsisa da sakuTari zemdgomisadmi
gansakuTrebuli pativiscemisa da morCilebis gamoxatva evalebaT; valdebulni arian, yoveldRiurad aRavlinon
JamTa liturgia, xolo laTinur eklesiaSi daicvan celibati (es ar exeba
mxolod daqorwinebul diakvnebs),
romelic warmoadgens RmrTis gansakuTrebul niWs, risi meSveobiTac
mRvdelmsaxurebs ufro advilad SeuZliaT eziaron qristes ganuyofeli
guliT da iZenen unars, ufro Tavisuflad miuZRvnan sakuTari Tavi RmrTisa da adamianTa msaxurebas (CIC, kan.
277). samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebs
ar SeuZliaT nebayoflobiTi samxedro
samsaxuris gavla, maT aqvT ufleba,
TavianTi msaxurebis mizezebiT, ar
gamovidnen im faqtebisa da movlenebis
mowmeebad, romelTa Sesaxebac cnobebi aqvT, garda amisa, ar SeuZliaT
garkveul TanamdebobaTa dakaveba an
garkveuli saqmianobis warmarTva (mag.
ar aqvT ufleba, iyvnen advokatebi, notariusebi, merebi).
samRvdeloni, mowese n. mowese samRvdeloni.
samRvdeloni, saero n. saero samRvdeloni.
samRvdelo piri (Chierico) [gvianlaT.
clericus, romelic momdinareobs sityvidan clerus] piri, romelmac miiRo
mRvdlobis saidumlo erT-erTi sami
xarisxidan, gaxda mRvdelmsaxuri da
calkeul eklesiaSi, pirad prelatur-

297
aSi, samoweseo saZmoSi an samociqulo
cxovrebis sasuliero sazogadoebaSi
ganwesda (CIC, kan. 266). n. samRvdeloeba.
samRvdelo sabWo (Consiglio presbiterale) mRvdelmsaxurTa jgufi, romelic warmoadgens samRvdeloebas da
exmareba episkoposs diocezis marTvaSi. wevrTa daaxloebiT naxevars Tavad mRvdelmsaxurebi irCeven, zogi
wevri, maTdami mindobili saqmis interesebidan gamomdinare, sargeblobs
sabWos wevrobis uflebiT, danarCenebi
ki SeiZleba episkoposma daasaxelos.
mRvdelmsaxurTa sabWos episkoposi
iwvevs da Tavmjdomareobs, mas mxolod
saTaTbiro xma aqvs, xolo saqmianobas
wyvets episkoposis adgilis vakanturad gamocxadebasTan erTad (CIC, kan.
495-502).
samSvinveli (Anima) samSvinvelis cneba [psych, thyms, pnema, anima,
spiritus] adamianuri azrovnebis erTerTi mTavari da yvelaze ganusazRvreli cnebaa. es imiTaa ganpirobebuli,
rom samSvinvelis cnebaSi adamianis
sruliad gansxvavebuli Tvisebebia
moqceuli: grZnobadi survili, aRqma, mgrZnobeloba, azrovneba, Semecneba. am mizeziT samSvinvelis calke
mdgom erTeulad warmodgenis yoveli
mcdeloba warumatebelia. pirvandeli
mniSvnelobiT, samSvinveli aRniSnavs
macocxlebel niavs, qrolas, sxeulis
nawilTa ganmsWvalav sasicocxlo energias, sicocxlis, SegrZnebisa da
azrovnebis sawyiss. sulis qrolvis
msgavsad moqmedi es sawyisi Sinagani
da gare samyaros mimarTulebiT moq-

samSvinveli

medebs rogorc SemoqmedebiTi Zala da

sasicocxlo gzneba, romelic sikvdilis Semdegac ganagrZobs arsebobas,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawilobriv mainc.
am mizeziT samSvinvelis cneba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ukvdavebasTan. Zvel
aRTqmaSi moyvanili sityvebiT ruach,
nefesh, pnema, cardia, nos samSvinvelis sxvadasxva aspeqti aRiniSneba.
magaliTad, nefesh aRniSnavs sasicocxlo sawyiss, romelsac sisxli Seicavs
(ricxv. 6:6) da septuagintaSi iTargmneba rogorc psych, xolo sityva
ruach (romlis Targmanicaa pnema)
aRniSnavs suls, rogorc RmrTis niWs
(rjul. 34:9; fsalm. 50:13). samSvinvelis aseTi ormagi mniSvneloba gvxvdeba
axal aRTqmaSic: rogorc fsiqe, is
sicocxlis samyofeli an Tavad sicocxlea, Tumca SeiZleba, agreTve,
adamianis, rogorc pirovnebis (meobis)
Sinagan cxovrebasac aRniSnavdes, samSvinvelis sxvadasxva ZalebiT (2 kor. 3:3).
rogorc suli (pnema), samSvinveli
sulieris sawyisi, anu RmrTis suliT
aRvsili aqtiurobaa. patristikisa da
Sua saukuneTa moazrovneebma WvretiTad ganixiles samSvinvelis platoniseul (patristika) da aristoteleseul (sqolastika) koncefciebTan
dakavSirebuli Teologiuri problemebi, Tumca samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb
moZRvrebis CarCoSi moaqcies isini da,
amasTan, Seuqmnel sulsa (RmerTi) da
Seqmnil suls Soris gansxvaveba daurTes. filosofiuri azrovnebisa da
mecnierebaTa ganviTarebasTan erTad,
samSvinvelis cnebam Zireuli cvlilebebi ganicada. cnebis es ganviTareba
TeologiaSic aisaxa da, upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba ukvdavebis gansxvave-

samSvinvelis ganteveba

bul koncefciaSi, romelsac antiplatonizmis erTgvari saxeoba SeiZleba

ewodos, radganac is xazs usvams adamianis mTlianobas da uaryofs sxeulisa da samSvinvelis dualizms. bibliis, umTavresadZveli aRTqmis saxeliT, sxeulisa da samSvinvelis dayofa
uaryofilia rogorc platonisturi
dualizmi, Tumca eklesia arsebiTad
miiCnevs kvlavac sagangebo yuradReba
miapyros sikvdilis Semdeg cnobierebisa da nebis mqone elementis arsebobasa
da yofnas,ase rom, adamianis meoba kvlavac ganagrZobs arsebobas. am
elementis aRsawerad eklesia swored
sityva samSvinvels mimarTavs (Sdr.
sarwmunoebis moZRvrebis kongregacia,
esqatologiis ramdenime sakiTxi, 17
maisi, 1979).
samSvinvelis ganteveba (Raccomandazione dellanima) eklesiis mier uflisadmi ukanaskneli wardgineba, Txovna
gardacvlilis samSvinvelis sasargeblod da masTan damSvidobeba.
samSralebeli (Manutergio) [laT. manus xeli+tergere gaSroba] mcire
zomis qsovili, romliTac mRvdelmsaxuri xels imSralebs wirvis dros,
Sewirvisas.
samwmidaoba (Trisaghion)
[berZ.
Trisaghion samgzis wmida] sammagi
Sepasuxeba: wmidao RmerTo, wmidao
Zliero, wmidao ukvdavo, Segviwyale
Cven, romelic aRmosavlur evqaristiul liturgiaSi Cveulebriv RmrTis
sityvis liturgiis dasawyisSi warmoiTqmis. esaias wignidan (6:3) aRebuli
es Sepasuxeba dasabamidave qristologiuria da amitomacaa mocemuli qalke-

298
donis krebis aqtebSi (451). SemdgomSi
is ganivrco da samebiseuli TvalsazrisiT ganimarta. misi kvali SeimCneva
didi xuTSabaTis sadidebelTa Soris.
samwyso (Pastorale) [laT. pastoralis
(sityvidan pastor mwyemsi)] termins sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc arsebiTi, ise zedsarTavi saxelis
funqciiT da aRniSnavs: a) xeljoxs
(kverTxs) moRunuli zeda nawiliT,
romelic saepiskoposo iurisdiqcias
ganasaxierebs da romelic episkoposs
liturgiuli msaxurebis dros upyria
(n. regalia); b) Teologiur disciplinas, romelic sxvadasxva viTarebaSi (axalgazraTaTvis samwyso saqmianoba; sneulTaTvis samwyso saqmianoba
da sxv.), qristes uwyebis qmediTobis
gazrdisaken mimarTul eklesiis saqmianobas Seiswavlis; ewodeba agreTve
praqtikuli Teologia; g) episkoposTa da mRvdelmsaxurTa saqmianobaTa
erTobliobas sulebze zrunvis TvalsazrisiT; d) samRvdeloTa da morwmuneTa mimarT diocezis episkoposis werils religiur, eTikur Tu socialur
sakiTxebze ewodeba samwyso werili, e)
gansazRvrul dros episkoposis mier
TiToeuli misi samrevlos savaldebulo monaxulebas ewodeba samwyso
viziti (CIC, kan. 396).
samwyso gegma (Piano pastorale) episkoposisa da sadiocezo samwyso sabWos mier SemuSavebuli yovelwliuri
an mravalwliani gegma (CIC, kan. 511),
romelic Seicavs sarwmunoebis gzaze
adgilobrivi eklesiisaTvis aucilebel samwyso miTiTebebs. aseTi gegma
aucilebelia, radganac eklesiis xsnis

299
misia konkretul istoriul viTarebaSi unda warimarTos. samrevlo samwyso
saqmianoba sadiocezo samwyso gegmis
mixedviT xorcieldeba.
samwyso monaxulebani (Visite pastorali) episkoposTa an maT warmomadgenelTa mier calkeul sakrebuloTa
monaxuleba. wesi arsebobs IV saukunidan aRmosavlur eklesiebSi da VI saukunidanromis kaTolike eklesiaSi.
amgvari vizitebis mizans warmoadgenda samwyso saqmianobisa da saeklesio
qonebis kontroli da, umTavresad,
SesaZlo darRvevaTa aRmofxvra. tridentis krebam daavaldebula yvela
episkoposi, moenaxulebinaT sakrebuloebisul mcireor weliwadSi
erTxel, moZRvrebis marTlmorwmuneobisa da zneobrivi mdgomareobis
Sesamowmeblad. amgvarad, tridentis
krebis Semdgomi samwyso monaxulebani
saeklesio cxovrebis reformirebis
mniSvnelovan saSualebad iqca. amJamad episkoposi valdebulia, yovelwliurad moinaxulos diocezi, ise,
rom misi mTliani monaxulebasul
cotaxuT weliwadSi erTxel mainc
SeZlos (CIC, kan. 396-398).
samwyso sabWo (Consiglio pastorale)
a) sadiocezo samwyso sabWo Sedgeba
morwmuneTagan (samRvdeloni, samonazvno instituciaTa wevrebi da saeroni), romlebic gamoirCevian ueWveli
rwmeniT, keTili zne-CvevebiTa da
keTilgonierebiT (CIC, kan. 512, naw.
3). misi mizania diocezis samwyso saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul samoqmedo
daskvnaTa Seswavla, Sefaseba da SeTavazeba. sabWos aqvs mxolod saTaTbiro

sanaTlavi embazi

xmis ufleba, mas Tavmjdomareobs da

iwvevs, weliwadSi erTxel mainc, episkoposi; b) samrevlo samwyso sabWo; mas
xelmZRvanelobs winamZRvari, Sedgeba
morwmuneTa da samwyso saqmianobaze
mzrunvel pirTagan, miznad isaxavs
samwyso saqmianobis xelSewyobas. aqvs
mxolod saTaTbiro xma (CIC, kan. 536).
samwyso werilebi n. pavles werilebi.
samxedro-sasuliero
saganmgeblo
(Ordinariato militare) adre ewodeboda savele-sasuliero savikariuso.
iuridiulad diocezTan gaTanabrebuli mcire saeklesio olqi, daarsebuli samxedro samsaxurSi myof an
SeiaraRebul ZalebTan uSualod dakavSirebul samsaxurSi myof morwmuneTa
sasuliero Sewevnis mizniT. am olqs
marTavs samxedro-sasuliero ganmgebeli, romelic Cveulebriv, amave dros,
episkoposicaa, mas exmarebian kuriis
moxeleebi da saero da sasuliero
samRvdeloebas Soris arCeuli saTanado raodenobis samxedro kapelanebi.
samxedro-sasuliero ganmgebels aqvs
Cveulebrivi, sakuTari, Tumca sadiocezo da pirovnul ganmgeblobasTan
mimsgavsebuli iurisdiqcia.
samxre (Omerale, velo) [gvianlaT.
umerale (sityvidan umerus mxari)]
vrceli marTkuTxa qsovili, romelsac
axveven mxrebze mRvdelmsaxurs evqaristiuli kurTxevis warmoTqmis an wmida
evqaristiis gadatanis dros.
sanaTlavi embazi (Fonte battesimale)
[laT. fons baptismalis] qristianobis
pirvel saukuneebSi, rodesac naTlobas
CaSvebismosanaTli adamianis wyalSi

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sanawile

dasvelebisgziT aRasrulebdnen, embazi baptisteriumis centrSi mowyobil sxvadasxva formis avzs warmoadgenda. marmariloTi mopirkeTebul
amgvar avzSi ori-sami safexuris meSveobiT SeiZleboda Casvla. XI saukunidan gavrcelda naTloba wylis
gadasxmis meSveobiT da sanaTlavi embazi mrgvali an mravalkuTxa formis
qandakebis nimuSad iqca. XIV saukunidan baptisteriumi aRar warmoadgens calke mdgom Senobas; am droidan
ukve momcro zomis sanaTlavi embazs
aTavseben am miznisaTvis gankuTvnil
kapelaSi, rogorc wesi, eklesiaSi Sesasvlelis siaxloves.
sanawile (Reliquiario) [laT. reliquiarium] sxvadasxva formisa da zomis,
xSirad Zvirfasi morTulobiT Semkuli bude, romelSic mowamis an wmidanis relikviebia daculi.
sanaxevrod arianeloba (Semiarianesimo) [semi naxevrad+arianesimo
arianeloba] arianelobis zomieri
forma, romelic uwmidesi samebis
pirovnebebs
Soris
urTierTobaTa
gasasazRvrad mimarTavda termins homoisios (arsiT msgavsni), nacvlad
nikeis krebis mier aRiarebuli terminisa homosios.
sanaxevrod pelagieloba (Semipelagianesimo) [sityvebidan semi+pelagianesimo] Tanxmobis formulidan
(1577) aRebuli gviani cneba, romelic
aRniSnavs ara imdenad V saukuneSi wamoWril pelagielobis sakiTxs,
ramdenadac avgustineseuli madlisa
da winaswarganzraxulobis Sesaxeb
moZRvrebasTan dakavSirebul davas,

romelSic erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen

bikenti lerinseli (daaxl. 430) da
prosperus akvitanieli (daaxl. 455).
santino (Santino) [kninobiTi forma
sityvisa santo wmida] mcire zomis
xati romelime wmidanis, wmida mariamis, iesos an sxva wmida gamosaxulebiT,
romelsac, rogorc wesi, axlavs Suamdgomlobis an mokle locva. amgvari
xatebi SeiZleba iyos mniSvnelovani
religiuri movlenis (mag., pirveli
ziareba, mironcxeba, mRvdlad kurTxeva da sxva) an Zvirfasi gardacvlili
adamianis saxsovari.
sapaseqo ciskari (Veglia pasquale) didi
SabaTis Ramidan paseqis kviradRemde
mimdinare msaxureba, qristes aRdgomisa da, amgvarad, xsnis aRsrulebis, aRsaniSnavad. es liturgiuli wlis kulminaciuri momentia.
sapatriarqo n. patriarqi/sapatriarqo.
sapkurebeli n. usupi.
sartyeli (Fascia) [laT. fascia] qsovilis zoli, romelsac Semoirtyamen
sutanaze. is Semoxveulia gverdebze,
marcxena mxares ki daSvebuli aqvs ori
bolo. papis sartyeli TeTri ferisaa,
kardinalTamewamuli,
episkoposTamoiisfro, xolo sxva sasuliero
pirTa kiSavi ferisa.
sarwmunoeba (Fede) [laT. fides] adamianis mTliani pirovnuli mimxroba
gacxadebuli RmrTisadmi. gulisxmobs
goniTa da nebiT mindobas RmrTis gamocxadebisadmi, rac mis saqmeTa da sityvaTa meSveobiT gamovlinda (CCC,
176). rwmena RmrTis zebunebrivi niWia,

301
pirveli sam Teologiur saTnoebaTagani (danarCeni oria imedi da siyvaruli). is ayalibebs habituss, anu gaaCnia
unari, mTlianad gardaqmnas adamiani.
Zvel aRTqmaSi rwmuna warmodgenilia,
rogorc RmrTis sityvisadmi mindoba
(noe, abraami, mose da a.S.), anu imediT
gamsWvaluli
mimxroba
winaswarmetyvelTa qadagebisadmi. axali aRTqmis
mixedviT ki rwmena niSnavs imis aRiarebas, rom ieso qriste aris RmrTis
Ze, vinc yvela adamianis saxsnelad
sikvdili miiRo da mkvdreTiT aRdga.
protestantuli reforma gadaWarbebiT usvams xazs rwmenis mxsnel Zalas.
amis sapirispirod, tridentis krebam cxadad aRniSna, rom gamarTlebas
saqmeTa meSveobiT cxovelqmnili rwmena iZleva: rwmena mkvdaria saqmeTa
gareSe (iak. 2:26). morwmune mxolod
sarwmunoebis SenarCunebaze ki ar unda
zrunavdes, aramed mis aRsarebasa da
gavrcelebazec.
sarwmunoeba da wesrigi (Faith and
Order) XIX saukuneSi aRmocenebuli
ekumenuri moZraoba (n. ekumenizmi),
romlis pirveli msoflio konferencia 1927 wels lozanaSi gaimarTa 108
qristianuli eklesiis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT. moZraobis samoqmedo
amocanad dasaxul iqna gansxvavebul
qristianul sakrebuloTa gaerTianeba saerTo samoZRvro da iuridiul
safuZvelze. sicocxlisa da saqmianobis (Life and Work) msoflio qristianuli moZraobis sabWosTan TanamSromlobis Sedegad aRmocenda eklesiaTa msoflio sabWo (World Counsil
of Churches). amJamad sarwmunoeba da
wesrigi eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos

sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis kongregacia

samuSao komisiaTa Soris erT-erTi damoukidebeli komisiaa da dResac awyobs sakuTar msoflio konferenciebs.
sarwmunoebis aRsareba (Professione di
fede) [laT. professio (sityvidan profiteri gamocxadeba)] sarwmunoebis aRsareba, romelsac, agreTve, mrwamsi an
sarwmunoebis simbolo ewodeba, qristianuli sarwmunoebis mokle Sejamebaa. sarwmunoebis pirveli aRsareba
naTlobis dros warmoiTqmis, romelic
mamis, Zisa da suli wmidis saxeliT
aRsruldeba. eklesiis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan sarwmunoebis aRsarebaTa Sorisaa mociqulTa
simbolo da nikea-konstantinopolis
simbolo (Sdr. CCC, 185-197).
sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis kongregacia (Propaganda Fide) sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis kongregacia (Congregatio De Propaganda Fide) papma
klementeVIII-m 1599 wels daaarsa, Tumca ramdenime wlis Semdeg man arseboba
Sewyvita. grigol XV-m kongregacia
aRadgina da mas Semdeg is arsebobas
ganagrZobs. kongregaciis mizans warmoadgenda sarwmunoebis propaganda
mTel samyaroSi. dResdReobiT kongregaciis daqvemdebarebaSia samxreTaRmosavleT evropisa da amerikis orive
kontinentis calkeuli regionebi,
TiTqmis mTeli afrika, Soreuli aRmosavleTi, axali zelandia da okeania
avstraliis gamoklebiT da filipinebis
TiTqmis yvela kunZuli. kongregaciis
kompetencia moicavs misadmi daqvemdebarebul teritoriebze misioneruli
olqebis daarsebas da maT dayofas,
misiaTa marTvis xelmZRvanelobas, amave

sarwmunoebis gansazRvreba

dros, meTvalyureobas morwmuneTa

qristianul cxovrebaze, sasuliero
pirTa saqcielze, kaTolikuri qmedebis
saqmianobaze, zedamxedvelobas kaTolikur skolebsa da seminariebze. mTeli
msoflios masStabiT wamaxalisebeli
saqmianobisa da misioneruli TanamSromlobis warmarTvis mizniT kongregacia sagangebod TanamSromlobs
papis misionerul institutebTan. 1967
wlis 15 agvistos dadgenilebiT Regimini Ecclesiae universae kongregacias
xalxTa gaqristianebisa da sarwmunoebis propagandis kongregaciis saxeli
mieniWa, 1988 wlis 28 ivnisis dadgenilebaSi Pastor bonus is, ubralod,
xalxTa gaqristianebis kongregaciad
moixsenieba.
sarwmunoebis gansazRvreba anu dogmatikuri gansazRvreba (Definizione
di fede o dogmatica) eklesiis sazeimo
da mkafio gancxadeba, romelic warmoadgens rame WeSmaritebas, rogorc
RmrTaebrivi gamocxadebis Semadgenel nawils, saidanac gamomdinareobs
valdebuleba morwmuneTaTvis, miiRon
es WeSmariteba rwmenis TayvaniscemiT.
amgvari gancxadebis gakeTeba SeuZlia
msoflio krebas an paps, sarwmunoebis an zneobis sakiTxebze ex cathedra
gamosvlis dros.
sarwmunoebis moZRvrebis kongregacia
(Congregazione per la Dottrina della
Fede) romis kuriis organo, cnobili rogorc yofili wmida dawesebuleba (SantUffizio). aqvs arsebobis
xangrZlivi istoria. is 1542 wlis 12
ivlisis dadgenilebiT Licet ab initio pavle III-m daafuZna saxelwodebiT

302
sayovelTao inkviziciis wmida kongregacia, eklesiis eresisagan dacvis
mizniT. papma siqste V-m dadgenilebiT
Immensa aeterni Dei (1588 wlis 22
ianvari) mTlianad ucvala saxe romis
kurias da kongregaciis struqtura
da funqciebi gansazRvra. wmida pius
X-is mier dadgenilebiT Sapienti consilio (1908 wlis 29 ivnisi) Catarebuli
reorganizaciis Semdeg Seicvala kongregaciis saxeli da mas wmida dawesebulebis wmida kongregacia ewoda
(saxelwodeba wmida dawesebuleba
gasul saukuneebSic gamoiyeneboda).
dasasrul, pavle VI-m, dekretiT Integrae servandae (1965 wlis 7 dekemberi)
daamkvidra kongregaciis amJamindeli
saxelwodeba da ganaaxla misi samoqmedo meTodebi, rogorc es TviT dekretSia naTqvami: rwmenis dacva axla ukeT
SeiZleba moZRvrebis propagandis meSveobiT. xsenebuli dekretis 3-8 punqtebSi gansazRvrulia kongregaciis
kompetencia: rwmenisa da zneobis moZRvrebasTan an rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli yvela sakiTxi; axal moZRvrebaTa
ganxilva da maTTan dakavSirebul kvlevaTa da kongresTa mxardaWera; im moZRvrebaTa dagmoba, romlebic rwmenis
principebs ewinaaRmdegeba; wignebis
Seswavla da SesaZlo dagmoba; Privilegium fidei; rwmenis winaaRmdeg Cadenil
danaSaulTa gansja. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, calkeul sakiTxebSi kongregacia tribunalis rolsac asrulebs
(punqti 11). samuSaoebsa da kvlevebSi
kongregacias exmareba mrCevelTa jgufi, romlis wevrebic mTeli kaTolikuri samyaros warmomadgenelTa Soris
irCeva. mrCevelTa Sekrebebi regularulad, kviraSi erTxel imarTeba

303
(Cveulebriv, orSabaT dRes). maT winaSe wardgenili dokumentebisa da kvlevebis Seswavlis Semdeg mrCevlebi sakuTar Sefasebas gamoxataven, romelsac
mxolod saTaTbiro xmis mniSvneloba
aqvs. momzadebuli sakiTxebi Tan darTuli Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebisa da mrCevelTa Sefasebis TanxlebiT
Semdeg kardinalTa rigiT kongregaciaze ganixileba, romlis sxdomebic
yovelkvireulad, Cveulebisamebr, oTxSabaTobiT imarTeba. kardinalebi gadamwyvet dadgenilebas iReben. maT mier
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi umaRlesma
pontifeqsma unda daamtkicos.
sarwmunoebis saunje (Deposito della
fede) [laT. depositum, berZ. parathke
is, rac gadmoica] gamoTqma aRniSnavs
qristianuli sarwmunoebis mTlian Sinaarss, romelic mocemulia saRmrTo
werilSi da romelic qristem mociqulebs mindo (n. gadmocema), maTi meSveobiT ki is miiRo eklesiam Sesanaxad
da gadasacemad. gamoTqma umTavresad
gvxvdeba wmida pavlesTan (1 tim. 6:20; 2
tim. 1:12-14) da tertulianesTan.
sarwmunoebis simbolo (Simbolo di
fede) sarwmunoebis ZiriTad WeSmaritebaTa nakrebi, romelic, amgvarad, katexizmos pirveli da safuZvelmdebi
wyaroa. samociqulo eklesiam dasabamidanve gamoxata da gaavrcela Tavisi
sarwmunoeba mokle formulebisa da
yvelasaTvis sayuradRebo normebis meSveobiT, gaaerTiana Tavisi sarwmunoebis
arsebiTi nawili organuli, mwyobrad
nagebi kompendiumebis saxiT. amgvar
sinTezebs ewodeba sarwmunoebis aRsareba (radgan qristianTa mier aR-

sasaflao

sarebul sarwmunoebas gadmogvcemen),

mrwamsi da sarwmunoebis simbolo,
ramdenadac isini morwmuneTa Soris
erTianobisa da urTierTkavSiris niSans warmoadgens. sarwmunoebis simboloTa Soris aRsaniSnavia mociqulTa
simbolo da nikea-konstantinopolis
simbolo. mociqulTa simbolos saxelwodeba iqidan momdinareobs, rom
is mociqulTa sarwmunoebis zedmiwevniT zust gadmocemad aris miCneuli.
romis eklesiaSi gamoiyeneboda mosanaTlav pirTa katexizaciis dros da
naTlobis liturgiaSi. nikea-konstantinopolis simbolo ki pirveli ori
msoflio krebis (325 da 381) nayofia.
is dRemde moqmedebs aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis yvela did eklesiaSi (Sdr.
CCC, 185-197).
sarwmunoebis xelSemwyobi (Promotore
della fede) [laT. promotus, namyos mimReoba zmnisa promovere, xelis Sewyoba] sazogadod, eSmakis advokatis
saxeliT cnobili, rwmenis xelSemwyobi
wmidaTa saqmeebis kongregaciis konsultantia, romelic beatifikaciisa
da kanonizaciis sakiTxebze gamarTuli procesebis dros amowmebs gansaxilveli pirovnebis sagmiro saTnoebaTa
utyuarobas da mis mier moxdenil saswaulTa namdvilobas.
sasakmevle
(Navicella)
[NavicellakninobiTi
forma
sityvisa
nave] patara navis formis WurWeli,
romelSic liturgiuli msaxurebis
dros dasawvavi sakmevelia moTavsebuli. gamoiyeneba sacecxlurTan erTad.
sasaflao (Cimitero) [berZ. koime-

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sasuliero ganmgebeli

trion saZinebeli, momdinareobs

sityvidan koiman dawvena, Semdeg
laTinurSi damkvidrda forma coemeterium] adgili, sadac krZalaven gardacvlilebs, romlebsac, qristianuli
sarwmuneobis Tanaxmad, mkvdreTiT aRdgomis molodiniT sZinavT.
sasuliero ganmgebeli (Ordinario)
[laT. ordinarius] aRniSnavs xelmZRvanels uwyebisa, romelic gulisxmobs
sadiocezo episkoposis ZalauflebasTan erTgvarad Tanaswor Zalauflebas.
isini (CIC, kan. 134, naw. 1 da 2) Semdeg
kategoriebad iyofa: a) adgilobrivi
ganmgebeliTuki maTi iurisdiqcia
teritoriulia, anu gansazRvrul
teritoriaze mosaxle morwmuneebTan
damokidebulebaSi xorcieldeba; esenia:
romis pontifeqsi, sadiocezo episkoposebi, maTTan uflebebiT gaTanabrebuli pirebi (CIC, kan. 381, par. 2) da
is pirebi, romlebic, agreTve, droebiT
marTaven calkeul eklesias (CIC, kan.
413 da a.S.); generaluri da saepiskoposo vikariusebi (CIC, kan. 476); b)
ubralod ganmgebelni, Tu maTi iurisdiqcia aris pirovnuli, anu xorcieldeba qveSevrdomebTan damokidebulebaSi maTi adgilmdebareobis miuxedavad;
am kategorias ganekuTvnebian sasuliero religiuri instituciebis mTavari winamZRvarni, romelTac es ganmgebloba papis uflebamosilebiT aqvT
miniWebuli (Sdr. CIC, kan. 596, naw. 1)
da saeklesio, samociqulo cxovrebis
sazogadoebaTa mTavari winamZRolni,
romelTac es ganmgebloba papis uflebamosilebiT aqvT miniWebuli (Sdr.
CIC, kan. 732), pirovnuli prelaturis
prelatebi (Sdr. CIC, kan. 295, naw. 1)
da samxedro-sasuliero, anu savele-

sasuliero ganmgebelni.
sasuliero wodebidan ganyeneba n. laicizacia.
saswauli (Miracolo) [laT. miraculum gasaocari sagani, momdinareobs
zmnidan mirari gaoceba, gancvifrebiT cqera] movlena an grZnobadi
faqti, romliTac mJRavndeba RmrTis
Zalaufleba da romelic rogorc
adamianuri gamocdilebis, ise bunebis
kanonTa miRmuria. Zvel aRTqmaSi iahvesa da misi xalxis aRTqmas RmrTis
ganmaTavisuflebeli Zlevamosilebis
damadasturebeli mravali saswauli
axlavs Tan. axal aRTqmaSi saswauli
is niSania, romelic morwmunes iesos
siRrmiseul wvdomaSi exmareba: wadiT
moaxseneT ioanes, rasac ismenT da xedavT: brmebi xedaven da xeibrebi dadian, keTrovnebi iwmidebian da yruebs
esmiT, mkvdrebi dgebian... (maT. 11:5).
sasjeli (Pena) [laT. poena] legitimuri xelisuflis mier sulieri
Tu miwieri sikeTis miRebis aRkveTa
damnaSavis gamosworebisa da Cadenili
danaSaulis gamo dasjis mizniT. gamajansaRebeli sasjeli (cenzuraCIC,
kann. 1331-1335), umTavresad, mimarTulia damnaSavis gamosworebisaken (n.
gankveTa, n. interdiqti da n. Sewyveta);
gamosasyidi sasjeli (CIC, kan. 13361338) umTavresad danaSaulis dasjas
isaxavs miznad (kanoniT gansazRvruli
droebiTi Tu samaradiso sxva aRkveTa).
satana (Satana) [ebr. satan, Semdeg
berZ. satn da laT. satan mteri,
bralmdebeli] macdunebeli, gaigivebulia odiTganve adamianis mter eSmak-

305
Tan (dab. 3:1-6; sibrZn. 2:24), ewodeba,
agreTve, boroti (Sdr. maT. 5:37), mteri
(maT. 13:39), cru (ioan. 8:44), macdunebeli (gamocx. 12:9), mudam mebrZoli
qristesTan (luk. 10:18; ioan. 12:31) da
qristes morwmuneebTan (2kor. 11:14,
Smd.; gal. 4:7; 1petr. 5:8, Smd.; gamocx.
12:17; Sdr. CCC, 2851).
satanizmi (Satanismo) [sityvidan satana] satanis an sxva, religiis moZule eSmakeisul ZalTa kulti. xSirad
povebs gamoxatulebas egreT wodebuli Savi wirvis an sxva RmrTismgmobi
ritualebis
meSveobiT.
satanizmi,
amasTanave, iyo romantizmisa da dekadentur mimdinareobaTa calkeul
warmomadgenelTa mxatvruli xerxi,
dafuZnebuli amboxze zneobisa da religiis winaaRmdeg, romlebsac SemoqmedebiTi Zalisa da borotebis macduri xiblis gamovlinebis muxruWad
miiCnevdnen.
satrapezo (Cenacolo) [laT. cenaculum sasadilo oTaxi] adgili, sadac
iesom mociqulebTan erTad aRniSna paseqi (n. saidumlo seroba) da sadac
daamkvidra evqaristia. aqve suli wmidis gardamosvlis dRes mariamsa da
mociqulebze suli wmida gadmovida.
tradiciis Tanaxmad, es adgili ierusalemSi, sionis mTaze mdebareobs. konstantines dros am adgilas aigo ierusalemis pirveli eklesia, romelic V
saukuneSi bazilikad gadakeTda, Semdeg
ki ganadgurda. dRes satrapezo Sedis
guTuri stilis rekonstruirebul
nagebobaSi, romelic 1335 wels robert anJuelma aago da romelsac 1552
wlamde franciskelebi ganagebdnen. 1552

safuZvlis sakrebulo

wels is daikaves muslimebma, romelTac

mcdarad miaCndaT, rom qvemoT mdebare
oTaxSi daviTis saflavs miakvlies. muslimTa mier agebuli meCeTi 1967 wels
ebrauli sinagogiT Seicvala.
safexurebrivi (Graduale) [laT. gradus safexuri] ase ewodeboda wirvis
dros pirveli kiTxvis Semdeg Sesasrulebel responsoriumis fsalmuns,
romelsac mgalobeli ambionis safexurebidan warmoTqvamda.
safsalmune (Salterio) [qristianuli
laT. psalterium, nawarmoebia berZnulidan psalterion] aRniSnavs fsalmunTa bibliur wigns; agreTve, krebiTi
saxelia garkveuli tipis simebiani instrumentebisa, romelTac ebraelebi
fsalmunTa galobisas iyenebdnen akompanimentis Sesasruleblad.
safuZvelmdebi arCevani (Opzione fondamentale) [laT. optio arCevani da
fundamentalis arsebiTi] zneobrivi
qmedebis analizisa da gagebisaTvis
ukve klasikurad qceuli es cneba
aRniSnavs cnobierebaSi gakeTebul
pirovnebis fundamentur, safuZvelmdeb
gadawyvetilebas, romelic mTel mis
cxovrebas warmarTavs (sikeTisa Tu
borotebisaken).
safuZvlis sakrebulo (Comunit di
base) termini aRniSnavs rTulsa da
farTo fenomens, romelic xSirad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul qristianul
realobebs moicavs. aseTi sakrebuloebi aRmocenda laTinur amerikaSi,
sadac mravali adamiani gaerTianda
bibliis erToblivad sakiTxavad, meditaciisa da RmrTis sityvis Suqze

saqvelmoqmedo fondi

sakuTari cxovrebis ukeT warmarTvis mizniT. aseTi sakrebuloebi sxvadasxva motivaciiT Semdeg evropaSic
gavrcelda. safuZvlis sakrebuloTa
Tavdapirveli ganzraxva iyo saxarebis
ganuyofeli siwmidisadmi erTguleba,
zogjer qristianuli cxovrebis sxva
instituciur formebTan,magaliTad,
samrevloebTan,dapirispirebiTa da
TiTqmis paeqrobiT saxarebis WeSmarit
RirebulebaTa aRdgenisken swrafvaSi. SemdgomSi, SewinaaRmdegebisaken
midrekilebis metismetad ganviTarebis
mizeziT safuZvlis sakrebuloebi damoukideblebad gadaiqcnen da zog SemTxvevaSi dakarges TavianTi mowodebisa
da eklesiaSi Tanayofnis sawyisi arsi.
safuZvlis sakrebuloebs axasiaTebs
TiTqmis kultad qceuli siyvaruli
RmrTis sityvisadmi, romelsac iTviseben, romlis meSveobiTac amowmeben
sakuTar cxovrebas, pirovnulsa Tu
sazogado qcevas, romlis meSveobiTac
acocxleben TavianTi rwmenis masazrdoebel saidumloT. sakrebuloTa
erToblivi cxovrebis suliskveTeba,
zogadad da yvelaze xSirad nimuSis
safuZvelze, gamoixateba erToblivad
miRebul gadawyvetilebebSi, erTobliv
saidumloebriv aqtebsa da katexizmoSi, Zalian wrfel Tanamonawileobis
gancdaSi. sakrebulos wevrTa mowodebaa, qristianuli avTentikurobis miyola, rasac yvela erTad da TiToeuli cal-calke iziarebs. rogorc wesi,
safuZvlis sakrebuloebs xelmZRvanelobs qarizmatikosi, anu pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da sulieri ganwyobis
safuZvelze sando da saimedo pirad
miCneuli adamiani. sakrebuloebi mravalferovan saqmianobas ewevian, ar mis-

306
deven rame saerTo models. adgilobrivad maTi aRmocenebis miznidan da
xelmZRvanelTa suliskveTebidan gamomdinare, sakrebuloebi sufTa saeklesio miznebs isaxavs da axorcielebs:
esaa eklesiad Camoyalibeba, eklesiad
yofna, am sityvis Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT. cxadia, qristes pirovneba,
saqmianoba da gzavnili umTavres adgils iWers maT samoqmedo gegmaSi. didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba, agreTve, saxarebis
gaazrebiT, ganmartebiT kiTxvas.
saqvelmoqmedo fondi (Fondazione
pia) qoneba, romelic kanoniT gankuTvnilia samadlo miznebisTvis,
anu saqvelmoqmedo, samociqulo da,
rogorc sulieri, ise saero gulmowyalebis saqmeTaTvis (CIC, kan. 114).
amgvari qonebis dadgenilebiT aqts
warmoadgens misi damaarseblis survili, romlis Sesruleba da dacvac
aucilebelia.
saqmeebi (Atti) cnobilia: a) mociqulTa saqmeebi: berZnul enaze dawerili
axali aRTqmis wigni; Sedgeba 28 Tavisagan; masSi gadmocemulia pirvelqristianobis yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavi movlenebi erTdroulad istoriulsa da
Teologiur WrilSi. amgvarad, xazgasmulia warmarTTaTvis saxarebiseuli
uwyebis gacnobis dasawyisi, rac, amave
dros, ukavSirdeba israeli xalxis
mier ukve gancdil xsnis istorias.
am wignis avtori, savaraudod, lukaa, radganac saqmeebi mis saxarebasTan
aSkara erTianobas inarCunebs. wignis
pirvel nawilSi moTxrobilia iesos
cad amaRleba, ierusalemis qristianuli sakrebulos cxovreba, suli wmidis

307
gardamosvla, petres qadageba, stefanesa da filipes ambebi, savles moqceva,
romaeli centurionis korneliusis
moqceva da qristianobis damkvidreba
antioqiaSi, sadac iesos mimdevarT
pirvelad ewodaT qristianebi. wignis meore nawili eTmoba pavles sam samociqulo mogzaurobas, ierusalemis
krebis, pavles dapatimrebis, kesariaSi
misi tyveobisa da, dasasrul, romSi
misi Casvlis ambebs. b) mowameTa saqmeebi: es nawerebi eZRvneba erTi an ramdenime qristianis mowameobis aRweras
maTi devnis periodSi. amgvar TxzulebaTagan uZvelesni II saukunis meore
naxevars ganekuTvneba da saqmeebad da
wamebebad iyofa. saqmeebi warmarTTa
sasamarTlos mier gansasjeli qristianis dakiTxvaTa aRweraa Tan darTuli
mcire cnobiT misi sikvdilis Sesaxeb
(iustines saqmeebi, kviprianes saqmeebi
da sxva). wamebebi mowameTa tanjvisa da
maTi sicocxlis ukanaskneli movlenebis aRwerilobaa (polikarpes wameba
da sxva). mowameTa saqmeebis pirveli
Semkrebi, romlebic SemdgomSi daikarga, iyo evsebi kesarieli.
saRmrTo (Sacro) [laT. sacer] aRniSnavs saero gamoyenebas CamoSorebul
da RmrTaebriobasTan dakavSirebul
yovel realobas (pirovnebebi, sagnebi,
adgilebi da sxv.).
saRmrTo kongregaciebi (Sacre Congregazioni) n. kongregaciebi; romis
kuria.
saRmrTo mecnierebani (Scienze sacre)
mecnierebani, romelTa sagania RmerTi
da yovelive, dakavSirebuli adamianis
RmerTTan urTierTobasTan. amgvari

saRmrTo myudroeba

mecnierebania: bibliis egzegetika,

fundamenturi Teologia, dogmatika, kanonikuri samarTali, moraluri
(zneobrivi) Teologia da sxv.
saRmrTo musika (Musica sacra) galobasTan erTad, liturgiis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi elementia. jer kidev Zvel
aRTqmaSi samusiko instrumentebis
TanxlebiT Sesrulebuli fsalmunebi
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli liturgiul msaxurebasTan. saukuneTa manZilze
saRmrTo musika sxvadasxva formiT
ganviTarda: arsebobs grigorianuli
galoba, polifoniuri galoba, Tanamedrove saRmrTo musika, xalxuri religiuri sagalobeli. saRmrTo musika
sxvadasxva sakravTa TanxlebiT sruldeba, maT Soris wamyvani roli organs eniWeba. liturgiul msaxurebaSi
saRmrTo musikam xeli unda Seuwyos
locvis gamomsaxvelobiT mSvenierebas,
SekrebilTa erTsulovan monawileobas
da unda gamokveTos msaxurebis sazeimo
xasiaTi (Sdr. CCC, 1156-1158).
saRmrTo myudroeba (Tregua di Dio)
iuridiul-religiuri
institucia,
romelic udevs safuZvlad evropul
samSvidobo moZraobas. samxreT safrangeTsa da burgundiaSi didebulTa mxridan eklesiasa da glexebze batonobis
gamanadgurebeli Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad, rasac saero xelisufleba Sesatyvisi zomebiT ver upasuxebda, X-XI
saukuneTa manZilze gamarTul ramdenime krebaze dadginda iaraRis xmarebis
akrZalva kviris gansazRvrul dReebsa (akrZalva moqmedebda xuTSabaTidan
kviramde, uflis vnebisa da mkvdreTiT
aRdgomis dReebSi) da weliwadis

saRmrTo ojaxi

308

garkveul periodebSi (adventi, didmarxva, aRdgoma, suli wmidis gardamosvla). wesis damrRvevs gankveTa emuqreboda. Tu saRmrTo mSvidoba garkveuli
kategoriebis adamianTa winaaRmdeg Zaladobis gamouyeneblobis valdebuleba
iyo, saRmrTo myudroeba (treugakelturidan treue erTguleba) emyareboda nebayoflobiT dadebul fics xmlis
matarebelTa mxridan. es wesi burgundiasa da akvitaniaSi damkvidrda.

kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad (kan. 1405, naw. 3), saRmrTo tribunali pirvel instanciaSic asamarTlebs
episkoposebs (garda 1419-e kanonis 2-e
nawilSi miTiTebuli SemTxvevebisa),
abatebsa da papiseuli kanoniT samoweseo institutebis winamZRvrebs. amas
garda, is pirvel instanciaSi ganixilavs romis pontifeqsis mier gamoTxovil da Semdeg misadmi mindobil saqmeebs (CIC, kan. 1444, par. 2).

saRmrTo ojaxi n. wmida ojaxi.

saRmrTo Zalaufleba (Potest sacra)

eklesiaSi, Tavis wyarosTan mimarTebaSi, es Zalaufleba erTia, radganac
esaa eklesiaSi miniWebuli qristes
Zalaufleba, Tumca es Zalaufleba
gansxvavdeba miznebTan mimarTebaSi da
gadaicema sxvadasxva gzebiT romis pontifeqsisa da episkoposTa meSveobiT. is
SeiZleba iyos, agreTve, maT mier miniWebuli sxvaTaTvis sxvadasxva sulier
mizanTa misaRwevad saidumloebrivi
Tu arasaidumloebrivi msaxurebis
aRsrulebis meSveobiT. im msaxurebaTaTvis, romelTa aRsasrulebladac xeldasxmaa aucilebeli, rogorc
calkeul saidumloTaTvis (mironcxeba, evqaristia, monanieba, zeTis cxeba,
xeldasxma: wesis saRmrTo Zalaufleba), ise calkeul sakramentaliaTaTvis
(wesis arasaRmrTo Zalaufleba) wmidayofis, swavlebisa da marTvis Zalaufleba mxolod im pirebs gadaecemaT,
romelTac sxvadasxva saxis xeldasxma
aqvT miRebuli. xolo wmidayofis da
marTvis Zalaufleba, dakavSirebuli
msaxurebasTan, romlis aRsasrulebladac xeldasxma ar aris aucilebeli,
sxvadasxva saxiT gadaecema an eniWeba
im pirebsac, romelTac xeldasxma ar

saRmrTo tribunali (Sacra Rota)

romis kuriis tribunali, romelsac
Tavdapirvelad ewodeboda Audentia sacri palatii (XII sauk.). saxelwodeba Rota, romelic pirvelad 1337
wels dafiqsirda, zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, im faqts ukavSirdeba,
rom gansaxilvel saqmeTa gragnilebi
mbrunav sayrdenze Tavsdeboda. sxvaTa
azriT, SesaZlebelia, amas is ganapirobebda, rom msmenelebi wred iyvnen ganlagebulni. arsebobs mosazrebac, rom
mizezi saqmeTa rig-rigobiT ganxilva
gaxda. dRes saRmrTo tribunaliSacra Rota kolegialuri tribunalia,
romelic sam-sami msmenelis, anu videntibus omnibus-is morigeobiT gansjis. msmenelTagan uxucesi Tavmjdomare da, savaraudod, saqmis instruqtoricaa. Cveulebriv, esaa saapelacio
sasamarTlo da ganixilavs meore instanciiT rigiTi sasamarTloebis mier
gansazRvrul da wmida saydrisadmi
apelaciisaTvis gadacemul saqmeebs;
is mesame instanciiT ganixilavs Tavis
mier, sxva saeklesio sasamarTlos da
vatikanis saeklesio sasamarTlos mier
ganxilul saapelacio saqmeebs. Tumca,

309
aqvT miRebuli. amgvarad, ganmtkicdeba
eklesiaSi saRmrTo Zalauflebis erTianoba da, amave dros, misi organuli
ganawileba.
saRmrTo warmodgena (Rappresentazione sacra) [laT. repraesentatio, nawarmoebia zmnidan repraesentatio warmodgena] XII saukunidan gavrcelebuli religiur Temaze agebuli dramatuli dadgma, xSirad sruldeboda
musikaluri TanxlebiT.
saRmrTo werili (Sacra Scrittura/
Sacre Scritture) religiaTa istoriaSi
saRmrTo werili ewodeba sxvadasxva
zomis teqstebs, romlebic arcTu iSviaTad imJamier saWiroebaTa dasakmayofilebad Seiqmna, emyareba gamocxadebas
da religiur sakrebuloebs, romlebic
gadascemen maT momdevno Taobebs, awvdian sakrebuloTa mier TviTSecnobis,
TviTmowyobisa da maT wevrTa marTebuli qcevisaTvis saWiro wesTa erTobliobas. Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT,
saRmrTo werilis mravali nairsaxeoba arsebobs. qristianobis saRmrTo
werili (biblia) moicavs Zveli da
axali aRTqmis kanons, romelSic gamocxadebisa da sarwmunoebis istoria
gadmocemulia israelisa da adreqristianuli literaturis nawerebSi. es
nawerebi saeklesio gadawyvetilebiT,
aRiarebul iqna RmrTivSTagonebulad
(n. STagoneba) da sarwmunoebis kanonier wyarod.
saRmrTo werilis mniSvnelobani (Sensi
della Scrittura) saRmrTo werilis arsi
erTaderTia, magram sxvadasxva damatebiT aspeqts moicavs. am TvalsazrisiT,
SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT pirdapiri da

saRmrTo werilis mniSvnelobani

sulieri mniSvnelobani, romelTagan

ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, daiyofa alegoriul, zneobriv da anagogiur komponentebad. oTxi komponentis sruli
Tanxvedra uzrunvelyofs eklesiaSi
saRmrTo werilis wakiTxvis simdidres.
pirdapiri mniSvneloba: mniSvneloba,
gamoxatuli saRmrTo werilis sityvebiT da mikvleuli egzegezis meSveobiT, romelic marTebuli interpretaciis wesebs misdevs. saRmrTo werilis
yvela danarCeni mniSvneloba pirdapirzea dafuZnebuli. sulieri mniSvneloba: RmrTis Canafiqris mTlianobidan gamomdinare, ara mxolod saRmrTo
werilis teqsti, aramed agreTve masSi
aRwerili movlenebi SeiZleba iyos
niSnebi: a) alegoriuli mniSvneloba:
movlenaTa ufro siRrmiseuli arsis wvdoma SesaZlebelia qristeSi
maTi mniSvnelobis SecnobiT; magaliTad, wiTeli zRvis gadalaxva qristes
gamarjvebis, da, maSasadame, naTlobis
niSania; b) zneobrivi mniSvneloba:
saRmrTo werilSi moTxrobil movlenebs ZaluZs CvenTvis marTebuli
saqcielis miTiTeba, isini aRwerilia
Cvens dasarigeblad (1 kor. 10:11); g)
mistikuri mniSvneloba: calkeuli realobebi da movlenebi SeiZleba maTi
maradiuli mniSvnelobiT iqnas danaxuli, romelic migviZRvis (berZ.
anagoge) zeciuri samSoblosaken.
amgvarad, eklesia dedamiwaze zeciuri ierusalemis niSania. ganmartebis
am oTxi komponentis arss kargad gadmogvcems Sua saukuneebis ortaepedi:
Littera gesta docet, quid credas allegoria, moralis quid agas, quo tendas
anagogia (sityvasityviTi mniSvneloba
faqtebs gvaswavlis, alegoriaimas,

saRmrTo xelovneba

rac unda viwamoT, zneobrivi mniSvnelobaTu ra unda vakeToT, mistikuri mniSvneloba kiTu ras unda
veswrafoT) (Sdr. CCC, 115-118).
saRmrTo xelovneba (Arte sacra) [laT.
ars sacra] nebismieri mxatvruli namuSevari, romlis daniSnulebaa wmida
SenobaTa Tu saganTa Seqmna an gamSveniereba da romlis mizania maTi Semosva RmrTis mimarT msaxurebis Sesaferi
brwyinvalebiT. eklesiaTa agebisas da
aRgenisas... daculi unda iqnes liturgiisa da saRmrTo xelovnebis principebi da normebi (CIC, kan. 1216).
saydari
(Sede (ambito liturgico))
[laT. sedes savarZeli, adgili]
aRniSnavs adgils, gankuTvnils wirvis aRmsrulebeli RmrTismsaxurisa da
sxva sasuliero pirTaTvis RmrTismsaxurebis dros.
saydarni (Troni) n. angelosi.
sayveduri (Improperi) [laT. improperium sayveduri] wmida paraskevs,
jvarcmis Tayvaniscemis dros warmoTqmuli Tu namReri strofebi, romlebic gamoxatavs jvarcmulis sayvedurs Tavisi xalxis mimarT orgulobisa da umadurobis gamo.
sayovelTao/sayovelTaooba (Universale/ Universalismo) n. kaTolikoba.
sayovelTao bibliuri aliansi (Alleanza Biblica Universale/ABU) 1946
wels daarsebuli es organizacia daaxloebiT 100 erovnul bibliur sazogadoebas aerTianebs, romelTagan zogierTi XIX saukunidan saqmianobs. am
organizaciis mizania bibliis mTel

310
msoflioSi gavrceleba. evangelur
garemoSi aRmocenebuli es organizacia
sxvadasxva qristianul konfesiebTan
TanamSroblobs bibliis gavrcelebis
saerTo misiis aRsasruleblad. aRsaniSnavia: SeTanxmeba alianssa da qristianTa erTianobis samdivnos Soris
bibliis interkonfesiuri wakiTxvis
warmmarTveli principebis Taobaze,
dadebuli 1968 wels da gadaxeduli
1987 wels; alianssa da kaTolikur
bibliur federacias Soris msoflio
doneze samoqmedod 1991 wels xelmowerili TanamSromlobis xelSekruleba
centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi
bibliis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb; alianssa
da ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias
Soris 1991 wlis oqtomberSi xelmowerili TanamSromlobis xelSekruleba
bibliuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb. aliansis
wevria italiis bibliuri sazogadoebac (SBI).
saSineli samsjavro n. RmrTis samsjavro.
saSualo saaTi (Ora media) JamTa
liturgiaSi pirad locvaSi cvlis
tradiciul mesame, meeqvse da mecxre
Jamns.
sacecxluri (Turibolo) [laT. thuribulus (sityvidan thus, thuris gundruki)] gadasatani, jaWvebze Camobmuli
mcire zomis Rumeli, romelSic aTavseben danTebul gundruks liturgiuli msaxurebisas.
saZmoebi (Confraternite) [laT. sityvidan confraternitas (cum+fraternitas)
Tana+Zmoba] saeklesio asociaciebi,
romelTa mizanic locva da daxmarebis

311
gawevaa. pirveli saZmoebi VI-VII saukuneebSi, anglosaqsur monazvnobaSi
aRmocenda. saZmoebs, maTi mniSvnelobis
Sesabamisad, hqondaT sakuTari sakurTxeveli, kapela an eklesia religiur
wesTa aRasruleblad da sulieri mamis
xelmZRvanelobiT TavSeyrisTvis gankuTvnili adgili. religiur wesTa aRsrulebisa da qristianul saTnoebaTa
ganmtkicebis garda, saZmoebi Tavdapirvelad miznad isaxavdnen sarwmunoebis
dacvasa da saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas.
es iyo, magaliTad, sneul TanamoZmeTa
daxmareba, gardacvlilTa dakrZalva,
RaribTa da gaWirvebulTa, maT Soris
ucxoelTa, daxmareba da gasaTxovar
qaliSvilTa mziTviT uzrunvelyofa.
saZmoebi xSirad agrovebdnen Sewirulobas rame gansakuTrebuli saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, tusaRTa sasargeblod
an sikvdilmisjilTa dasaxmareblad.
Sua saukuneebSi saZmoebs xSirad profesiuli gaerTianebis forma hqonda.
droTa ganmavlobaSi saZmoTa ricxvi
metad gaizarda, xolo mizanTa da
mimarTulebaTa areali ki gafarTovda.
isini gansxvavdeba saero mesame ordenTagan, romlebic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli im religiur ordenTan, romlis
saxelsac atarebs. garda qristianobisa, saZmoebi arsebobs sxva religiebSic.
saZmo trapezi n. aRapi.
saxareba (Vangelo) [berZ. euvanghlion keTili ambavi, sasixarulo uwyeba] Zveli aRTqmis bibliur enaze
saxareba umTavresad niSnavs gamarjvebis cnobas da winaswarmetyvelni
mas mesianur daprebebaTa aRsrulebis
aRsaniSnavad iyeneben. ieso am termins

saxelmwifo samdivno

sakuTar TavSi
RmrTis sasufevlis
(mark. 1:14-15) winaswarmetyvelebaTa
axdenis aRsaniSnavd mimarTavs. mogvianebiT saxareba teqnikur terminad
iqca maTes, markozis, lukasa da ioanes
nawerTa aRsaniSnavad, romlebic zedmiwevniT zustad gadmogvcemen iesos
cxovrebasa da swavlebas. oTxi avtoris (n. maxarebeli) nawerebi I saukunis
meore naxevarSi daiwera. maT SearCies
calkeuli ambebi zepirad Tu werilobiT gadmocemuli mravali ambidan,
danarCenebis Sesaxeb cnobebi mokled
mogvawodes an ganmartes eklesiebTan
dakavSirebul viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT da saboloo jamSi imgvarad SeinarCunes qadagebis xasiaTi, rom iesos
Sesaxeb mudam WeSmarit da gulwrfel
ambebs gvamcnoben (DV, 19). es oTxi
saxarebasaRmrTo werilis kanonikur wignTa Soris CarTuli es oTxi
STagonebuli naweri,bibliis gulia da gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs
eklesiaSi. amis dasturia Tayvaniscema,
romliTac amkobs maT liturgia da
is mimzidveloba, romelic aqvs am
nawerebs yovelTvis TavianTi siwmidis
gamo (Sdr. CCC, 124-127). n. apokrifebi; biblia; sinoptikuri saxarebani.
saxarebiseuli rCevebi n. aRTqma.
saxeldebuli mama (Putativo, padre)
[laT. putativus miCneuli, zmnidan
putare rwmena] tradiciulad ase
moixsenieben wmida iosebs, romelic
iesos saxeldebul mamadaa cnobili.
saxelmwifo samdivno (Segreteria di
Stato) romis kuriis ganyofileba (samociqulo dadgenileba Pastor bonus
1988 wlis 28 ivnisi, par. 39-47), ro-

saxsovari

melic uSualod exmareba romis paps

misi umaRlesi misiis ganxorcielebaSi.
samdivnos xelmZRvanelobs kardinalisaxelmwifo mdivani. saxelmwifo
samdivno dasabams iRebs martin V-is
droindeli saidumlo palatidan da
inokenti VIII-is (1487) droindeli
samociqulo samdivnodan, romelic
laTinur enaze oficialur korespondencias ganagebda. saxelmwifo samdivno ori seqciisagan Sedgeba: pirveli
sazogado saqmeTa seqciaa da uSualod
moadgiles eqvemdebareba, visac asesori
uwevs asistentobas, meore kisaxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis seqcia, saxelmwifo mdivanikardinalis meTaurobiT, visac moadgile mdivani exmareba. pirveli seqcia romis papis yoveldRiur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebiT aris dakavebuli; ganixilavs
saqmeebs, romlebic uwyebebis (dikasteriaTa) da romis kuriis sxva organoebis rigiTi kompetenciis farglebs
scildeba; warmarTavs urTierTobas
zemoxsenebul uwyebebTan da koordinacias uwevs maT saqmianobas; aregulirebs romis papis warmomadgenlobaTa
funqciebs da maT saqmianobas, gansakuTrebiT, calkeul eklesiebTan dakavSirebiT; moicavs yvela sakiTxs wmida
saydarTan akreditebul saxelmwifoTa
warmomadgenlebTan dakavSirebiT; kompetentur uwyebebTan SeTanxmebiT awesrigebs wmida saydris warmomadgenlobisa da saqmianobis sakiTxebs rogorc
kaTolikur, ise arakaTolikur saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi; gamoscems da
avrcelebs samociqulo dadgenilebebs,
dekretebs, samociqulo werilebs, epistoleebs da papis mier misTvis mindobil sxva dokumentebs; sisruleSi mo-

312
hyavs romis kuriasa da wmida saydars
daqvemdebarebul sxva dawesebulebebSi
daniSvnebTan dakavSirebuli aqtebi,
romlebic romis papis mier unda iyos
Sedgenili an mowonebuli. am seqciaSia
daculi tyviis beWedi da mebaduris
beWedi (n. beWedi), mzaddeba gamosacemad Acta Apostolicae Sedis, is avrcelebs, beWdviTi organos meSveobiT,
papis aqtebs da eklesiis saqmianobis
Sesaxeb cnobebs. meore seqciasTan SeTanxmebiT is axorcielebs mevalyureobas oservatore romanoze, vatikanis
radiosa da vatikanis satelevizio
centrze. statistikis uwyebis meSveobiT agrovebs da aqveynebs monacemebs
sayovelTao eklesiis cxovrebis Sesaxeb,
zrunavs papis weliwdeulis gamocemaze. samdivnos meore seqciis amocanaa
saero xelisuflebebTan urTierToba.
am seqciis kompetenciaSi Sedis: a) saxelmwifoebTan da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva subieqtebTan diplomatiuri
urTierTobebis xelSewyoba, erTobliv
RonisZiebaTa warmarTva eklesiisa da
saero sazogadoebis sasikeTod, maT
Soris konkordatebisa da sxva konvenciaTa meSveobiT, dainteresebul
saepiskoposo dawesebulebaTa Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT; b) wmida
saydris wardgena saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi da sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis
sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil kongresebze,
romis kuriis kompetentur uwyebebTan
konsultaciis Semdeg; g) Tavis saqmianobis farglebSi papis warmomadgenlebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilva.
saxsovari (Memoriale) [laT. memorialis saxsovari] berZnul-laTinur

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kulturaSi saxsovari (memoriali) gardacvlilis gaxsenebas aRniSnavs, xolo
iudeur-qristianul kulturaSi saxsovari ambavi RmrTis mxsneli movlenaa, romelic istoriaSi ganaxldeba da
kvlav iZens aqtualurobas. am TvalsazrisiT evqaristia araa mxolod mogoneba, esaa qristes msxverplSewirvis eklesiis dRevandelobaSi ganxorcieleba da
mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qristes didebuli
sinamdvilisaken swrafva.
saxuceso adgili (Presbiterio) [berZ.
presvytrion, Semdeg laT. presbyterium
(u)xucesTa sabWo] ase ewodeba episkoposisa da samRvdeloTaTvis gankuTvnil sivrces sakurTxevlis irgvliv.
Cveulebriv, is erTi-ori safexuriTaa
amaRlebuli da eklesiis danarCeni
sivrcisagan moajiriTia gamoyofili.
sekvencia (Sequenza) [laT. sequentia
erTmaneTs miyola, Tanmimdevroba]
galoba leqsad an gariTmuli prozis
saxiT, romelic calkeul sazeimo SemTxvevebSi win uZRvis saxarebis kiTxvas. saxelwodeba momdinareobs nevmaTa
erTobliobidan, roca aleluias vokaliziT Sesrulebisas gansakuTrebiT
welavdnen ukanasknel xmovans. am vokalizis gasamartiveblad sityvebi
Seadgines, romlebic damoukidebel
kompoziciad iqca da sekvenciad iwodeba. aRsaniSnavia: saaRdgomo sekvenciaVictimae paschali laudes, sulTmofenobis dRisaTvisVeni, sancte
Spiritus da
sayovelTaod
cnobiliStabat mater.
sekularizacia
(Secolarizzazione)
[laT. saeculum saero samyaro] termins aqvs sxvadasxva mniSvneloba: a)ro-

seminaria

gorc istoriuli, politikuri da

iuridiuli cneba (pirvelad gacxadda
1646 wels vestfaliis zavis mosamzadebeli molaparakebebis dros), aRniSnavs
saxelmwifos mxridan eklesiisaTvis suverenitetis, flobisa da gamoyenebis
uflebaTa CamorTmevas, am ukanasknelis Tanxmobis gareSec; b) kanonikuri
samarTlis kodeqsSi sekularizaciad
iwodeba mowesis Tavisi institutidan
wasvla an saero samRvdeloebaSi misi
gadasvla (CIC, kan. 693); g) XX saukuneSi termini aRniSnavs azrovnebis
tendencias da Teologiur mimdinareobas (misi erT-erTi umTavresi warmomadgenelia d. bonheferi), romelic
xazs usvams adamianuri realobis avtonomias religiur da saRmrTo realobebebTan mimarTebaSi.
sekularizmi (Secolarismo) [laT.
secularis (sityvidan saeculum saero
samyaro)] samyaros imanentisturi
xedva, romelic varaudobs religiis
gaqrobas da gamoricxavs RmrTisa da
transcendentulisadmi
mimarTebis
nebismier formas; realurad miiCnevs
mxolod xilul samyaros, Sesabamisad,
sekularistuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis sruliad ucxoa RmrTisa da sulis
ganzomileba.
semiarianeloba n. sanaxevrod arianeloba.
seminaria (Seminario) [laT. seminarium sanerge (sityvidan semen Tesli)] mRvdelmsaxurebisaTvis sulieri
da kulturuli momzadebis adgili.
seminariebi daamkvidra tridentis krebam sasuliero reformis xelSewyobisa da saRmrTo ordenebSi uvici da

seminarieli

mankieri pirebis moxvedris aRkveTis

mizniT. seminariebs marTavs seminariaTa
da institutTa kongregacia, romelsac
amJamad kaTolikuri aRzrdis kongregacia ewodeba. is agreTve afuZnebs
diocezTaSoris seminariebs da iwonebs
maT wesdebebs. mcire seminariaTa upirvelesi mizania im mozardTa daxmarebaa, romlebic mowodebis niSnebs
amJRavneben, misi ukeT Secnobisa da mis
Sesatyvisad cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT,
sagangebo religiuri aRzrdis meSveobiT, rasac Tan erTvis Sesabamisi adamianuri da samecniero momzadeba (saSualo skolebi). sadiocezo, diocezTaSoris Tu erovnul did seminariebSi
ki swavlebis mizania mRvdelmsaxurTa
momzadeba, romlebic saxarebiseuli
suliskveTebiT icxovreben (CIC, kan.
244), eqnebaT misi gamocxadebis, RmrTis
xalxis wmidayofisa da gaZRolis unari.
am mizniT seminariis mowafeebi sulier,
liturgiul ganaTlebas iReben, Zmur
da saxarebiseul saTnoebebze damkvidrebul, misioneruli, moZRvrebiseuli
(filosofia da Teologia), samwyso RirebulebebiT ganmtkicebul cxovrebis
wess eCvevian (CIC, kan. 232-264).

314
saflavis Zeglis sinonimi. monastrisa
da savanisaTvis tipuri mcire da sada
oTaxi. Zvelad senakad iwodeboda,
agreTve, soflis an mindvris mcire
eklesia, romelSic mRvdelmsaxurebas
mRvdel-monazoni aRasrulebda.
septuaginta (LXX) [laT. Septuaginta] Zveli aRTqmis uZvelesi berZnuli
Targmani, dawyebuli ptoleme II-is
mier daaxloebiT qristemde 250 wels
egviptis aleqsandriaSi (ris gamoc mas,
agreTve, aleqsandriul versiasac uwodeben) da dasrulebuli, savaraudod,
qristemde 150 wels. misi saxelwodeba
ukavSirdeba legendas, romlis Tanaxmadac Targmani 72 iudevelma 72 dReSi
Seasrula. septuagintam mcire xanSi
moipova avtoriteti. Zveli aRTqmis
citirebisas axali aRTqmis avtorebi
swored septuagintis teqsts aniWeben
upiratesobas.
serabimebi (Serafini) [ebr. serafim
mgznebare (fuZidan saraph dawva)]
zeciuri dasisadmi kuTvnili sulebi
(es. 6:2, Smd.). Seadgenen erT-erTs angelosTa cxra dasidan. n. angelosi.

semipelagieli n. sanaxevrod pelagieloba.

serabimuli (Serafico) [laT. seraphicus (ebr. seraphim serafimi)] ase

uwodeben wmida franciske asizels
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli siyvarulis
amaRlebuli Zalmosilebis gamo. termini miemarTeba agreTve franciskelebsac, xolo bonaventura (1221-1274) ki
serabimuli doqtoris saxeliT aris
cnobili.

senaki (Cella) [laT. cella mcire

oTaxi]
mravalmxrivi
gamoyenebis
mqone termini. Tavdapirvelad iyo

servitebi (Serviti/e) mariamis msaxurTa ordenis wevrebi (Ordine dei

Servi di Maria). ordeni 1233 wels

seminarieli
(Seminarista)
[laT.
seminarium sanerge (sityvidan semen Tesli)] seminariis mowafe da,
farTo mniSvnelobiT, nebismieri piri,
romelic RmrTismsaxuris wodebis misaRebad emzadeba.

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Svidma florencielma vaWarma daaarsa,
romlebmac florenciis maxloblad
asketur cxovrebas mihyves xeli. isini avgustineseul wesdebas misdevdnen
da mariamisadmi gansakuTrebuli TayvaniscemiT gamoirCeodnen. 1304 wlis
11 Tebervals ordeni sabolood moiwona benediqte XI-m. dRes ordenis
wevrebi moRvaweoben evropis TiTqmis
yvela qveyanaSi, amerikaSi, avstraliasa
da samxreT afrikaSi (1984 wlis monacemebiT, ordens hqonda 822 saxli da
iTvlida 6552 wevrs). ordenis wevrebs
Teologiis ganviTarebaSic aqvT Setanili wvlili, romSi uZRvebian
marianumis (Marianum) Teologiis
fakultets. XIII saukuneSi daarsebuli
ordenis qalTa Sto (rogorc meore
ordeni)mariamis msaxuri qalebi
(Serve di Maria)agreTve misdevs avgustineseul wesdebas da mWvretelobas aniWebs upiratesobas. calkeul
monastrebSi misi wevrebi gogonebis
aRzrdas ewevian. juliana falkonetis
mier (1341) daarsebuli msaxur daTa
mesame ordeni (mis wevrebs agreTve
mantellate, anu mosasxamianebi ewodeba), umTavresad sneulTa daxmarebas
eweva.
seroba (Compiet) [laT. sityvidan completa (hora) Sesrulebuli (Jami)] ukanaskneli Jami JamTa
liturgiaSi. aRevlineba Ramis mosvenebis win. n. JamTa liturgia.
seqta (Setta) [laT. sectus visac mihyvebian, arqauli namyos mimReoba
zmnisa sequi gayola] jgufi, romelic misdevs sakuTar moZRvrebas an
cxovrebis wess da gancalkevebulia

seqta

ufro mravalricxovani sazogadoebisagan. Cveulebriv, gancalkeveba xdeba

danarCenTa sawinaaRmdegod moZRvrebis
romelime elementis xazgasasmelad
an oficialur eklesiasTan dapirispirebis Sedegad. seqtis cneba asaxavs
eklesiaTa da religiaTa dapiripirebas
gansxvavebuli azris mqone umciresobebTan, romlebic eretikulad (eresi)
da ukanonod miiCneva da romlebic, Tavis mxriv, xSirad ar aRiareben mTavari
organizaciis legitimurobas. XIX da
XX saukuneebSi seqtebis Camoyalibeba
gamoiwvia uTanxmoebam mniSvnelovan
Teologiur sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa:
a) parusiisa da mileniumis problema,
xSirad dakavSirebuli b) eklesiis WeSmariti gagebis ZiebasTan, kerZod ki,
droTa aRsasrulis sakrebuloebTan
(adventistebi, iehovas mowmeebi), an
g) saeklesio msaxurebis problemasTan (paleoapostoluri da neoapostoluri moZraobani, mormonebi); d)
suli wmidis qmediTobis sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT pirovnul wmidayofasa da
xsnasTan dakavSirebiT
(ormocdaaTianeloba) da e) qristes amqveyniuri Tu imqveyniuri TviTgamocxadebis
sakiTxi (spiritistuli da axal gamocxadebaTa jgufebi). amgvarad, eklesiaTa mier uyuradRebod datovebuli
calkeuli nawilobrivi WeSmaritebani
xSirad calmxrivad an sxva ucxo elementebTan Serwymuli aqcentirdeba
sxvadasxva jgufebis mier. religiuri
Tavisuflebis gavrcelebis Tanamdevi
seqtaTa Tavisufali ganviTareba eklesiisagan moiTxovs mkafio uaris Tqmas
eretikosTa winaaRmdeg brZolis adre
gavrcelebul meTodebze da samwyso
strategiis SemuSavebas, romelic re-

svla

ligiur gegmebTan erTad seqtaTa warmoSobis kulturul da socialur

mizezebsac gaiTvaliswinebs.
svla (Processione) [laT. processio
(zmnidan procedere svla)] TeologiaSi termini aRniSnavs samebis
pirovnebaTa urTierTobebs da aRniSnavs Zis Sobas mama RmrTisagan da suli
wmidis gamomavlobas mamisagan Zis mier.
n. sameba.
sibrZnis literatura/sibrZnis wignebi (Sapienzale, letteratura/Sapienzali, libri) Zvelad mTel aRmosavleTSi
gavrcelebuli literaturuli Janri.
misi umTavresi sagania yoveldRiuri cxovreba da saqcieli, romelsac
RmerTi moiTxovs calkeuli pirovnebisagan didi Tu mcire cxovrebiseuli
problemebis winaSe. bibliaSi amgvari
wignebia (agreTve, didaqtikur literaturad wodebuli) igavebi, iobis wigni, eklesiaste, qebaTa qeba, sibrZnis
wigni, ziraqis sibrZne. saRmrTo werilis istoriul da winaswarmetyvelur
wignTa Soris moqceul am jgufSi
Sedis, amasTanave, fsalmunebi, miuxedavad maTi sruliad gansakuTrebuli
xasiaTisa.
sibrZnis wigni (Sapienza, libro della)
Zveli aRTqmis bolo wigni, dawerili
daaxloebiT qristemde pirveli saukunis SuawlebSi. berZnul teqstSi
moxseniebulia, rogorc solomonis
sibrZne, Tumca amgvari gansazRvreba
aSkarad arasworia. warmoSobiT ebraeli avtori, romelmac wigni berZnul
enaze dawera, egviptis iudevelTa diasporis wevri iyo. wigni sami nawilisagan Sedgeba: a) adamianis cxovrebaSi si-

316
brZne mis mimdevarTaTvis ukvdavebisaken gzamkvlevia, xolo mis uarmyofelTaTvisdanaSaulTa mowme (sibrZn.
1:1-6:21); b) meore nawili RmrTis sibrZnis qeba-didebaa solomonis piriT,
rasac mosdevs amgvari sibrZnis boZebis locva (sibrZn. 6:22-9:18); g) wignis mesame nawilSi naCvenebia sibrZnis
qmedeba xsnis istoriis calkeul momentebSi,
gansakuTrebiTgandevnis
periodSi (sibrZn. 10-19). sibrZne kacTmoyvare sulia (sibrZn. 1:6) da eswrafvis adamianis cxovrebaSi CarTvas, raTa
mas saboloo mizniskenRmrTis siaxloves bednieri ukvdavebisaken waruZRves. magram sibrZne Tavis am misias ver
asrulebs, Tu adamiani Tavad ar eZiebs,
locviT ar mouxmobs mas da ar uyvars
is: sibrZne RmrTis niWia da mxolod
RmerTs ZaluZs misi boZeba, Tumca misi
miReba yvelasaTvis SesaZlebelia. wignis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti
misi universalisturi suliskveTebaa:
RmrTis sibrZne mxolod israelisaTvis araa gankuTvnili,yvela xalxia
mowodebuli, eZios da gaiTavisos is.
aq avtori istoriaSi RmrTis xalxis
daniSnulebas warmogvidgens: RmrTis
xalxi aris gangebis saSualeba samyaroSi misTvis boZebuli swavlebisa
da cxovrebiseuli normis mniSvnelobis mqone gansakuTrebuli sibrZnis
gasavrceleblad, romelsac rjuli
ewodeba (sibrZn. 18:4), romelic adamianebs RmrTis megobrebad aqcevs da patiosani cxovrebis gzaze miuZRvis maT.
simbolo (Simbolo) [berZ. smbolon
niSani (zmnidan symbllein erTad
moTavseba, Sefardeba), Semdeg laT.
symbolus] antikur saberZneTSi es

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iyo amosacnobi an ganmasxvavebeli niSani, warmoadgenda samaspinZlo wignaks, romelic orad iyofoda da misi
erTi nawili gadaecemoda stumars an
saqmeSi monawile partniors Semdgomi
Sexvedrisas mxareebisTvis erTmaneTis
cnobis gasaadvileblad. Tavisi formidan gamomdinare, simbolo niSanTa
zogad kategorias miekuTvneba. marTlac, radganac is raRacas aRniSnavs,
mxolod TavisTavad ki ar aris mniSvnelovani, aramed Tavisi meSveobiT
sxva rameze mianiSnebs. miniSnebisa da
miTiTebis es damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs grZnobadi warmodgenisa da sulieri mniSvnelobis
ganzomilebebs. religiuri simbolo,
romelic imyofeba idumal realobaSi,
grZnobad formasa da adamians Soris
sivrceSi mdebareobs. simbolosa da
transcendentuls Soris damokidebuleba sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iqnas
gaazrebuli.
simbolos gadacema (Traditio symboli)
[laT. Traditio symboli simbolos gadacema] Zvel katexumenur disciplinaSi ase ewodeboda samociqulo simbolos (n. mrwamsi) rwmenis sakiTxTa
swavlebas, romelic zepirad gadaecemoda saTanado msmenels didmarxvis
mesame an meoTxe kviradRes. simbolos
gadacema Seesabameboda mrwamsis miRebas.
simonia (Simonia) [laT. simonia]
codva, romelsac Cadis is, vinc vaWrobs sulieri sikeTeebiT (mag., saidumloebiTCIC, kan. 1380, an indulgenciebiT), an maTTan dakavSirebuli miwieri sikeTeebiT. termini momdinareobs

sinagoga

simon mogvis saxelidan, romelic ecada, petre da ioane mociqulebisagan

gankurnebis niWi eyida (saqm. 8:9-24).
simtkice (Fortezza) erT-erTi oTx
kardinalur saTnoebaTagani (danarCeni
samia: keTilgoniereba, samarTlianoba,
TavSekaveba). simtkice gulisxmobs sulier Seupovrobas sakuTari valdebulebis Sesrulebisas. Tavis Teologiis SejamebaSi (Summa theologiae)
wmida Toma akvineli gansazRvravs
simtkices, rogorc saTnoebas, romelic ukuagdebs dabrkolebebsa da
sirTuleebs, romlebic xels uSlis
nebas, Seasrulos marTebuli qmedeba da amtkicebs, rom isaa nebismieri saTnoebis piroba, radgan absoluturad moiTxovs nebisyofis mtkice mizanmimarTulebas. simtkicea,
agreTve, erT-erTi suli wmidis Svid
niWTagan. am SemTxvevaSi is gansxvavdeba
saTnoebisagan, radgan Cveni Zalisxmevidan ki ar momdinareobs,Tundac ar
gvakldes RmrTis madli,aramed suli
wmidis qmedebidan momdinare niWia.
sinagoga (Sinagoga) [berZ. synagogh
Sekreba] aRniSnavs ebrauli kultisa
da TavSeyris adgils gandevnis Semdgom
palestinasa da diasporaSi. Sesatyvisi
ebrauli terminia beT hakeneseT
(TavSeyris saxli), evropaSi ki mas
xSirad uwodeben Suls, rac idiSze
skolas niSnavs. sinagoga Sedgeba svetebiT navebad dayofili (berZnul-romauli epoqis sinagogebi an zogierTi
axlandeli) an mTliani darbazisagan,
romelic ierusalemisaken aris mimarTuli da or Zireul elements Seicavs: mdidrulad morTul karadas,

sinanuli

masSi daculi Toras gragnilebiT

da kaTedras an amaRlebas saRmrTo
werilis sakiTxavad da locvaTa warmosaTqmelad (an Tevahi, an bimahi, an
duxani, an almemori). qalebisaTvis
gankuTvnilia cxauriT gamoyofili
sivrce, reformis Semdgom sinagogebSi
ki qalebi da mamakacebi erTad sxedan.
sinagogis kulti gansxvavdeba ierusalemis taZris kultisagan (romlis
dros arsebobda ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi), radganac is ara
msxverplSewirvis, aramed sakiTxavi, salocavi da qadagebisaTvis gankuTvnili
adgilia. masSi msaxurebas aRasrulebs
ara mRvdelmsaxuri, aramed SekrebilTa warmomadgeneli rwmunebuli,
ara aucileblad rabini (did sakrebuloebSi dRes es misia profesionalsCazans, anu mgalobels, akisria).
sajaro sakulto msaxureba, romelic
sul cota, 10 zrdasruli mamakacis
Tandaswrebas moiTxovs, dReSi samjer
(diliT, SuadRes, saRamos) sruldeba,
dResaswaulebzeoTxjer, xolo kipuris drosxuTjer. misi ZiriTadi
nawilia Tvrameti kurTxevis warmoTqma (Semonen-esrehi), garda amisa, warmoiTqmis mravali fsalmuni, poeturi
nawarmoebi, saqebari, Suamdgomlobisa
da vedrebis locva. SabaTs da dResaswaulebze sazeimod kiTxuloben
nawyvetebs Toradan da winaswarmetyvelTa wignebidan. sxvadasxva dros
da mraval adgilas (naklebaddRevandel dasavleT evropaSi) sinagoga,
amasaTanave, saswavlo dawesebulebacaa.
sinanuli (Contrizione) [laT. sityvidan contritio, romelic momdinareobs
zmnidan contrere damsxvreva, mospo-

318
ba] sindisis qenjnisa da sinanulis
Sinagani grZnoba, romliTac RmrTisadmi siyvaruliT amoZravebuli codvili
RmrTisTvis codvaTa patiebis saTxovnelad emzadeba. esaa srulyofili sinanuli, upirispirdeba Senanebasarasrulyofil sinanuls, radganac es
ukanaskneli sasjelis SiSzea dafuZnebuli. tridentis krebam daazusta sinanulis Semadgeneli sami elementi: sulis
tkivili, Cadenili codvis siZulvili
da ganzraxva, aRar Sescodos.
sinanulis fsalmunebi (Penitenziali, salmi) Svidi fsalmuni (6; 31; 37;
50; 101; 129; 142), romlebSic sagangebo yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli codvilTa mimarT RmrTis lmobierebaze
da romlebic qristianobis pirvel
saukuneebSi liturgiul krebuls
Seadgenda. es fsalmunebi warmoiTqmoda didmarxvisas, eklesiisa da sasaflaos kurTxevis dros.
sinaqsisi (Sinassi) [berZ. synxis
Sekreba, Tavyriloba (zmnidan synghein gaerTianeba)] pirvel qristianul sakrebuloebSi ase ewodeboda
morwmuneTa Sekrebebs, Tavyrilobebs,
sadac RmrTis sityva ikiTxebda an evqaristiuli msaxureba tardeboda.
sindisis gamocda (Esame di coscienza)
[laT. examen sasworis isari, momdinareobs zmnidan exigere awona]
asketuri wvrTna, romelic mdgomareobs sakuTari cxovrebis gadaxedvaSemowmebaSi, misi srulyofis mizniT.
msgavs varjiSebs urCevdnen TavianT
mimdevrebs stoikosi filosofosebi
(seneka, plutarqe). wvrTna farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli saukuneTa manZilze

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sulieri cxovrebiT dainteresebulTa
Soris, gansakuTrebiT, samonastro
cxovrebaSi. Sua saukuneebSi misi didi
momxre iyo wmida bernardi, klasikuri
formiT ki is wmida egnate loiolas
sulier wvrTnebSi Camoyalibda. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes qristianebi mas
ufro iSviaTad mimarTaven, es wvrTnani kvlavac mTlianad inarCunebs TavianT mniSvnelobasa da ukavSirdeba
cxovrebis gzis gadaxedvas.
sindisis Tavisufleba (Libert di coscienza) sindisis Tavisufleba adamianis
Zireuli uflebaa. amgvarad ganixilavs
mas axali aRTqma da igive iyo asaxuli
eklesiis praqtikul saqmianobaSi misi
arsebobis pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca es midgoma mas Semdeg Seicvala, rac IV saukunis bolos,
imperator Tevdosis (379-395) dros,
qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadda. Sua saukuneTa eklesiaSi
WeSmaritebis xisti ganmarteba da idealuri erTianobis sasargeblod individualuri Rirsebis ugulebelyofa,
saxarebis sawinaaRmdego Seumwynareblobisa da sxva sarwmunoebaTa mimdevrebis devnis mizezad iqca. viTareba
TandaTanobiT gamosworda humanizmis
xanaSi. is gaZlierda protestantuli reformis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiTa (sindisis Tavisuflebis
cneba pirvelad Cndeba 1648 wlis vestfaliis samSvidobo xelSekrulebaSi)
da, umTavresad, ganmanaTleblobis
liberaluri ganwyobis wyalobiT. amis
miuxedavad, rogorc grigol XVI-m
enciklikiT Mirari vos (1831), ise pius
IX-m dokumentiT Quanta cura (1864)
mkacrad dagmes sindisis Tavisufleba.

sinergizmi

es iyo erTgvari reaqcia Tanamedrove

samyarosTan adamianis azrovnebis sul
ufro metad morgebasa da qristianTa
Soris gavrcelebul gulgrilobaze
religiuri sakiTxebisadmi. am tendenciis Secvlas safuZveli daudo
leon XIII-is enciklikam Immortale
Dei (1885), Tumca, eklesiis moZRvreba
mainc gadamwyvet rols inarCunebda individualuri sindisis gansjis
sakiTxSi. sindisis Tavisuflebis sruli
pativiscema sabolood ganamtkica vatikanis II krebam deklaraciiT Dignitatis humanae.
sinedrioni (Sinedrio) [berZ. syndeion Tavyriloba] qristemde II saukunidan moqmedi umaRlesi sasamarTlo
da iuridiuli organo (1 mak. 11:23;
14:28). sinedrions Tavmjdomareobda
umaRlesi mRvdelmsaxuri, Sedgeboda 71 wevrisagan: yvelaze gavleniani
ojaxebis warmomadgenelTa, mwignobarTa da mRvdelmsaxurTagan. sinedrionma
sikvdili miusaja iesos (maT. 26:57-68;
mark. 14:53-65; 15:1.43; luk. 22:54-71),
pirvel qristianebs (saqm. 4:15; 5:21.34),
stefanes (saqm. 6:12) da pavles (22:30).
sinergia (Sinergia) [berZ. syn Tan+rgon qmnileba: Tanamoqmedeba] saerTo Zalisxmevis Sedegad warmoqmnili
TanamSromloba. wmida mamaTa nawerebSi
es termini xazs usvams ieso qristeSi
suli wmidis meSveobiT damyarebuli
adamianisa da RmrTis kavSiris siaxles. suli wmidisa da eklesiis sinergia
sakvanZo cnebaa liturgiis saidumlos
sawvdomad (korboni).
sinergizmi (Sinergismo) [berZ. synrghein TanamSromloba] aRniSnavs

sinkretizmi

RmrTaebrivi madlisa da adamianuri

nebis saerTo Zalisxmevas, mimarTuls
qristianTa xsnisaken. mociqul pavles werilebis Semdeg (romaelTa,
galatelTa mimarT) es qristianuli rwmenis erT-erTi safuZvelmdebi
problemaa da saukuneTa manZilze warmoadgens kamaTisa da bWobis sagans.
sinkretizmi
(Sincretismo)
[berZ.
synkretisms] plutarqe am sityviT
(Moralia, 490b) aRniSnavs kretelTa manamde daqsaqsuli calkeuli jgufebis
gaerTianebas saerTo gare mtrisgan Tavis dacvis mizniT. aRrevis, narevis
mniSvnelobis gadmosacemad sityvidan synkernnymi nawarmoebi termini humanizmis xanidan damkvidrda da
dasavlur enebSi aRniSnavda umTaresad
religiasTan da samyaros xedvasTan dakavSirebul, erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebel
moZRvrebaTa da azrovnebis sistemaTa
Serwymas. amis Sedegad, qristianul TeologiebSi damkvidrda sakamaTo mniSvnelobis cneba, ideis sapirispiro, rom
religiebi arsiT erTi da identuri
religiaa da amitomac SesaZlebelia
maTi survilisamebr urTierTSecvla.
sapirispirod, SefasebiTi elferisagan,
didi xnis winaT gaTavisuflebul da
neitralurad qceul am cnebas religiaTmcodneoba RmrTaebaTa da gansxvavebul religiul sistemaTa Sedarebisa da aRrevis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs.
sinodi (Sinodo) [berZ. snodos (syn
erTad+hods gza), Semdeg laT.
synodus Tavyriloba] sinodi SeiZleba iyos: a) saepiskoposo: msoflios
sxvadasxva mxaris warmomadgenel episkoposTa Tavyriloba, romelic garkveul

320
drois periodSi tardeba romis papsa
da episkoposebs Soris mWidro kavSiris
xelSewyobisa da papisaTvis rCevebis
saxiT daxmarebis gawevis mizniT (CIC,
kan. 342). amgvarad, saepiskoposo sinodi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc:sakonsultacio xasiaTis centraluri
saeklesio instituti, romelic dakavSirebulia eklesiis universalur marTvasTan, Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi
gamoxatavs sayovelTao eklesiis yuradRebas erTi an ramdenime calkeuli
eklesiis mimarT;episkoposTa warmomadgenlobiTi organo, ramdenadac is
kolegiuri zrunvis gamoxatuleba da
saSualebaa;Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, mudmivi organo, radganac is
stabilurad da uwyvetad arsebobs
eklesiaSi, Tumca ki droiTi ganzomilebis TvalsazrisiT SezRudulia
Tavisi saqmianobis aRsrulebaSi. 342-e
kanonSi gansazRvrulia sinodis arsebobisa da qmedebis da ori ZiriTadi
mizani: 1) upirveles yovlisa, xeli
Seuwyos (rogorc kolegiuri zrunvis
gamoxatulebas da, maSasadame, yvela
episkoposis zrunvas eklesiis keTildReobaze), mWidro kavSirs romis papsa
da yvela episkoposs Soris, sarwmunoebiT, gulmowyalebiTa da samwyso rudunebiT; amgvari kavSiri farTovdeba
da moicavs, agreTve, religiur ojaxsac; 2) daexmaros rCeviT romis paps
misi samociqulo msaxurebis aRsrulebaSi (CIC, kan. 334), sarwmunoebisa
da zneobis dacvisa da ganmtkicebis,
saeklesio saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli disciplinis dacvisa da konsolidaciis, maSasadame, msoflioSi eklesiis
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Seswavlis mizniT; b) sadiocezo:

321
gansazRvruli diocezis mRvdelmsaxurTa da morwmuneTa Tavyriloba,
romlis mizania episkoposisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva konkretuli, calkeuli
eklesiis sakeTildReod (CIC, kan.
460). sadiocezo sinodi maSin tardeba, rodesac episkoposis mosazrebis
Tanaxmad da samRvdelo sabWos rCeviT,
mizanSewonilia misi mowveva.
sinoptikuri saxarebani (Sinossi/Sinottici (vangeli)) [berZ. synpsis (syn
erTad+psis xedva), Semdeg laT.
synopsis] ase ewodeba maTes, markozisa
da lukas saxarebebs, radganac SesaZlebelia maTi gverdigverd svetebad
moTavseba da amgvarad, erTi SexedviT aRqma (syn-psis). gamomdinare
am paralelizmidan, maTi warmoSobis,
urTierTgavlenis, urTierTdamokidebulebis da a.S., problema warmoadgens
egreT wodebul sinoptikur sakiTxs.
sionizmi (Sionismo) [ierusalemis aRmosavleTiT mdebare gorakis saxelidansion] termini aRniSnavs palestinaSi ebraelTa dabrunebis xelSewyobis mizniT XIX saukunis dasasruls
aRmocenebul ebrauli politikuri
aRorZinebis moZraobas. moZraoba bazelSi Catarebuli (1897) pirveli
sionisturi kongresis Semdeg amoqmedda, sadac gamocxadda ebraeli Jurnalistis, T. herclis (1860-1904) ideebi.
igi avtoria saprogramo wignisa
ebrauli saxelmwifo. Zveli problemis axali gadawyveta (1896). pirveli oficialuri aRiareba sionizmma
1917 wels, belfuris deklaraciiT
moipova. am deklaraciaSi aRiarebulia
ebraelTa ufleba, Seqmnan erovnuli

siqhizmi

kera palestinaSi, erTa sabWos mandatiT. Semdgom wlebSi ebraelebma

palestinaSi dasaxlebaTa sul ufro
mzardi raodenoba Seqmnes, romelTac erTi centaluri organizaciis
(ebrauli saagentoJewish Agency)
egidiT moqmedi sxvadasxva komiteti
xelmZRvanelobda. is gamouyofda miwas
mosaxleTa koloniebs da aerTianebda
maT kooperativebad (kibuci). nacional-socialistTa mier ebraelTa devnis Sedegad (holokosti) sionisturma
moZraobam mTel msoflioSi moipova
mxardaWera, ramac Sedegadac moitana israelis saxelmwifos daarseba
(1948). Tumca imave procesma gamoiwvia
arabuli nacionalizmis winaaRmdegoba
da saTave daudo ebraul da arabul
TemTa konfliqts, romelic dRemde
grZeldeba.
sityviT gamosvla (Sermone) [laT.
sermo sityva] qadageba
liturgiuli msaxurebis dros, an, zogadad,
religiuri Sinaarsis gamosvla. magaliTia mTaze iesos mier warmoTqmuli
sityva (maT. 5-7).
siqhizmi (Sikhismo) [sansk. sisya
mowafe] daaxloebiT XVI saukunis
dasawyisSi, guru nanakis (1469-1539)
qadagebaTa safuZvelze aRmocenebuli
religiuri moZraoba, romelic indoeTis panjabis regionSia gavrcelebuli. sinqhizmis ZiriTadi debulebebia:
erTaderTi RmrTis rwmena (is uformoa, da erTdroulad transcendenturic da yovelives imanenturic), kastaTa gauqmeba da religiuri erTianobisaken swrafva. 1899 wels, meaTe gurus,
govind siqhis (1675-1708) mmarTvelobis

siRatake

periodSi muslimTa mxridan momavali

safrTxis winaSe, siqhebi gaerTiandnen
TanaZmobaSi (xalsa, wmidaTa sakrebulo), romelmac xeli Seuwyo moZraobis damaxasiaTebel niSanTa ganmtkicebas da daexmara maT, ukeT daecvaT
Tavi. tradiciis Tanaxmad, maSin iqna
damkvidrebuli xuTi k (fanj kake),
rac warmoadgens rogorc qalebis, ise
mamakacTa moZraobisadmi kuTvnilebis
niSnebs: kes (grZeli, SeukreWavi Tma),
kamRa (savarcxeli), kirpan (xanjali),
kara (foladis samklavuri), kakx
(muxlamde sigrZis Sarvali). es da
sxva wesebi, magaliTad, saxelebisaTvis
nawilakis siqh (lomi) da kaur
(dedofali) damatebis wesi, savaraudod, im periodSi damkvidrda. yvelaze
maRali avtoriteti siqhebis saRmrTo
wignia guru granaT sahibi anu adi
granaThi, romelic mexuTe gurum, arjan siqhma (1581-1606) Seadgina, govind
siqhma ki guruwmida werilad gamoacxada. is Seicavs soteriologiur
moZRvrebas da guruTa locvebs. siqhTa sasuliero centria amritsari, sadac inaxeba wmida wigni, moTavsebuli
harimandirSi, romelic dRes oqros
taZris saxeliT aris cnobili. amJamad siqhebi umetesad cxovroben indoeTSi (panjabi), sadac mosaxleobis
2 procents Seadgenen (daaxloebiT 17
milion adamians). indoeTis farglebs
gareT arsebuli siqhTa yvelaze didi
sakrebulo inglisSia da 250 000-mde
wevrs iTvlis.
siRatake (Povert) [laT. paupertas
(sityvidan pauper Raribi)] siRatake,
rogorc saxarebiseuli rCeva (maT.
19:21), yoveli qristianisaTvisaa yurad-

322
saRebi. misi arsia amqveyniur sikeTeTa
swori moxmareba da simdidreze uaris
Tqma, rac savaldebulo pirobaa caTa
sasufevelSi mosaxvedrad (Sdr. LG, 42,
CCC, 2544, Smd.). netar arian suliT
Ratakni (maT. 5:3), acxadebs qristeseuli netareba, romelic, amave dros,
upovarTaTvis materialur sikeTeTa
gaziarebisaken moxmobaa (Sdr. CCC,
2833). siRatakis, upovarebis aRTqma
(morCilebisa da ubiwoebis aRTqmebTan erTad) gansazRvravs im adamianTa
cxovrebas, romlebic gansakuTrebulad uZRvnian Tavs RmerTs (moweseni). am SemTxvevaSi siRatakis aRTqmas
TiToeul institutSi sakuTari wesdebis Sesabamisad aRasruleben (Sdr.
CIC, kan. 573). wmida franciske asizeli gasaocari magaliTi iyo imisa, Tu
rogor SeiZleba gardaiqmnas siRatake
sxvaTaTvis gasacem Sinagan simdidred.
siyvaruli (Carit) [laT. caritas pativiscemidan momdinare siyvaruli,
gadmoscems berZnul cnebas agpe,
siyvaruli] erT-erTi sam saRmrTismetyvelo saTnoebaTagan, STagonebuli
wmidamyofi madliT, romelic adamianebs RmrTis ayvanil Svilebad aqcevs.
wmida pavle amtkicebs: RmrTis siyvaruli Cagvesaxa gulebSi suli wmidis meSveobiT, romelic mogveca Cven
(rom. 5:5); da, aseve: Tu me adamianTa da angelosTa enebiT vlaparakob,
xolo siyvaruli ara maqvs, maSin JRaruna rvali var... (1 kor. 13:1). axal
aRTqmaSi termini aRniSnavs rogorc
RmrTis siyvaruls adamianTa mimarT,
aseve, adamianis siyvaruls RmrTisa da
moyvasisadmi, rac agreTve mterTa siyvarulsac gulisxmobs (Sdr. maT. 5:43).

323
iesom kacTmoyvareoba kanonis umTavres
Zirad, axal da yvelaze did mcnebad
daadgina (luk. 10:25-37 da par.), romlis mixedviTac ganvisjebiT (Sdr. maT.
25:35-46), adamianTa Soris siyvaruli
ki RmrTis mimarT siyvarulis damamtkicebel sabuTad warmoadgina (Sdr.
CCC, 1822-1829).
siymawvilis
saxareba
(Vangeli
dellinfanzia) ase ewodeba maTesa da
lukas saxarebis sawyis Tavebs (maT. 1-2;
luk. 1-2), romlebSic iesos dabadeba
da piradi cxovrebaa aRwerili. maTe
Zveli aRTqmidan iRebs STagonebas imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom is iesoSi povebs
Tavis aRsrulebas. luka ki Zvel aRTqmaSi sazogado msaxurebis winmswreb
niSnebs xedavs. maTe iosebs aZlevs upiratesobas, luka kimariams. esaa ara
imdenad biografiuli Txroba, ramdenadac Teologiuri da qristologiuri gansja. n. saxareba.
siwmide (Santit) [laT. sanctitas]
RmrTis atributi, romelic aRniSnavs mis transcendentulobas yovelive Seqmnilisagan da, miT umetes,
mis gancalkevebas borotebisa da
codvisagan. borotebis uaryofisa da
RmrTis bunebaSi Tanamonawileobis
saxiT, moeTxoveba nebismieri statusisa da wodebis morwmunes, rogorc
qristianuli cxovrebis sisrule da
gulmowyalebis srulyofa (Sdr. LG,
40): iyaviT srulyofilni, rogorc
Tqveni zecieri mamaa srulyofili
(maT. 5:48; Sdr. CCC, 2012). siwmide
aris agreTve eklesiis damaxasiaTebeli
Tviseba, radganac qristem, erTaderTma
wmidam, is Tavis sxeulad aqcia (LG,

sixarulisa

39; Sdr. CCC, 823-829), Tumca es ar

aTavisuflebs eklesias misdami mindobilTa codvebisagan.
siwmideoba (Purit) [gvianlaT. puritas,
sityvidan purus sufTa] siwmideoba
da misi sapirispiro cnebauwmiduroba TiTqmis yvela religiaSia cnobili. biblia wmidad miiCnevs yovelives,
rac RmerTTan aaxlovebs da xels
uwyobs RmrTismsaxurebas, uwmidurad
kiyovelive imas, rac RmrTisagan aSorebs da mis kults avnebs. Zvel aRTqmaSi uwmidurebad miCneulia calkeuli cxovelebi (lev. 11:1, Smd.), gvamebi,
yovelive, rac dakavSirebulia kerpTayvanismcemlur kultebTan, sqesobriv
cxovrebasTan, keTri, warmarTebTan
urTierToba. kanonieri siwmideobis
aRsadgenad, romelic simbolurad ganasaxierebda RmerTTan urTierTobisaTvis aucilebel zneobriv siwmideobas, ganwmedis wesebi arsebobda. axal
aRTqmaSi siwmideoba gulisxmobs axal
guls (maT. 5:8; 7:18, Smd.), romelic
SeiZleba moipovo ara imdenad ganwmedis garegnuli ritualebis meSveobiT, ramdenadac WeSmaritebis mimarT
morCilebisa da gulmowyalebis gziT
(1petr. 1:22).
sixarbe (Avarizia) [laT. avaritia]
uzomo mijaWvuloba simdidrisa da
nebismieri sagnis flobis mimarT. Sedis
Svid mTavar mankierebaTa ricxvSi ampartavnebasTan, SurTan, mconarobasTan,
mrisxanebasTan, avxorcobasa da gaumaZRrobasTan erTad (Sdr. CCC, 1866).
sixarulisa (Gaudiosi) [laT. gaudium
sixaruli] savardis saidumloebani,
romlebic mariamis cxovrebis sixa-

sixarulis kviradRe

rulT eZRvneba. esenia: a) xareba; b)

mariamis stumroba wmida elisabedTan;
g) iesos dabadeba beTlemSi; d) mariamis ganwmeda da iesos wardgineba taZarSi; e) taZarSi iesos dakargva da
povna.
sixarulis kviradRe (Laetare, domenica) [brZanebiTi forma laTinuri zmnisa laetare gamxiaruleba, gaxareba]
ase ewodeba didmarxvis meoTxe kviradRes, saxelwodeba momdinareobs
wirvis introitis pirveli sityvidan:
Laetare, Jerusalem.... moaxloebuli
aRdgomis gamo sasixarulo ganwyobis
xazgasasmelad mRvdelmsaxurs vardisferi samosi SeiZleba emosos.
skapulari
(Scapolare)
[gvianlaT.
scapulare (sityvidan scapula beWi)]
samoweseo ordenTa wevrebis samoslis
nawili: mxrebsa da mkerdze gadmofenili qsovilis farTo zoli. Tavdapirvelad iyo benediqtel monazonTa
samuSao zeda samosi. mesame ordenisa
da TanaZmobaTa wevri saero pirebi,
agreTve, atareben skapulars, romelic
erTmaneTTan ori zonariT dakavSirebul or marTkuTxa qsovilis naWers
warmoadgens: mxrebsa da gulze dafenili es elementi tansacmlis qveS aris
moqceuli da uSualod kans exeba. papma
pius X-m neba darTo saZmoTa wevrebs,
skapularis nacvlad, etarebinaT medalioni saRmrTo gamosaxulebiT.
skautizmi (Scoutismo) [ingl. scout
maZiebeli, mzveravi] saerTaSoriso
axalgazrduli moZraoba, dafuZnebuli 1908 wels ingliseli oficris,
robert baden-pauelis, mier. moZrao-

324
bis Zireuli arsia gaerTianebisa da
Tavgadasavlebis Ziebisaken ymawvilTa
bunebrivi midrekilebis aRmzrdelobiTi miznebisTvis gamoyeneba, aqtiuri, laRi da sasargeblo moqalaqeTa
Camoyalibebis mizniT. axalgazrdaTa
spontanuri gaerTianebis, TviTmmarTvelobis gamocdilebis, bunebasTan uSualo kontaqtisa da aqtiuri cxovrebis
stilis meSveobiT xdeba xasiaTis Camoyalibeba, fizikur-higienuri aRzrda,
fizikuri Sromisa da moyvasis daxmarebis CvevaTa gamomuSaveba. skautebi
asakis mixedviT jgufdebian: mglis
bokvrebi (8-11), maZieblebi (12-17),
moxetialeni (18-25). italiaSi skautizmis ori formaa gavrcelebuli:
karlo kolombos mier 1912 wels
daarsebuli akonfesiuri asociacia
axalgazrda italiel maZiebelTa
erovnuli korpusi (CNGEI) da 1916
wels daarsebuli kaTolikuri italiis skautistTa kaTolikuri asociacia
(ASCI). es ukanaskneli 1975 wlidan
iwodeba italiel kaTolike megzurTa
da skautTa asociaciad (AGESCI),
aqvs italiis episkoposTa konferenciis (CEI) mier mowonebuli wesdeba,
romelic skautizmis yvela arsebiT
Rirebulebas moicavs. kaTolikuri
skautizmi ayalibebs adamianis tips,
romelsac, rogorc RmrTis niWi, Tavis
TavSi aqvs ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba,
Seqmnisa da Senebis unari; is gaxsnilia sxva adamianis, samyaros, transcedentulis mimarT, Tavisufalia Tavis ganviTarebaSi, romelic erTgvari
TamaSis saxiT viTardeba bunebasTan,
sxva adamianebTan da RmerTTan mudmiv
SexvedrebSi, da pasuxismgebelia masze.

325
skepsisi (Scepsi) [berZ. skpsis kritikuli Sefaseba] mdgomareoba, roca
Ziebisas SeuZlebelia romelime debulebis sinamdvilis Tu simcdaris
Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miReba. Sesabamisad, terminidan momdinareobs moZRvrebis saxelwodeba: skepticizmi.
skolaTa maristi Zmebi (Fratelli maristi delle scuole) saero pirTa kongregacia, romelic 1817 wels sen SamonSi
(lionis maxloblad) marselin Jozef
benediqt Sampaniam (1789-1840) daaarsa.
kongregaciis wevrebi umTavresad mozardTa aRrdiTa da ganaTlebiT arian
dakavebuli.
skolopebi (Scolopi) RmrTismosavi
skolebis RmrTis dedis regularul
Ratak samRvdeloTa ordenis (Chierici
regolari poveri della Madre di Dio delle
Scuole Pie) wevrebi. 1617 wels papma pavle V-m ordens martiv aRTqmaTa mqone
kongregaciis statusi mianiWa, xolo
1621 wels papma grigol XV-msazeimo aRTqmaTa mqone samoweseo ordenis
statusi. ordenis wevrebi, sami Cveulebrivi aRTqmis garda, meoTxeaxalgazrdaTa aRzrdisaRTqmasac deben.
mis damfuZneblad miiCneva espaneli
mRvdeli juzepe di kalasansa (15561648, kanonizebulia 1767), romelmac
romis erT-erT samrevloSi evropaSi
pirveli ufaso dawyebiTi saswavlebeli daaarsa. ordeni swrafad gavrcelda evropis mraval qveyanaSi, Tumca
safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg man
TiTqmis mTlianad Sewyvita arseboba.
aRmzrdelobiTi saqmianobis ganaxleba
ordenma mxolod XX saukuneSi SeZlo.
dRes is daaxloebiT 2 000 wevrs iT-

sneulTa zeTis cxeba

vlis, romlebic, ZiriTadad, dawyebiT

skolebSi moRvaweoben an gansakuTrebuli saWiroebis mqone pirebs (magaliTad, yru-munjebs) uweven Semweobas.
skotizmi (Scotismo) filosofiuri
doqtrina, roelic franciskeli ioane duns skotis (1308, kiolni) naazrevidan iRebs dasabams. sqolastikis
xanis yvelaze TvalsaCino moazrovne
(istoriaSi is doctor subtilis-is saxeliTaa cnobili), skoti parizisa da
oqsfordis universitetebSi aswavlida. dominikeli Toma akvinelisa
(1274) da yofnis aristoteleseuli
metafizikis (RmerTi=uzenaesi yofna=uzenaesi sikeTe) sawinaaRmdegod,
skotma xazi gausva RmrTis gansazRvrebis SeuZleblobas (RmerTi=uzenaesi neba), romelic ufro siyvarulis
meSveobiT Seicnoba. skoti, agreTve,
amtkicebs nebis damoukideblobas gonebis miTiTebebTan mimarTebaSi; arsebis
cnebis erTmniSvnelovanebas; individuaciis principis arsebobas formaSi da
ara materiaSi.
sneulTa zeTis cxeba (Unzione degli
infermi) Svid saidumloTagan erTerTi. mociquli iakobi acxadebs: aris
Tqvens Soris vinme avad? moixmos
eklesiis xucesni da ilocon maTze da
scxon zeTi uflis saxeliT. rwmenis
locva ixsnis avadmyofs. ufali wamoayenebs mas da, Tu rame codvebi Caudenia, mieteveba (iak. 5:14-15). sneulTa
zeTis cxebis saidumlo miznad isaxavs gansakuTrebuli madlis miniWebas
qristianisaTvis, romelic mZime daavadebasTan an siberesTan dakavSirebul
sirTuleebs ganicdis. zeTis cxebis

somaskelni

miRebis Sesaferisi dro maSin dgeba,

roca sneulebis Tu xandazmulobis
gamo morwmune sikvdilis moaxloebis
safrTxis winaSe dgas. qristians mZimed
dasneulebis yovel jerze SeuZlia am
saidumlos miReba. es maSinacaa dasaSvebi, Tu zeTis cxebis miRebis Semdeg
morwmunis mdgomareoba kidev ufro
mZimdeba. sneulTa cxebis saidumlos
aRsruleba mxolod samRvdelo pirebs
(mRvdlebsa da episkoposebs) SeuZliaT.
saidumlos aRsrulebisas episkoposis
an TviT saidumlos aRmsruleblis
mier nakurTxi zeTi gamoiyeneba. am
saidumlos aRsrulebis mTavari niSania sneulis Sublisa da xelis mtevnebis (romaul wesSi), an sxeulis sxva
nawilebis (aRmosavleTSi) cxeba, mRvdlis locvis TanxlebiT. am saidumlos
gansakuTrebuli madlis Sedegebia:
sneulis dakavSireba qristes vnebasTan
misi da mTeli eklesiis sasikeTod; nugeSi, simSvide da simxneve sneulebis an
xandazmulobis tanjvaTa qristianulad gadasatanad; codvaTa miteveba,
Tu sneulma ver SeZlo misi miReba monaniebis saidumlos meSveobiT; janmrTelobis aRdgena, Tu es sulier xsnas
uwyobs xels; maradiul sicocxleSi
SesvlisaTvis momzadeba.
somaskelni
(Somaschi/e)
LOrdo
Clericorum Regularium a Somasca, anu
Compagnia dei servi dei poveri. 1528
wels, venecieli saero piris, ieronime
mianis (Hieronymus Aemiliani, 1537,
kanonizebulia 1767) mier daarsebuli
kongregacia, romelmac mogvianebiT
saxelwodeba warmoSobis adgilis saxelis mixedviT (bergamos maxloblad
mdebare patara qalaqi somaska) mi-

326
iRo. 1540 wels pavle III-m kongregacia
regularul samRvdeloTa sakrebulos
saxiT moiwona, 1568 wels ki, pius V-m
avgustineseuli wesdebis mqone meore
ordenad daawinaura. TavianTi damfuZneblis msgavsad, ordenis wevrebi
obolTa da RaribTa aRzrdasa da ganaTlebas uwyoben xels, amave dros, exmarebian sneulebs da monawileoben samrevlo samwyso saqmianobaSi. kongregacias, romlis wevroba saero pirTaTvisac aris SesaZlebeli, XIX saukuneSi
hqonda aRmavlobis periodi, rodesac
maTi ganyofilebebi centralur amerikasa da SeerTebul StatebSic gaixsna.
ordenis qalTa Sto 1680 wels genuaSi
daarsda, misi wevrebi mozardTa, gansakuTrebiT ki,RaribTa da obolTa,
aRzrdiT arian dakavebulni.
somxuri eklesia (Chiesa Armena)
qristianuli eklesia, daarsebuli
somxeTSi III-IV saukuneTa mijnaze wmida grigol ganmanaTleblis mier (ris
gamoc am eklesias, agreTve, grigorianulic ewodeba). male is iqca somexi xalxisa da somxuri saxelmwifos
eklesiad. kaTolikosad wodebuli
somxuri eklesiis meTauri Tavdapirvelad kesariis metropolitis mier
ikurTxeboda. 387 wels romis imperiisa da sparseTis mier ganawilebuli
somxeTi konstantinopolis gavlenis qveS moeqca. kaTolikos abram I-is
mmarTvelobisas somxurma eklesiam
monofizitoba gaiziara da gawyvita
urTierToba qalkedonur eklesiebTan.
florenciis krebis Semdeg (1439) kvalav aRdga erToba kaTolike eklesiasTan, Tumca es erToba ar miiRo yvelam.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, somxuri sakrebulo

327
sakuTari sarwmunoebis erTguli darCa
da SeewinaaRmdega jer Turqul zewolas, Semdeg kikomunisturi reJimis mier devnas.
soteria (Sotera/Soterico) [berZ.
xsna] saxarebiseuli uwyebis Tvisebrivi Sinaarsi, rogorc adamianisadmi RmrTis niWi da qmedeba, rogorc
RmrTis am qmedebis gavleniT adamianuri arsebobis realoba da saboloo arsi, rogorc RmrTis madlis
mier gaZRolili adamianis aqtivobis/
qmedebis Rirebuleba. n. mxsneli/xsna.
soteriologia (Soteriologia) [berZ.
sotera xsna+logha] Teologiuri
moZRvreba, romelic Seexeba yovelives,
dakavSirebuls soteriasTan, anu adamianis xsnasa da gamosyidvasTan.
sofia (Sophia) [berZ. sibrZne]
aRmosavlur TeologiaSi farTod
gavrcelebuli
termini.
SeiZleba
aRniSnavdes RmrTis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebas, romelic Zvel aRTqmaSi gapirovnebis formas aRwevs (n. hipostasi). axal aRTqmasa da qristianul TeologiaSi termini gaigivda sityvasTan
(n. logosi). rogorc gapirovnebuli
Zala, gnosisSi warmogvidgeba. Teologiur anTropologiaSi aRniSnavs adamianis midrekilebasa da swrafvas realobisa da RmrTaebriv RirebulebaTa
zeinteleqtualuri da sasicocxlo
aRqmisaken, rac madlisa da suli wmidis qmedebis nayofia.
sofiizmi (Sofianismo) [berZ. sopha
sibrZne] mistikuri Teologiuri
mimdinareoba, romelsac warmoadgendnen zogierTi rusi moazrovneebi: v.so-

socineloba

loviovi, p.florenski da sxvani. mimdinareoba sofiologiis saxeliTac aris

cnobili, misi amosavali wertilia
sofia, ganmartebuli da ganxiluli,
rogorc RmrTis sibrZne, misgan gancalkevebuli da erTsa da mravlobiTs
Soris Suamavali. sofiologia gamoxatavs RmrTaebrivSi qaluri elementis
CarTvis an moZiebis swrafvas qristianuli Teologiuri gansjis meSveobiT
da mis farglebSi.
sofiologia n. sofiizmi.
sofonia n. winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.
socineloba (Socinianesimo) XVI saukunis protestantuli Teologiuri
mimdinareoba, romlis saxelwodebac
ukavSirdeba humanist lelius socinisa (socinusi, 1562 wels ciurixSi) da
misi naTesavissieneli fausto socinis (1605 poloneTSi) saxelebs. socineloba samebis mowinaaRmdege moZraobaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba; RmrTis
erTianobis ideis mtkice mxardaWeris
TvalsazrisiT is SeiZleba davukavSiroT unitarelTa (polonel ZmaTa)
moZraobas. am mizeziT maT arianelobis braldeba wauyenes, ris Sedegadac, Codex Theodosianus-is, anu 380
wlis imperatoris ediqtis, Tanaxmad,
socinelni saimperatoro kanonmdeblobis mxridanac (1658 wlis varSavis dekreti) idevnebodnen. devnisagan
Tavis dasaRwevad maT baltiis qveynebs
da, umTavresad, niderlandebsa da ingliss miaSures, saidanac CrdiloeT
amerikaSi gadavidnen. maTi sarwmunoebis aRsareba gadmocemulia rakovis katexizmoSi (1605-1609).

spiritizmi

spiritizmi (Spiritismo) [sityvidan

spirito+bolosarTi ismo] spiritizmi aerTianebs sakmaod gansxvavebul
Teoriebsa da praqtikul meTodebs,
dafuZnebulT saerTo rwmenaze, rom
adamianis gansazRvruli aspeqti (samSvinveli, an suli) fizikuri sikvdilis
Semdegac ganagrZobs arsebobas araamqveyniur samyaroSi, xolo cocxlebs
gardacvlilebTan kontaqtSi Sesvla SeuZliaT (an piriqiT). yvelaze
gavrcelebuli spiritistuli praqtikaa spiritualuri seansi. (mrgvali) magidis garSemo msxdomi seansis
monawileebi gaSlili xelis TiTebisa
da gadajvaredinebuli fexebis meSveobiT jaWvs qmnian. amgvar seansebSi
monawileobis savaraudo mizania mZime
mdgomareobaSi (glova) nugeSis Zieba;
sxeulisa da sulis gankurnebis survili, imqveyniuri samyaros mimarT
cnobismoyvareoba; mediumis daxmarebiT
cxovrebasa da rwmenaSi Sexidebis Zieba. miuxedavad imisa, rom spiritizmis
Temaze mravalferovani literatura
arsebobs, cocxlebsa da gardacvlilebs Soris kontaqtis arsebobis damadasturebeli damajerebeli sabuTebi
ar moipoveba. amitomac qristianuli
TvalsazrisiT, spiritistuli praqtika dasagmobia. gaugebari warmoSobis mecnierebas dawafebuli spiritizmi sarwmunoebis bibliur safuZvlebs ayenebs zians, gansakuTrebiT,
mkvdreTiT aRdgomis imedis sakiTxTan
damokidebulebaSi. dabolos, amgvari
praqtika uaryofiT gavlenas axdens
adamianis sulsa da gonebaze: am daskvnas spiritizmis mravali mimdevris
dakvirveba adasturebs, ris gamoc am
praqtikas Tavi unda avaridoT.

328
spiritualebi (Spirituali) [laT. spiritualis (sityvidan spiritus)] spiritualebssulier adamianebs (Sdr.
1
kor. 2:12, Smd.) XIII saukuneSi franciskelebs
uwodebdnen,
romlebic
siRatakis sakiTxze davis procesSi
siRatakis idealis nebismieri Semsubuqebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen da
ewinaaRmdegebodnen ordenis mier sakuTrebis flobas. franciskelebi Tavs
miiCnevdnen ukanaskneli Jamis monazonTa eklesiis winamorbedebad, romelsac,
ioakime
fiorelis
esqatologiis
Tanaxmad, mxolod suli wmida ganagebda. maTma warmomadgenelma, gerardo
borgom san doninodan (parizi), 1254
wels daweril wignSi Liber Introductoriu in Evangelium aeternum (Sdr.
gamocx. 14:6) cistercieli abatis,
ioakime fiorelis (1201/1202) nawerebi
gaaTanamedrova da sulis Jamis winaswarmetyvelebis ganxorcieleba 1260
wlisaTvis gamoacxada. misi varaudiT,
amave wels unda moReboda bolo papis eklesias (rogorc Zis mefobas
da mRvdelmsaxurTa batonobas, romelic mosdevda manamde arsebul mamis mefobas, anu mefeTa da saeroTa
batonobas). miuxedavad imisa, rom 1255
wels jerardo gaasamarTles da erTerT monasterSi samudamo patimroba
miusajes, ioakimelTa moZraobam mainc
gaagrZela ganviTareba. Tumca termini
spiritualebi maTi mowinaaRmdegeebis wyalobiT damkvidrda, romlebic
am damamcirebeli saerTo saxeliT
moixseniebdnen
yvela franciskels,
maTi sxvadasxva jgufis erTmaneTisagan
ganurCevlad.

329
spiriCueli (Spiritual) [ingl. spiritual (song) sasuliero (simRera)]
afroamerikuli religiuri galoba,
afrikidan wamoyvanili monebis qristianobasTan Sexvedris nayofi (XVIIIs.).
bibliiT STagonebuli teqstebi gamoxataven Cagruli xalxis tanjvasa da
mwuxarebas, rasac erTvis ganTavisuflebisa da monobisagan Tavis daxsnis
imedi.
stavrofori
(Stauroforo)
[berZ.
sturos jvari da frein tareba]
jvrismtvirTveli msvlelobisas. n.
jvrismtvirTveli.
stalebi (Stalli) [germ. Stall] qoredis
skamebi, gankuTvnili sasuliero pirTa
da mRvdelmsaxurTaTvis.
staroverebi (Vecchi credenti) (rusulad staroveri (Zveli sarwmunoebis
mimdevari) an staroobriadci (Zveli wesis mimdevari) rusi saeklesio
da saero pirebi, romlebmac winaaRmdegoba gauwies 1653 wels patriarq nikonis mier SemoRebul, berZnul marTlmadideblur liturgiaze dafuZnebul
reformebs. am winaaRmdegobis Sedegi
iyo didi sqizma (raskol) da Sua
saukuneTa mravali tradiciis dakargva rusul eklesiaSi. rusuli eklesiis
mier gaCaRebulma devnam gaaRviva saxelmwifos mimarT mtruli ganwyoba da
xeli Seuwyo samyaros apokalifsuri
xedvebis gavrcelebas, romelTa arsic
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis uaryofa iyo.
TviT patriarqi nikoni antiqristes mefobis iniciatorad iqna warmoCenili.
mogvianebiT staroverebi fraqciebad
daiyvnen da mxolod 1952 wels Sedga
morigebis kreba, romelmac sxvadasxva

stola

jgufebi erTmaneTTan daazava. 1960

wels moskovSi myof mTavarepiskoposs
eqvemdebareboda Zveli wesebis mimdevari 300 sakrebulo, sadac 200 mRvdeli
msaxurobda.
statutebi (Statuti) [gvianlaT. statutum, sityvidan statuere dadgena,
daweseba] sazogado samarTlis Sesatyvisi normativebi, romlebic gansazRvravs nebismieri iuridiuli piris
mizans, struqturas, mmarTvelobas da
moqmedebis saSualebebs (Sdr. CIC,
kan. 94).
stigmebi (Stigmate) [berZ. stgma
niSani, naiarevi, iara] Zvelad
berZnebi da romaelebi ase uwodebdnen
mflobelis an ufrosis miTiTebis
mizniT monebis, saqonlisa da zogjer
jariskacTa sxeulze cxeli metaliT
amoSanTul niSnebs. axal aRTqmaSi pavlem pirvelma gamoiyena es cneba (gal.
6:17) iesos saxeliT gadatanili tanjvis aRsaniSnavad. xelis mtevnebze,
fexebsa da tanze stigmaTa gamosaxvis fenomeni gviandeli warmoSobisaa
da qristes vnebisadmi Tayvaniscemis
gavrcelebas
ukavSirdeba.
stigmatizaciis pirveli da yvelaze cnobili
SemTxvevaa la vernas mTaze franciske
asizelis sxeulze 1224 wels, sikvdilamde ori wliT adre gamosaxuli
stigmebi. arcTu Soreuli warsulidan aRsaniSnavia pietrelCineli wmida
piusis (mama pio; 1968) sxeulze gamosaxuli stigmebi.
stola (Stola) [laT. stola, nawarmoebia berZnuli sityvidan stol samosi]
saRmrTo kurTxevis niSani, episkoposTa,
mRvdelmsaxurTa da diakvanTa samo-

subordinacionizmi

seli liturgiuli msaxurebis dros.

liturgiuli samosis Sesabamisi feris
qsovilis zoli, romelsac diakvnebi
marcxena mxarze gadakidebuls da marjvena mklavis qveS damagrebuls atareben, mRvdelmsaxurebi kikiserze
Camokidebuls.
subordinacionizmi (Subordinazionismo) Teologiuri moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, sityva (n. logosi)
da suli wmida dasabams iReben mama
RmrTisagan da erTgvarad daqvemdebarebuli arian misdami, im TvalsazrisiT,
rom mama RmrTis RmrTaebriv bunebaSi
maTi Tanaziareba arasrulyofili da
arasrulia. II da III saukuneebSi subordinacionizmi xSirad warmodgeboda
konceptualur WrilSi samebis jer
kidev arasakmarisi da arasrulyofili
ganmartebis formad.
suburbikariuli diocezi (Suburbicarie, diocesi) [laT. suburbicarius Sedgenilia sityvebisgan sub qveS+urbs
qalaqi, absoluturi mniSvnelobiTromi] ase ewodeba romis siaxloves mdebare diocezebsa da saepiskoposo kaTedrebs, romlebic saepiskoposo wesis kardinalis iurisdiqcias
eqvemdebareba. esenia: ostia, albano,
fraskati, palestrina, porto-santa
rufina, sabina-pojo mirteto, veletri-seni.
sudara (Sindone) [berZ. sindn selis
qsovili] aRniSnavs dakrZalvisaTvis
gankuTvnil zewars, romelSic, rogorc qristianuli tradicia miiCnevs,
Sexveuli iyo ieso qriste jvridan
gardamoxsnis Semdeg (Sdr. mark. 15:46).
evropaSi aRmosavleTidan, SesaZloa,

330
tamplierTa mier, Catanili sudara
1353-1356 wlebSi safrangeTSi, qalaq
lireiSi inaxeboda. am TariRidan iwyeba sudaris zusti da dasabuTebuli
istoria. Semdeg is CemberiSi Caitanes,
1578 wels kiturinSi, sadac dRemde
inaxeba saakaTedro taZarSi da periodulad ifineba saTayvaneblad. sudaris
mimarT amJamindeli didi mowiweba da
Tayvaniscema XIX saukunis dasawyisidan gavrcelda. sudara pirvelad 1898
wels gadaiRes fotofirze, romlis
analizma aCvena, rom qsovili erTgvar
fotografiul negativs warmoadgenda, romelzec mkafiod aisaxa nacemi da
jvarcmuli mamakacis sxeulis moyvaniloba. 1982 wels savois yofilma mefem,
umberto II-m sudara pap ioane pavle II-s
uanderZa. turinis mTavarepiskoposis,
kardinal balestreros iniciativiT
boloxans Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad
ar dadasturda sudaris avTentikuroba, Tumca kvlevis meTodebma da misma
Sedegebma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.
sukoTi (Sukkth) ebr. aRniSnavs karvobis, anu tabernakulumTa dResaswauls.
sulTani (Sultan) [arab. sultan Zalaufleba, batonoba] osmalTa imperiis xelisufalTa tituli XV saukunidan. dRemde gamoiyeneba calkeul
islamur monarqiul saxelmwifoebSi.
suli/suli wmida (Spirito/Spirito Santo) [spiritus (laT.), pnema (berZ.),
rah (ebr.)] upirveles yovlisa,
ganimarteba, rogorc qari, sunTqva,
qariSxali, qrolva. Cveulebriv
suli aRniSnavs aramaterialur re-

331
alobas, transcendentuls droisa da
sivrcis mimarT, romelic inteleqtualur unarTa an gonierebisa da zneobis matarebelia, aqvs SemoqmedebiTi
da SegrZnebiTi aRqma da ZaluZs rogorc adamianis, ise RmrTaebrivis arsebiTi Tvisebis aRniSvna. Zvel aRTqmasa
da ebraul TeologiaSi RmrTis suli
TviT RmrTis istoriaSi misi moqmedebis
gamovlinebis saSualebaa. RmrTis suli
aRniSnavs maradiuli RmrTis moqmedebas droiT sazRvrebSi, rCeul xalxSi,
visi momavalic TviT RmerTSia. axal
aRTqmaSi mas centraluri adgili uWiravs, radgan suli wmida ganasaxierebs
esqatologiur niWs (n. suli wmidis
gardamosvla), boZebuls RmrTis mier
Tavisi xalxisadmi aRTqmuli mesiis,
ieso qristes, meSveobiT, raTa uflis
rwmeniT xalxi gaTavisufldes codvis, danaSaulisa da sikvdilis monobidan (pavle)
da gadarCes. suli
wmidis qmedebaze yoveli gansja misi
Tanswrebis gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba
da gasagebia mxolod pnevmatologiis
qristologiasTan urRvevi kavSiris
gaTvaliswinebiT. marTlac, suliwmidis
meSveobiT Casaxuli (luk. 1:35) da suli
wmidiT monaTluli (mark. 1:10) ufali,
mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa da cad amaRlebis
Semdeg, mama RmerTTan brundeba (saq.
2:4) da suli wmidas agzavnis. amgvarad,
RmrTis suli mxolod mis ZeSi ki aRar
moqmedebs, aramed yvela morwmuneSi,
radganac is mTels RmrTis xalxs gadaeca. suli wmida mama RmerTTan da
ZesTan namdvil Tanaziarebas aniWebs
adamianebs, romlis gareSec RmrTis
nebismieri sxva cnoba da gancda carieli da arasrulia, adamiani ki ver axorcielebs Tavis adamianurobas. paru-

suliereba

sias dromde suli wmida ieso qristes

eklesiaSi Tanamswred rCeba, erTianobas
aniWebs mas da SesaZlebels xdis mis sayovelTao misias, romlis mizanic adamianebis RmerTTan erTianobaa. saRmrTo
werilis safuZvelze wmida mamebi male
Caswvdnen, rom suli wmida, misi Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, mama RmrTisa da
Zis darad mesame RmrTaebriv pirad
unda yofiliyo ganxiluli (n. sameba).
es iqca gadamwyvet momentad samebis
Sesaxeb moZRvrebis Camosayalibeblad,
romlis formulirebac konstantinopolis krebaze damtkicda (381). amdenad, suli wmida ver mianiWebda adamians
xsnas, srulyofilebasa da RmerTTan
Tanaziarebas da ver SeZlebda amgvarad
mis gaRmrTaebrivebas, Tavadac rom ar
iyos RmerTi. amgvarad, RmerTi erTi da
samerTiania, esaa erTaderTi RmerTi sam
pirovnebad (n. RmerTi). suli wmidis
samebiseuli svlis warmosaCenad mimarTaven sityva sulis (pneuma; spiritus) pirdapir mniSvnelobas (n. gamomavloba) da ganmartaven mas, rogorc
Sinagan momdinareobas (Sdr. CCC, 232267; 683-747).
suliereba (Spiritualit) [laT. spiritualitas] termini aRniSnavs rogorc
sulier RirebulebaTa mimarT mgrZnobiarobas, ise religiis an calkeuli
religiuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel koncefciebsa da wesebs (magaliTad,
budhisturi suliereba, franciskuli
suliereba).
TeologiaSi
termini
miemarTeba mis im nawils, romelic
RmrTaebrivi gamocxadebis WeSmaritebidan da calkeuli adamianebis religiuri gamocdilebidan momdinareobs,
gansazRvravs zebunebrivi cxovrebis

sulieri moZRvari (sulieri xelmZRvaneli)

bunebas, ayalibebs sakuTari Tavis

zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro
miTiTebebs da ganmartavs procesebs,
romelTa meSveobiTac adamianTa sulebi gadian gzas sulieri cxovrebis dasawyisidan mis srulyofamde.

332

sulieri cxovreba (Vita spirituale)

cxovreba qristeSi
RmrTis suliskveTebiT, madliT da codvis gareSe, romelsac eswrafvis qristiani.
yoveldRiur sinamdvileSi morwmune
cdilobs, TandaTanobiT gaasulieros Tavisi arseboba, sul ufro metad gahyvess suli wmidis miTiTebebs,
imgvarad, rom yovelive Seimecnos da
Seiyvaros RmerTSi.

dRiT sagangebo saxlebSi an religiur

institutebSi gancalkevebas da sakuTari yoveldRiuri saqmianobis mitovebas meditaciis, locvisa da sulier sakiTxebSi CaRrmavebis mizniT. jer
kidev Zvelad, udabnoSi ganmartoebuli qristes magaliTiT, qristianTa
jgufebi didmarxvis dros ukacriel
adgilebSi ganmartovdebodnen. wmida
eqvTime (V saukune) am wesTa mgznebare
momxre da gamavrcelebeli iyo. Sua
saukuneebSi mraval monasterSi arsebobda sagangebod gamoyofili oTaxebi
da savaneebic ki sulier savarjiSoTa
Sesasruleblad.
samonastro
cxovrebis Semdgomi dacema uaryofiTad aisaxa, agreTve, sulieri praqtikis am ganxrazec. XVI saukuneSi wmida
egnate loiolam axali biZgi misca sulier wvrTnaTa praqtikis ganaxlebas,
rac mis mier daarsebuli iezuitTa
ordenis safuZvels warmoadgens. Tavis
wignSi sulieri wvrTnani (Exercitia
spiritualia) loiolam moaxdina am asketuri wesis sistematizacia, mas meToduri da etapobrivi forma misca da,
umTavresad, sulieri xelmZRvanelis
meTvalyureobas dauqvemdebara. sulieri wvrTnebi SeiZleba gagrZeldes
sam dRes, erT kviras da, SesaZlebelia,
mTel Tvesac. kanonikuri samarTlis
kodeqsi yovelwliur sulier savarjiSoebs iTvaliswinebs seminarielTaTvis
(kan. 264), samRvdeloTa (kan. 276) da
moweseTaTvis (kan. 663) da sxv.

sulieri wvrTnani (Esercizi spirituali)

zogadad aRniSnavs sulier savarjiSoTa, wvrTnaTa erTobliobas, romlebic
pirovnul ganwmedas emsaxureba. viwro mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs ramdenime

sulis ganaxlebis jgufebi (Rinnovamento dello Spirito, gruppi del) kaTolikuri jgufebi, romlebic eyrdnobian ierusalemis serobaze (saqm. 2:113) miRebul suli wmidis gadmosvlis

sulieri moZRvari (sulieri xelmZRvaneli) (Direttore spirituale) mRvdelmsaxuri, romelic sulier daxmarebas
uwevs adamians (ara mxolod aRsarebis
saidumloebasTan mimarTebiT) da mis
sulier aRzrdas uwyobs xels. aseTi
xelmZRvanelis arseboba yvela seminariaSia savaldebulo (CIC, kan. 239,
naw. 2).
sulieri rekoleqcia (Ritiro spirituale)
sulier wvrTnaTa mokle (xSirad mxolod erTdRiani) kursi, romelic
tardeba religiuri praqtikis saxiT
cxovrebis Cveuli konteqstisagan gansxvavebul viTarebaSi; axasiaTebs siCume, locva, mosmena da RmrTis sityvis
Cawvdoma.

333
pirvel qristianul gamocdilebas da
sagangebo yuradRebas miapyroben monaTluli adamianis mzadyofnas, RmrTis
sasufevlis SenebaSi miendos ufals,
misi suli wmidis gavleniT, romelic
Tavis qarizmaTa meSveobiT eklesiaSi
gansxvavebuli msaxurebis aRsrulebis
unars aniWebs adamians. es jgufebi
suli wmidis gamosvlaze saubroben,
romelic arafers Sehmatebs ukve miRebul wyliT naTlisRebas, magram xels
uwyobs monaTluli adamianis TanamSromlobas suli wmidis qmedebebTan
misi ganmaaxlebeli Zalis maqsimalurad ganvrcobis mizniT. ganaxleba qarizmatulad moixsenieba, radganac is
qarizmebTan mkafio kavSirSia. suli
wmidis gamosvlis aRsaqmel SedegTa
Sorisaa ucxo enebze saubris, winaswarmetyvelebis, gankurnebis, sulTa
garCevis qarizmebi.
amgvari qarizmatuli ganaxlebis Sedegebia locviT
(rogorc pirovnuli, ise erToblivi)
nasazrdoebi cxovreba, bibliis yoveldRiuri kiTxva, monaniebisa da evqaristiis saidumloTa saTanado dafaseba,
eklesiis erTguleba da ekumenuri
ganzomileba. mniSvnelovania, agreTve,
Tayvaniscema qalwuli mariamis mimarT,
romelic qarizmatikosis udidesi magaliTia, radgan mTeli misi cxovreba
suli wmidis Zalis gamovlineba iyo,
romelmac masSi diadi saqmeni ganaxorciela (luk. 1:49). n. axali ormocdaaTianeloba.
sulis warwymeda (Dannazione) [laT.
damnatio
sasjeli]
jojoxeTis
maradiuli sasjeli. kaTolike eklesiis katexizmoSi naTqvamia: RmerTi aravis uwesebs winaswar jojoxeTSi mox-

sulpisielni

vedras. esaa Sedegi RmrTisadmi nebayoflobiTi dapirispirebisa, romelsac

adamiani bolomde misdevs (1037).
suli wmidis gardamosvla (Pentecoste)
[berZ. pentekost (hemra) ormocdameaTe (dRe)] Zvelad ase ewodeboda
mosavlisaTvis RmrTis mimarT madlierebis niSnad gamarTul ebraelTa
samiwaTmoqmedo dResaswauls. aRiniSneboda paseqidan Svidi kviris (ormocdaaTi dRis) Semdeg (luk. 23:15-22).
Semdgom es dRe mosesaTvis sinais mTaze
kanonis (n. Tora) boZebis aRmniSvnel
dResaswaulad iqca. qristianuli dResaswauli ki aRniSnavs serobaze Sekrebil mociqulebsa da mariamze suli
wmidis gardamosvlas (saqm. 2:1-13).
suli wmida akurTxebs eklesias, rogorc RmrTis axal xalxs da Tavis misioneruli gavrcobis dasawyiss auwyebs.
suli wmidis niWni (Doni dello Spirito
Santo) am niWebs mouxmobs episkoposi yovel adamianze misi mironcxebisas. aseTi niWi Svidia, es ricxvi ki
sisrules aRniSnavs. esenia: sibrZne,
goniereba, rCeva, simtkice, codna,
lmobiereba da RmrTis SiSi. isini Seesabameba RmrTis niWebs, romlebic ewinaswarmetyvela mesias (es. 11:2), xolo
septuagintisa da vulgatis meSveobiT
maT lmobierebis niWi daemata. axal
aRTqmaSi suli wmidis niWTa Sesaxeb
wmida pavle saubrobs (1 kor. 13) da
danarCen niWTa Soris kacTmoyvareobis
niWis mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.
sulpisielni
(Sulpiziani)
saero
mRvdelTa kongregacia, romlis wevrebic ar deben aRTqmebs. daarsda parizis
sen-sulpisis
oratorieli Jan-Jak

sunitebi

olies mier (1608-1657), franguli samRvdeloebis pier berulis mier wamowyebuli reformis farglebSi. kongregaciis wevrebi umTavresad seminariebSi sasulieroTa aRzrdas uTmoben
dros (parizis sen-sulpisis seminaria
mravali sxva seminariisTvis iqca magaliTad), gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
aniWeben evqaristiul Tayvaniscemas da
mariamis kults. safrangeTis revoluciis dros kongregacia gauqmda, magram
xelaxla iqna aRdgenili 1801 wlidan
da safrangeTis sazRvrebs gareTac
gavrcelda, gansakuTrebiTkanadasa
(monreali, 1642) da CrdiloeT amerikaSi, ufro mogvianebiT kiaziaSic.
suna/sunitebi
(Sunna/Sunniti)
sunitebi
muslimTa
umravlesobas
(daaxloebiT 90%) Seadgenen; Tavs miiCneven marTlmorwmuneebad sarwmunoebis sakiTxebSi. did mniSvnelobas
aniWeben saxelmwifos politikur stabilurobasa da kanonis windaxedul
gamoyenebas. yuranTan erTad, sunizmis
safuZvelia
sunawinaswarmetyvel
muhamadis miTiTebani, da sakrebulos
Tanmxvedri azri. amitomac sunitebs
sunas da sakrebulos adamianebs
uwodeben. sunas avtoriteti kavSirSia muhamadis, yuranis ganmmarteblisa da gamomcxadeblis, rolTan. im
sakiTxebSi, romelTa Sesaxebac muhamadma Tavisi neba gamoxata, morwmuneebs
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavisufleba
aRar aqvT (Sdr. yur. 33:36). morwmuneTa Soris winaswarmetyvelis yofna
sarwmunoebis WeSmaritebisa da sakrebulos mier ganvlili gzis sisworis
garantiaa (Sdr. yur. 3:101). moqmedebs
principi: Tu adamiani macnes emor-

334
Cileba, igi RmerTs emorCileba (4:80).
sunizmis kidev erTi safuZvelia sakrebulos Tanxmoba, anu muhamadis sikvdilis Semdeg gansazRvruli periodis
yvela kanonmcodnis Tanxmoba iuridiuli normebis gamo.
sura (Sura) [arab. surah, sityvasityviT, agurebis mwkrivi] termini
aRniSnavs TiToeuls 114 Tavidan, romlebadac aris dayofili yurani.
sura/ampolina (Ampolline) [Ampolla-s
kninobiTi forma] mcire zomis WurWeli, romelSic wirvis aRsrulebisTvis
saWiro wyali da Rvino inaxeba.
sufizmi (Sufismo) [arab. suf Sali]
islamuri mistikuri mimdinareoba (saxelwodeba momdinareobs aqlemis bewvis
samosidan, romelsac pirveli asketebi
atarebdnen). sufizmis mTavari arsia
RmrTis absoluturi erTaderToba,
romelic ara mxolod samyaros erTaderTi Semoqmedi da SemnarCunebelia,
aramed aris erTaderTi arseba, romelic realurad arebobs da igi wmida
siyvaruliT unda SeviyvaroT mxolod
imisaTvis, rom igi arsebobs. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sufizmis mimdevari
iyo mravali gamoCenili pirovneba
(maT Sorisaa al-Razali, 1058-1111),
mis gavrcelebas ki xels uwyobdnen
agreTve derviSTa ordenebis wevrebi.
mimdinareobis wiaRSi Seiqmna mravali
literaturuli nawarmoebi absoluturi siyvarulis Temaze.
sufragani (Suffraganeo) [laT. suffraganeus (zmnidan suffragari daxmareba)] termini aRniSnavs diocezis
episkoposs, romelsac diocezze sam-

335
wyso zrunva evaleba. is eqvemdebareba
mitropolits da saeklesio provinciis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis.
sqizma (Scisma) [berZ. skhsma (zmnidan skhzein dayofa)] aRniSnavs
kaTolikuri erTianobis nebismier darRvevas. kanonikuri samarTlis Tanaxmad,
esaa umaRlesi pontifeqsisadmi damorCilebaze an misadmi daqvemdebarebuli
eklesiis wevrebTan Tanaziarebaze uaris Tqma (CIC, kan. 751). is gansxvavdeba
rogorc eresisagan (rwmenis romelime
WeSmaritebis jiuti uaryofa), ise
apostaziisagan (qristianuli rwmenis
sruli uaryofa). eklesiis istoriaSi
araerTi sqizmaa cnobili. maT Soris
erT-erTi yvelaze mZimea aRmosavleTis
sqizma (1054), romelmac dasavleTisa
da aRmosavleTis (marTlmadidebeli,
bizantiuri) eklesia daaSora erTmaneTs. am sqizmas dRemde ar daukargavs
Zala, miuxedavad imisa, rom vatikanis
II krebis iniciativiT dawyebuli ekumenuri moZraobisa da orive mxridan
gankveTis gauqmebis (1965) wyalobiT,
eklesiaTa Soris urTierToba sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda.
sqizmatikosi (Scismatico) [gvianlaT.
schismaticus, nawarmoebia berZnulidan skhismatiks, sityvidan skhsma
dacalkeveba] sqizmis mimdevari an
xelSemwyobi.

sxeulis aRdgoma

sqolastika (Scolastica) [SuasaukuneTa laT. scholastica] gadataniTi

mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs Sua saukuneebSi,
skolaTa (scholae) aRzevebis Jams Camoyalibebul filosofiur, Teologiur
da samecniero (Svidi Tavisufali xelovneba, medicina, samarTali da meqanikis dargebi) mimdinareobas, romelmac
ganviTarebis sami faza ganvlo (XI-XII
ss.: pirveli sqolastika; XII-XIV ss.:
didi sqolastika; XIV-XV ss.: gviani
sqolastika) da xangrZlivi periodis
ganmavlobaSi axdenda gavlenas dasavleTis kulturul cxovrebaze. avtoritetsa (gamocxadeba) da racionalurobas (gansjiTi interpretacia)
Soris didaqtikuri urTierTobis wyalobiT sqolastikam xeli Seuwyo kulturis humanitarul aRqmas da codnis
organul sistematizacias samyaros
qristianuli xedvis farglebSi.
sxeulis aRdgoma (Risurrezione della
carne) qristianuli rwmenis amsaxveli nekea-konstantinopolis simbolos
formula. mis Tanaxmad, mkvdreTiT
aRmdgari da marad cocxali qristes
msgavsad, gankiTxvis Jams Cvenc aRvdgebiT mkvdreTiT: sulTan kvlav Serwymuli Cveni saxecvlili sxeuli RmrTisagan uxrwnad sicocxles miiRebs (O Sdr.
CCC, 988-1019).

tabernakulumTa dResaswauli (Tabernacoli, festa dei) n. karvoba.

tabernakulumi (Tabernacolo) [laT.
tabernaculum
(sityvidan
taberna
xis farduli)] patara samlocvelo
an daxuruli kolofi, moTavsebuli
sakurTxevlis centrSi an eklesiis
sxva gamosaCen adgilas, sadac nakurTxi
hostia inaxeba. ebraelebi am sityviT
aniSnavdnen karavs (moZrav salocavs),
sadac udabnoSi daculi iyo kidobani,
mogvianebiT ki taZris im nawils, sadac
kidobanma daimkvidra adgili.
talari (Talare) [laT. talaris (sityvidan talus qusli)] koWebamde grZeli,
win Sekruli samosi, romelsac saeklesio pirebi atareben. is Savi ferisaa
mRvdelTaTvis,
moiisfroepiskoposTaTvis,
wiTelikardinalTaTvis,
da TeTri ferisapapisaTvis. praqtikulobis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba misi
Senacvleba sxva samosiT, romelsac
klerjimens uwodeben.
tamplierTa ordeni (Templari, ordine
dei) n. raindTa ordenebi.
tantrizmi (Tantrismo) [sansk. tantra siuJeti, teqsti] erT-erTi

ZiriTadi mimdinareoba indur religiaTa Soris. didi gavlena iqonia indoeTis yvela filosofiuri sistemisa da
religiuri kultis Camoyalibebaze.
amkvidrebs realobis sakramentul
xedvas: yoveli nivTieri, mSvinvieri da
sulieri fenomeni iqceva RmrTaebrivi
realobis simbolod da, maSasadame,
xsnis saSualebad, romlis wvdomac
ritualebisa da iogas saSualebiTaa
SesaZlebeli. hinduizmSi tantrizmi
eyrdnoba tantras wmida teqstebs da
Saqtis, dinamikuri qaluri energetikuli sawyisis, kults. Saqti meuRlea
Sivasi, romelic ganasaxierebs mamakacur sulier statikur sawyiss, saidanac momdinareobs realobis, rogorc
absoluturi arsebulis, aRqma. budhizmSi ki tantrizmi, rogorc absoluturi sawyisi, arsebobis sicarieles
sTavazobs morwmunes da ubiZgebs mas,
siyvaruliTa da TavdadebiT daexmaros
yvela cocxal arsebas gaTavisuflebisaken mimaval gzaze.
taZari (Tempio) [laT. templum, rac
Tavdapirvelad SezRudul sivrces
aRniSnavda (Sdr. berZ. tmenos)]
droTa ganmavlobaSi sityvam daimkvidra RmerTebis samyofelad miCneul
wmida adgilas agebuli Senobis mniS-

337
vneloba, romelic Sesabamisad, maTive
kultisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili.
taZrad miyvaneba (Presentazione della
Beata Vergine Maria) mariamis mosaxseniebeli dRe, aRiniSneba 21 noembers, im
dRes, rodesac, zogierTi apokrifuli
saxarebis Tanaxmad, mariami ierusalemis taZarSi waradgines.
taxti (Trono) [laT. thronus] skami,
gankuTvnili episkoposisaTvis mis sakaTedro taZarSi. is ramdenime safexuriT
amaRlebulia iatakidan da dafarulia
baldaqiniT. warmoadgens episkoposis
samRvdelmsaxurebo da iuridiuli Zalauflebis simbolos. n. kaTedra.
taxtrevani (Faldistorio) [Suas. laT.
faldistorium dasakeci skami] dasakeci skami saxelurebiT, sazurgis gareSe. episkoposi mas iseT SemTxvevebSi
iyenebs, roca kaTedriT sargebloba ar
SeuZlia.
tevtonTa ordeni (Teutonico, ordine)
n. raindTa ordenebi.
teze: ekumenuri sakrebulo (Taiz:
comunit ecumenica) burgundiaSi,
klunis maxloblad mdebare dasaxleba
tezeSi arsebobs evangelikuri samonastro sakrebulo, ekumenur SexvedraTa sasuliero centri. 1939 wels
roJe Siucma (1915-2005), imxanad lozanis universitetis reformirebuli
(kalvinuri) Teologiis studentma,
ramdenime evangelisti megobari gaaerTiana erToblivi Sromisa da locvis
mizniT. 1944 wels is tezeSi dasaxlda.
1949 wlis aRdgomas pirvelma Svidma

telosi

mowesem dado siRatakis, ubiwoebisa

da morCilebis aRTqma, riTac dasabami
daudo sakrebulos Communaut de
Taiz-ls-Cluny, romelmac es oficialuri saxeli 1952 wlamde SeinarCuna. sakrebulo, romlis winamZRvari
iyo Zma roJe, yvela qristianis xiluli erTianobisaTvis loculobs da
Sromobs. papis ioane XXIII-is mowveviT,
r. Siucma da m. Turianma damkvirvebelTa statusiT monawileoba miiRes
vatikanis II krebaSi. 1967 wlidan tezes
sakrebulo uSualod TanamSromlobs
eklesiaTa msoflio sabWosTan. tezes
sakrebulos kargi urTierToba aqvs
aRmosavlur marTlmadidebel eklesiebTan, romlebmac 1965 wels tezes
Serigebis eklesiis maxloblad gaxsnes
saerTo marTlmadidebluri centri.
aseve, dadebiTi urTierToba Camoyalibda kaTolike eklesiasTan. 1969 wels
sakrebulos wevri gaxda pirveli kaTolike mowese, 1973 wlidan ki sakrebulos SeuerTda kaTolike mRvdeli Zma
klausi. didi mimzidveloba axasiaTebs
sakrebulos mier mowyobil axalgazrdul ekumenur Sexvedrebs (romelTa
winamorbedi iyo egreT wodebuli
aRmSenebelTa sakrebuloebi) da
axalgazrdul Sekrebebs. 1974 wels
Catarebul pirvel axalgazrdul Sexvedras mravali qveynisa da eklesiis
warmomadgeneli 40.000 axalgazrda
daeswro. tezes ekumenuri saqmianoba
dRemde grZeldeba. yovelwliurad aq
aTasobiT axalgazrda iyris Tavs da
loculobs.
telosi (Tlos) [berZ. mizani]
aRniSnavs mizans, romelsac eswrafvis arseba sakuTari bunebis ZaliT da

tetragrama

romelSic povebs sakuTar srulyofas

da ganxorcielebas.
tetragrama (Tetragramma) n. iahve.
tiara (Tiara) [spars., Semdeg berZ.
tira, laT. tiara] qsovilis an tyavis
Tavsaburavi, romelsac aziis sxvadasxva
xalxi iyenebs. SemdgomSi iqca papTa
Tavsaburavad. Tavdapirvelad iyo konusisebri formis erTi gvirgviniT,
romelsac droTa ganmavlobaSi kidev
ori daemata, saidanac momdinareobs
misi saxelwodeba sammagi xelmwifebisa. amJamad aRar gamoiyeneba.
tiburiumi (Tiburio) [Sua sauk. laT.
tiburium, SesaZloa sityva warmoiqmna
terminis ciborium, sanawile, analogiiT] mrgvali an mravalkuTxa formis
garegani arqiteqturuli struqtura,
romelic eklesiis gumbaTs agvirgvinebs.
tipologia/tipologiuri (Tipologia/
Tipologico) [berZ. tpos nimuSi+
logha] damokidebuleba, romelic
myardeba Zveli aRTqmis (tipi) da
axali aRTqmis (antitipi) realobebs
Soris, sadac pirveli warmogvidgeba istoriaSi RmrTis qmedebis yvela
damaxasiaTebeli da mudmivi Tvisebis
gamomxatvelad (da, maSasadame, winaswarmetyveluri xasiaTisaa), meore
kirogorc pirvelis mier aRniSnulis gardauvali ganxorcieleba. magaliTad, pavlesaTvis adami qristes
saxea (rom. 5:14), iseve, rogorc RmrTis
xalxi Zvel aRTqmaSieklesiis saxe (1
kor. 10:6).

338
titularuli episkoposi (Vescovo Titolare) episkoposi, romelsac ara aqvs
mindobili diocezi (CIC, kan. 376)
tobiTis wigni (Libro di Tobia) Zveli
aRTqmis meoradkanonikuri wigni. dasaTaurebulia erT-erTi mTavari gmiris,
tobielis Zis saxelis mixedviT. ebraulad tobiTi niSnavs iahve keTilia.
wigni sami nawilisagan Sedgeba. pirveli
maTgani Sesavlis funqcias asrulebs
(tob. 1-3), masSi aRwerilia tobielisa
da sarasdiasporis wevri ori ebraelis mZime xvedri: rjulis damcveli es
col-qmari umizezod mZime gansacdelSi vardeba. meore nawilSi (tob. 4-13)
RmerTi daCagrulebs exmareba angelos
rafaelis meSveobiT, romelic saras
eSmakeuli gavlenisagan ixsnis da tobiTs rTavs colad. igi ki, Tavis mxriv,
brma mamas ubrunebs TvalisCins. mesame
nawili, epilogi (tob. 14) tobiTisa da
tobiasis cxovrebis ukanasknel bednier
wlebze mogviTxrobs. Tavisi formiTa
da SinaarsiT wigni sibrZnis literaturas ganekuTvneba. ucnobi avtori,
romelmac wigni, savaraudod, semitur
diasporaSi qristes Sobamde 200 wels
dawera, dramatuli monaTxrobis meSveobiT TanamedroveTaTvis zneobrivi
da religiuri gakveTilis SeTavazebas
isaxavda miznad. tobiTis drama asaxavs tradiciul swavlebas amqveyniuri
sazRauris Sesaxeb. RmrTaebrivi gangeba
gamocdas uwyobs RmrTismosavT, icavs
maT gansacdelSi da ubrunebs bednierebas.
tonzura (Chierica) [saeklesio laT.
clerica] Tavis SuagulSi mcire zomis
mrgvalad amokreWili Tma, rasac erT

339
dros sasuliero pirebi amqveyniur RirebulebaTagan gandgomis niSnad atarebdnen. n. aRkveca.
totemi/totemizmi (Totem/Totemismo) [ingl., momdinareobs algonkinTa
(samxreT kanadis indielTa) enidan, totam an ndodem klanis emblema, naTesaoba, mfarveli suli] aRniSnavs
monaTesave urTierTobas pirovnebebs
an sazogadoebriv jgufebsa da cxovelebsa Tu mcenareebs Soris, romlebic energiis wyarod, mfarvelebad da
damxmareebad miiCneva. totemi religiur fenomenad gvevlineba, ramdenadac
masSi moqmedebas iwyebs totemis mier
gansaxierebuli Zala, romelTanac adamians damokidebuli urTierToba aqvs.
tradicionalizmi (Tradizionalismo)
[laT. traditio tradicia] zogadad,
termini aRniSnavs midgomas, romelic
gamorCeulia tradiciis gavleniT,
konkretulad ki ase ewodeba XIX
saukunis filosofiur da Teologiur antiracionalistur tendencias.
is umTavresad safrangeTSi (safrangeTis revoluciis dasasrulidan
1830 wlamde), belgiasa da germaniaSi
gavrcelda da rwmenasa da mecnierebas Soris damokidebulebis gansazRvrisas erTaderT dasayrden wyarod
gamocxadebas da gadmocemas miiCnevs.
viwro
gagebiT,
tradicionalizmi
(romelsac, agreTve, fideizmi ewodeba) warmoadgens reaqcias individualistur racionalizmze da ganmanaTleblobis anTropocentrizmze. XIX
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi safrangeTSi
tradicionalizmis ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi arian Joze de mestri

traducianizmi

(1753-1821), lui de banali (1754-1840),

felisite de lamene (1782-1854). Tavisi
principuli SecdomebiT tradicionalizmma filosofiisa da Teologiis safuZvlebi Searyia: filosofiam
damoukidebloba dakarga da skepticizmamde mivida, TeologiaSi ki gabatonda gamocxadeba rogorc Semecnebis
erTaderTi da absluturi wyaro. adamianis aqtiuroba sruliad gamoiricxa
RmrTaebrivi qmedebis eqskluziuri
qmediTobis winaSe. vatikanis I krebam
uaryo eqstremistuli tradicionalizmi da ganmarta, rom rwmenaSi adamianis gadawyvetileba Tavisufalia da
SeiZleba daeyrdnos racionalur mtkicebulebebs. vatikanis II krebis Semdeg
aRmocenda tradicionalisturi moZraoba frangi mTavarepiskoposis, marsel lefevris (1991) xelmZRvanelobiT, romelsac pavle VI-m 1976 wels
mRvdelmsaxurebis ufleba
SeuCera,
1988 wels ki papma ioane pavle II-m igi
gankveTa. lefevri cdilobda, yofiliyo krebis mowinaaRmdegeTa warmomadgeneli da mas tradicionalisturi
tipis pozicia ekava.
traducianizmi
(Traducianismo)
[laT. traducere gadacema (sityvidan
tradux xerxi, meoxebiT )] Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianis suli
(adamisa da evas sulis gamoklebiT)
RmrTis mier ki araa Seqmnili, aramed
mSoblebi gadascemen Svilebs Casaxvis
dros. qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi Camoyalibebuli am Teoriis yvelaze
gavleniani mimdevari iyo tertuliane.
eklesia mudam ebrZoda am mimarTulebas da amtkicebda sulTa uSualod
RmrTis mier Seqmnas.

transepti

transepti (Transetto) [laT. trans

miRma+septumzRude]
ganivi
frTa, romelic kveTs eklesias navisa
da presbiteriumis Serwymis adgilas
da amgvarad jvris formas aZlevs mas.
transsubstanciacia (Transustanziazione) [laT. trans miRma+substantia
substancia] Sua saukuneTa evqaristiul TeologiaSi SemuSavebuli termini, gaziarebeli, amasTanave, tridentis krebis mier (DS, 1652). aRniSnavs
kaTolikur moZRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, wirvis msxverplSewirvaSi xdeba
purisa da Rvinis substanciis gardaqmna
qristes sxeulisa da sisxlis substanciad da amgvarad maTi purisa da Rvinis
saxiT warmodgena. n. evqaristiuli saxeobani; kurTxeva.
transcendenturoba (Trascendenza)
[laT. trascendere zemoT/maRla asvla] damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba yoveli
realobisa, romelic aRemateba bunebriv samyaros, misgan damoukidebeli
da gansxvavebulia. rogorc RmrTaebrivi Tviseba, amtkicebs, rom RmerTi
yvelaze aRmatebuli arsebaa, sruliad
sxva yvela sxva arsebasTan mimarTebaSi,
Tumca Tanamswrea qmnilebaTa arsebaSi
(Sdr. CCC, 300). transcendenturoba
imanenturobis Sesabamisi cnebaa.
trapa (Trappa) [frang. trappe] trapelTa monasteri. momdinarebs geografiuli saxelwoebidan solini-latrap (normandia).
trapezi, saZmo n. aRapi.
trapistebi (trappisti) [frang. trappiste, sityva momdinareobs normandia-

340
Si mdebare reformirebuli monastris
solini-la-trapis
saxelwodebidan]
aRniSnavs reformirebul cistercielTa anu mkacri wesis ordenis wevrebs. arman-Jan le butilie
de ranse (1626-1700) saero cxovrebis
Semdeg mowesed aRikveca da 1664 wels
trapes abatad iqca, sadac mravali
sirTulis gadalaxvis Semdeg sitos
saTaveTa suliskveTebaze damyarebuli mkacri reforma gaatara, romlis
Zireuli elementebi iyo: locva, dumili, mWvreteloba, asketizmi, fizikuri
Sroma. male maT citercielTa xuTi
sxva monasteri SeurTda. klemente XI-m
1705 wels ordenis wesdeba daamtkica.
safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg monastrebi safrangeTis sazRvrebs gareTac daarsda,evropis qveynebsa da
kanadaSi. 1834 wels grigol XVI-m
yvela monasteri trapes wmida mariamis cisterciel moweseTa kongregaciaSi gaaerTiana. damaarseblisadmi
erTgulebis survilma set-fonsis monasters erTianoba SeanarCunebina, trapeSi ki 1847 wels dayofa moxda, ramac
sitos Cveul normebze dafuZnebul
axal reformas daudo safuZveli. 1892
wels solinis, set-fonsisa da vestmales reformirebuli kongregaciebidan Camoyalibda trapes wmida mariamis reformirebul cistercielTa
damoukidebeli ordeni sakuTari abatis meTaurobiT. 1894 wlis wesdeba
mxolod 1925 wels iqna mowonebuli
pius XI-is mier, vatikanis II krebis
Semdeg ki wesdeba ganaxlda. calkeuli
saabatoebi damoukidebelia. umaRlesi
organoa generaluri kapitulumi. generalur abats, romelic, amave dros,
sitos umaRlesi abaticaa, romSi aqvs

341
samyofeli. trapelebi mWvretelobiT
cxovrebas da Teologiur kvlevas
fizikur SromasTan aTavseben (riTac
sakuTar Tavs saarsebo produqtebiT
uzrunvelyofen). ordeni mraval qveyanaSi arsebobs, flobs 85 mamakacTa da
50 qalTa monasters da 3500 mamakac
mowesesa da 2000 qal moweses aerTianebs. qalTa Sto (trapeli qalebi,
anu mkacri wesis cistercieli monazvnebi) 1689 wels butie de ransem
daaarsa. maTi deda monasteria santvolonte-de-die, daarsebuli ordenis
meore reformatoris, a. de lestranJis mier.
tridentis kreba (Trento, concilio
di) kaTolikuri numeraciis Tanaxmad,
esaa XIX msoflio kreba, romelic
1545-1563 wlebSi sam etapad Catarda.
krebis mowvevis moTxovnilebis miuxedavad, misi Catareba didxans Wianurdeboda, radganac pap klemente VII-s
antiromauli da konciliaristuli
(n. konciliarizmi) Sedegebis safrTxe
afiqrebda. sabolood kreba buliT
Laetare Jerusalem (1544) pavle III-m
moiwvia 1545 wlis 15 martisaTvis
trentoSi (laT.tridenti) da misi
sami mTavari amocana dasaxa: kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris religiuri uTanxmoebis mogvareba, eklesiis
zogadi reformireba da urwmunoTa
(ese igi, muslimTa) Cagvrisagan qristianTa ganTavisufleba. Tumca kreba
mxolod 1545 wlis 13 dekembers gaixsna mxolod 31 episkoposis monawileobiT, romelTa umravlesoba italieli
iyo. pirveli etapis ganmavlobaSi (1545
wlis 13 dekemberi1547 wlis 2 ivnisi), aTi sesiis msvlelobisas, mowoneb-

tridentis kreba

uli iqna mniSvnelovani debulebebi

da dekretebi, maT Soris dekretebi
bibliis, pirvelqmnili codvis, ganmarTlebis, naTlobisa da mironcxebis
Sesaxeb. 1547 wlis 11 martis VIII sesiaze monawileebma krebis boloniaSi gadatana gadawyvites. pavle III-is
sikvdilis Semdeg, saxeliT iulius III,
taxtze avida kardinali del monte,
im dromde krebis Tamvjdomare. misi
papobis dros, qalaq boloniaSi krebis
meore etapi (1551 wlis 1 maisi1552
wlis 28 aprili) gaimarTa. XI da XVI
sesiebze mowonebuli iqna dekretebi
evqaristiis, monaniebisa da ukanaskneli
cxebis Sesaxeb, amasTanave, reformasTan
dakavSirebuli sxva dadgenilebani.
protestanti germaneli delegatebi
male dabrundnen samSobloSi, ise, rom
sakuTar moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebas
ver miaRwies. politikurma garemoebebma ganapiroba krebis SeCereba 1552
wlis 28 aprils. 1560 wlis 29 noembers
pius IV-m (1559-1565) krebis muSaobis
gagrZelebis dadgenileba gamosca. misi
msvlelobis mesame etapze (trento,
1562 wlis 18 ianvari1563 wlis 4
dekemberi), XVII-XXV sesiebze mowonebuli iqna dekretebi episkoposTa
savaldebulo adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb, wirvis samsxverplo xasiaTis, samRvdelmsaxuro kurTxevis, qorwinebis,
salxineblis, wmidaTa da relikviaTa
Tayvaniscemis, indulgenciebis, seminariebis Sesaxeb. tridentis krebis
mniSvneloba umTavresad isaa, rom man
pasuxi gasca protestantul reformas
da realurad daiwyo eklesiis Sinagani
ganaxlebis procesi (kaTolikuri reforma, kontrreforma): krebam mkafio normebi dausaxa Teologiasa da

trimurti

sarwmunoebis cxad deklarirebas, Camoayaliba moZRvrebis (magisteriumis)

sakiTxi, magram ar gaukeTebia dayofa
iq, sadac dayofa manamde ar iyo (iedini). krebis davalebiT pius V-m gamoaqveyna akrZalul wignTa nusxa,
egreT wodebuli tridentiseuli sarwmunoebis aRsareba (Professio fidei tridentina), TandarTuli wmida saydrisadmi morCilebis aRTqmiT, romauli
katexizmo, romauli locvani (1568)
da romauli kondaki (1570). krebis Semdgomi reforma da, Sesabamisad, eklesiis cxovrebis posttridentis xana pius
XII-s dros dasrulda (1938-1958).
trimurti (Trimurti) [sansk. trimurtih
sammagi saxe] hinduizmSi aRniSnavs
absoluturis sammag ganpirovnebas:
brahmas (Semoqmedi), viSnus (SemnarCunebeli) da Sivas (ganmanadgurebeli).
trinitarebi (Trinitari/e) uwmidesi
samebis samoweseo ordenis wevrebi
(Ordo SS. Trinitatis redemptionis captivorum), romelic frangma Jan de matam (1213) daaarsa sarkinozTa mier
datyvevebuli da damonebuli qristianebis gamosasyidad. inokenti III-m
1198 wels moiwona parizis episkoposis, odonisa da wmida viqtoris abatis,
asalonis mier Seqmnili ordenis wesdeba. ordenis wevrebi, amave dros, daxmarebas uweven sneulebs. ordeni, safrangeTis garda, gavrcelda italiasa
da espaneTSic, mogvianebiT ki okeanes
gaRmac. dRes misi wevrebi umTavresad
misonerul saqmianobas ewevian (madagaskari) da patimarTa samwyso meurveobaSi monawileoben. ordenis qalTa

342
Sto 1236 wels daarsda. misi wevrebi
mkacri klauzuris wesebs icaven.
triteizmi (Triteismo) [berZ. treis
sami+thes RmerTi] Teologiuri
moZRvreba, romelic samebis saidumloebis ganmartebisas RmerTSi aRiarebda ara mxolod sami gancalkevebuli pirovnebis, aramed sami gansxvavebuli bunebis arsebobasac. am Teoriis
pirveli mimdevari iyo aleqsandrieli
Teologi ioane filoponosi (VI saukune), romelsac SemdgomSi mibaZes
riscelinusma (XI) da ioakime fiorelma (XII s.). triteizmi sabolood
dagmo lateranis IV saeklesio krebam
(1215).
troposi (Tropo) [berZ. trpos harmoniuli ganviTareba] ase ewodeba VIII
saukuneSi laTinuri liturgiis mier
calkeul evqologiur formulebSi
(kirie, gloria, sanktusi, ite
misa da a.S.) Setanil musikalur ganvrcobas.
tunika (Tonaca) [laT. tunica] moweseTa farTo da grZeli samosi Targis
gareSe. xSirad mas welze TokiT an qamriT imagreben. SesaZloa aseve ewodos
talarsac.
tutiorizmi
(Tuziorismo)
[laT.
tutior ufro sarwmuno] zneobrivi sistema, romelic sxvadasxva alternativaTa Soris ufro sarwmuno
gadawyvetis mimaTiTebeli gzis arCevas moiTxovs. es sistema gamoiyeneba
yvela im viTarebaSi, rodesac ueWvel
uflebaTa dacvazea saubari. SeiZleba

343

tutiorizmi

iyos absoluturi, roca miiCneva, rom

kanonis arsebobis minimaluri albaTobac ki sakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa am
kanonis dacva savaldebulo gaxdes;
an Serbilebuli, roca miiCneva, rom

cnobiereba mudam unda miesadagos savaraudo mosazrebas, romelic kanons

gvTavazobs, Tuki kanoni ar ewinaaRmdegeba ufro savaraudo mosazrebas
Tavisuflebis sasargeblod.

uaryofa (Abiura) saeklesio xelisufalTa winaSe sazeimo uarisTqma eresze,

sqizmasa Tu warmarTul kultze,
romelsac pirovneba aRiarebda kaTolikuri sarwmunoebisa da ziarebis
miRebamde an masTan xelaxal mobrunebamde. naTlobis liturgia Seicavs uaryofis mokle, Tumca mkafio
formulas eklesiismiRma arsebuli
nebismieri religiuri dajgufebidan
wamosuli yvela zrdasruli kandidatisaTvis.
uaryofiTi Teologia (Teologia negativa) n. apofaturi Teologia.
ubiwoeba (Castit) [laT. sityvidan
castitas, romelic nawarmoebia sityvidan castus ubiwo] gamoxatavs
pirovnebaSi seqsualobis dadebiT integracias da amis Sedegad adamianis,
rogorc sxeulebrivi da sulieri
arsebis, Sinagan mTlianobas. rogorc
meuRleTa saxasiaTo saTnoeba, ubiwoeba
seqsis mimarT mowesrigebul damokidebulebaSi mdgomareobs, rac meuRleTa
urTierTsiyvarulSi zrdas uwyobs
xels. dauqorwinebelTa Soris ubiwoeba aRniSnavs nebayoflobiT uaris
Tqmas nebismier seqsualur aqtivobaze. ubiwoeba (srulyofili ubiwoeba)

erT-erTi saxarebiseuli rCevaTagania,

romelsac misdeven moweseni aRTqmis an
sxva wmida valdebulebaTa meSveobiT
(CIC, kan. 573), rac RmrTisadmi mTlianad mindobis, TanamoZmeTaTvis Tavis
miZRvnis, momavali sicocxlis niSansa
da ganuyofel gulSi ufro Rrma nayofierebis wyaros warmoadgens (CIC,
kan. 599, Sdr. agr. CCC, 2337, Smd.)
ubiwo Casaxva (Immacolata Concezione) ubiwo Casaxvis didi dResaswauli,
romelic 8 dekembers izeimeba, aRniSnavs sarwmunoebis dogmas, romelic
pius IX-m 1854 wlis 8 dekembers gamoacxada enciklikaSi Ineffabilis Deus. am
dogmis Tanaxmad, unetaresi qalwuli
misi Casaxvis pirvelive wams, yovlisSemZle RmrTis mier boZebuli gansakuTrebuli madlisa da upiratesobis
ZaliT, kacTa modgmis mxsneli ieso
qristes damsaxurebaTa winaswari gaTvaliswinebiT dacul iqna Tavdapirveli codvis yovelgvari laqisagan.
eklesia mudam icavda da amtkicebda
ubiwo Casaxvis WeSmaritebas: pirvelive
saukuneebidan wmida iustine, wmida
ireneosi da tertuliane am mosazrebas iziarebdnen. maT SeuerTdnen wmida
ambrosi, wmida avgustine da wmida sofroniusi, romelic VII saukuneSi mar-

345
iamisadmi mimarTvaSi acxadebda: Sens
garda, aravin ganwmedila winaswar
(Hor. II; PG 87/3; 3248). aRmosavleTSi
ubiwo Casaxvis dResaswauli pirvelad
daaxloebiT VII-VIII saukuneTa mijnaze
aRiniSna. dasavleTSi XI saukunidan man
axali Sinaarsi SeiZina da sabolood
damkvidrda XIV-XV saukuneebidan, raSic duns skotis Teologiur mxardaWerasac miuZRvis wvlili.
udabnos mamebi (Padri del deserto) IV
saukunis aRmosavleli moweseebimonazvnebi, romlebic egviptis, siriisa da
palestinis udabnoebSi cxovrobdnen.
isini iyvnen asketizmisa da sulieri
cxovrebis WeSmariti moZRvrebi; maT
xSirad saxelganTqmuli momlocvelebic mimarTavdnen. udabnos mamaTagan
yvelaze cnobilni arian: antoni, paxomi, ilarioni, makari da isidore.
ukanaskneli cxeba (Estrema unzione)
tradiciuri da sakamaTo termini, romelic sneulTa zeTis cxebis saidumlos aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba.
ukvdaveba (Immortalit) [laT. immortalitas] termini aRniSnavs sikvdilis
Semdeg arsebobis gagrZelebis rwmenas,
romelic dasabamidanve religiasTan
iyo dakavSirebuli. qvis xanis adamianebs sikvdilis Semdeg pirovnuli
arseboba swamdaT. berZnul samyaroSi
ukvdavebisa da samSvinvelis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb umTavresad platoni saubrobda. es cneba, mkvdreTiT aRdgomis
cnebasTan erTad, eklesiis moZRvrebis
nawilad iqca (DS, 902) da ukvdavebis qristianuli koncefciis safuZvels warmoadgens. qristes mkvdreTiT
aRdgomisa da zecad misi amaRlebis

ultramontanizmi

rwmenaSi qristianTaTvis cxadia, rom

sikvdilis Semdeg axali sicocxle
dedamiwaze axali sxeulis SeZenaSi ki
ar mdgomareobs, aramed sxeulebrivi
arsebobis gardasaxvaSi mama RmerTTan Tanaziarebad. amasTan dakavSirebiT kaTolike eklesiis katexizmo ambobs: yvelani aRdgebian im sxeulebiT,
romelTac axla floben (999), magram
es sxeuli didebis sxeulad, sulier
sxeulad gardaiqmneba (1 kor. 15:44).
ultramontanizmi (Ultramontanismo)
[laT. ultra montes mTebs gadaRma]
alpebs miRma mdebare qveynebSi Seqmnili es termini (mTebs iqiT, anu,
iq, sadac romi mdebareobs) zogadad
aRniSnavs tridentis krebis Semdgom
centralizebisaken mimarTul da integralisturi xasiaTis kaTolikobas.
XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan eklesiaSi sayovelTao saepiskopososa da
papis ucdomlobis momxreTa aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebuli es termini kuriistis, ganmanaTleblobis mowinaaRmdegis sinonimad iqca. XIX saukuneSi
ultramontanizmis cnebam nawilobrivi saxecvlileba ganicada, radganac
ukve politikur sivrceSi moRvawe
kaTolikeTa aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda, romelTac aranacionalistur
damokidebulebas usayvedurebdnen. ultramontanizmis ZiriTad sayrdenebad
iqca konservatizmi (normaTa, tradiciaTa,
instituciaTa
zedmiwevniT
dacva da SenarCuneba) da centralizmi (saeklesio aparatis sixiste, papis sasuliero Zalauflebis da iurisdiqciis uflebis gavrcoba da romis
kuriis dominireba), rasac Tan erTvoda gamokveTili saeklesio da Tay-

umankoeba

vaniscemiTi RmrTismosaoba (zogjer

papis gadaWarbebuli Tayvaniscemac) da
gansxvavebulad moazrovneTa mimarT
amgvarive
gamokveTili Seuwynarebloba. ultramontanizmis moZraobis
ganviTarebis gamokveTil etapebad iqca
sqolastikuri filosofiisa da metafizikisaTvis wamyvani rolis miniWeba
da sayovelTao saepiskopososa da vatikanis I krebis mier mowonebuli papis
ucdomlobis moZRvreba.
umankoeba (Purezza) [laT. puritia,
sityvidan purus sufTa] zogadi
mniSvnelobiT, termini aRniSnavs patiosnebas, sindisierebas, uborotobas.
netar arian guliT sufTani, vinaidan
isini RmerTs ixilaven (maT. 5:8). ubiwoebis cnebasTan mimarTebaSi termini
aRniSnavs grZnobiT survilebze uaris
Tqmas an maTTvis Tavis aridebas da sqesobrivi siamovnebisagan Tavis Sekavebas.
am mizeziT adamians moeTxoveba sircxvilis grZnoba da ubiwoebis SenarCuneba (Sdr. CCC, 2517-2533).
umaRlesi mRvdelmsaxuri (Sommo
sacerdote) israelis religiuri moZRvari, romlis prototipic iyo aaroni
(lev. 8-9; zir. 45:6-22; Sdr. ebr. 8:3,
Smd.). igi aRasrulebda yoveldRiur
msxverplSewirvas (gam. 29:42), kipuris
dros Sedioda wmidaTawmidaSi (lev.
16:2). gandevnis Semdeg mas daekisra,
agreTve, sinedrionis meTauris politikuri funqciac (Sdr. 1 mak. 14:28,
Smd.; maT. 26:57). Tavdapirvelad umaRlesi mRvdelmsaxuris wodeba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda da sicocxlis
bolomde eniWeboda (ricx. 20:26, Smd).
axal aRTqmaSi qriste warmodgenil-

346
ia rogorc axali aRTqmis umaRlesi
mRvdelmsaxuri (ebr. 4:14; 6:20; 9:11.24;
10:20).
umaRlesi pontifeqsi (Sommo Pontefice) n. papi; pontifeqsi.
umaRlesi pontifeqsis liturgiul
msaxurebaTa uwyeba (Ufficio delle celebrazioni liturgiche del sommo pontefice) es uwyeba, saxelwodebiT Magistri Caeremoniarum Apostolicarum
ZvelTaganve arsebobda. droTa ganmavlobaSi is Camoyalibda rogorc papis ceremoniaTa kolegia an prefeqtura, papis Tormeti ceremonmaisteris
SemadgenlobiT (aqedan oTxi moqmedia,
oTxidamxmare). isini exmarebian paps
(gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi kikardinalebsac) saRmrTo msaxurebisas
(konsistoriumi, kardinalis titulis
miReba, wirva an sxva saxis msaxureba
gansakuTrebiT sazeimo dReebSi, pontifeqsis misiebi). garda amisa, papis
ceremonmaisterebis movaleobaa episkoposTa xeldasxmis momzadeba da gaZRola, papis davalebiT romSi mobinadre
abatebis kurTxeva. papis saydris vakanturobis periodSi ceremonmaisterebi
msaxuroben kardinalTa kongregaciebSi da sakuTar movaleobebs asruleben
konklavSic. TviT msaxurebis bunebidan
gamomdinare, isini notariusebi arian,
amitomac adgenen yvela iuridiuli Zalis mqone dokuments, dakavSirebuls
im msaxurebasTan, romelSic monawileoben,iqneba es konklavis aqtebi
Tu TviT romis papis arCeva. vatikanis
II krebis mier dawyebuli reformis
Sedegad papis ceremoniaTa samsaxurma
sul ufro mniSvnelovani adgili dai-

347
kava liturgiul samwyso msaxurebaSi.
marTlac, papis mier aRsrulebuli
msaxurebani, romelTa raodenobac
sul ufro izrdeba, Tundac Secvlili stilisa (maT Soris, masmediis
monawileobis gamo), vatikanis krebis
suliskveTebisa da normebis Tanaxmad liturgiuli reformis ganxorcielebis samagaliTo nimuSad iqca.
samociqulo dadgenilebiT Pastor bonus (1988 wlis 28 ivnisi) uwyebas saxeli amJamindeliT Seecvala: umaRlesi
pontifeqsis ceremoniaTa samsaxurs
umaRlesi pontifeqsis liturgiul
msaxurebaTa samsaxuri ewodeba da is
romis kuriis damoukidebel institutad Camoyalibda (par. 2, naw. 3). uwyebas evaleba papis mier an misi saxeliT
aRsasrulebuli liturgiul da sxva
saRmrTo msaxurebaTaTvis aucilebeli
samzadisis uzrunvelyofa da maTi
gaZRola liturgiul wesTa Sesabamisad. liturgiul msaxurebaTa uwyebis
xelmZRvanels papi xuTi wlis vadiT
niSnavs,
xolo
ceremonmaisterebi,
romlebic msaxurebisas asistentobas
uweven mas, drois amave xangrZlivobiT saxelmwifo mdivnis mier iniSnebian. 1991 wlis 14 ianvris qirografis
Tanaxmad, romliTac ioane pavle II-m
dRevandelobis moTxovnebs miusadaga,
vatikanis sulierebaze mzrunavi uwyeba, manamde papis sasaxlis sakristiis
kompetenciaSi Semavali movaleobebi
papis liturgiul msaxurebaTa uwyebis
xelmZRvanels gadaeca, romelic, amis
gamo, pasuxismgebelia papis sakristiisa
da samociqulo sasaxlis kapelebze.
uniatebi (Uniati) [rus. uniat,
nawarmoebia sityvidan unia (ka-

unitarelebi

vSiri),
romelic
momdinareobs
laTinuridan unus (erTi)] aRmosavluri eklesiebi, romlebmac sqizmis
Semdeg SeinarCunes romis eklesiasTan
Tanaziareba an SemdgomSi daubrundnen mas. es sakamaTo termini pirvelad
gamoiyenes marTlmadideblebma, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen SeTanxmebas
rusinTa eklesiasa da kaTolike eklesias Soris (brest-litovski, 1596).
universaluri/universaluroba (Universale/ Universalismo) n. kaTolikoba.
unitarelebi (Unitariani) [ingl. unitarians] termini miemarTeba jgufebs
an mimdinareobebs, romlebic amtkiceben RmrTis, rogorc pirovnebisa
da arsis, erTianobas. samebis mowinaaRmdege es jgufebi uaryofen sami
RmrTaebrivi pirovnebis arsebobas da,
maSasadame, zogadad, iesos RmrTaebriobasac. am moZRvrebis mimdevrebi
qristianobis dasabamidan arseboben,
Tumca gansakuTrebiT mravalricxovanni iyvnen humanizmisa da reformis
xanebSi. unitarelTaA calkeuli seqtebi umTavresad protestantuli
aRmsareblobis wiaRSi Camoyalibda.
1900 wels daarsebuli unitarel da
sxva Tavisufal religiur moazrovneTa saerTaSoriso kongresi dRes
Tavisufali qristianobis msoflio
ligis saxels atarebs. unitarelebi
eTikur da humanistur qristianobas
qadageben da xSirad mimarTaven qristianul gamoxatulebebs (naTloba,
wmida seroba, ziareba). sami RmrTaebrivi pirovnebis moZRvrebis uaryofa
bibliis gamorCeulad racionalis-

upaniSadebi

tur interpretacias efuZneba. rumineTis unitaruli eklesia erTaderTia,

romelsac hyavs episkoposi.
upaniSadebi (Upanisad) [sansk. ezoteruli swavleba] aRniSnavs hinduizmis sxvadasxva anonimur nawarmoebs.
maT Soris yvelaze Zveli nawerebi,
romelTac vedantas saxeliTac moixsenieben, qristemde IX-VI saukuneebs
miekuTvneba. maTSi saubaria samSvinvelis ukvdavebasa da maradiulobaze,
romelic sxeulis sikvdilis Semdeg
reinkarnacias ganicdis. Tumca adamiani unda ecados, aicilos arsebobaTa
mimdevroba (sansara) rogorc vnebaTa, amqveyniur gancdaTa da azrTagan
ganTavisuflebis, ise individualuri
sulis (atmani) universalur sulTan
(brahmani) gaigivebis meSveobiT.
ursulas ordeni n. wmida ursulas
ordeni.
urRveoba (Indissolubilit) [nawarmoebia sityvidan indissolubile urRvevi] xarisxi an piroba imisa, rac
ar SeiZleba gauqmdes. esaa qorwinebis
saidumlos oridan erT-erTi arsebiTi
Tviseba (meore Tvisebaa erTianoba),
ris gamoc gamoiricxeba ganqorwinebis
nebismieri forma.

348
amed mis niSanTa da sityvis arcnobas,
misdami ar mimxrobas (fsalm. 41:1; es.
5:19; 2petr. 3:4) da sxvaTa mimarT mindobas. urwmunoni iyvnen Zveli aRTqmis ebraelebi, romelTac amis gamo
ewodaT meamboxeebi (ricxv. 20:10; ezek.
2:3, Smd.), gaTqvirebulni (rjl. 32:15),
daxSuli gulis da yurTa mqoneni
(es. 32:9; 33:3; maT. 13:14). urwmunoeba
gamoixateba kerpTayvaniscemlobasa da
kerpTa gaRmerTebaSi, cru winaswarmetyvelTa gayolasa da qmnilebebisadmi
mindobaSi. israelma xalxma iesos winaSec gamoamJRavna urwmunoba (maT.
8:10, Smd.; 11:20, Smd.; 23:37, Smd.; ioan.
6:66...), Sescoda suli wmidis winaSe
(maT. 12:31, Smd.; mark. 3:29; luk. 12:10),
WeSmaritebis winaSe (ioan. 7:33, Smd.;
8:21.24.45; 15:22, Smd.), rac SeuZlebels xdis (3:36) maradiuli sicocxlis miRebas. ieso xSirad usayvedurebs
urwmunoebis gamo Tanamedroveebsa da
mowafeebs: maTi urwmunoeba gamoixateba imis araRiarebaSi, rom ieso xorcSesxmuli sityva (ioan. 1:11; 3:11; 6:36),
qriste (1ioan. 2:22, Smd.; 4:2, Smd.; 5:1,
Smd.), macxovaria (ioan. 6:53).

urwmuno (Miscredente) [termini Miscredente Sedgeba uaryofiTi nawilakisgan mis da sityvisgan credente morwmune] aRniSnavs arareligiur, aTeist
an uRmrTo adamians.

usasrulo(Infinito)[laT.in+finitus
(zmna finire-s dasruleba, SezRudva namyos mimReoba) usazRvro,
dausrulebeli] RmrTis arsebiTi
Tviseba. RmerTi usasruloa, radganac
Tavisi bunebiT ar SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros rame sazRvris droebiTobas;
is yovel aseT sazRvars miRmaa, raki
igi sxvaa.

urwmunoeba (Incredulit) [laT. incredulitas] bibliur garemoSi aRniSnavs

ara mxolod RmrTis uaryofas, ar-

usia (Ousia) [berZ.] konkretuli, individualuri realoba; arsi an buneba.

n. hipostasi.

349
usupi, aiazmis sasxurebeli (Aspersorio) [saeklesio laT. aspersorium] naxvretebiani burTuliT daboloebuli
liTonis patara joxi, zogjerjagriani, romliTac apkureben nakurTx
wyals adamianebs, sagnebsa da adgilebs.
usworoba (Irregolarit) [laT. irregularitas qcevaSi disciplinis darRveva] kanonikur samarTalSi samudamo dabrkoleba, romelic krZalavs
mRvdlad miRebas an mRvdlobis aRsrulebas (Sdr. CIC, kan. 1040, Smd.)
utrakvistebi (Utraquisti) n. husitebi.
ufali (Signore) [berZn. Krios; septuagintaSi gadmocemulia tetragramiT Jhwh (n. iahve) da, agreTve,
terminiT adonai] ufali iqca israelis RmrTis, misi uzenaesobis aRsaniSnav yvelaze gavrcelebul formad:
igia ufalT ufali (rjl. 10:17). axal
aRTqmaSi termini ufali gamoiyeneba ara mxolod mama RmrTis, aramed,
agreTve, iesos aRsaniSnavadac: ieso
ufalia (rom. 10:9; 1 kor. 12:3; kol.
2:6), riTac misi RmrTaebriobaa aRiarebuli (Sdr. CCC, 446-451).
ufalo, ganaxven (Invitatorio) [gvianlaT. invitatorius] Sedgeba muxlisgan
ufalo, ganaxven bageni Cemni..., rasac
mosdevs fsalmuni 94 (an fsalmunebi
99, 66 da 23) responsoriumis formiT,
riTic iwyeba JamTa liturgia.
ufalo, Segviwyalen (kirie eleison)
(Kyrie eleison) [laT. transkrifcia
omonimuri berZnuli gamoTqmisa: Kyrie (hoi, ufalo) elison, Soreuli
warsuli imperativi zmnisa, elein

uflis sxeuli

iqonie mowyaleba] sammagi moxmoba (meore maTgania qriste, Segviwyalen!), romelsac warmoTqvamen an
galoben wirvisas, dideba maRalTas
win. aRmosavlur liturgiaSi (antioqiasa da ierusalemSi) is daaxloebiT
IV saukunis dasasrulidan damkvidrda,
dasavlurSi kidaaaxloebiT erTi
saukuniT ufro gvian.
uflebani (Dominazioni) n. angelosi.
uflis locva n. Oratio dominica.
uflis sityvebi (Parole del Signore)
[berZ. mravlobiTi ricxvis forma
lghia, mxolobiTislghion] ase ewodeba saxarebebSi, gansakuTrebiTlukasa da maTesTan, xSirad sxvadasxva
konteqstSi, erTad Tu dacalkevebuli
saxiT mocemul mokle gamonaTqvamebs.
SesaZloa, paralelur teqstebSi luka
da maTe mimarTaven erTsa da imave wyaro Q-s (germ. Quelle, wyaro). iesos
ekuTvnis, agreTve, gamonaTqvamebi (n.
agrafa=dauwereli sityvebi), romlebsac saxarebaTa teqsti ar Seicavs
(Sdr. ioan. 20:30; 21:25), magram gadmogvcemen axali aRTqmis sxva nawerebi
(Sdr. saqm. 20:35), apokrifebi an Zveli
saeklesio avtorebi.
uflis sxeuli (Corpus Domini) [laT.
gamoTqma, aRniSnavs uflis sxeuls]
dResaswauli, romelsac kaTolike
eklesia aRniSnavs uwmidesi samebis
dResaswaulis Semdeg xuTSabaTs, evqaristiisaTvis gansakuTrebuli sazeimo
ieris misacemad. vatikanis II krebis Semdeg ewoda qristes uwmidesi sxeulisa
da sisxlis didi dResaswauli. es dResaswauli papma urban IV-m 1264 wels

ucdomloba

bolsenaSi momxdari saswaulis Semdeg

daamkvidra, 1314 wels ki is klemente
V-m daamtkica. XV saukunidan uflis
sxeulis procesiis gamarTvis tradicia mTel eklesiaSi damkvidrda, rasac
xeli Seuwyo, agreTve, papebis martin
V-isa da evgeni IV-is mier gacemulma
sagangebo indulgenciebma. italiaSi
kviris ganmavlobaSi dResaswaulTa
gauqmebis Semdeg es RonisZieba momdevno kviradRes imarTeba.
ucdomloba (Infallibilita) sarwmunoebis an zneobis sakiTxze azris
gamoTqmisas eklesiis moZRvrebis mier
Secdomis daSvebis SeuZlebloba. kaTolike eklesiis katexizmo Seucdomlobis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs: mociqulTa mier
gadmocemuli rwmenis siwmidiT eklesiis SesanarCuneblad qristem, vincaa
WeSmariteba, isurva, eklesia Tavisi
ucdomlobis Tanamonawile gaexada.
sarwmunoebis zebunebrivi arsis
meSveobiT RmrTis xalxi Seumcdarad miemxroba sarwmunoebas eklesiis
moZRvrebis xelmZRvanelobiT. eklesiis
moZRvrebis misia RmrTis mier Tavis
xalxTan dadebuli aRTqmis gadamwyvet
xasiaTs ukavSirdeba. es misia moicavs
swori gzidan gadaxrisa da dacemisagan RmrTis xalxis dacvasa da misTvis WeSmariti sarwmunoebis ucdomlad
aRsarebis obieqturi SesaZleblobis
uzrunvelyofas. maSasadame, eklesiis
moZRvrebis samwyso amocanaa, Tvali
adevnos imas, rom RmrTis xalxi gamanTavisuflebel WeSmaritebaSi darCes.
am msaxurebis aRsasruleblad qristem
sulTa mwyemsebs mianiWa sarwmunoebisa da zneobis sakiTxSi Seucdomlobis qarizma, romlis moqmedebas

350
sxvadasxva forma da xasiaTi SeiZleba
hqondes. Tavisi msaxurebidan gamomdinare, am SeucdomlobiT sargeblobs
romis pontifeqsi, episkoposTa kolegiis meTauri, rodesac yvela morwmunis umaRlesi moZRvrisa da maswavleblis xarisxSi, sarwmunoebasTan an
zneobasTan dakavSirebul moZRvrebas
acxadebs saboloo aqtiT da amgvarad
rwmenaSi ganamtkicebs Tavis moZmeT...
eklesiisaTvis dapirebuli ucdomloba moicavs, agreTve, episkoposTa
mTlianobasac, rodesac is aRasrulebs
umaRles moZRvrebas petres memkvidresTan erTad (LG, 25), umTavresad,
msoflio krebaze. rodesac eklesia
Tavisi umaRlesi moZRvrebis meSveobiT
warmoadgens rames, rac RmrTis mier
gamocxadebulad, qristesmier swavlebad unda virwmunoT, aseT gansazRvrebebs rwmenismieri mowiwebiT unda
mivemxroT (LG, 25). eklesiis ucdomloba moicavs RmrTaebriv gamocxadebas mTlianobaSi (CCC, 889-891). n.
vatikanis krebebi.
ucxo enebze saubari (Lingue, parlare
in) [berZ. glossolala] eqstazuri xasiaTis movlena, gavrcelebuli pirvel
qristianul sakrebuloebSi (saqm. 2:3,
Smd., 11; 10:46; 19:6; 1kor. 12:10.28.30; 13:1;
14:2, Smd.) n. qarizma.
uwmidesi
(Santissimo)
[santissimoaRmatebiTi xarisxi sityvisa santo wmida] tradiciulad miemarTeba
samebas da mariams, rogorc umaRlesi
Tayvaniscemis RirsT. amave dros, aRniSnavs qristes evqaristiaSi.
uxamurni (Scalzi/e) [laT. discalceati
fexSiSvelni, uxamurni] ase ewo-

351

uxamurni

deba moweseebs, romlebic siRatakisa

da monaniebis niSnad mxolod sandlebs atareben (franciskelni) an sruliad uxamurni (karmelelni) dadian.
franciske asizelma iesos mibaZvis
mizniT TanamoZmeebs fexSiSvela siaruli dauwesa. amitomac uwodebdnen
am ordenis wevrebs agreTve uxamurT,
gansakuTrebiTgermanulenovan qveynebSi. calkeuli reformirebuli ordenebisa Tu kongregaciebis garda, rogorebic iyvnen, mag., observantebi da

kapucinebi, amave dros, karmelelni,

servitebi, pasionistebi da sxvani Tavs
movaled miiCnevdnen, mudam fexSiSvela
yofiliyvnen. mogvianebiT, wesdebaTa
gadaxedvis Sedegad, xSirad nebadarTuli gaxda gamonaklisebi (magaliTad,
wirvis Catarebisas an sicivis mizeziT
daSvebuli iyo fexze Cacma). uxamurTa
kategorias ganekuTvneba qalTa ramdenime ordenic, mag., klariselebi, kapucinelebi, karmelelni, avgustineli
monazvnebi.

fabrika Fabbrica) [laT. fabrica, nawarmoebia saxelidan faber saamqro]

aRniSnavs eklesias an sxva sakralur
Senobas, sadac iwarmoeba kultisaTvis
saWiro sxvadasxva nivTebi (magaliTad,
wmida petres fabrika).
fakiri (Fachiro) [arab. faqir, Raribi] mowyalebis mTxovneli asketi indusi, romelic religiur wes-CveulebaTa (savarjiSoni, sinanuli) meSveobiT cdilobs fizikur unarTa damorCilebas, rasac Sedegad ugrZnobeloba
da katalefsia (gaxeveba) mohyveba.
falaxebi (Falasci) [eTiopiuridan
ge ez falasa emigranti] aRniSnavs
eTiopiis CrdiloeTiT arsebul mcirericxovan iudaur religiur jgufebs.
isini misdeven arqaul iudaizms da
ar aRiareben postbibliur da rabinul cvlilebebs, eyrdnobian bibliur
wyaroebs, inarCunebs enas ge ez-s da
eTiopiis eklesiis Zveli aRTqmiseul
kanons. ukanasknel xans, eTiopiaSi arsebuli rTuli socialuri da politikuri viTarebis gamo, es jgufebi sahaero gziT israelSi gadaiyvanes.
familistebi (Familisti) holandiasa
da inglisSi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi
gavrcelebuli protestantuli seqta.

is daaxloebiT 1540 wels h. niklaesma

daaarsa. seqtis mimdevrebs,romlebic iyvnen wevrebi gulmowyalebis
ojaxisa (Familia charitatis, saidanac momdinareobs maTi saxelwodeba
familistebi),swamdaT, rom gulmowyaleba maT TviT RmrTaebriobis
Tanamonawileebad aqcevda.
fanone (Fanone) [Suasauk. laT. fano
naWeri] ormagi kapiuSoniani mokle
mantia, erTiTeTri abreSumis, meore
ki oqrosferi qsovilisa, romelsac
papi sazeimo wirvis dros icmevda. mis
gare pirze oqros jvari iyo amoqarguli. amave saxels atarebs, agreTve,
mitris ori zolic.
farisevelni (Farisei) [SesaZloa, momdinareobdes ebrauli sityvidan perisajja dayofilni, Semdeg berZnulSi
damkvidrda forma pharisioi] Zveli
ebrauli politikuri da religiuri
moZraoba, romelic makabelTa xanaSi
aRmocenda (qristes Sobamde II s.).
Tavdapirvelad yasidebis (RmrTismoSiSni) moZraobasTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni, mkveTrad daupirispirdnen rogorc warmarTul gavlenas (umTavresad, elinisturi samyaros gavlenas),
ise saRmrTismsaxurebo aristokratiis

353
moZraobas (n. sadukevelni). iyvnen
Toras (dawerili kanoni) da mamaTa
tradiciis (zepiri kanoni) Tavdadebuli damcvelebi, romelTac aucileblad miiCnevdnen ebraelobis nebismieri gadagvarebisagan dasacavad da
iudevelTa erovnuli sulis mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad. maTi normatiuli simkacre umTavresad sam sakiTxSi
vlindeboda: sakanonmdeblo siwmindes,
meaTedebis gadaxdasa da SabaTis uqmobas (n. SabaTi) ukavSirdeboda. asketur wes-CveulebaTa mimdevrobis gamo
farisevelni xalxis simpatiiTa da,
sadukevlebTan SedarebiT, meti gavleniT sargeblobdnen. am ukanasknelebTan maT ufro samoZRvro gansxvavebani
hqondaT, vidre liturgiuli. magaliTad, farisevlebs swamdaT mkvdreTiT
aRdgoma da mesiis mosvla. iesos dros
farisevelni gavlenian jgufs warmoadgendnen. ieso xSirad kamaTobda
farisevlebTan, radganac isini, adamianTan SedarebiT, kanonis gankargulebas aniWebdnen upiratesobas, sulTan
SedarebiTwessa da daweril sityvas
(maT. 15:1, Smd.).
fatebenefratelebi (Fatebenfratelli)
saxeli, romelic ewoda wmida ioane RmrTisas saavadmyofos ordenis
wevrebs. warmoSobiT portugalielma
ioane RmrTisam (1494-1550) sneulTa
daxmarebis mizniT granadaSi saeroTa
sakrebulo daaarsa. Semdeg, 1572 wels,
grigol XIII-m sakrebulo avgustineseuli wesdebis ordenad gamoacxada.
dRes am ordenis wevrebi umTavresad
saero Zmebi arian, da, garda Cveuli
sami aRTqmisa, agreTve, saavadmyofoebSi
msaxurebis aRTqmasac deben.

fesvis gankurneba

febronianeloba
(Febronianesimo)
iurisdiqcionalisturi
doqtrina, romlis saxelwodebac iustinus
febroniusis saxelidan momdinareobs.
es treviris sufragani episkoposis, iohan nikolaus fon honthaimis (1790)
fsevdonimia, misi dawerilia De statu
ecclesiae et legitima potestate Romani
Pontificis (1763). am naSromSi uaryofilia eklesiis wiaRSi papis iurisdiqciis primati da gatarebulia calkeul
erovnul eklesiaTa damoukideblobis
ideaa.
pontifeqsis
avtoritetis
monarqiul struqturas unda Canacvleboda msoflio kreba rogorc eklesiis umaRlesi organo, romlis avtoriteti papzec gavrceldeboda. episkopalizmis mkafio gavlenis matarebeli febronianuri Tezisebi uaryves
rogorc klemente XIII-m, ise germanel
episkoposTa umravlesobam. sabolood
maT vatikanis I krebis Semdeg (1870)
dakarges Zala da gavlena.
feriscvaleba (Trasfigurazione) [laT.
trasfiguratio transformacia, gardasaxva] aRniSnavs iesos ieris cvlilebas, roca igi Taboris mTaze Tavis
RmrTaebriobaSi gamoecxada petres, iakobsa da ioanes (maT. 17:1-9; mark. 9:1-13;
luk. 9:28-36), riTac winaswar amcno
Tavisi aRdgoma da morwmuneTa imedi
(rom. 8:29; 1kor. 15:49; 2kor. 3:18; fil.
3:21). feriscvalebis liturgiuli
dResaswauli 6 agvistos aRiniSneba.
fesvis gankurneba (Sanazione in radice)
[laT. sanatio, nawarmoebia sityvebidan
sanare gankurneba da radix fesvi]
kanonikur samarTalSi ase ewodeba baTilad cnobili qorwinebis sagangebo

fetiSi

damtkicebas, romelic gulisxmobs ara

mxolod Seferxebisagan an kanonikuri
formisagan ganTavisuflebas, aramed,
agreTve, ganaTavisuflebas Tanxmobis
ganaxlebis valdebulebisagan da kanonikur SedegTa ukuqmedebas, boZebuls
kompetenturi uwyebis mier (CIC, kan.
1161, naw. 1). am proceduris saxelwodeba
iqidan momdinareobs, rom kanonis mier
Zaladakargulad cnobis safuZvelze,
SesaZlebeli xdeba TviT qorwinebis aRsrulebis momentTan mibruneba da misi
gabaTilebis mizezis aRmofxvra.
fetiSi (Feticcio) [portug. feitio amuleti, romelic, Tavis mxriv, nawarmoebia laTinuridan facticius damzadebuli, xelnakeTi] XV saukuneSi
portugalieli kolonizatorebi fetiSs uwodebdnen sagnebs (xeebi, qvebi,
niJarebi, qoTnebi da sxva), romlebsac
dasavleT afrikis aborigeni xalxebi eTayvanebodnen. dRes ase ewodeba
usulo sagans an arsebas, romelic magiuri, jadosnuri Zalis an saRmrTo
unaris matareblad miiCneva.
fetiSizmi (Feticismo) termini Seqmna
S. de brosem Tavis naSromSi Culte des
dieux fetiches (parizi, 1760). am sityviT
is zeadamianuri Zalis mqone xelnakeT
Tu bunebriv sagnebs aRniSnavda. Semdeg fetiSizmi iqca sazogado saxelad,
romelic zogadad afrikis primitiul
xalxTa religiebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda. amJamad, primitiul religiaTa mkvlevrebi cdiloben, ar mimarTon xsenebul termins, misi uaryofiTi
mniSvnelobis gamo.
fexTbanva (Lavanda dei piedi) [laT. lavanda (mdedr. forma sityvisa lavandus,

354
rac zmnis lavare dabana, gerundivia)] wesi, romelic sruldeba wirvisas wmida paraskevs saidumlo serobis
mosaxsenieblad. wirvis aRmvleneli
mRvdelmsaxuri saxarebis wakiTxvis Semdeg imeorebs iesos qmedebas, rodesac
man muxli moiyara mociqulTa winaSe,
fexebi dabana maT da imaves gakeTebisaken mouwoda maT: magaliTi mogeciT,
raTa, rogorc me mogeqeciT, Tqvenc ise
moiqceT (ioan. 13:15). fexTbanvis Rrma
mniSvnelobis mqone simboluri Jesti
miRebuli iyo monastrebSi stumarTa
mimarT kacTmoyvarebisa da morCilebis
niSnad. SemdgomSi is iqca liturgiul
wesad, romelsac episkoposi sakaTedro
taZarSi aRasrulebs.
fideizmi (Fideismo) [frang. sityvidan fidisme, romelic nawarmoebia
laTinuridan fides rwmena] mcdari
Teologiuri da filosofiuri moZRvreba, romelic amtkicebs gonebasTan
mimarTebaSi rwmenis aRmatebulebas,
da TviT adamianis gonebis uZlurebas,
Seicnos rwmenis WeSmariteba. racionalizmis gadaWarbebebze reaqciis saxiT
damkvidrebuli fideizmi didi popularobiT sargeblobda XIX saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi. eklesiam dagmo fideizmi da xazi gausva gonebis mniSvnelobas, gansakuTrebiT, rwmenis safuZvlebTan damokidebulebaSi.
filapterionebi
(Filatteri)
[laT.
phylacterium, nawarmoebia berZnulidan phylaptrion (zmnidan phylssein
dacva, Senaxva) Senaxva] tyavis
mcire zomis budeebi, romlebSic moTavsebuli iyo pergamentis 4 mcire
gragnili bibliis calkeuli nawyvete-

355
biT: Sublsa da marcxena mklavze
damagrebuli amgvari filapterionebi sarwmunoebisadmi (n. Tora) erTgulebis niSans warmoadgenda.
filiokve (Filioque) [laT. gamoTqma,
iTargmneba rogorc da Zisagan] termini laTinurma eklesiam daamkvidra
nikea-konstantinopolis simboloSi (n.
mrwamsi) suli wmidasTan mimarTebaSi.
am dogmaturi formulis istoriuli
sawyisi sakmaod bundovania. calkeul
mosazrebaTa Tanaxmad, is toledos III
krebidan (589) iRebs dasabams, zogi
mas kidev ufro adreul xanas, kerZod, saragosas krebis periods (380)
ukavSirebs. darwmunebiT imis Tqma
SeiZleba, rom filiokve daaxloebiT
VI saukuneSi espanur, mozarabikul
liturgiaSi damkvidrda. aqedan misi
gamoyeneba gavrcelda safrangeTSi,
germaniasa da Semdeg
italiaSi. es
termini dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis
eklesiaTa Soris erT-erTi umwvavesi
Teologiuri kamaTis mizezi gaxda.
marTlac, dasavleTis eklesia miiCnevs,
rom suli wmida gamovals mamisagan
da Zisagan (filioque), xolo aRmosavleTis eklesia ki acxadebs, rom suli
wmida gamodis mama RmrTisgan Zis meSveobiT (per Filium), rac samebis saidumloebis gansxvavebul ganmartebaTa
safuZvels qmnis. moZRvrebis TvalsazrisiT, gamoTqma filiokve aRmosavluri sqizmis (1054) erT-erT mizezad
iqca.
fizisi (Physis) [berZ. buneba] termini aRniSnavs an amqveyniur arsebaTa erTobliobas, romlebic Zvelad
TviTgenerirebad erTeulebad aRiqme-

fokolareelni

boda, an erTi arsebis Tvisebriv da

pirvelsawyis arss, gansakuTrebiT misi
specifikuri moqmedebis sawyisis TvalsazrisiT. samebisa da qristologiur
TeologiaSi termini aRniSnavs RmrTis
gamaerTianebel sawyiss, romelSic Tanaarsebobs sami pirovneba; agreTve,
pirovnebis
erTaderTobaSi
adamianurisa da RmrTaebrivis dualizms,
rac isev problemurobiTaa gamorCeuli da upirispirdeba madls. amasTan, misi Teologiuri, filosofiuri
da samecniero mniSvnelobis mravali
ganmarteba arsebobs.
fistula (Fistola) [laT. fistula
joxi, ewodeba agreTve calamus, anu
canna eucharistica] patara vercxlis an
oqros joxi, romlis meSveobiTac erT
dros msaxurebis aRmvleneli barZimidan nakurTx Rvinos svamda.
fokolareelni (Focolarini) religiuri moZraoba, romlis wevri qalebi da
mamakacebi miznad isaxavenen saxarebis
Sesatyvisi wesiT cxovrebas da, umTavresad, iesos suliskveTebiT siyvarulisa da erTianobis gancdas. moZraoba
1943 wels trentoSi, kiara lubiCis
meoxebiT aRmocenda, Tumca oficialurad is mxolod 1962 wlis 23 marts
iqna aRiarebuli saxelwodebiT mariamis
sazogadoeba (Opera di Maria). moZraobis sabaziso erTeuls warmoadgens kera
(focolare): adgili, sadac gizgizebs
urTierTziari siyvarulis mier danTebuli ali, im ojaxuri siTbos magaliTiT, romliTac iyo gamsWvaluli
nazareTis saxli. fokolareelTa organizacia moicavs: a) saerTo cxovrebis
wesis wevrebs: esaa mamakacTa an qalTa

formaTa istoria

mcire sakrebuloebi, romlebic iReben

valdebulebas, gulmowyalebas emsaxuron sakrebuloSi da samuSaoze; ubiwoebis, siRatakisa da morCilebis aRTqmaTa meSveobiT RmerTs uZRvnian Tavs;
b) daqorwinebuli wevrebi: daqorwinebuli adamianebi, romlebic mTlianad
RmerTs uZRvnian Tavs da aseve deben
morCilebis, siRatakisa da ubiwoebis
aRTqmebs, maTi ojaxuri movaleobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebel farglebSi; g) mRvdelmsaxuri wevrebi: mRvdelmsaxurebi, romlebic saerTo cxovrebis
fokolareelTa valdebulebebs iziareben, maT Soris sakrebulos msaxurebisTvis sruli mzadyofnis vldebulebis
CaTvliT, amave dros, es mRvdelmsaxurni sakuTar diocezebSi ganwesebas
inarCuneben. organizaciis koordinirebas uzrunvelyofs saero xelmZRvaneli,
mas exmarebian saeklesio wodebis mqone
asistenti da sabWo, romlis wevrebsac eqvs weliwadSi erTxel irCeven.
garda amisa, organizaciaSi, amasTanave,
moqmedeben
moxalise saero pirebi,
romlebic RmrTis winaSe iReben valdebulebas, iRvawon sazogadoebis qristianuli ganaxlebisaTvis. moxaliseebi
adgilobriv ujredebSi (skolebi,
fabrikebi, dawesebulebebi) moqmedeben
da sakuTari profesiuli saqmianobiT
amtkiceben, rom saxarebiseuli uwyeba
adamianis integraluri mowodebis sruli ganxorcielebis garantiaa. dRes es
moZraoba yvela kontinentis asze met
qveyanaSi moqmedebs.
formaTa istoria (Formgeschichte)
ase ewodeba germanul enaze formaTa
istoriis, anu istoriul-formalur
meTods. xsenebuli meTodi eyrdnoba

356
varauds, rom saxarebebi Tavdapirvelad
dacalkevebuli mcire teqstebis nakrebebs warmoadgenda. meTodis mimdevarTa
amocanaa, literaturuli formisa
da Seqmnis savaraudo kulturuli
garemos mixedviT aRadginon am fragmentebis istoria saxarebis saboloo
redaqciis etapamde.
formula (Formula) [laT. formula, kninobiTi forma sityvisa forma
forma] is, rac ritaualuri an
kanonieri normis Tanaxmad moiTxoveba.
saidumlo formula ewodeba sityvier
formulas, romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri
saidumlos aRsrulebisas warmoTqvams.
forumi (Foro) [laT. forum] Tavdapirvelad ase ewodeboda saxlis gareT arsebul sivrces, Semdeg
adgils, sadac saqmiani, sazogadoebrivi
da sasamarTlo sakiTxebi wydeboda. am
ukanaskneli mniSvnelobis gavrcobis
Sedegad forumi ewoda adgils, sadac
rame Zalauflebis an movaleobis aRsruleba xdeba. aqedan, saeklesio forums im garemos uwodeben, romelSic
eklesia sakuTar iurisdiqcias asrulebs. gare forumi sazogadoebriv
urTierTobaTa da sazogado sikeTis is
garemoa, romelSic sajarod sruldeba
Zalauflebis an movaleobis ganxorcieleba. Sida forumi ki morwmuneTa
da pirovnuli keTildReobis is piradi
sivrcea, romelSic monaniebis saidumlos aRsrulebis farglebSi (saidumloebrivi Sida forumi) an monaniebis
saidumlos gareT (arasaidumloebrivi
Sida forumi), Sesabamisad, aRsarebis
mimRebi anda zemdgomi Zalauflebas an
movaleobas axorcieleben.

357
franciskelebi (Francescani) ase ewodebaT franciskelTa ojaxis sami ordenidan erT-erTis wevrebs. es ordenebia: ZmaTa (Ordo fratrum minorum),
klarisel daTa da saeroTa ordenebi.
iezuitTa msgavsad, franciskelebi
kaTolike eklesiis ZiriTad da yvelaze
aqtiur ordens warmoadgenen. ordeni wmida franciske asizelma (1226)
daaarsa. franciske asiziSi, 1181 wlis
dasasruls an 1182 wlis dasawyisSi
daibada pietro di bernardonesa da pikas ojaxSi. axalgazrdoba man sakmaod
udardelad gaatara, samxedro karieris wamowyebis ramdenime warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg RmerTs miuZRvna Tavi, raTa RaribTa da gaWirvebulTa sasargeblod eRvawa. misi am
gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo ojaxTan
man urTierToba gawyvita da qadageba
da upovari cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba
daiwyo. igi cdilobda, qceuliyo meore qristed misi mibaZvisa da xorcis
mokvdinebamde miyvanili morCilebis
meSveobiT. franciskes male gauCnda mimdevrebi TanamoZmeTa Soris, romelTaTvisac man samoweseo cxovrebis arsebiTi
elementebis Semcveli wesi Camoayaliba.
inokenti III-m 1210 wels sityvierad
daadastura franciskelTa wesi. 1212
wels wmida franciskem wmida klarasTan erTad Camoayaliba meore ordeni
(n. klarelni), 1221 wels kisaeroTa
mesame ordeni. 1223 wlis 29 noembers
honorius III-m sabolood daamtkica
franciskelTa wesi. 1224 wlis seqtemberSi wmida franciskes vernas mTaze
sxeulze stigmebi gamoesaxa, 1225 wels
ki man SeTxza qmnilebaTa qeba, italiuri literaturis pirveli didi
nawarmoebi. wmida franciske 1226 wlis

fratiCelebi

4 oqtombris damdegs porciunkolaSi,

asizis maxloblad gardaicvala. franciskelebi gamoirCeodnen ara mxolod
wmida cxovrebis wesiT, aramed, agreTve,
moZRvrebis gaRrmavebiTac, rac bonaventuras, rojer bekonis, duns skotis,
uiliam okamisa da sxva did pirovnebaTa
damsaxurebaa. amave dros, franciskelTa
istoria mdidaria, agreTve, konfliqtebiTa da reformebiT, rac, umTavresad,
upovarebis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba, romelic XIV saukuneSi observant (osservanti; wesis damcvelebi) da konventual (conventuali; samonastroni)
franciskelebs Soris ganxeTqilebis
mizezad iqca. observantebma, romelTac
qveynisagan gandgomis uZvelesi idealisadmi erTguleba SeinarCunes, 1368 wlis
Semdeg upiratesoba moipoves ufro
Semrigebluri mentalitetis mqone
konventualebTan SedarebiT, romlebic qalaqur monastrebSi cxovrobdnen.
1517 wels observantebis ordeni papma
leon X-m aRiara (bula Ite et vos in
vineam), moweseebma daimkvidres saxeli
Ordo Fratrum Minorum regularis observantiae (O.F.M.minoritebi). konventuali franciskelebi damoukidebel
Stod darCnen (O.F.M.Conv.konventualebi). kidev erTi reformistuli
moZraobis moTaveebi gaxdnen kapucinebi
(O.F.M. Cap.). maT mier wamowyebulma
moZraobam XVI saukuneSi daadastura
franciskul idealTa sicocxlisunarianoba, romlebic dRemde inarCunebs
Tavis Zalas.
fratiCelebi (Fraticelli) [kninobiTi
forma sityvisa frati Zmebi)] termini
momdinareobs saxelidan, romliTac
ioane XXII-m 1317 wels maTi dagmobi-

fsalmodia

sas, franciskelTa erTi jgufi moixsenia. am jgufis wevrebi, romlebic

TavianT Tavs spiritualistebs uwodebdnen, mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni siRatakis idealTan da mkacrad
akritikebdnen
xorciel
klerikalur eklesias. ioane XXII-m Tavdapirvelad dapirispirebis Serbileba
da fratiCelTa Sesabamis zemdgomTaTvis daqvemdebareba scada. es mcdeloba uSedego gamodga, amitomac
fratiCelebs, rogorc eretikosebs,
dauwyes devna. fratiCelebi gandegilebad cxovrobdnen da siRatakis
Zalze mkacr wesebs misdevdnen. garda
amisa, amtkicebdnen orisulieri da
xorcielieklesiis arsebobas da papis kuriasa da saeklesio ierarqias am
ukanasknelTan aigivebdnen.
fsalmodia (Salmodia) [gvianlaT.
psalmodia, nawarmoebia berZnulidan
psalmoda (psalms fsalmuni+oid
galoba)] fsalmunTa modulirebuli
Sesruleba an mxolod solistis, an
solistisa da monawileTa (romlebic
misamRers imeoreben; responsoriumis
fsalmuni) mier, an kidev, antifonis
saxiT (antifoni), anda gundad, yvela
damswris mier.
fsalmunebi (Salmi) [gvianlaT. psalmus, romelic momdinareobs berZnulidan psalms (zmnidan psllein citris xmaze galoba)] Zveli aRTqmis
fsalmunTa wigni 150 poeturi nawarmoebisagan Sedgeba, romelTagan 73-is
avtoroba mefe daviTs miewereba. xuTwigneulis magaliTiT is pirobiTad
xuT wignad aris dayofili: 1-41; 42-72;
73-89; 90-106; 107-150. araerT fsalmuns

358
dasawyisSi mocemuli aqvs saTauri, romelic miuTiTebs: a) nawarmoebis Janrs;
b) musikalur tonalobas an instruments, romelzec unda Sesruldes
akompanimenti; g) nawarmoebis liturgiul daniSnulebas; d) avtors; d)
nawarmoebis Seqmnis istoriul garemoebebs. fsalmunebi, romelTa udidesi
nawili qristemde X-III saukuneebSi
Seiqmna, Janrobrivi mravalferovnebiT
xasiaTdeba: israelis istoriasa Tu
bunebaSi gamomJRavnebuli RmrTis
sidiadis sadidebeli fsalmunebi (8; 9;
23; 77; 98; 100; 104; 105; 106); samadlobeli (mag., 66; 116; 136), monaniebisa
da godebis sagaloblebi (mag., 6; 7;
13; 22; 31; 38; 51; 63; 86; 130); krulvis fsalmunebi (35, 1-8; 58; 60,23-29;
109,6, Smd). fsalmunTa gansakuTrebul
jgufebs ganekuTvneba halelis (113-118;
136; 146-150), momlocvelobis (120134) da aRsaydrebis Temisadmi (47; 93;
96; 97; 98; 99) miZRvnili fsalmunebi.
axal aRTqmaSi sxvadasxva fsalmunebi
mesianurad ganimarta (mag., 2; 22; 69;
72; 110) an iahves, rogorc samyaros
meufis esqatologiuri gandidebis
kuTxiT iqna ganxiluli
(aseTebia,
magaliTad, aRsaydrebisadmi miZRvnili
fsalmunebi). fsalmunTa wigni rTuli
nawarmoebia. amasTan, mas axasiaTebs poeturi suliskveTebisa da stilisturi
erTianoba, ramac ganapiroba is, rom
religiur sagalobelTa es krebuli
ierusalemis meore taZarSi liturgiul salocav teqstad gamoiyeneboda.
fsalmunTa wigni istoriis Svidi saukunis manZilze gamowrTobili israelis religiuri sulis sarkea. fsalmunebSi gadmocemulia RmrTis, mis
atributTa, israelis istoriisa da sa-

359

fxizloba

myaros warmmarTveli gangebis Sesaxeb

vrceli moZRvreba. yumranSi farTod
gamoyenebuli fsalmunTa krebuli
iesos da adrindeli eklesiis locvis
wignic iyo. eklesia dResac mimarTavs
mas, umTavresad, JamTa liturgiaSi.
fundamentalizmi (Fondamentalismo)
[ingl. sityvidan fondamentalism]
terminis saxelwodeba momdinareobs
mcire moculobis 12 naSromisagan Semdgari seriidan fundamenturi principebi, WeSmaritebis damowmeba (Cikago, 1910-1912), romelic a. k. diqsonisa
da r. a. toris redaqciiT gamoica da
XIX saukunis dasasruls aRmocenebul
amerikul moZraobas eZRvneba. es moZraoba, bibliisadmi radikaluri da absoluturi erTgulebis saxeliT, daupirispirda bibliis modernistuli da
Tavisufali ganmartebis tendenciebs,
romlebic daadanaSaula qristianuli
ganmartebis arsebiTi moTxovnilebebis
ugulebelyofaSi samecniero meTodTa
sasargeblod, romelTa egzegetikac
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs. bibliis
umcdomlobis Tezisis SemoTavazebiT
moZraobam xelaxla daamkvidra misi

zeSTagonebuli xasiaTis Tezisi. dRes

termini fundamentalizmi aRniSnavs,
agreTve, islamur moZraobebsa da
jgufebs, romlebsac religiur Tu
socialur da politikur sakiTxebSi
gansakuTrebulebad Seuvali konservatizmi axasiaTebs.
fundamenturi Teologia (Fondamentale, teologia) [laT. theologia fundamentalis] ewodeba, agreTve, zogadi
Teologia, anu Teologiis mosamzadebeli safexuri. rogorc Teologiis
specifikuri disciplina, ikvlevs sarwmunoebis gadacemis sakiTxebs. aqedan
gamomdinare, misi Seswavlis umTavresi
sagania gamocxadeba da yovelive, rac
ukavSirdeba gamocxadebis wyaroebs
(saRmrTo werili da gadmocema). n.
apologetika.
fxizloba (Vigilia) [laT. Ramis
gaTeneba (sityvidan vigil fxizeli)]
didi religiuri dResaswaulis (Sobis,
aRdgomis, suli wmidis gardamosvlis
da a.S.) wina dRe. misi damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi SeiZleba iyos marxva da xorcisagan Tavis Sekaveba.

qaaba (Kaaba) [arab., kaba koWi,
kamaTeli] aRniSnavs kubis formis
Senobas, mis erT-erT kedelSi Catanebuli Savi qviT. am qvas, savaraudod, meteorits, arabebi RmrTis mier
warmogzavnilad miiCneven da masTan
momlocvelobas awyoben. qaaba meqis
meCeTis ezoSi mdebareobs. esaa 12 metris sigrZis, 10 metris siganisa da
15 metris simaRlis Senoba. muhamadi
amtkicebda, rom qaaba alahis uZvelesi
salocavia da TviT abraamis mieraa
agebuli.
qadageba (Predicazione) [laT. praedicatio] esaa RmrTis sityvis sajaro
gamocxadeba saxarebis gavrcelebis,
adamianTa ganaTlebisa da darigebis
mizniT. qadageba eklesiis Zireuli
funqciaa, mas episkoposebi da mRvdelmsaxurebi axorcieleben. n. homilia.
qaldevelni (Caldei) qaldeuri an
asiriul-aRmosavluri wesis kaTolikeebi. saxeldeba momdinareobs Zveli
qaldeis (mesopotamia) regionis saxelwodebidan.
nestorianelobidan
kaTolikur sarwmunoebaze moqceuli
qaldevelni romis eklesias pirvelad
daaxloebiT XVI saukunis SuaxanebSi
SeurTdnen ioane sulayas Zalisxmevis

Sedegad, romelic 1555 wels mowamebrivad mokvda swored am SeerTebis

gamo. rogorc Sida, ise romTan
mravalricxovan dapirispirebaTa da
gaugebrobaTa Semdeg papma leon XIII-m
qaldevelTa eklesias patriarqisa da
episkoposTa arCevis ufleba daubruna.
qalwuleba (Verginit) [laT. verginitas] aRniSnavs arCevans adamianebisa,
romlebic ubiwoebas inarCuneben da
uars acxadeben yovelgvar seqsualur
siamovnebaze. axal aRTqmaSi ubiwoeba
moixsenieba gansakuTrebul madlad,
mTlianad uflisa da misi sasufevlisadmi Tavis miZRvnis niSnad (maT.
19:12; 25:1.6; luk. 20:35). kaTolike eklesiis katexizmos Tanaxmad, ubiwoeba
aris Zlieri niSani qristesTan kavSiris upiratesobisa, misi dabrunebis
mxurvale molodinisa, niSani, romelic
gvaxsenebs, rom qorwineba amqveyniuri,
warmavali samyaros realobaa (CCC,
1619). n. ubiwoeba.
qalwulTa ordeni (Vergini, ordine
delle) pirvel qristianul sakrebuloebSi iyvnen qalebi, umTavresad qvrivebi,
romlebic liturgiul da RmrTismosav saqmianobas eweodnen da ubiwo
cxovrebis valdebulebas iRebdnen. am-

361
Jamindeli kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, dResac SesaZlebelia,
ubiwo pirovnebebma piradad miuZRvnan
Tavi RmerTs, icxovron calke an ojaxSi
da emsaxuron eklesias qristesTan TavianTi mistikuri qorwinebis meSveobiT
(CIC, kan. 604). am umanko adamianebis
erToblioba qmnis swored qalwulTa
ordens. maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan SekavSireba sakuTari ganzraxvis dacvisa
da eklesiisadmi msaxurebis saqmeSi
urTierTdaxmarebis mizniT, Tumca es
ar Seadgens maTi statusis aucilebel
elements.
qanaani (Canaan) finikiis, anu palestinis Zveli saxelwodeba md. iordanamde (sof. 2:5). mas Semdeg, rac iq
abraamma miaRwia, iqca israelis xalxis
aRTqmul miwad (dab. 13:12-17). amorevelebiT, xeTelebiT,
ferizelebiT,
qanaanelebiT, xivelebiT, iebusevelebiT, gergesevelebiT dasaxlebuli es
miwa israelis xalxma mZime brZolebis
fasad daipyro (gam. 23:23-33, ies. 7:7,
Smd.).
qarizma (Carisma) [berZ. chrisma,
nawarm. sityvidan chris madli] zebunebrivi niWi, boZebuli RmrTis mier
morwmunisaTvis misiis, msaxurebis Sesasruleblad eklesiaSi da eklesiisaTvis (Sdr. 1kor. 12:7; efes. 4:12). sityva
qarizma Teqvsmetjeraa naxsenebi wmida pavles nawerebSi da erTxelwmida
petresTan (1petr 4:10). wmida pavlem
ocamde sxvadasxva niWis Semcvel qarizmaTa oTxi sia Camoayaliba, romlebSic
Sedis: enaTa flobis niWi (glosolalia), saswaulTa Cadenis unari, winaswarmetyveleba, sulTa garCeva da sxva.

qerobinebi

qarizmaTa avTentikurobis Sesaxeb gansja eklesiis prerogativaa (LG, 12).

qarizmatikosebi n. ormocdaaTianelni.
qebaTa qeba (Cantico dei cantici) Zveli aRTqmis wigni, romlis avtorobac solomons miewereba. rva Tavad
dayofili es wigni mamakacisa da qalis vnebian da urTierTmltolvel
siyvaruls aRwers. egzegetikosebi mis
sakmaod gansxvavebul interpretaciebs
gvTavazoben: pirdapirs, alegoriuls,
tipursa da sxva. ebrauli tradicia
mas ganmartavs, rogorc israelisadmi iahves siyvarulis gamoxatulebas,
qristianuli tradicia ki masSi eklesiis mimarT qristes siyvaruls xedavs.
qebani (Lodi) [laT. laudes qeba]
eklesiis dilis locva. mwuxrTan erTad JamTa liturgiis erT-erTi mTavari Jamia.
qerobinebi (Cherubini) [Zveli babilonuri fuZidan karibu is, vinc loculobs, akurTxebs, qomagobs; Semdeg
ebraulSi damkvidrda forma kerbhm] zebunebrivi arsebani, RmrTis
nebis aRmsrulebelni. pirvelad miwieri samoTxis zRurblTan Cndebian (dab.
3:23-24), raTa cecxlovani maxvilis meSveobiT adamsa da evas sicocxlis xisken
mimavali gza gadauRobon. ebraelTaTvis mxolod qerobinTa gamosaxva iyo
nebadarTuli. RmrTis brZanebiT, mosem
ori qerobinis oqroWedili gamosaxuleba mosananieblis kideebze, skivrze,
piriT erTmaneTisken moaTavsa, rogorc
iahves uxilavi Tandaswrebis simbolo.
qerobinTa gamosaxulebebi solomonis
taZarSic iyo, iqac skivris mcvel-

qorepiskoposi

Ta saxiT. amitomac qerobinni ufro

mcvelTa funqcias asruleben, vidre macneTa. qristianuli tradiciis
Tanaxmad, qerobinebi arian angelosebi,
anu sulieri arsebani, RmrTis uxilavi
msaxurni.
qorepiskoposi (Corepiscopo) [berZn.
chora sofeli+epscopos episkoposi] soflis episkoposi, romelic Zvelad aRmosavleTSi marTavda sasoflo
raions qalaqis episkoposis iurisdiqciis qveS da, maSasadame, SezRuduli
uflebebi hqonda. dasavleTSi qorepiskoposis figura VIII saukuneSi gavrcelda, damxmare episkoposis saxiT.
aRmosavleTis kaTolike eklesiebSi
qorepiskoposi episkoposi ar aris da
igivdeba generalur vikariusTan, berZnul marTlmadidebel eklesiebSi ki
is did samrevloTa reqtoria.
qoro (Coro) [termini chors Tavdapirvelad berZenTaTvis aRniSnavda mgalobelTa erTobliobas, SemdegsimReras, romlis TanxlebiTac sruldeboda cekvebi, mogvianebiT ki im adgilsac, sadac cekva imarTeboda. laTinur
sityvas chorus qristianebma igive
mniSvnelobebi mianiWes] is aRniSnavda:
mgalobelTa gunds, wmida galobas da
adgils, sadac mgaloblebi galobdnen.
arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT, qoredi (coro) ewodeba mRvdlis samyoflis
(presbiteriumis) nawils, romelic
sakurTxevlis garSemo an mis ukan
mdebareobs da xSirad darTuli aqvs
natifad Sesrulebuli xis skamebi (n.
merxebi), saidanac kapitolumis kanonikosebi an samonastro sakrebulos monazvnebi (sagundod wodebul) Jamnis

362
kiTxvasa da sxva liturgiuli msaxurebis aRsrulebaSi monawileoben.
qorwineba (Matrimonio) [laT. matris deda+munus valdebuleba]
saqorwino kavSiri anu SeTanxmeba,
romlis meSveobiTac mamakaci da qali
qmnian sicocxlisa da siyvarulis
Tanaziarebas. is Semoqmedma daadgina
da manve ganusazRvra kanonebi: da Seqmna RmerTma adamiani Tavis xatad ... da
Seqmna isini mamakacad da dedakacad
(dab. 1:27); agreTve: da amitom miatovebs kaci Tavis mamas da Tavis dedas da
miekroba Tavis dedakacs (dab. 2:24).
Tavisi bunebiT qorwineba mimarTulia
meuRleTa sasikeTod da STamomavlobis
Sesaqmnelad da aRsazrdelad. monaTlulTa Soris qorwinebas ufalma iesom saidumlos Rirseba mianiWa (GS,
48; CIC, kan. 1055). qorwinebis saidumlo qristesa da eklesiis kavSiris
simboloa. qorwineba meuRleebs aniWebs madls, uyvardeT erTmaneTi iseTi siyvaruliT, rogoriTac qristes
uyvarda Tavisi eklesia. amgvarad, saidumlos madli srulyofs meuRleTa
adamianur siyvaruls, aZlierebs maT
dauyofel erTianobas da wmidayofs
meuRleebs
maradiuli
sicocxlis
gzaze. qorwineba efuZneba ori mxaris
Tanxmobas, anu erTmaneTisaTvis sakuTari Tavis miZRvnis ormxriv da mkafio nebas, erTguli da nayofieri siyvarulis gancdis mizniT. erTianoba,
mTlianoba da nayofierebisTvis gaxsniloba qorwinebis arsebiTi Tvisebebia.
poligamia SeuTavsebelia qorwinebis
erTianobasTan. ganqorwineba RmrTis
mier SeerTebuls acalkevebs. nayofierebis uaryofa meuRleTa cxovrebas

363
mis uZvirfases niWs, Svils arTmevs.
ganqorwinebul meuRleTa xelaxali
daqorwineba kanonieri meuRlis sicocxleSi ewinaaRmdegeba qristes mier
CvenTvis mocemul RmrTis Canafiqrsa da
kanons. ganqorwinebulebi eklesiisagan
ar calkevdebian, Tumca evqaristiuli
ziarebis miReba aRar SeuZliaT (Sdr.
CCC, 1601-1666). qristianobis pirvel
saukuneebSi qristianul qorwinebas
ar hqonda sakuTari liturgia da is
araqristianul qorwinebaTa msgavsad
aRiniSneboda. IV saukunidan damkvidrda beWdebis kurTxevisa da evqaristiis aRsrulebis wesi. meTerTmete
saukunidan saqorwino kanonmdebloba
saero sasamarTlodan saeklesios gadaeca.
qorwinebis aRsruleba (Consumazione del matrimonio) [laT. sityvidan
consummatio, nawarmoebia zmnidan
consummare Sesruleba] qorwinebas aRsrulebuli ewodeba, rodesac
meuRleebma adamianurad Seasrules
aqti, TavisTavad saTanado STamomavlobis Sesaqmnelad, risTvisacaa
gamiznuli Tavisi bunebiT qorwineba
da risTvisac meuRleebi erT xorcad
iqcevian (CIC, kan. 1061). saqorwino
wesis aRsrulebis Semdeg meuRleTa
Tanacxovrebis SemTxvevaSi qorwineba
TavisTavad cxaddeba aRsrulebulad,
Tuki sawinaaRmdego ar damtkicda. aRsrulebul qorwinebas rato ewodeba.
misi gauqmeba samarTlianad SeuZlia
paps (CIC, kan. 1142).
qorwinebis dadastureba (Convalida
del matrimonio) [Sua saukuneobrivi
laT. convalidare] kanonikuri samar-

qriste

Tlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, esaa aqti,

romliTac kanonieri Zala eniWeba Zaladakargul qorwinebas. dadastureba
SeiZleba umTavresad iyos ori tipisa: martivi an fesvis gankurnebis
saxisa. martiv dadasturebas adgili
aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qorwineba baTilia gamauqmebeli an xelisSemSleli pirobis mizeziT, Tanxmobis miuRwevlobis an Secdomis gamo.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi saWiroa, rom xelisSemSleli mizezi aRmoifxvras an
moxdes misgan Tavis gaTavisufleba da
Tanxmobis ganaxleba Tundac im mxaris
mier, romelic acnobierebs am Seferxebas (CIC, kan. 1156). meore SemTxvevaSi dadastureba gaicema, Tu mxare,
romelsac ar hqonda micemuli Tanxmoba, acxadebs Tanxmobas. mesame SemTxvevaSi ki qorwineba xelaxla unda
Sedges kanonikuri formis Tanaxmad.
fesvebis gankurneba SeiZleba gasces
samociqulo saydarma an, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, sadiocezo episkoposma da is
warmoadgens dadasturebas Tanxmobis
ganaxlebis gareSe. is iwvevs gaTavisuflebas Seferxebisagan, Tuki aseTi
arsebobs, da kanonikuri formisgan, Tu
is ar iqna daculi, agreTve, kanonikur SedegTa ukumoqmedebas warsulSi
(CIC, kan. 1161).
qriste (Cristo) [berZ. christs, Targmani ebrauli sityvisa mashah (mesia), cxebuli, kurTxeuli] Zvel
aRTqmaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kategoriaa da aRniSnavs JamTa aRsasrulis idealur mefe-winaswarmetyvelmRvdelmsaxurs, romlis meSveobiTac
ganxorcieldeba sayovelTao da sulieri xasiaTis mqone winaswarmetyvele-

qristes vikariusi

bani. pirvelma qristianebma mesia ieso

nazarevelTan gaaigives da Camoayalibes
gamoTqma ieso qriste (ieso mesiaa).
qriste qristologiuri saxelia, romelic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba axal
aRTqmaSi (daaxloebiT 535-jer). sabolood is iesos meore saxelad iqca.
qristes vikariusi (Vicario di Cristo)
[laT. vicarius Christi qristes vikariusi] Tavdapirvelad termini
miemarTeboda yvela episkopossa da imperators, XIII saukunidan ki am wodebas mxolod papi atarebs, misi sulieri
da droebiTi Zalauflebis xazgasmis
mizniT.
qristes mibaZva (Imitazione di Cristo) saTauri Sua saukuneTa asketuri
Txzulebisa De imitatione Christi, romelic oTx wignad, anu traqtatadaa
dayofili. laTinurad dawerili es
wigni tipur samonastro Txzulebas
warmoadgens, Tumca teqstis ZiriTadi
ideebi, dakavSirebuli mokvdinebasTan,
qristianul saTnoebaTa miyolasa da
ieso qristesTan mudmiv kavSirTan, am
naSroms sayovelTao Rirebulebas aniWebs. warsulSi is saero pirTa Sorisac farTod iyo cnobili. misi avtoris vinaoba didi xnis manZilze sakamaTo iyo. mravali mkvlevari iziarebs
mosazrebas, rom esaa Toma kempieli
(1378-1471). naSroms axali RmrTismosaobis gavlena etyoba. wigni, bibliis
Semdeg, yvelaze met enaze Targmnili
nawarmoebia. misi pirveli gamocema
1483 wliT TariRdeba.
qristianTa erTianobisaTvis locvis
kvireuli (Settimana di preghiera per
lunit dei cristiani) es kvireuli 18-25

364
ianvars tardeba da aris erToblivi
Ziebis, ieso qristesadmi morCilebisa
da erTianobis gzaze arsebuli dabrkolebebis
gadalaxvis
survilis
gamoxatuleba. kvireulis mowyobis
idea ekuTvnis anglikan mRvdels, pol
j. frensis uotsons (1940), romelmac 1909 wels mis mier daarsebul
sakrebulosTan erTad kaTolikeoba
miiRo. jer kidev 1908 wels amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi anglikanTa da
romauli wesis kaTolikeTa calkeuli
jgufebi erToblivi locvis pirvel
kvireulze Seikribnen, romelic Semdgom aTwleulebSi mraval qristianul
eklesiaSi aRiniSna. iniciativas papebma
dauWires mxari, pirveli maT Soris iyo
pius X (1903-1914). 1846 wels locvis kvireuli (ianvris pirvel kviras)
evangelikurma aliansma Caatara. teritoriuli evangelisturi eklesiebi da
germaniis Tavisufali eklesiebi locvis kvireuls suli wmidis gadmosvlis
kviras aRniSnaven (n. ekumenizmi).
qristianoba (Cristianesimo) [laT.
sityvidan christianismus (momdinareobs berZnulidan christianisms)]
qristianuli religiis aRsaniSnavad
gamoyenebuli yvelaze gavrcelebuli
termini. aRniSnavs eklesiaTa, sakrebuloTa, seqtaTa, ideaTa da koncefciaTa erTobliobas, romlebic ieso
qristem gamoacxada an aRmoacena da
romelTa
gamaerTianebeli
niSania
rwmena ieso qristesi, rogorc gankacebuli, mokluli da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari RmrTis Zisa. sityva qristianebi pirvelad antioqiaSi moixsenies
qristes mowafeTa aRsaniSnavad (saqm.
11:26) da ebraelTagan maT gansasxvave-

365
blad, xolo termini qristianoba
gvxvdeba egnate antioqielTan (117).
qristianoba rTuli, mravlismomcveli
realobaa, romlis gasagebadac misi
warmoSobisa (ieso qriste da mociqulTa xana) da oraTaswlovani istoriis, sarwmunoebisa da aRmsareblobaTa gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro.

qristianul skolaTa Zmebi

qristianobis kursebi (Cursillos de cristianidad) qristianuli moZraoba, romlis dasaxeleba momdinareobs qristianuli aRzrdis xanmokle kursebis
saxelwodebidan. am kursebis daniSnulebaa saxarebis qadagebis pirveladobis xazgasma da sarwmunoebis, rogorc
mTlianad pirovnuli cxovrebis mTavari elementis, zrdis xelSewyoba.
amgvari moZraobis Seqmnis idea 1940iani wlebis dasasruls espanuri kaTolikuri qmedebis rigebSi warmoiqmna,
rwmenis sufTa sociologiur faqtamde
dayvanis tendenciis sawinaaRmdegod.
pirveli kursi 1949 wlis 7-10 ianvars
maiorkaze Catarda. 1963 wels moZraoba
pavle VI-m daamtkica da Zalian male
is mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda. kursebi sami fazisgan Sedgeba: precursillo
(saxarebis qadagebisTvis momzadeba),
cursillo (uSualod saxarebis qadageba;
grZeldeba sam dReze cota met xans),
postcursillo (eklesiaSi qristianuli
momwifeba samyaroSi damowmebisaTvis
mzadyofnis mizniT).

bisa da misi aw miviwyebuli mxsneli

elementebis xelaxla damkvidrebis
mizniT aRmocenda. misi damaarsebeli
meri edi bekeri (1910) Tavis samoZRvro teqstSi Science and Health
(mecniereba da janmrTeloba, 1875),
romelic, bibliasTan erTad, seqtis
safuZvels warmoadgens, ganmartavs,
rom RmerTi yoveli arsebis sulieri safuZveli da wyaroa, adamiani
ki RmrTis xatebaa. igi adamianisa da
RmrTis am mtkice damokidebulebas miiCnevs, agreTve, sulieri xsnis safuZvladac. locva RmrTis, rogorc mamis
anu Tavisi arsiT yoveli sulieri arsebis absoluturi wyarosadmi mimarTvas niSnavs. amitomac adamiani SeigrZnobs Tavis aramaterialur RmrTaebriv Svilobas, ganicdis RmrTaebriv
xsnas da amis Sedegadadamianuri
cxovrebis sferoSi areuli wesrigis
xelaxla aRdgenas. seqta Tavs protestant sakrebulod miiCnevs, Tumca,
amave dros, uaryofs RmrTis samerTianobis, qristeRmrTis Zisa da
qristes sikvdilis meSveobiT adamianTa
xsnis qristianul moZRvrebas, amasTanave, saidumloTa qristianul koncefcias. seqtis birTvia deda eklesia The
First Church of Christ, romelic 1879
wels bekerma bostonSi (masaCusetsi)
daaarsa. qristes saientisturi eklesia dRes moicavs 1892 wels reorganizebul deda eklesias, 3000-mde mis
ganStoebas da 500 umaRles saswavlebels, romlebic yvela kontinentis 50ze met qveyanaSia ganlagebuli.

qristianuli mecniereba (Christian

science), saientistebi amerikuli seqta, romelic Tavdapirveli qristiano-

qristianul skolaTa Zmebi (Fratelli

delle scuole cristiane) saero pirTa religiuri kongregaciis wevrebi, rom-

qristianobamdeli (Precristiano) qristianobis gavrcelebamde momxdari movlena.

366

qristologia

lebmac maTi gaerTianebis damaarseblis, wmida ioane batista de la salis magaliTiT, WabukTa aRzrdisa da
ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofas miuZRvnes
Tavi. pirveli saxalxo skolebi reimsSi,
daaxloebiT 1680 wels gaixsna. maleve
gaixsna morCilTa dawesebuleba (noviciati) da seminaria Tavad aRmzrdelTaTvis. kongregaciis damaxasiaTebeli
Tviseba isaa, rom misi wevrebi saero
pirebi arian. religiuri cxovrebis
sami aRTqmis garda, kongregaciis
wevrebi, agreTve, RaribTaTvis uangaro swavlebis aRTqmasac deben. amJamad
qristianul skolaTa Zmebi, romelTa
ricxvic msoflios 80 qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 10000-s aRwevs, 1125 dawyebiT
Tu saxalxo skolaSi aswavlian.

qristologia (Cristologia) Teologiis nawili, romelic sistemurad

ganmartavs ieso qrites pirovnebis
arss. farTod, qristologia ewodeba
am swavlebis iseT saxeobas, romelic
safuZvlad iRebs arsebuli da Semdeg samyaroSi movlenili RmrTis Zis
Temas, xolo, ufro viwrod, qristologia ewodeba swavlebas, romlis amosaval wertilsac ieso qristes miwieri
cxovrebis Seswavla warmoadgens.
qristocentrizmi (Cristocentrismo)
[qriste+centrizmi]
Teologiuri
formula, romelic imdenad qristianobaSi qristes centralur adgils ki ar aRniSnavs, aramed ufro im
mniSvnelobas usvams xazs, romelsac es
faqti qristianul cxovrebaSi iZens.

Ramisa (Notturno) [laT. nocturna

(laus) RamiT warmoTqmuli (locva)]
Jamnis nawili, romelic RamiT (riJraJamde) warmoiTqmoda. XII saukunidan mas, agreTve, ciskrisac ewodeboda,
Sedgeboda cxra fsalmunisa da sami
sakiTxavisgan. sadResaswaulo dReebSi
sruldeboda Ramis sam-samad dayofili
cxra sakiTxavi.
RamisTeva (Veglia) [laT. vigilia RamisTeva] rame gansakuTrebuli movlenisaTvis an sazeimo dRisaTvis mzadebisas wina Ramis gaTeneba locvaSi.
aseT wesTagan umTavresi aRdgomis win
aRiniSneba da sapaseqo ciskris saxeliT
aris cnobili. misi magaliTiT damkvidrda RamisTeva sxva mniSvnelovani
dResaswaulebis win, magaliTad, Sobis, suli wmidis gardamosvlis dResaswaulebze. RamisTeva esqatologiur
mniSvnelobas iZens qalwulTa Sesaxeb
igavis (maT. 25:6) da mociqulebisadmi
iesos mimarTvis (maT. 13:35-36) Suqze.
Rirsi (Venerabile) [laT. venerabilis
pativiscemis Rirsi] RmrTis msaxurTa
wodeba. amasTanave, aseve moixsenieben
wmidad gardacvlilebs, romelebic amis
gamo morwmuneTa pativiscemas imsaxureben,netarad Seracxvis molodinSi.

Rirsi mama (Reverendo) [laT. reverendus (zmnis revereri pativiscema

gerundivis forma), sityvasityviT, pativiscemis Rirsi] sasuliero pirTa
da samoweseo ordenebis wevrTa sapatio wodeba da maTdami mimarTva. aRmatebiT xarisxSi (uRirseulesi)
prelatisadmi mimarTvis formaa.
RmerTi (Dio) [laT. deus, calkeul
mosazrebaTa Tanaxmad, momdinareobs
sinaTlis an zecis ideasTan dakavSirebuli indoevropuli fesvidan div an
deiv] transcendentuli, usasrulo,
maradiuli da absoluturi umaRlesi arseba. Zvel aRTqmaSi RmerTi ase
gansazRvravs sakuTar Tavs: me var, romelic var (gam. 3:14). esaa mniSvneloba
ebrauli tetragramisa iahve. israeli xalxis RmerTi araa abstraqtuli
RmerTi, aramed esaa RmerTi, romelmac
warmoaCina sakuTari Tavi istoriaSi,
exmareboda Tavis xalxs da dado masTan
da sxva adamianebTan aRTqma, riTac ganamtkica Tavisi uzenaesoba da daawesa
absoluturi monoTeizmi (ar iyolio
sxva RmerTebi Cems garda, gam. 20:3).
axal aRTqmaSi RmerTi gvevlineba, rogorc siyvaruli (1ioan. 4:8), rogorc
abb, mama, romelic wargzavnis Tavis Zes iesos, maradiul logoss (n.

RmrTivSewiruli cxovreba

sityva) Tavisi sikvdiliT adamianTa

codvis gamosasyidad. ieso adamianebs
aZlevs suli wmidas (RmerTi rogorc
sameba). adamiani, romelic RmerTma
Tavis xatad (dab. 1:27) Seqmna, ontologiurad gaxsnilia RmrTis saidumloebis misaRebad. vatikanis I kreba
dadgenilebaSi Dei Filius amtkicebs:
eklesia miiCnevs, rom RmrTisyovelives sawyisisa da sasrulisarseboba darwmunebiT SeiZleba vamtkicoT
Seqmnil sagnebze dayrdnobiT, adamianis gonebis bunebrivi Suqis meSveobiT. RmrTis arsebobis mtkicebulebebs TavisTavad ar SeuZlia adamianis
miyvana rwmenasTan an sarwmunoebasTan,
magram isini saWiroa adamianis imaSi
dasarwmuneblad, rom rwmena gonebas
ar upirispirdeba.
RmrTivSewiruli
cxovreba
(Vita
consacrata) vatikanis II krebis dokumentebSi da kanonikuri samarTlis
kodeqsSi gamoTqma aRniSnavs sakuTari
Tavis miZRvnis saxes saxarebiseul rCevaTa aRsrulebisadmi, romelic sajarod aRiarebulia da cxovrebis wesadaa
(n. samoweseo cxovreba) dakanonebuli
eklesiis mier. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom eklesiaSi saxarebiseul
rCevaTa aRsrulebis mizniT siyvarulis srulyofis ZiebaSi RmrTisadmi
sakuTari Tavis miZRvnis sxva saxeebic
arsebobs, romlebic aseve SeiZleba miCneul iqnes RmrTivSewiruli cxovrebis
saxeobebad.
RmrTis gmoba, mkrexeloba (Bestemmia) [berZ. blasphema, Semdgari berZ.
zmnisgan blptein vazianeb da phme
xma, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT saziano

368
sityva] RmrTis, mariamis, wmidaTa Tu
siwmideTa Seuracxmyofeli gamoTqma.
aT mcnebaTagan meore (ar warmoTqva
uflis, Seni RmrTis, saxeli amaod gam.
20:7; rjl. 5:11) RmrTis saxels cru
ficisa da rame sxva xerxiT borotad
gamoyenebisagan icavs (Sdr. CCC, 2148).
RmrTismosaoba (Devozione) [laT. zmnidan devovere Tavis miZRvna, Sewirva
vinmesadmi an ramesadmi] gamoxatavs
siRrmiseul gancdas adamianisa, romelic RmerTs ukavSirebs sakuTar
Tavs. am TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad, SeiZleba moviyvanoT RmrTis nawilad
gadaqceuli monaTluli adamianis, sakuTari Tavis RmrTis msaxurebisTvis
mimZRvneli mowesis gancda. piradi anu
gansakuTrebuli RmrTismosaoba ewodeba RmrTismosaobiTs gamoxatulebaTa qmedebebs, romelTac sagangebo sagani aqvs an gansakuTrebul siyvaruls
amgvar gamovlinebaTa mimarT.
evqaristiuli RmrTismosaobaa siyvarulis gamoxatuleba da RmrTismosaobis
gamovlineba, romelTa sagansac evqaristia warmoadgens. n. lmobiereba.
RmrTismsaxureba (Celebrazione) [laT.
celebratio mravali adamianis Tavmoyra; termini momdinareobs zmnidan
celebrare, romlis saxasiaTo mniSvnelobaa sazeimod aRniSvna, sadac
mravali adamianis monawileoba igulisxmeba] qristianul konteqstSi
termini TiTqmis yovelTvis mxolod
liturgiul qmedebas gamoxatavs. amitomac zeimis cnebasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli es sityva aRniSnavs: a)
evqaristiuli msxverplSewirvis ritualur aRsrulebas; b) xsnis erT-erTi

369
saidumlos (an romelime wmidanis an
mowamis dies natalis-s) sazeimo aRniSvnas evqaristiis aRsrulebis meSveobiT,
romelic udidesi sazogado da gamaerTianebeli ritualuri qmedebaa.
RmrTis msaxurTa msaxuri n. Servus servorum Dei.
RmrTis msaxuri (Servo di Dio) [laT.
servus Dei] siwmidis cnebis Tanaxmad,
gardacvlili piri, romlis sagmiro
saTnoebebsac ikvleven netarad cnobisa da SemdgomSi misi kanonizaciisaTvis
saWiro procedurebis warsamarTavad.
RmrTismSobeli (Deipara) [laT. termini, Semdgari sityvebisgan deus (RmerTi)+parere (Soba) is, vinc RmerTi
Sva; laTinuri Targmani berZnuli
sityvisa theotkos RmrTis deda]
qristianebi amgvarad uwodeben qalwul mariams. es saxeli oficialurad
efesos krebam (381) daadgina.
RmrTis samsjavro (Giudizio di Dio)
gamoTqma or gansxvavebul realobas
gamoxatavs: a) RmrTaebrivi samarTlis
zemiwier gamovlinebas; es gamovlineba
ormagia: kerZo samsjavroze TiToeuli adamiani sikvdilis wuTidan Tavisi
ukvdavi samSvinveliT iRebs maradiul
sazRaurs (CCC, 1022); xolo msoflio
(an sayovelTao, an esqatologiur)
samsjavroze, romelic yvela adamiansa da mTel kosmoss moicavs qristes
winaSe, vincaa WeSmariteba, sabolood
gamoaSkaravdeba WeSmariteba yoveli
adamianis RmerTTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb (CCC, 1039); b) uxsovari droidan cnobil samsjavro gamocdas (mas
agreTve ordalia, saRmrTo samsja-

RmrTis sityva

vro ewodeba), romelic braldebulis

danaSaulis an udanaSaulobis gansazRvras emsaxureboda da RmrTaebrivi
nebis gamoxatulebad iqna miCneuli.
gamocda emyareboda dajerebulobas,
rom RmrTaeba icavs udanaSauloT da
sjis damnaSaveT da SemdegSi mdgomareobda: danaSaulSi eWvmitanilebs
utarebdnen gamocdas an cecxliT, an
iudicium feretri-iT (gardacvlilis
gvams mkvlelTan kontaqtze reagireba
unda moexdina), an iudicium offae-iT
(purisa da yvelis garkveuli raodenobis SeWmis Semdeg damnaSave unda
momkvdariyo), anda orTabrZoliT. am
gamocdaTagan erT-erTis uaryofiTi
Sedegi RmrTaebis mxridan danaSaulis
dadasturebis niSnad cxaddeboda. Sua
saukuneebSi RmrTis amgvar samsjavroebs saeklesio pirTa Sorisac atarebdnen. Semdeg es praqtika lateranis IV krebam (1215) dagmo.
RmrTis sasufeveli n. caTa sasufeveli.
RmrTis sityva (Parola di Dio) aRniSnavs RmrTis gamovlinebas istoriaSi
adamianisaTvis Sesabisi xerxebiT, misawvdomobiTa da dialogis formiT, xsnis
Canafiqris Sesabamisad: Tavisi sityviT
RmerTma Seqmna samyaro da ganagebs
mas (dab. 1:1-2:4; iob. 37:5-13; fsal. 33:6;
107:20; 148:5, Smd.; zir. 39:16, Smd.; es.
44:7.26.28; 48:12, Smd.; 55:10, Smd.; ier. 1:12),
gansjis (1neStT. 16:33; es. 66:14; os. 6:3;
abd. 2:3; zaq. 14:4; mal. 3:2), irCevs xalxs
da aswavlis mas (rj. 4:36; 6:4; 10:12-25).
ieso TviT RmrTis sityvaa (ioan. 1:1-14;
ebr. 1:1, Smd.), warmogzavnili samyaroSi
mama RmrTis nebis gamosacxadeblad da
adamianTaTvis RmrTis Svilebad ayvanis

370

RmrTis SiSi

saboZeblad (ioan. 1:12; 3:34; 8:28; 10:35;

12:49, Smd.; 14:24; 17:8.14). is gansasjelad dabrundeba (maT. 16:27; 24:44; mark.
13:26; 14:62; luk. 12:35, Smd.; 17:23, Smd.;
18:8; 21:27). RmrTis sityva moqmedebs gamocxadebis meSveobiT (rom. 1:16; 1kor.
14:36; kol. 1:25; 1Tes. 2:13; 2Tes. 2:1; ebr.
4:12) maTi xsnisaTvis, vinc iRebs mas rwmeniT, miendoba da misdevs mas (luk.
8:21; rom. 1:16; iak. 1:22, Smd).
RmrTis SiSi (Timor di Dio) [laT.
timor Dei] suli wmidis Svidi niWTagan
erT-erTi. STaberavs adamians RmrTisadmi Tayvaniscemisa da Svilobrivi si-

yvarulis grZnobas (Sdr. CCC, 1299).

RmrTis Ze n. Ze RmrTisa.
RmrTis xalxi (Popolo di Dio) n. eklesia.
RmrTis xeli (Mano di Dio) xeli aqtivobisa da Zalauflebis simboloa:
RmrTis xelSi yofna misadmi sakuTari
Tavis mindobasa da misi mfarvelobis
qveS yofnas niSnavs. gamoTqma RmrTis
xeli xSirad gvxvdeba bibliaSi (Zlieri xeliT: Sdr. gam.6:1; 5:6.12...) da
aRniSnavs RmrTis ganmsjel an mxsnel
Carevas adamianTa istoriaSi.

yvelganmyofoba (Ubiquismo) esaa
moZRvreba RmrTis yvelganmyofobis
(ubiquitas) Sesaxeb (leon I: Deus totus
ubique), amasTanave, qristologiuri
mniSvnelobiTac (avgustine: Christus
totus ubique). Sua saukuneebis nominalisturi mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebma pirvelebma miusadages es moZRvreba
qristes realur Tanaswrebas nakurTx
hostiaSi. saidumloebrivi qristologiis es problema daayena ara mxolod
evqaristiul msaxurebaTa raodenobis
zrdam, aramed Tanaarsobis (qristes
sxeuli da puri hostiaSi erTmaneTis
gverdiT da erTad Tanaarsebobs, transubstanciaciis Tomisturi moZRvrebis
sapirispirod) nominalisturma moZRvrebamac. wmida serobis Sesaxeb Tavis
moZRvrebaSi luTerma (1546) SeinarCuna Tanaarsobis idea da maSasadame,
gaiziara, amasTanave, reformirebul
(kalvinur) eklesiaTa mier uaryofili yvelganmyofobis cneba. amave
dros, zemogermanelebic,magaliTad,
iohanes brenci (1570) da Tanxmobis
formulis Semdgeneli iakob adrea
(1590),miemxrnen yvelganmyofobis
moZRvrebas (1559 wlis evqaristiuli
aRsareba), ris gamoc ubikvistTa ironiuli saxeli daimsaxures.

yvelgansufeva (Onnipresenza) [laT.

omnis+praesentia] Tviseba, romelic
warmoaCens RmrTis mxsnel Tanaswrebas
yovel qmnilebaSi da yovel adgilas,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad is sruliad sxva bunebisa da absoluturad
transcendentulia. es cneba kargadaa
gadmocemuli fsalmunSi 139 (138).
yovelTa wmidaTa (Ognissanti) [laT.
omnes sancti yvela wmidani] liturgiuli
diddResaswauli,
romelic
aRiniSneba 1 noembers wmidanebisa da
RmrTis didebaSi myofTa mosaxsenieblad. Tavdapirvelad dResaswauli
mxolod mowameebs eZRvneboda da
sxvadasxva eklesiaSi sxvadasxva dRes
aRiniSneboda. papma grigol IV-m 835
wels dResaswauli mTeli eklesiisaTvis
1 noembers daadgina.
yovladdasawveli (holokosti) (Olocausto)
[gvianlaT.
holocaustum;
nawarmoebia
berZnuli
sityvidan
holkauston srulad damwvari ram]
antikuri samyaros calkeul religiebSi aRniSnavda RmrTaebisadmi sisxlian
msxverplSewirvas, romelic Sewiruli
msxverplis sakurTxevelze mTlianad
dawvas gulisxmobda. Zvel aRTqmaSi
yovladdasawveli dadgenilia yvela

yovladZliereba

didi dResaswaulis dros, RmrTisadmi sruli miZRvnis niSnad Sesawiri

msxverplis raodenobisa da raobis
sruli aRweriT. ebraelobidan nasasxeb
termins dRes mimarTaven nacisturi
genocidis msxverpl ebraelTa (n. antisemitizmi) da, ufro zogadi mniSvnelobiT, birTvuli omis SemTxvevaSi
kacobriobis savaraudo bedis, saCveneblad.
yovladZliereba (Onnipotenza) [laT.
omnis mTeli da potentia Zala]
gansazRvreba, romelic qristianul
sarwmunoebaSi RmrTis Semoqmedi da
mxsneli Zlevamosilebis srulyofilebas gamoxatavs. RmrTis yovladZliereba universaluria, radgan yovelives
Semqmneli RmerTi yovelives ganagebs
da yvelaferi ZaluZs. RmrTis yovladZliereba mosiyvarulea, radganac
RmerTi Cveni mamaa; igi idumalia,
raki mxolod rwmenas SeuZlia misi
Secnoba, vinaidan uZlurebaSi xdeba
srulyofili (2kor.12:9). RmerTi,
visTvisac araferia SeuZlebeli (dab.
18:14; luk.1:37; maT.19:26) Tavis yovladZlierebas umTavresad adamianis
codvaTagan xsnis meSveobiT gamoavlens
(Sdr. CCC, 268-278).
yovlismcodneoba (Onniscienza) [laT.
omnis+scientia] Tviseba, romelic
miuTiTebs, rom RmerTs aqvs yovelives
sruli da SeuzRudavi codna, radgan
mis absolutur srulyofilebas ewinaaRmdegeba Tundac minimaluri ucodinarobis SesaZlebloba.
yovliswvdoba (Prescienza) [gvianlaT. praescienza, nawarmoebia sityvidan praesciens yovlismcodne,

372
ganmWvreteli] Teologiuri termini, romelic aRniSnavs RmrTis codnis
unars, rac ganixileba Seqmnil saganTa
arsebobasTan mimarTebaSi logikuri
winswrebis TvalsazrisiT.
yrmaTa naTlisReba (Pedobattesimo)
[pedo (pis, paids bavSvi)+battesimo naTloba: bavSvTa naTloba]
aRniSnavs bavSvTa naTlobis uZveles
Cveulebas, romelic miRebuli iyo
eklesiaSi da romelsac adasturebs ipolite romaelis samociqulo tradicia.
yumrani (Qumran) CirbeT yumrani
ewodeba adgils mkvdar zRvasTan, sadac
meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi
esevelTa (anu yumranelTa) seqtis
centris, sakulto Senobis nangrevebi
aRmoaCines. am seqtis wevrebs ganekuTvneba imave periodSi imave regionis
sxvadasxva adgilas napovni xelnawerebi, romlebsac yumranis, anu mkvdari
zRvis dokumentebad moixseniebdnen.
es xelnawerebi qristes Sobamde erTi
saukuniT adre da misi Sobidan Semdgomi erTi saukunis periods ganekuTvneba da uaRresad mniSvnelovania ara
mxolod yumranelTa seqtis, aramed,
zogadad, qristes epoqis iudaizmisa
da TviT qristianobis sawyisebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.
yurani (Corano) [arab. qr kiTxva,
xmamaRla deklamireba; Quran gamocxadebis fsalmunisebrad deklamacias, wakiTxvas niSnavs] muslimTa
wmida wigni. muslimebi miiCneven, rom
yurani uSualod RmrTis qmnilebaa
da ara winaswarmetyvel muhamadisa,
romelsac mTavarangelosma gabrielma

373

yurani

yuraniseuli gamocxadeba ukarnaxa.

yurani acxadebs, rom zeciuri prototipi arabulad muhamadze mkafiod
gansazRvrul dros gadmovida, Tumca
imasac aRiarebs, rom winamorbedi gamocxadebani (Tora, saxareba) agreTve
zeciuri wignis versiebs warmoadgenen.
istorikosebi yuranis avtorad muhamads miiCneven, miuxedavad imisa, rom
amJamindeli teqsti winaswarmetyvelis

sikvdilze ufro gviandeli xanisaa.

yurani Sedgeba 114 Tavis, anu surisgan, romlebsac mequri an medinuri
ewodeba, imisda mixedviT, miekuTvneba
isini 622 wels medinaSi emigraciamdel
Tu mis Semgom periods. mequri surebi
ufro religiuri da poeturia, medinurebi ki ufro normatiuli da sasaubro xasiaTisaa.

SabaTi (Sabato) [ebr. shabbath dasveneba, SemdegberZ. sbbaton, laT.
sabbatum] SabaTi SviddRiani ebrauli
kviris ukanaskneli dRea da miCneulia Sromisagan dasvenebis, ganwmedisa da RmrTisadmi adamianis gaxsnis
dRed. SabaTis dacvis wesi erT-erTia
aTi mcnebidan (gam. 20:8-11; rjl. 5:1216) da ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv,
humanuri mizezebiT, adamianisa da
cxovelis mimarT pativiscemiT, meore
mxriv kireligiuri mizezebiT, anu
RmrTis gaxsenebiT, romelmac Tavisi
Semoqmedebis meSvide dRes dasveneba
gadawyvita (dab. 1-2:3), Tavisi xalxi
egviptedan gamoiyvana (rjl. 5:5) da
masTan dado aRTqma (gam. 31:12-17). winadacveTasTan erTad, SabaTis dacva
sxva xalxTa da religiaTagan ebraelobis ganmasxvavebeli niSania. SabaTis
dacva, rasac droTa ganmavlobaSi sul
ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeboda,
amasTanave, moicavs am dRes vaWrobis
akrZalvis (am. 8:5) da mxolod quCis
gansazRvrul mxares (gam. 16:29) siarulis wess (SabaTis gza, saqm. 1:12).
garda amisa, SabaTs nebadarTuli araa
cecxlis danTeba (gam. 35:3), RumelSi
sakvebis xarSva an Sewva (gam. 16:23).
sakvebi wina dRiT unda momzaddes,
anu, samzadisis dRes, paraskevs (maT.

27:62; ioan. 19:31.42). SabaTis profanaciis SiSs fataluri Sedegebi SeiZleboda mohyoloda (1 mak. 2:32-41). SabaTi
wina saRamos iwyeba, SabaTis sinaTlis
danTebiT (hadlakah) kerZo saxlebSi,
misi Segebebis ritualiT sinagogaSi
(kabalaT SabaT), sadac momdevno dRes
liturgiuli msaxureba aRsruldeba
da kiduSis wesiT (Rvinis Tasze warmoTqmuli kurTxeva). SabaTis dasasruls aRevlineba saRamos locva da
habdalahis (kviris danarCen dReTa da
SabaTis erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba)
kurTxeva. iesosSabaTis uflis (maT.
12:8)mxridan SabaTis kazuistikis
kritika Semdegi sityvebiT gamoixateba:
SabaTi adamianisTvis aris Seqmnili da
ara adamiani SabaTisTvis (mark. 2:27).
ebraelTagan gansxvavebiT, qristianebi
kviris pirvel dRes (kviradRe) aRniSnaven, rogorc iesos mkvdreTiT aRdgomis dRes (uflis dRe).
SabaTianeloba (Sabbatianismo) mesianuri moZraoba, romelmac sabolood
seqtanturi (nawilobriv antinomistikuri) saxe miiRo. is XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, iudaizmis wiaRSi aRmocenda da
ukavSirdeba SabaTai cevis (1626-1676)
pirovnebas, romelic 1665 wels palestinasa da mcire aziaSi mesiad asaRebda

375
Tavs da mTel diasporaSi (da TviT
qristianTa Sorisac) esqatologiuri
eiforia gamoiwvia. moZraobis safuZvlad iqca monaniebis saxalxo moZraobaTa mier gaubraloebuli kabala da
1648 wlisaTvis navaraudevi samyaros
aRsasrulis gavrcelebuli molodini.
osmaleTis xelisuflebam daapatimra
fsevdomesia da manac, sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad, islami miiRo, ramac
sayovelTao
gawbileba
gamoiwvia.
Tumca darCa misi moZRvrebis mimdevarTa garkveuli raodenoba, rasac, umTavresad, naTan Razelis Teologiam
Seuwyo xeli: mis Tanaxmad, fsevdomesiis saqcieli xsnisTvis aucilebel
qmedebad iqna ganmartebuli.
SabaTis weli (Sabbatico, anno) [ebr.
sabbath dasveneba] aRiniSneboda
Svid weliwadSi erTxel, rogorc dasvenebis weli. es vrceldeboda miwaze,
romelic daumuSavebeli rCeboda (gam.
23:10, Smd.); monebze, romlebic Tavisuflebas ibrunebdnen (gam. 21:1), giraosa
da valebze (rjl. 15:1, Smd.), riTac
RmrTis sayovelTao mbrZanebloba
gamovlindeboda.

Saravandi

cionalur da oficialurkontaqts,
romelsac calkeuli adamianebi amyareben zebunebriv arsebebTan, sakuTari
sazogadoebrivi jgufis samsaxurSi.
termini tungusuri warmomavlobisaa.
samxreTeli tungusebi sityviT Saman (eqstazSi myofi) aRniSnaven religiuri msaxurebis aRmsruleblebs,
romlebic mWidro kavSirs amyareben
sulebTan da aqvT eqstazSi Cavardnis,
misi gamowvevisa da SenarCunebis unari.
araamqveyniurTan kontaqtis damyareba
is gzaa, romlis meSveobiTac Samanebi
sulebisagan iReben miTiTebebsa da daxmarebas jgufSi arsebuli kritikuli
mdgomareobis gadasalaxavad. Samanizmis
instituti centraluri da CrdiloeT aziis mraval regionSi, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSia ganviTarebuli. ufro viwro gagebiT, Samanizmi
oTx Zireul elements moicavs, esenia:
eqstazi, miRmierTan kontaqti, oficialuroba da altruistuli miznebi.

Salom (Shalom) [ebr. aRniSnavs mSvidobas da dResac gamoiyeneba, rogorc

misalmeba da keTili survili] saero
mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs simSvides,
keTildReobas (Sdr. dab. 43:23; es. 32:7;
39:8), mSvidobianobas (msaj. 4:17; 1mef.
7:14). religiur konteqstSi aRniSnavs
RmerTTan siaxloves (tob. 12:17; sibrZ.
3:9; zir. 38:8), mesianur niWTa sisrules
(maT. 10:12, Smd.; luk. 2:14; 19:38).

Saravandedi (Nimbo) [laT. nimbus

wvimis Rrubeli, Semdeg sinaTlis
Rrubeli, dideba, didebis Saravandedi] oqrosferi sxivmfeni mxatvruli elementi, romelsac qristemde
IV saukunidan klasikur xelovnebaSi
RmrTaebis an mefis gamosaxulebaze
Tavis garSemo aTavsebdnen. Semdeg
gamoiyeneboda qristianul xelovnebaSic. Tavdapirvelad SaravandediT
mxolod qristesa da samebas gamosaxavdnen, mogvianebiT amgvari elementiT
mariamisa da wmidanebis figurebsac
amkobdnen.

Samani/Samanizmi (Sciamano/Sciamanismo) aRniSnavs eqstazurinstitu-

Saravandi (Aureola) [laT. (corona)

aureola, romelic aurea-s kninobiTi

SariaTi

formaa: oqros gvirgvini] sxivmfeni

rkali, zogjer sxivTa maraosebri ganlagebiT, romelic tradiciul ikonografiaSi gars akravs qristes, wmida
qalwulisa da wmidaTa Tavebs. Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT, Saravandi aRniSnavs wmidanTa jildos
sixaruls
miwier cxovrebaSi maTi namoqmedaris, rogorc pirovnuli gamarjvebis,
srulyofilebis gamo (qalwulTa,
mowameTa Saravandedi...).
SariaTi (Shariah) [arab. aRniSnavs
gzas] islamuri kanoni, dafuZnebuli or Zireul wyaroze: yuransa da
tradiciaze (n. suna). misi debulebebi Teoriulad SeiZleba daeyrdnos,
agreTve, gansazRvruli periodis yvela kanonmcodnis Tanxmobas (n. ijma).
SariaTis Tanaxmad, adamianTa qmedebebi
Semdeg klasifikacias eqvemdebareba: a)
savaldebulo; b) sasurveli; g) daSvebuli; d) gakicxuli an dagmobili; e)
akrZaluli qmedebebi. SariaTis wignebi
Seicavs islamuri kanonis debulebebs
Semdgom sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT: religiuri valdebulebani; ojaxuri
samarTali; memkvidreobiTi, sakuTrebis
da garigebiTi samarTali;
sisxlis
samarTlis da saproceso samarTali;
administraciuli samarTali; wmida omis (jihadi) warmoeba. rac Seexeba SariaTis misadagebas praqtikul
cxovrebasTan,
iuridiul
normaTa
Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa evaleba
islamuri sakrebulos winamZRvars,
iqneba es xalifa, imami Tu sulTani,
da kidev, mosamarTles (yadi). maTTan
erTad aris, agreTve, mrCevlis statusis mqone kanonmcodne (ewodeba faqih,
alim, mr.r.: ulama; Tu oficialuri

376
Tanamdebobis piria, ewodeba mufti).
Saqtizmi (Saktismo) [sansk. sakti
Zala] sityvasityviT termini niSnavs Zalas, unars da dRevandel hinduizmSi umTavresad miemarTeba Sivas meuRles, qalRmerT Saqtis. igi
RmrTis Semoqmedi Zalis gansaxierebaa.
Saqtizmi SesaZloa davukavSiroT deda
RmrTaebis winarevedur kults. dRes
Saqtis sxvadasxvagvarad scemen Tayvans: a) rogorc deda RmrTaebas da mas
ewodeba agreTve iaganmata (samyaros
deda); b) rogorc naz da mosiyvarule
qalsuma paravatiSivas meuRle; g)
rogorc SiSismomgvrel sastik qalRmerTs, romelic sisastikes mxolod
borotTa mimarT amJRavnebs, erTgulTa mimarT ki gulmowyale da lmobieria; am saxiT mas ewodeba kali (Savi),
durga (miudgomeli), da sxv.
Sahada (Shahada) [arab. aRniSnavs
rwmenis aRsarebas, damowmebas]
religiuri TvalsazrisiT, islamSi es
aris sarwmunoebis aRsarebaislamis
xuTi cnebidan erT-erTi. wamoadgens
formulas: ar arsebobs sxva RmerTi
WeSmariti RmrTis garda da muhamadi
misi winaswarmetyvelia, romliTac
muslimi morwmune islamisadmi Tavisi
kuTvnilebis aRsarebas warmoTqvams
(yur. 4:136). islamze moqceva gulisxmobs Sahadis warmoTqmas mowmeTa winaSe, romlebic Sesabamis dokuments
adgenen da sakuTari beWdiT amowmeben
mas. mxolod am iuridiuli aqtis gaformebis Semdeg iqceva moqceuli muslimad. muslimi, romelic sicocxles
swiravs rwmenisaTvis, Sahidad,anu
mowmed, mowamed, wamebulad,iwodeba.

377
SebRalva (Profanazione) [gvianlaT.
profanatio (zmnidan profanare)] Rrma
upativiscemloba pirovnebis an wmida
sagnis mimarT an maTi Seuracxyofa
(Sdr. CIC, kan. 1211; 1376).
SeerTeba (Commixtio) [laT. sityva, aRniSnavs narevs, kavSirs]
warmoadgens ori wmida nawilis, anu
purisa da Rvinis SeerTebas, romelTac
mRvdelmsaxuri wirvis dros, ziarebamde aerTebs barZimSi nakurTxi sefiskveris natexis CaSvebiT. es uZvelesi
wesi episkoposTan srul Tanaziarebas
gamoxatavs.
SeTanaxmeba (Alleanza) [ebr. beriT,
romelic aRniSnavs SeTanxmebas wmida
xasiaTis gaerTianebis gamo] Zveli
aRTqmis safuZvelmdebi cneba, romelic erTgulebaze miuTiTebs. Zvel
aRTqmaSi
aRwerilia
RmrTaebrivi
TaosnobiT gamtkicebuli aseTi SeTanxmebis sxvadasxva saxe. magaliTad,
SeTanxmeba, romelic daido noesa
da warRvnisSemdgom kacobriobasTan
(Sdr. dab. 9:8-17), abraamsa da mis
STamomavlebTan (Sdr. dab. 15:18; 17),
dasasrul, egvipteSi tyveobis Semdeg
israelis Tormet tomTan sinais mTaze
(Sdr. gam. 19-24). es SeTanxmeba TviT
israeli xalxis, rogorc RmrTis eris,
arsebobis safuZvelia. axal aRTqmaSi
laparakia qristes sisxliT ganmtkicebuli axali SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb mTeli
kacobriobisaTvis (Sdr. maT. 28: 28; 2
kor. 3:6; ebr. 8-9), romelic jer kidev
winaswarmetyvelebma ganWvrites (Sdr.
ierem. 31:31-34).
Sekina (Shekin)[ebr. farda, Tanaswreba) gamoiyeneba, raTa aRiniSnos

Semonen-esre

RmrTis Tanaswreba (es. 19:16, Smd.; 24:15,

Smd.; rjl. 4:11, Smd.; 5:23, Smd., 9:15), misi
dideba da didebuleba (is. 13:22; 19:16;
24:16; msaj. 5:4, Smd.; fsalm. 29; 68:8,
Smd.). SemdgomSi aRniSnavda RmrTis
Tanswrebas Rrublis saxiT sacxovrebelsa (gam. 40:34, Smd.) da taZarSi (3
mef. 8:10). ebraelTa Soris cvlis iahves
saxels.
Sekreba
(Assemblea)
religiuri
TvalsazrisiT: qristes saxeliT erTad
Sekrebil morwmuneTa jgufi, romlis
saqmianoba da interesebi pirdapir
Tu iribad ukavSirdeba qristianuli
cxovrebis dinamikas. liturgiuli
Sekreba: morwmuneTa ierarqiuli wyobis sazogadoeba, kanonierad Sekrebili
daTqmul adgilas liturgiuli msaxurebisaTvis, romlis saxasiaTo niSania qristes macxovnebeli Tandaswreba
(Sdr. SC, 6).
Sekreba bralTa gamo (Capitolo delle
colpe) aRmocenda monastrebSi, Semdeg
ki sxva moweseTa saZmoebSic gavrcelda. Sekreba, romelzec moweseni wesis
aRusruleblobaSi adanaSauleben sakuTar Tavs.
Sema(Shema[Israel]) ebrauli gamoTqma, romelic aRniSnavs: ismine, israel!. tipuri ebrauli locva, warmoiTqmis dReSi orjer (rjl.: 6:4-9;
11; 13-21).
Semonen-esre(Shemonn-Esrh) ebrauli gamoTqma, 18 kurTxevis locva.
ebraelTaTvis aris umaRlesi locvaTefila (=locva). mas agreTve
uwodeben amida (=fexze dgomiT),
ramdenadac morwmuneni mas fexze
mdgomni aRavlenen.

Semosva

Semosva (Vestizione) [laT. zmna vestire] ase ewodeba ceremonias, romlis

drosac noviciusi pirvelad icvams
samoweseo institutis samosels.
Semweoba (Suffragio) [laT. suffragium
(zmnidan suffragari daxmareba)] locva an nebismieri gulmowyale qmedeba
micvalebulTa sulebis saxsovrad. maT
Soris upirvelesia evqaristiuli msaxureba. savedrebeli locvebi erTmaneTTan akavSireben msxem da macxonebel
eklesias (Sdr. LG, 50).
Semwynarebloba (tolerantoba) (Tolleranza) [laT. tollerantia, nawarmoebia
zmnidan tolerare atana, Sewynareba]
Semwynareblobis idea arsebiTad ideologiur, religiur, politikur da
kulturul gansxvavebaTa gadalaxvis
nebidan momdinareobs. is unda daupirispirdes potenciur konfliqts,
sadac sapirispiro Sexedulebebi WeSmaritebis flobas iCemeben, batonobs
diskriminaciuli xasiaTis crurwmenebi,
politikuri dapirispirebani, Zalauflebis araTanabari ganawileba (umciresobaTa problemebi) da a.S. yvela
totalitaruli xasiaTis gadawyvetisagan gansxvavebiT, Semwynarebloba Tanaarsebobisa da misadagebis mcdelobaa.
amitomac, is demokratiuli Tanaarsebobisa da TanamSromlobis safuZvelmdebi pirobaa da sruliad aucilebelia
sazogado sikeTisaTvis. maSasadame, Semwynarebloba totalitarul Seuwynareblobas ar iguebs. rac Seexeba religiur Semwynareblobas, vatikanis II
kreba gancxadebaSi araqristianul religiebTan eklesiis urTierTobis gamo
(Nostra aetate) xazs usvams TiToeuli

378
religiis Rirsebas da religiebs arsebiTad ganixilavs rogorc xsnis gzebs.
is, rom saubaria ara wminda formalur,
aramed arsebiT da sapasuxismgeblo Semwynareblobaze, imiT dasturdeba, rom
teqstSi gamoTqmulia WeSmariti, Rrma
pativiscema araqristianuli religiebis
mimarT. amgvari Semwynarebloba SesaZlebels xdis urTierTSexvedras, gamocdilebaTa gazarebas da gansxvavebaTa
dadebiT gamoyenebas. religiuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb gancxadebaSi (Dignitatis humanae) aRniSnulia religiuri
TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, momdinare
TiToeuli adamianis cnobierebaSi arsebuli pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobidan.
swored imitom, rom TiToeuli adamiani
RmrTis mier moxmobilia misTvis istoriul viTarebaSi dasaxuli xsnis gzis
gasavlelad, aravin unda iyos iZulebuli, miiRos romelime religia sakuTari
mrwamsis sawinaaRmdegod. aucilebelia
adamianis Segnebuli religiuri arCevanis pativiscema.
Senaneba (Attrizione) [laT. attritio,
warmoebuli sityvidan atterere damarcxeba, gaWyleta] pirvelad es sityva
XI saukuneSi gamoiyenes da aRniSnavda
arasrulyofil sinanuls, monaniebis
an srulyofili sinanulis miRwevis
araSesabamis mcdelobas. mogvianebiT
Senaneba aRniSnavda sinanuls, ganpirobebuls zneobrivi xasiaTis sxvadasxva
mizeziT, magram ara siyvaruliT, rogorc es monaniebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
Senanebis dadebiTi mniSvneloba aRiara
tridentis krebam, romelmac Senaneba
sakmarisad cno sinanulis saidumlosaTvis (DS, 1677).

379
Sendoba (Perdono) qmedeba, romliTac dazaralebuli an ganawyenebuli
pirovneba brazsa da wyenas iviwyebs da
damnaSaves aTavisuflebs yovelgvari
valdebulebisagan mis winaSe. mTlianad
saRmrTo werili da gansakuTrebiT
axali aRTqma (maT. 18:12-35; luk. 15)
adamianTan damokidebulebaSi RmrTis
mimteveblobis sidiadesa da siRrmes
warmoaCens; amave dros, adamiani mowodebulia, miutevos Tavis moZmeebs
(Sdr. maT. 6:14-15; CCC, 2838-2845).
Seoli (Shel) [ebr. aRniSnavs jojoxeTs] Zvel aRTqmasa da iudaizmSi
esaa gardacvlilTa samyofeli, sadac isini moCvenebaTa saxiT arseboben
(refaim), usinaTlo da usixarulo
garemoSi. daviwyebis es samyaro mainc
eqvemdebareba RmrTis Zalauflebas.
zogjer, cxovrebiseul SfoTsa da
wuxilSi, adamians isic ki sanatrelad
miaCnia.
Sepkureba (Aspersione) [laT. aspersio] ganwmedisa da kurTxevis wesi, romelic gamoixateba usupis meSveobiT
nakurTxi wylis adamianebze, sagnebsa
Tu adgilebze SepkurebiT.
Sereuli qorwineba (Matrimonio misto) ewodeba qorwinebas or monaTlul
pirovnebas Soris, romelTaganac erTi
kaTolike eklesiaSia monaTluli an
miRebuli naTlobis Semdeg, meore ki
kaTolike eklesiasTan srul TanaziarebaSi armyofi eklesiis an saeklesio
sakrebulos wevria. Sereuli qorwineba mxolod Sesabamisi avtoritetuli
organos nebarTviTaa SesaZlebeli
(CIC, kan. 1184). miuxedavad imisa, rom
Cveulebriv Sereuli qorwinebebi araa

Sesaqme

didi sikeTis momtani maTTan dakavSirebul sirTuleTa gamo (qorwinebaze,

zneobaze, eklesiisadmi morCilebaze
TvalsazrisTa sxvadasxvaoba; kaTolike
meuRlis mxridan rwmenis SenarCuneba
da ganviTareba; STamomavlobis religiuri aRzrda da sxv.), eklesia uSvebs
maT, radganac, erTi mxriv, adamianis
bunebrivi uflebaa, daqorwindes misTvis sasurvel pirovnebaze da iyolios
Svilebi, da, meore mxriv, mxedvelobaSi
miiReba arakaTolike meuRlis mier
rwmenis miRebis SesaZlebloba.
Serigeba (Riconciliazione) [laT. reconciliatio] Tanxmobis aRdgena RmerTTan
an RmrTis wyalobiTTanamoZmeebTan,
monaniebisa an aRsarebis saidumloTa
saSualebiT. amave saxels SeiZleba atarebdes SebRaluli eklesiis an sasaflaos xelaxla kurTxevis wesi.
Sesamoseli (Casula) [gvianlaT. casula mosasxami kapiuSoniT] mosasxamis
msgavsi usaxelo liturgiuli samosi,
Camosacmelad SuagulSi datovebuli
WriliT. mRvdelmsaxuri mas wirvis
dros icmevs stiqarsa da stolaze.
bunebrivia, samosis feri liturgiul
periods Seesabameba.
Sesaqme (Creazione) [laT. creatio]
aqti, romliTac RmerTi arsebobas
aZlevs yovelives, rac mis gareT arsebobs. biblia Zvel aRTqmaSi amtkicebs,
rom RmerTi aris yovelives Semqmneli
arafridan (ex nihilo; es gamoTqma
pirdapir mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba:
2mak. 7:28), rame materiisa Tu pirvelyofili qaosis moSveliebis gareSe. es WeSmariteba gaiziara, agreTve,
qristianuli sarwmunoebis simbolom:

380

Sesawiravi

mwams erTi RmerTi, mama yovlisa mpyrobeli, Semoqmedi caTa da qveyanisa,

xilulTa yovelTa da araxilulTa.
axali aRTqma adasturebs am princips
da aaSkaravebs qristes rols SesaqmeSi.
mociqulebi amtkiceben, rom samyaro
ieso qristes meSveobiT Seiqmna da masSi aqvs sicocxle (Sdr. ioan. 1:3; kol.
1:16 da sxv.).
Sesawiravi (Offerta) [offerto, namyos
warsuli zmnisa offrire SeTavazeba]
religiur terminologiaSi gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs RmrTisadmi
miZRvnil nebismier sagansa Tu qmedebas (locva, samuSao, saqcieli da sxv.),
viwro mniSvnelobiT ki esaa puri da
Rvino, romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri wirvis dros SekrebilTa saxeliT swiravs
RmerTs, qristes sxeulad da sisxlad
maTs gardasaqmnelad.
Seumcdaroba (Inerranza) [in+sityva
errore-s Secdoma, nawarmoebi forma] amgvaria biblia, romelic RmrTis
mieraa STagonebuli da mis sityvas gadmoscems, Seicavs xsnisTvis aucilebel
WeSmaritebebs da aqedan gamomdinare,
SeuZlebelia, Secdomebs Seicavdes (e.i.
Seumcdaria). vatikanis II kreba amtkicebs: radganac yovelive is, rasac
STagonebuli avtorebi an hagiografebi amtkiceben, suli wmidis mtkicebulebad miiCneva, aseve unda miviCnioT,
rom saRmrTo werilis wignebi ueWvelad, erTgulad da Seumcdarad aswavlian WeSmaritebas, romelic RmerTma
isurva, Cveni xsnisaTvis, saRmrTo werilebSi yofiliyo gadmocemuli (DV,
12). Seumcdaroba, romelic STagonebis
Sedegia, ormagia: faqtobrivi (bib-

liur nawerebSi mcdari swavlebis

ararseboba) da kanonieri (Teoriuli SeuZlebloba imisa, rom biblia
mcdar swavlebas Seicavdes). Seumcdaroba gamoricxavs rogorc WvretiT
(WeSmaritebis sapirispiro), ise praqtikul (siwmidesTan dapirispirebul)
Secdomas.
Sefaseba n. Tavisufali Sefaseba.
SeCereba (Stazione) [laT. statio SeCereba] ase ewodeba TiToeuls jvris
gzis ToTxmeti epizodidan, warmodgenils xatis an bareliefis saxiT, romlis winaSec sakrebulo salocavad
Cerdeba.
SeZaxili (Acclamazione) [laT. acclamatio] damswreTa mier mowonebis,
monawileobisa da Tanxmobis gamoxatuleba. liturgiaSi SeZaxilis umTavresi saxeebia: amen, aleluia, dideba,
hosana. arsebobs aseve: wmida ars,
ufalo, Segviwyale, madloba RmerTsa, dideba Senda, qriste, sikvdilsa Sensa vauwyebT, ufalo..., Seni ars
sufeva....
Sewirva (Immolazione) [laT. immolatio msxverplSewirva] Zvelad iyo
gamomsyidveli ceremonia, romelic
warmoadgenda cocxali arsebis (cxoveli an adamiani) sastik msxverplSewirvas RmrTaebis sapativcemlod. qristianul samyaroSi umTavresi Sewirva
qristes msxverplSewirvaa, romelmac
msxverplad misca sakuTari Tavi mama
RmerTs kacobriobis codvaTa gamosasyidad. evqaristiuli msaxurebawirvaam Sewirvas araZaladobrivi gziT
gangvacdevinebs.

381
Sewiruleba (Offertorio) [laT. offertorium, zmnidan offerre SeTavazeba]
evqaristiuli liturgiis pirveli momenti, romlis drosac qristianuli
sakrebulo pursa da Rvinos warudgens
mRvdelmsaxurs, vinc Semdeg RmerTs
swiravs maT. SeiZleba aRsruldes galobis TanxlebiT, romelsac swored
Sewirvis galoba ewodeba.
Sewiruli (Sacramentato) zedsarTavi
miemarTeba iesos, romelic namdviladaa
Tanamswre nakurTx hostiaSi.
Sewyveta RmrTaebrivisagan (Sospensione a divinis) gamajansaRebeli sasjeli,
romelic mxolod sasuliero pirTa
mimarT wesdeba. moicavs Zalauflebisa
da marTvis yvela aqtis an maTi nawilis
akrZalvas (Sdr. CIC, kann. 1333-1334).
Sveicariuli
gvardia
(Guardia
svizzera)
Sveicariel
jariskacTa
nawili, romelic vatikanis saxelmwifos emsaxureba da romelsac papis
dacva, samociqulo sasaxlisa da vatikanis gare SesasvlelTa kontroli
evaleba. XIV saukunidan wmida saydris
samsaxurSi mravali Sveicarieli iyo,
mudmivmoqmedi da Camoyalibebuli SenaerTis Seqmnis idea ki pap gvido II-s
ekuTvnis. 1506 wlis 21 ianvars papma
pirveli 150 Sveicarieli jariskaci
akurTxa, romlebmac vatikanSi daiwyes
samsaxuri. 1976 wels damtkicebuli
reglamentiT pavle VI-m SenaerTis
90-kaciani Semadgenloba daamkvidra: 4
oficeri, 1 kapelani, 23 unter-oficeri, 60 SubnajaxiT SeiaraRebuli jariskaci da 2 medole. 1979 wels ioane
pavle II-m Subnajaxis mtvirTavT raodenoba 70-mde gazarda, ris Sedega-

Sidaezo

dac Sveicariuli gvardiis Semadgenloba 100 kacs iTvlis. Sveicariuli

gvardiis jariskacebi dRemde atareben
gansakuTrebul samosels, romlis avtoradac miqelanjeloa miCneuli.
STagoneba (Ispirazione) [laT. inspiratio (zmnidan in-spirare SigniT Seberva)] STagoneba aRniSnavs RmrTaebriv
sawyiss bibliisa, romelic mokvdav
avtorebs suli wmidam STaagona, ris
gamoc is RmrTis WeSmarit sityvadaa
aRiarebuli. RmerTi, rogorc saRmrTo
werilis mTavari avtori, iSveliebs
adamiansmeorexarisxovan
avtors,
Tumca es ukanaskneli namdvilad asrulebs literaturul Sromas. Aanu,
STagoneba ar gulisxmobs RmrTaebrivi
qmedebis mier hagiografis Zalisxmevisa
da literaturuli Sromis Canacvlebas an CaxSobas. amas adasturebs,
agreTve, sxvadasxva STagonebul avtorTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli weris stili
da literaturuli Txroba, rac erTi
da imave movlenis aRweraSic cxadad
Cans. aSkarad zebunebrivi RmrTaebrivi
galena sammagia (anu exeba hagiografis gonebas, nebasa da saSemsruleblo
unarebs) da warmavalia (anu araCveulebrivi: mimarTulia konkretuli
miznisnawerisSesaqmnelad da am
miznis miRwevis Semdeg qreba).
Sidaezo (Chiostro) [laT. claustrum
Caketili adgili] monastris an savanis kolonadiT garSemortymuli
Sida ezo. Zvelad sityva aRniSnavda
monastris galavans, romlis gareT
gasvlac zemdgomis nebarTvis gareSe
monazvnebs ekrZalebodaT. samonastro

SidaTanayofa

SenobebSi kolonadiani Sida ezos

mowyobis idea samonazvno cxovrebis
praqtikuli moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare daibada: kerZod, monazonTaTvis, romelTac dRisiT da RamiT
xSirad uwevdaT eklesiaSi TavSeyra, is
ufro swrafad gadaadgilebisa da uamindobisagan dacvis saSualebad iqca.
SidaTanayofa (Pericoresi) [berZ. per
SigniT+
nawarmoebi forma zmnisa
chrein wasvla, erTmaneTSi yofna]
Teologiuri termini, romelsac kapadokieliM mamebi iyenebdnen im tipuri
kavSiris an urTierTkavSiris aRsaniSnavad, romelic, RmrTaebrivi arsis
erTianobis safuZvelze, gansazRvravs
samebis sami RmrTaebrivi pirovnebis
urTierTdamokidebulebas.
Sivaizmi (Sivaismo) hinduizmis or
umTavres kultTagan erT-erTi. misi
Tayvaniscemis obieqtia RmerTi Siva,
anu Siva meuRle parvatisTan (ewodeba, agreTve, durga an kali) erTad.
zogjer Tayvaniscemis obieqtia, amasTanave, SvilebTankartikeasa (omis
RmrTaeba) da ganeSasTan (spilosTaviani RmrTaeba) erTad. kulti indoeTSi
daaxloebiT IV-V saukuneebSi damkvidrda.
Siitebi (Sciiti) [arab. shia partia]
sunitebis Semdeg islamis meore (Tumca
ricxobrivad ufro mcirericxovani)
jgufi. Siitebsa da sunitebs Soris
dayofas religiur-politikuri mezezebi hqonda. rodesac damaskos imJamindelma mmarTvelma, omaiadma muaviam xalifa alis (656-661) winaaRmdeg
gailaSqra, am ukanasknelma ki gamowveva
miiRo (660 wels sifinis maxloblad),

382
sunitebma muavias dauWires mxari, Siitebi ki erTaderT kanonier xalifad
alis miiCnevdnen. Siitebi alis mxares
dadgnen (Sia) da SemdgomSic misi, misi
saxlobisa da STamomavlebis erTgulni
darCnen. Siitebi icaven muhamadisagan
sisxliT memkvidreobiTobis princips,
rogorc xalifad aRiarebis pirobas
da imams (sakrebulos meTauri), amasTanave, religiuri winamZRolis funqciasac akisreben. SiitebisaTvis imami
alis memkvidrea Tavis religiur da
politikur msaxurebaSi, romelic
RmrTisagan aqvs miniWebuli winaswarmetyvel muhamadis mier aRsrulebuli
mcire kurTxevisa da gansakuTrebuli
RmrTaebrivi gasxivosnebis wyalobiT.
amgvarad, imami iqceva sakrebulos
erTaderT kanonier xelmZRvanelad da
faqtobrivad Seumcdar xelisuflad.
Siitebi, romlebmac istoriis manZilze araerTxel ganicades devna, cxovroben iranSi (sadac Siitoba saxelmwifo religiaa), eraysa da pakistanSi.
daiyofebian: zaidelebad, imamelebad,
ismailelebad da sxva ufro mcire
jgufebad.
Sinacxovreba (Inabitazione) [gvianlaT. inhabitatio, momdinareobs zmnidan inhabitare cxovreba SigniT]
aRniSnavs madlis mdgomareobaSi myof
samSvinvelSi RmrTis mudmiv Tanaswrebas. formalurad gamoxatulia ioanesTan (ioan. 14:23): visac vuyvarvar,
is Cems sityvas daicavs da Cemi mamac
Seiyvarebs mas. Cvenc mivalT da masTan
davidebT savanes. es cneba farTodaa
gavrcobili pavleseul TeologiaSi
(rom. 8:11; 2tim. 1:14; 1kor. 3:16).

383
Sintoizmi (Shintoismo) [Cinuri warmoSobis termini, aRniSnavs sulier
arsebaTa(Sen) gzas (dao), romelic
iaponurad ikiTxeba kaminagara] iaponiis avtoqtonur religiur koncepciaTa da Sesatyvis kulturul
aqtivobaTa erToblioba, romlebic
gavrcelebuli iyo budhizmis miRebamde da am sawyisi formebidan ganviTarda. pirvelad 585 wels, nihonSokis
saimperio qronikaSi iqna warmodgenili
budhas kanons dapirispirebuli formis saxiT. istoriis manZilze aqtiurad
daupirispirda budhizms, daoizms, konfucianelobasa da qristianobas; didi
gavlena moaxdina iaponiis istoriaze
rogorc regionebs Soris mkveTrad
gansxvavebuli xalxuri rwmenis formam,
ise rogorc seqtam Tu mkacrad legalisturma saxelmwifo religiam. ar hyavs
damaarsebeli da ar gaaCnia saRmrTo
werili (am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT). am mizeziT ar Seicavs dogmebs da ar aris sarwmunoebis aRsarebis
mqone religia. Sedegad, dRes Zalian
xSirad aRiqmeba, rogorc saxasiaTo
iaponuri cxovrebis wesi: 1983 wels
mxolod iaponelTa 3,4 procentma aRiara Tavi morwmune Sintoistad. amave
dros, aRricxvis monacemebiT, Sintoistad qveynis 98,6 milioni mcxovrebi
dasaxelda. moZRvrebis religiur ideaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania bunebis,
winaparTa da adgilobrivi mfarveli RmrTaebis kulti. religiuri
cxovrebis sakvanZo adgilia sakulto
sivrce, anu salocavi, taZari (miia,
jinja), romelSic mfarveli RmrTaeba
mudmivad Tanamswrea an moixmoba locvis/dResaswaulis dros sxva samyarodan (mTebi, zeca, zRva). yovelwliur

Soba

dResaswaulTa (macuri) kulminaciuri

momentebia sagazafxulod mindvrebis
momzadebis (xSirad maT win uswrebs axali wlis dadgomisas Sromis dawyebis
ritualuri ceremonia) da SemodgomiT
mosavlisaTvis samadlobeli ceremonialebi, rodesac aRsruldeba locvebi
norito da mzaddeba Sesawiravi
sakvebi (marili, sake, brinji, bostneuli, Tevzi). Sintoizmi kamis, aRmatebul arsebaTa, RmrTaebaTa arsebobas aRiarebs. es arsebebi ar aRiqmeba
marad arsebulad, yovlisSemZle da
absolurad, aramed ganisazRvreba rogorc sulieri Zalebi, romlebic
moqmedeben samyaroSi arsebuli yvela
sagnisa da arsebis dabadebis procesSi. samyaro kamis qmnilebaa, xolo es
qmnilebani masSi vlindeba: yvelaferi
wmidaa, radgan sulieria, TviT sagnebi
Tu maTi mdebareobis adgili. adamianic
mxolod safexurebrivad gansxvavdeba
kamisagan. sicocxle da mis SesanarCuneblad moqmedi yvela instinqti dadebiTia. mxolod sikvdili da yovelive,
rasac misken mivyavarT, aris uaryofiTi
da cudi. adamiani arsebiTad keTilia
da zneobrivi kodeqsis dauxmareblad
grZnobs, Tu ra aris swori (magokoro). Tumca adamianma mravali gziT
SeiZleba dakargos siwminde bilw sagnebTan, sikvdilTan, avadmyofobasTan
kontaqtSi SesvliT an sakuTari egoizmis mizeziT. ritualuri ganwmeda ganbanvisa da gulis ganwmedis (altruizmi) meSveobiT RmrTaebrivTan Sexvedris
pirobaa.
Soba (Natale) liturgiuli dResaswauli, romliTac qristianebi 25 dekembers aRniSnaven sityvis xorcSesxmas,

Sonstatis saqme

gankacebas, mis Sobas beTlemSi. dResaswauli romauli warmoSobisaa da IV

saukuniT TariRdeba. qristianebma is
daamkvidres warmarTuli mzis RmrTis
dResaswaulis nacvlad, romelic zamTris buniobis dros (Natalis solis
invincti) aRiniSneboda, riTac surdaT
gamoexataT, rom swored iesoa adamianTa da samyaros namdvili naTeli.
naTlisRebasTan erTad 25 dekemberi
(romelic iesos dabadebis istoriuli
TariRi araa) saSobao liturgiuli
ciklis yvelaze amaRlebuli momentia.
mas adventis dro uZRvis win.
Sonstatis saqme (Schnstatt, opera di)
samociqulo da mariamis kultTan dakavSirebuli ganaxlebis moZraoba; is
1914 wels mama iozef kentenixma (18851968) mdinare rainze, valendaris maxloblad mdebare samgzis gasaocari
Sonstatis mariamis samlocveloSi
daaarsa. dRes is aerTianebs: Sonstatis
saero mRvdelmsaxurTa, mariamis ZmaTa,
mariamis daTa, Sonstatis qalbatonTa
da Sonstatis ojaxTa asociaciebs;
samociqulo kavSirs, romelsac Seadgenen mRvdelmsaxurTa, mamakacTa, qalTa, ojaxTa damoukidebeli sakrebuloebi; samociqulo ligas, wevrTa
da TanamSromelTa sakrebuloebis,
saxalxo moZraobisa da momlocvelobis SemadgenlobiT. Sonstatis saqme
xelmZRvanelobs deviziT: samyaros

384
mariamiseuli qristianuli aRzrda
da axali adamiani axal sazogadoebaSi da miznad isaxavs TanamSromlobas eklesiaSi qristianuli cxovrebis
kompleqsuri ganaxlebisaTvis. am konteqstSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
eTmoba saeroTa momzadebas kentenixis
mier SemuSavebuli asketur-aRmzrdelobiTi modelis Sesabamisad. n. palotielni.
Suamavali (Mediatore) [gvianlaT. mediator, nawarmoebia zmnidan mediare
SuaSi dgoma] qristianul religiaSi, wmida pavles sityvis Tanaxmad,
erTia RmerTsa da kacTa Soris Suamavalikaci qriste ieso (1tim. 2:5),
xolo yvela danarCenis Suamavloba
(eklesia, mariami...) mxolod qristes
srulyofili da erTaderTi Suamavlobidan gamomdinareobs.
Suamdgomlobani (Intercessioni) [laT.
intercessio] wirvasa da JamTa liturgiaSi damkvidrebuli sakmaod Zveli vedrebis locvebi.
Suri (Invidia) Svid mTavar mankierebaTagan erT-erTi. mdgomareobs mwuxarebasa da daRonebaSi, romelsac adamiani imis Semxedvare ganicdis, rac
sxvas aqvs da roca mas gadaWarbebulad
Zlierad surs, daumsaxureblad daeuflos amas. amdenad, es gulmowyalebis
uaryofaa (Sdr. CCC, 2538-2540).

Caqolva (Lapidazione) Zvel aRTqmaSi gaTvaliswinebuli (gam. 19:13; lev.
20:2; 24:14, Smd.; rjl. 13:11; ioan. 8:5)
sikvdiliT dasjis wesi: qalaqis farglebs gareT sikvdilmisjils qvebs
uSendnen da mTlianad gadafaravdnen
mas qvebiT (Sdr. ricxv. 15:36; rjl.
17:5; 22:21.24). zogjer Caqolva TviTneburi gasamarTlebis formas iRebda,
rogorc es iesos (ioan. 10:31.33; 11:8),
stefanes (saqm. 7:57), pavles (saqm. 14:5;
2kor. 11:25) da sxvaTa SemTxvevebSi (ebr.
11:37) moxda.
Caweba (Intinzione) [saeklesio laT.
intinctio, romelic nawarmoebia zmnidan intingere Caweba] wmida RviniT
savse barZimSi hostiis Cawoba, ormagi
saxiT ziarebis micemisas.
Celino (Ciellino) zedwodeba, romliTac aRiniSneba 1969 wels milanSi
daarsebuli Tanaziarebisa da gaTavisuflebis kaTolikuri moZraobisadmi
kuTvnileba.
Cvenebani (Apparizioni) [laT. apparitio, romelic nawarmoebia sityvidan
apparere gamoCena, Cveneba] xiluli
Cveneba arsebisa, romlis xilvac im
adgilas an im dros, saganTa bunebrivi wesrigis TvalsazrisiT, uCveulo

da auxsnelia. aRniSnavs zebunebrivis

grZnobad gamovlinebas. Cvenebani exeba RmerTs (Zveli aRTqma saubrobs
RmrTis mraval Teofaniaze anu gamocxadebaze), angelosebs, wmidanebs
da mariams. kerZod, cnobilia mariamis
gamocxadeba lurdSi, fatimaSi da sxv.
Cveuleba (Consuetudine) [laT. sityvidan consuetudo] aRniSnavs sakrebulos uwyveti qmedebis faqts. sazogado
samarTali mas gansazRvravs, rogorc
gansazRvruli qcevis zogad, erTgvar da mudmiv gameorebas, Sesrulebuls dajerebulobiT, rom amgvarad
iuridiuli normis dacva xdeba. kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsi ar iZleva Cveulebis gansazRvrebas, magram
gvTavazobs normebs misTvis kanonis
Zalis misaniWeblad, gansakuTrebiT,
rodesac is ewinaaRmdegeba an scildeba kanonikur samarTals (Sdr. CIC,
kan. 23-28). RmrTaebrivi kanonis sawinaaRmdego arcerT Cveulebas ara aqvs
kanonis Zala.
Cveulebrivi (Ordinario) [laT. ordinarius] liturgiaSi termini miemarTeba
wirvis ucvlel nawilTa erTobliobas, romelsac erTvis dRis sagangebo
nawilebi.

386

CirkoCelionebi

CirkoCelionebi (Circoncellioni) [terminis warmoSoba daudgenelia. SesaZlebelia momdinareobdes laTinuri

sityvebidan circum cellas] moxetiale
qristianebi, romlebsac dasaxlebaTa
garSemo mihqondaT ieriSebi. isini
IV-V saukuneebSi CrdiloeT afrikaSi moqmedebdnen. religiuri radikalizmiT dasneulebuli es fanatikosi
donatistebi wmidanebad, rwmenisTvis

mebrZolebad, qristes jariskacebad

acxadebdnen Tavs. gamudmebiT angrevdnen kaTolikur eklesiebs, augad epyrobodnen monazvnebs da morwmuneebs,
hqondaT aseve socialur-ekonomiuri
xasiaTis moTxovnebic. daaxloebiT IV
saukunis SuawlebSi maTi moZraoba imperatorma konstantim aRkveTa. n. donatizmi.

caTa sasufeveli/RmrTis sasufeveli

(Regno dei cieli/Regno di Dio) gamoTqma
da cneba, romelic gamoxatavs RmrTis
sasufevels, RmrTis sauflos, RmrTis
mefur uzenaesobas (berZ. basilea tho
the). adreuli iudaizmis droindeli
abstrahireba gamoTqmisa RmerTi aris
mefe (iqceva mefed) (ebr. malak Jhwh).
rabinuli warmoSobis gamoTqma caTa
sasufeveli (malkt Samajim; Sdr.
basilea tn ourann maTesTan) RmrTis
saxelis xsenebis akrZalvis tendenciis
nayofia. es ori gamoTqma aRniSnavs
samyaroze, istoriasa da adamianebze
RmrTis srul da gadamwyvet uzenaesobas. maT xSirad vxvdebiT sinoptikosebTan, radganac caTa sasufevlis
Tema umTavresia iesos qadagebebSi (maT.
4:23; 9:35; mark. 1:15). caTa sasufevlis
Sesaxeb mravali
igavi mogviTxrobs
(maT. 13; mark. 4), is warmodgenilia, rogorc ukve Tanamswrebi realoba (maT.
12:28; luk. 17:20; 21:32), Tavis aRsrulebas ki is esqatologiaSi povebs (maT.
12:43; 25:31, Smd.; Sdr. 1kor. 15:25, Smd.).
cduneba (Scandalo) [qristianuli laT.
scandalum, nawarmoebia berZnulidan
skndalon tyuili] damokidebuleba
an qceva, romelic sxvebs borotebis
Cadenisaken ubiZgebs. es mZime danaSau-

lia, Tuki Tavisi qmedebiT an umoqmedobiT misi gamomwvevi ganzrax

waaqezebs sxva adamianebs seriozuli
Secdomis Cadenisaken. es qmedeba gansakuTrebul simZimes iZens misi Camdenis
Zalmosilebis an qmedebis msxverplis
sisustis mizeziT. qristem amasTan dakavSirebiT amgvari krulva warmoTqva:
vinc erTs am mcireTagans, romelsac
Cemi swams, acdunebs, misTvis ajobebda wisqvilis qva daekidaT kiserze da
zRvis ufskrulSi CaeZiraT (maT. 18:6).
cduneba mZimea, Tuki misi gamomwvevi
piris movaleoba aRzrda da swavlebaa.
is SeiZleba gamoiwvios kanonma an istituciam, modam an sazogadoebrivma
azrma (Sdr. CCC, 2284-2287).
cezaropapizmi
(Cesaropapismo)
[cezar(izmi)+papizmi] XVIII saukuneSi
damkvidrebuli es termini aRniSnavs
adgilobriv mmarTvelsa (monarqs) da
eklesias Soris gansakuTrebul urTierTobas, romlis ZaliTac mmarTveli Tavs uflebamosilad miiCnevs,
Caerios eklesiis Sinagan saqmianobaSi.
milanis ediqtis (313) Semdeg konstantinem pativad, metic, movaleobad CaTvala eklesiis daxmareba da gare Tu
Sida mterTagan misi dacva. mis da mis

celebreti

memkvidreTa dros amgvari damokidebulebis uaryofiT mxared iqca eklesiis saqmeebSi mravalricxovani Careva,
maT Soris, uTanxmoebebSi dogmatur
sakiTxebze. imperatori dogmatur
uTanxmoebaTa msajulad ar acxadebda
Tavs, magram zogjer episkoposTagan
misTvis sasurvel gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebas iTxovda. bizantiuri yaidis
amgvari praqtika, romelic Semdeg
rusma xelmwifeebmac gadaiRes, momdinareobda aseve pontifex maximusis romauli tradiciidan. dasavleTSi
cezaropapizmi xelaxla damkvidrda
wmida romis imperiis xelmwifeTa dros.
celebreti (Celebret) [laT. aRavlinos!] saepiskoposo kuriis an religiuri kongregaciis mowmoba, romelic
adasturebs, rom samRvdelo pirs wirvis aRvlenis ufleba aqvs.
celibati (Celibato) [laT. caelibatus, nawarmoebi sityvidan caelebs
dauqorwinebeli] saRmrTo werilis
mier rekomendebuli (Sdr. maT. 19:12
uqorwinebloba caTa sasufevlisTvis; 1kor. 7:7; 7:32-34) uqorwinebloba
Tavdapirvelad saRmrTo msaxurTaTvis savaldebulo ar iyo, miuxedavad
im mniSvnelobisa, romelic ubiwoebas
eniWeboda. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli
pirveli kanoni daaxloebiT 300 wels
iqna miRebuli, elviras (granada)
krebis mier (kan. 33). kanonma absoluturi TavSekaveba savaldebulod
gamoacxada in sacris xeldasxmulTaTvis, sasjelis saxiT ki Tanamdebobidan
gaTavisufleba daawesa. maT aekrZalaT
ara qorwineba, aramed seqsualuri
urTierToba. lateranis I da II krebe-

388
bze (1123 da 1139) mRvdelTa qorwineba
baTilad iqna cnobili da damkvidrda
celibatis kanoni, romelic dResac
ZalaSia laTinur eklesiaSi. saeklesio
celibats eklesia ganixilavs, rogorc
saRmrTo msaxurebisadmi sruli miZRvnisa da mzadyofnis mdgomareobas da
kacobriobis sasruli viTarebis winaswar gancdas. marTlmadidebelTa Soris
qorwinebis akrZalva exeba mxolod
episkoposebs, Tumca trulis II krebam (691) daadgina, rom mRvdlebsa da
diakvnebs mxolod xeldasxmamde aqvT
daqorwinebis ufleba. amave wess icavs
aRmosavluri wesis kaTolike eklesiac.
n. samRvdeloeba.
cenzori wignTaTvis (Censore dei
libri) [laT. sityvidan censor, romelic momdinareobs zmnidan censere Sefaseba] pirovneba, romelsac
eklesia (adgilobrivi episkoposi an
episkoposTa konferencia) akisrebs im
wignTa Semowmebas, romelTa gamoqveynebis mizanSewonilobis dasadgenad
eklesiis Tanxmobaa saWiro. pirovneba
unda gamoirCeodes ganswavlulobiT,
WeSmariti moZRvrebis mimdevrobiTa
da keTilgonierebiT (CIC, kan. 830).
amJamad nebarTvas saWiroebs bibliis
gamocemebi da Targmanebi, liturgiuli wignebi da maTi Targmanebi, katexizmoebi, Teologiisa da religiis
saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloebi.
cenzura (Censura) [laT. censura
cenzoris kabineti] cenzori iyo
romaeli mosamarTle, romelsac moqalaqeebis cenzTa (gadasaxadTa) kontroli, xolo mogvianebiTmoqalaqeTa saqcielis Sesworeba da dasja

389
evaleboda. Tanamedrove metyvelebaSi
cenzura zepirad, werilobiT Tu
rame sxva saSualebiT sakuTari azris
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas
aRniSnavs. kanonikur terminologiaSi
cenzura eklesiis mier monaTluli
adamianisaTvis dawesebul gamajansaRebel (gamosworebisken mimarTul)
sanqcias (CIC, kan. 1331-1335) ewodeba.
amgvari sanqciebia gankveTa, uflebis
CamorTmeva da akrZalva. es ukanaskneli
mxolod samRvdeloebasTan mimarTebaSi
gamoiyeneba.
ceremonia (Cerimonia) [laT. caerimonialis wmida qmedeba] liturgiul qmedebaTa erToblioba, romlebic
winaswar gansazRvruli formulis an
programis Tanaxmad aRsruldeba. n.
mRvdelmsaxureba
ceremoniaTa
wigni
(Cerimoniale) [laT. sityvidan caerimonialis]
liturgiuli wigni, romelic Seicavs
religiuri msaxurebisaTvis saWiro
normebs, miTiTebebsa da kurTxevis
aqtebs, romelTac papi an episkoposi
asruleben. 1600 wels, pap klemente
VIII-is buliT wignma miiRo oficialuri statusi da saTauri Caerimoniale
episcoporum. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
Setanili SesworebebiT wignma vatikanis II krebamde iarseba. axal liturgiul formaTa moqnilobis gamo amJamad aRar gamoiyeneba.
ceremonmaisteri (Cerimoniere) [momdinareobs sityva cerimonia-dan] piri,
romelsac evaleba wesTa Rirseulad,
mowiwebiT aRsrulebisa da maTi aRmsrulebeli mRvdelmsaxurebis saTanadod momzadebis uzrunvelyofa.

cvinglieloba

cecxli (Fuoco) pirvelsawyis bunebriv

elementTa Soris cecxls, rogorc
sinaTlisa da siTbos wyaros, arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs adamianisaTvis. saaRdgomo liturgiaSi sazeimo sapaseqo
ciskris dasawyisSi gaTvaliswinebulia gansakuTrebuli wesi im cecxlis
kurTxevisa, saidanac ainTeba saRdgomo
kelaptarisimbolo mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qristesi, vinc mama RmrTis
didebis cocxal naTels gadascems
adamians.
cvinglieloba (Zwinglianesimo) ciurixeli reformatoris, u. cvinglis
(1484-1531) moZRvreba, romelic mkacr
racionalistur humanizmad miiCneva.
cvingli umTavresad cnobilia imiT,
rom uaryofda evqaristiaSi qristes
rame formiT Tanaswrebas. marburgis
krebaze (1529) es sakiTxi luTerTan
misi SeTanxmebis damabrkolebel faqtorad iqca. cvinglis naazrevi avtoris sikvdilis Semdegac (moazrovne
kapelis brZolaSi mokles) inarCunebs
gavlenas. amis dasturia germanulenovan reformirebul (kalvinur) eklesiaSi gaviTarebuli reformirebuli
konfesionalizmis forma, romlis
principebic Sordeba rogorc luTerelobas, ise kaTolikur reformas.
am mimdinareobas warmoadgenen cvinglis ciurixeli TanamSromeli leo
iudi (1542), bazeleli reformatori da humanisti iohan ekolampadio
(1531), misi memkvidre osvald mikoniusi (1552) da, umTavresad, cvinglis ciurixeli memkvidre hainrix bulingeri
(1575). maTi erToblivi Sromis Sedegia 1536 wlis pirveli Sveicariuli
aRsareba (Confessio Helvetica prior),

ciboriumi

romelmac germanuli Sveicariis sarwmunoebrivi mimarTuleba gansazRvra.

momdevno dokumenti, Confessio Helvetica posterior (1566), warmoadgens
bulingeris mier Tavdapirvelad calke
gakeTebul redaqcias, romelmac Semdeg, 1566 wels palatinatSi oficialuri saxe miiRo da am formiT iqca
reformirebul (kalvinur) eklesiaTa
erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul sarwmunoebriv dokumentad.
ciboriumi (Ciborio) [laT. ciborium,
nawarmoebia berZ. sityvidan kibrion
egvipturi cercvis nayofi, saidanac
momdinareobs orsaxeluriani Tasi
an WurWeli] oTx boZze dayrdnobili rkalisebri gadaxurva, romelic
sakurTxevlis Tavzea moTavsebuli. adreqristianuli eklesiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli es arqiteqturuli elementi
romauli samyarodanaa nasesxebi, barokos epoqaSi man kvlav daibruna popularoba. centraluri adgili ukavia
presbiteriumSi (mRvdlis samyofelSi),
mudam mzaddeboda Zvirfasi masalisagan, gamoCenil ostatTa mier. aRsaniSnavia arnolfo di kambios mier Seqmnili ciboriumebi romSi, wmida pavles bazilikaSi galavans miRma (1285)
da trasteveres ubanSi mdebare wmida
cecilias taZarSi (1293). agreTve, saxelganTqmulia berninis mier Seqmnili
ciboriumi wmida petres bazilikaSi,
saxasiaTo baldaqiniT (1624-1633).
ciskrisa (Mattutino) [laT. mattutinus] JamTa liturgiis reformamde
ase ewodeboda Ramis vigilias. Semdeg
is Secvala sakiTxavTa Jamma, romelic,
miuxedavad imisa, rom inarCunebs Ra-

390
mis sagundo locvis xasiaTs, dRis
nebismier dros SeiZleba Sesruldes.
Sedgeba sagaloblis, sami fsalmunis,
ori sakiTxavisa (maTgan erTi biblidan
aRebuli nawyvetia, meore ki
eklesiis mamaTa an swavlebis teqsti) da
erTi daskvniTi locvisagan.
cistercielni (Cistercensi) [sityvidan Cisterciumsitos laTinuri
saxelidan, sadac 1098 wels molezmis
winamZRvarma wmida robertma cisterciulad wodebuli samonastro ordenis pirveli saabato daaarsa] ordens
axasiaTebda asketuri suliskveTeba,
misi mizani ki wmida benediqteseuli
wesdebis mkacrad Sesrulebis xelaxla
damkvidreba iyo, sapirispirod im dacemisa, rac klunis saabatom ganicada.
wmida bernard de fonteinis meoxebiT
mTavar saabatos mcire xanSi oTxi Svilobili Seemata: la fertes (1113),
pontinis (1114), klervosa da morimonis (1115) monastrebi. mTavar saabatoTa winamZRvrebma Semdgom daarsebul
yvela monasterze SeinarCunes zemdgomoba. ordenis saboloo wesdeba Camoayaliba sitos mesame abatma, stefan
hardingma dokumentSi Carta caritatis
(1119), romelic imave wels kalisTe
II-m daamtkica. masSi kvlav aRiniSna
fizikuri da sasoflo-sameurneo Sromis, siRatakis radikaluri mimdevrobisa da wesis upirobo aRsrulebis
mniSvneloba. ordeni Zalian swrafad
gafarTovda da wmida bernardis gardacvalebis wels (1153) mTel italiaSi
ukve 343 saabatos moicavda. 1132 wels
tartSi, safrangeTSi, ordenis pirveli
qalTa saabato daarsda. XIV saukuneSi
cistercielebmac ganicades garkveuli

391
dacema, XVII saukuneSi ki ordeni or
Stod daiyo: reformirebul cistercielebad anu wesis mtkice mimdevrebad
(n. trapistebi) da cistercielebad
anu wesis Cveulebriv mimdevrebad.
morTulobasa da kazmulobas moklebuli cisterciul saabatoTa da eklesiaTa sada da funqciuri arqiteqtura
am ordenisaTvis damaxasiaTebel simartivesa da sisadaveze metyvelebs.
codva (Peccato) [laT. peccatum] codvis raoba srulad mxolod RmrTaebrivi gamocxadebis Suqzea gasagebi;
Tu adamianTa mimarT RmrTis ganzraxva
gvesmis, gasagebi xdeba, rom codva aris
im Tavisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba,
romelic RmerTma mis mier Seqmnil
adamianebs uboZa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, codva nebayoflobiTi Secdomaa
gonebis, WeSmaritebis, sindisis winaSe.
esaa RmrTisa da moyvasis mimarT WeSmariti siyvarulis darRveva, Sedegad
araswori mimxrobisa imisadmi, rac
sikeTis saxiT warmoudgeba adamians.
codva RmrTis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs
qristes morCilebis sawinaaRmdego
daumorCileblobis saxiT. adamianma
SeiZleba Sescodos fiqriT, sityviT,
saqmiT an daudevrobiT. Tavisi simZimidan gamomdinare, codva SeiZleba iyos
misatevebeli an momakvdinebeli. momakvdinebeli codva RmrTis kanonis
darRvevis mizeziT adamianis gulSi
kacTmoyvareobas anadgurebs; is acilebs adamians RmerTs, romelic misi
saboloo mizani da netarebaa da RmerTze naklebi sikeTisadmi upiratesobis
miniWebisaken ubiZgebs mas. Mmisatevebeli
codva ar anadgurebs kacTmoyvareobas,
Tumca zians ayenebs mas. codva momakvdinebladaa miCneuli, Tu saxezea sami

crumorwmuneoba

piroba: codvis sagani mZimea, amasTan

codva Cadenilia sruliad Segnebulad
da nebayoflobiT (ioane pavleII, Reconciliatio et paenitentia, 17). misi Sedegia kacTmoyvareobisa da wmidamyofi
madlis dakargva. Tuki aseTi codva
araa gamosyiduli monaniebiTa da
RmrTis patiebiT aRsarebis saidumlos
meSveobiT, mas Sedegad mohyveba qristes
sasufevlidan gandevna da jojoxeTSi
maradiuli sikvdili. misatevebeli
codva ki kacTmoyvareobis meSveobiT
gamosworebad zneobriv uwesrigobas
wamoadgens (CCC, 383-387; 1846-1876).
codvili n. codva.
codna (Scienza) [laT. scientia, nawarmoebia sityvidan sciens, rac awmyos
mimReobaa zmnisa scire codna] suliwmidis Svidi niWTagan erT-erTi. misi
arsia bunebriv movlenaTa gageba RmerTTan maT mimarTebaSi. danarCeni niWebia: sibrZne, rCeva, goniereba, simtkice,
lmobiereba da RmrTis SiSi.
crumorwmuneoba
(Superstizione)
[laT. superstitio is, rac zemodan
devs] kaTolike eklesiis katexizmos
Tanaxmad, crumorwmuneoba aris religiuri grZnobidan da mis mier nakarnaxevi praqtikuli wesebidan gadaxveva. SeiZleba warmogvidges SeniRbuli, TiTqos WeSmariti RmrTisadmi
Tayvaniscemis saxiT, magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, roca erTgvari magiuri mniSvneloba eniWeba TavisTavad kanonier an
saWiro wesebs. locvebis Tu saidumlosmieri niSnebis qmediTobis mxolod
maTi materialurobiT ganmarteba, maTTvis saWiro Sinagani ganwyobis ugulebelyofiT, crumorwmuneobaa (2111).

392

cuketo

cuketo (Zucchetto) [kninobiTi forma italiuri sityvisa zucca, rac gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT Tavs aRniSnavs] naxevarsferos formis mcire zomis Tavsaburavi, romelsac samRvdelo
pirebi atareben. misi feri mflobelis
ierarqiul mdgomareobazea damokidebuli: papisaTeTria, kardinalTamewamuli ferisa, episkoposTaiisferi.
abatebi ki TavianTi ordenis ferisas
atareben. ewodeba, agreTve, pileolusi.

ZelakTa erToblioba, romelic saTavsoTa da sivrceTa erTmaneTisagan gansacalkeveblad gamoiyeneba. saaRsarebos

cxauri, rogorc wesi, erTi mcire zomis detalia da aRmsarebels monaniesagan gamohyofs. gandegilTa klauzuris
cxauri ki monasterSi an savaneSi sasuliero pirTaTvis gankuTvnil saTavsoebs morwmuneTaTvis Ria sivrceTagan
gamoyofs, Tumca maT Soris urTierTobis saSualebas mainc iZleva.

cxauri (Grata) [laT. cratis an crates

wnuli Robe] mcire zomis xis an
liTonis erTmaneTSi wvrilad Cawnul

cxeba (Crismazione) axalmonaTlulTa

da mironcxebisaTvis momzadebulTa
zeTiT cxebis wesi.

Ze kacisa (Figlio dellUomo) gamoTqma pirvelad gvxvdeba danielTan (dan.
7:13) xalxTa gankiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli zeciuri arsebis aRsaniSnavad. am
cnebam farTo gavrceleba pova apokalifsur iudaizmSi. is kvlav gvxvdeba
saxarebebSi, rogorc iesos mier sakuTari Tavis gansazRvreba. SemdgomSi,
SesaZloa, semituri samyaros gareT
esoden paradoqsuli JReradobis saxelis ganmartebis sirTulis gamo, is
faqtobrivad sruliad gaqra pirvel
sakrebuloTa yofidan.
Zeni (Zen) [iaponuri warmoTqma Cinuri ideogramisa Can (meditacia)]
budhisturi meditaciis skola, romelic CineTSi aRmocenda da iaponiaSi
gavrcelda, gansakuTrebiT XII-XIII saukuneebSi. Zenis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
yofnis aRmoCena da sibrZnis floba
aRemateba konceptualur kategoriebs
da mxolod Sinagani gasxivosnebiT miiRweva. Zeni gasxivosnebis or ZiriTad
meTods gulisxmobs: a) mdumare meditacia, egreT wodebul lotosis pozaSi, rasac,Sinagani wonasworobis
miRwevis mizniT,sunTqvis regulireba axlavs Tan; b) koanis savarjiSo, anu
racionalurad amouxsnel amocanaze
koncentracia, logikuri azrovnebisaTvis Tavis daRwevisa da ufro Rrma

fsiqikur sivrceebSi Caflobis mizniT.

Ze RmrTisa (Figlio di Dio) ase moixsenieba axal aRTqmaSi ieso qriste,
riTac aRiniSneba mama RmerTTan, Tavis
mamasTan, misi unikaluri damokidebuleba. ieso namdvili RmrTis Zea
(rom. 8:32), erTaderTi (maT. 3:17; 17:5),
mxolodSobili (ioan. 3:16), pirmSo
(kol. 1:15), WeSmariti (1ioan. 5:20) da
Tavad RmerTi (ioan. 1:1). ariosTan dapirispirebaSi, nikeis krebam (325) xazgasmiT aRniSna: Ze RmrTisa, Sobili
da ara qmnili, Tanaarsi (omoosios)
mamisa. amitomac qristianad yofna niSnavs imis rwmenas, rom qriste
RmrTis Svilia (CCC, 454).
Zveli aRTqma (Antico Testamento) n.
biblia; aRTqma.
Zveli kaTolikeebi (Vecchi cattolici)
germanulenovani eklesiis mimdevrebi,
romlebic calke Camoyalibdnen (dafuZnda miunxenis kongresze, 1871) mas
Semdeg, rac uari Tqves eRiarebinaT
papis umcdomlobisa da misi iurisdiqciis primatis dogma (vatikanis I kreba,
1869-1870). am eklesiis sarwmunoebis
aRsarebis safuZvels warmoadgens 1889
wlis utrextis deklaracia, romelSic
naTqvamia: Cven erTgulni varT Zveli eklesiis sarwmunoebisa, romelic

394

Zma

gamoxatulia pirveli aTaswleulis

ganuyofeli eklesiis msoflio krebaTa
sayovelTaod aRiarebul simboloebsa
da dogmatur gadawyvetilebebSi.
Zvel kaTolikeTa sakrebuloebi arsebobs germaniaSi, SveicariaSi, avstriaSi, holandiaSi, CexeTSi, poloneTsa da
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.
Zma (Frate) [laT. frater Zma] glaxakTa erT-erTi ordenis warmomadgeneli.
saero an moqceuli Zma ewodeba pirs,
romelsac ar miuRia sasuliero wodeba da monasterSi msaxurebas eweva.
moweses, romelmac mRvdlobis saidumlo miiRo (da, maSasadame, wirvas aRavlens), mimarTvisas mamaos uwodeben.

Zmuri mxileba (Correzione fraterna)

[laT. sityvidan correctio, romelic
nawarmoebia zmnidan corrgere Sesworeba] adamianisadmi mimarTva, romelic miznad isaxavs, codvis Cadenaze
xeli aaRebinos mas. is TviT iesom aswavla adamianebs: Tu Seni Zma Sescodavs Sens winaaRmdeg, midi da amxile
igi, roca martoni iqnebiT (maT. 18:15,
Smd.). SeiZleba hqondes sami saxe: kerZo;
naxevrad sajaro, erTi ar ori mowmis
TandaswrebiT; sajaro, eklesiis winaSe.
mounaniebelTa mimarT unda gatardes
ufro mkacri sasjeli: sakrebulodan
garicxva.

warmarTebi (Gentili) [laT. gentilis,

kalki berZnuli sityvisa etniks, romelic nawarmoebia sityvidan thne
xalxebi; aRniSnavs xalxebisadmi
kuTvnils, anu ucxoelTa kuTvnils]
axal aRTqmaSi esaa im xalxTa zogadi saxelwodeba, romlebic israelis
rCeul xalxs ar ganekuTvnebian da
aRniSnavs maTdami arakeTilganwyobas,
rac gamowveulia am xalxTa kerpTayvanismcemlobiTa da uzneo qceviT (maT.
18:17; gal. 2:15). magram iudevelebTan
erTad es xalxebic Seadgenen RmrTis
erTian xalxs qristeSi, radgan qristes
sisxlma yoveli dacalkeveba daamarcxa (efes. 2:14, Smd.). mociquli pavle
warmarTTa umTavres mociquladaa aRiarebuli (saqm. 9:1, Smd.; 22:21; gal. 2:7).
warmarToba/warmarTi (Paganesimo/
Pagano) Teologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
sityva warmarTi Zveli aRTqmidan
momdinareobs. mas pirobiTi mniSvneloba aqvs da gamoiyeneba aRTqmis
mqoneTa gansasxvaveblad imaTgan, vinc
xsnis xalxs ar ganekuTvneba (goimi).
axali aRTqmis Teologiis Tanaxmad,
warmarTebad qristes morwmuneTa (xiluli) sazogadoebis, anu eklesiis, gareT myofni miiCnevian. etimologiurad
warmarTi (pagano) momdinareobs

laTinuri sityvidan pagani, romelic

soflis, laTinurad pagus, mcxovreblebs aRniSnavs. soflis macxovrebelTa
arasaTanado kulturuli ganviTarebis
gamo maTma aRmniSvnelma gansazRvrebam kulturuli CamorCenilobisa
da zneobrivi simdablis mniSvneloba
SeiZina. Tanamedrove epoqaSi warmarTi veluris sinonimad iqca, riTac
aixsneba is faqti, rom dRes, vatikanis krebis Semdgom da axalgazrda
xalxebis xanaSi, es termini, faqtobrivad, gaqra leqsikonidan.
warmmarTveli (moderatori) (Moderatore) religiuri institutis an
eklesiaSi garkveuli maxasiaTeblis
matarebel pirTa jgufis mTavari
xelmZRvaneli. umaRlesi warmmarTveli
(moderatori) ewodeba samonazvnosamoweseo institutis mTavar winamZRvars, romelsac irCeven kanonikuri
arCevnebiT
debulebis
Sesabamisad
(CIC, kan. 625) da romelsac aqvs Zalaufleba institutis yvela provinciaze, mis yvela saxlsa da wevrze
(CIC, kan. 622). garda amisa, is xels
uwyobs institutis erTianobas wmida
saydarTan, awvdis mas cnobebs Tavisi institutis mdgomareobisa da cxovrebis
Sesaxeb, institutis wevrebs ki acnobs

weli, liturgiuli

maTTan dakavSirebiT gamocemul wmida

saydris dokumentebs (CIC, kan. 592).
weli, liturgiuli n. liturgiuli
weli.
weli, mariamisa n. mariamis weli.
weli, meSvide n. meSvide weli.
weli, wmida n. iubile.
wesdeba (Regola) [laT. regula rigi,
xis zoli] samoweseo ordenis
cxovrebis ganmsazRvrel normaTa erToblioba. rogorc wesdeba, Sedgenilia ordenis damaarseblis mier. amasTanave, termini, SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnes samoweseo ordenis wevrTa erTobliobis aRsaniSnavadac.
wesTa wigni (Rituale) saidumloTa aRsrulebisas mRvdelmsaxurisa da SekrebilTa mier dasacav wesTa da formulaTa Semcveli wigni.
wesi (Rito) [laT. ritus, berZnuli fuZidan arithms da sansk. rtm wesis
Sesatyvisi] ase ewodeba liturgiul
qmedebaTa da maT ganmsazRvrel disciplinur normaTa erTobliobas. termini
miemarTeba sxvadasxva eklesiaSi miRebul saRmrTo qmedebis aRsrulebis Taviseburebas (kaTolike, marTlmadidebeli, romauli, ambrosiseuli da sxva
wesebi) an aRniSnavs liturgiuli
msaxurebis struqturul mTlianobas
(naTlobis, wirvis da sxva wesebi).
winadacveTa (Circoncisione) [laT.
circumcisio] asos CuCis mTliani an
nawilobrivi mokveTa. gavrcelebulia
sxvadasxva xalxSi, Tumca arabebi da
ebraelebi mas sruliad gansakuTrebul

396
religiur mniSvnelobas aniWeben. misi
gavrceleba ZiriTadad islamuri religiis damsaxurebaa, romlis ganmasxvavebel niSansac warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom yuranSi winadacveTa
naxsenebi araa, adaTis (gadmocemis)
dokumentebSi is xSirad moixsenieba.
ebraelTa Soris winadacveTa warmoadgens ufalTan kavSiris rituals,
ebrauli xalxisadmi kuTvnilebis niSans. sruldeba dabadebidan rva dRis
Semdeg (Sdr. dab. 17:9-13). Tavdapirvelad
axalSobilis winadacveTas misi mama an
deda asrulebdnen, Semdeg es movaleoba winadamcveTs (mohel) daekisra,
vinc uangarod asrulebda am movaleobas. wesi sruldeba ormagi kurTxevis
TanxlebiT, romelTagan pirvels moheli warmoTqvams, meores ki axalSobilis mama. am ritualSi monawileobs
agreTve sandiyosi, erTgvari naTlia,
romelsac muxlebze uWiravs bavSvi.
winaswarmetyvelni xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen imis mniSvnelobas, rom fizikuri winadacveTa gulis winadacveTis
TanxlebiT aRsrulebuliyo, rac adamianis Sinaganad RmrTisadmi miZRvnas
gulisxmobs. iesoc, rogorc ebraeli,
winadacveTil iqna. qristianTaTvis winadacveTis valdebuleba ieso qristes
rwmenis damkvidrebasTan erTad gauqmda. ieso qristes jvarze sikvdilis
Semdeg wmida pavlem mravaljer aRniSna am wesis usargebloba (Sdr. gal.
5:6; fil. 3:3; kol. 2:11). ierusalemis
krebaze mociqulebma gaiziares wmida
pavles pozicia iudevel qristianTa
sapirispirod, romelTac surdaT, winadacveTa warmarTobidan moqceulTaTvis daewesebinaT (Sdr. saqm. 15).

397
winamZRvarni (Superiori) [laT. superioir (SedarebiTi xarisxi arsebiTi
saxelisa superus) romelic zemoTaa] aRniSnavs rogorc mamakacTa,
ise qalTa samoweseo sazogadoebis
xelmZRvanels. ufrosi winamZRvarni
ewodeba maT, vinc marTavs mTel instituts, mis romelime provincias an
provinciasTan gaTanabrebul institutis nawils, an sui iuris saxls da
maT Sesatyvis vikariusebs. amasTanave,
maT ricxvs emateba abati primasi da
samonastro kongregaciis winamZRvari.
Tumca am ukanasknelT mainc ara aqvT
sruli Zalaufleba, romelsac sayovelTao samarTali ufros winamZRvrebs
aniWebs (CIC, kan. 620). mTeli samoweseo ordenis winamZRvars generaluri
winamZRvari ewodeba.
winaswargansazRvruloba
(Predestinazione)
[laT.
praedestinatio]
aRniSnavs RmrTis mier maradisobidan gansazRvrul gegmas, mimarTuls
TiToeuli adamianis xsnisken. axali
aRTqmidan aRebul termins Teologiuri tradicia adasturebs (avgustine,
Toma akvineli); is xazs usvams yvelasTvis da ara mxolod rCeulTaTvis, gankuTvnili xsnis cnebas: RmerTs nebavs,
rom yvela adamiani gadarCes (1tim.,
2:4). Tumca, Tavisi Tavisuflebidan
gamomdinare, adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba, SeewinaaRmdegos RmrTis mier
Cafiqrebul xsnis gegmas: vinaidan
wveuli bevria, rCeuli ki cota (maT.
22:14). winaswargansazRvrulobis Tema,
romelic moicavs, agreTve, RmrTis
mxsneli nebis, adamianis Tavisuflebis,
sikeTisa da borotebis Cadenis misi
unaris sakiTxebs, saukuneTa manZilze
araerTi kamaTis sagani gaxda, romleb-

winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi

mac zogjer mcdar da eretikul ideebs misces dasabami (mag., kalvineloba).

n. predestinacionizmi.
winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi (Profetici,
libri) [laT. propheticus, nawarmoebia berZnulidan prophetikos] Zveli
aRTqma, garda istoriuli da sibrZnis
wignebisa, Seicavs winaswarmetyvelTa
wignebsac, romlebic arsebiT wyaros
warmoadgens xsnis istoriis Sesacnobad.
winaswarmetyvelTa wignebs Cveulebriv
did da mcireanu TormetwinaswarmetyvelTa wignebad yofen. didi
winaswarmetyvelni arian: esaia, ieremia,
ezekieli, danieli, xolo mcire winaswarmetyvelni ki: osia, ioveli, amosi,
abdia, iona, miqa, naumi, abakumi, sofonia,
angia, zaqaria, malaqia. garda amisa, SesaZlebelia winaswarmetyvelTa wignebSi
gadmocemuli faqtebis ufro sarwmuno
qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobis gayola.
amgvarad, Cveni yuradRebis arealSi
qristemde VIII saukunidan V-IV saukunemde drois periodi eqceva. istoriulad es periodi xasiaTdeba movlenebiT,
romlebmac Rrma daRi daasves calkeul
winaswarmetyvelTa pirovnebasa da moRvaweobas. TiTeuli winaswarmetyvelis
saxasiaTo Tvisebebs gansakuTrebiT erTi
movlena aaSkaravebs: gandevna. amgvarad,
winaswarmetyvelebi mniSvnelovani istoriul-qronologiuri niSniT SeiZleba davyoT: erTi mxriv, gandevnamdeli winaswarmetyvelebi, meore mxriv
ki, isini, vinc gandevna da samSobloSi
dabruneba piradad ganicada. winaswarmetyvelTa pirvel jgufs ganekuTvnebian
(VIII saukune587 w. qristemde): amosi,
osia, naumi, abakumi, pirveli esaia, miqa,
sofonia, ieremia. gandevnis xanis winaswarmetyvelni (587538 ww. qristemde):

winaswarmetyveli

ezekieli, meore esaia, danieli; gandevnis Semdgomi xanis winaswarmetyvelni

(538450 ww.): angia, zaqaria, mesame esaia, abdia, malaqia, ioveli, iona. amgvari
dayofa gvexmareba calkeul moRvaweTa
kulturul-istoriul-religiuri
konteqstis gasagebad da maTi uwyebis
umTavresi Tematikis Casawvdomad. n. winaswarmetyveloba/winaswarmetyveleba.
winaswarmetyveli (Profeta) [gvianlaT. propheta, momdinareobs berZnulidan prophtes (sityvidan pro
saxeliT+phem saubari) sxvis
nacvlad mosaubre] Zvel aRTqmaSi winaswarmetyvelebi ewodebaT qarizmul
pirebs, romlebic, RmrTis mier gansakuTrebuli mowodebis ZaliT, misi sityvis despanebad iqcevian. maT momavlis
winaswarmetyvelebac ZaluZT, Tumca
umTavresad istoriaSi RmrTis Tanaswrebas ganmartaven. kerZod, maTi gansakuTrebuli amocanaa, mouwodon israel
xalxs RmerTTan misi damakavSirebeli
aRTqmis erTgulebisaken. sakuTar misias winaswarmetyvelebi ara mxolod
sityvis, aramed xilvaTa da simbolur
qmedebaTa meSveobiTac aRasruleben. n.
winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi; winaswarmetyveloba/winaswarmetyveleba.
winaswarmetyveloba/winaswarmetyveleba (Profetismo/Profezia) ar aris mxolod israelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
fenomeni, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze
TvalsaCinod is swored israel xalxSi
gamovlinda. winaswarmetyveleba, romlis ZiriTadi arsi religiuri xasiaTis
STagonebaa, antikur samyaroSic iyo
cnobili. winaswarmetyvelis naTqvami
mudam RmrTaebasTan kontaqts gulisxmobs, Seicavs STagonebis meSveobiT

398
miRebul uwyebas, xilvas, an RmrTis
aRqmas sakulto adgilas Tu samlocveloSi. egvipteSi, mesopotamiaSi,
qanaansa da, zogadad, Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi winaswarmetyvelTa
instituti arsebobda. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas berZnebsa da romaelebze. cnobilia amgvar institutTa saxelebi (baalis winaswarmetyvelni qanaanSi; baru,
naTelmxilveli babilonSi; muhu,
gulTmisani mRvdelmsaxuri da apiluni, mopasuxeni mariSi). cnobilia
winaswarmetyvelTa wmida adgilebic
(magaliTad, dodona da delfosi saberZneTSi). RmrTaebasTan mWidro kavSiridan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom winaswarmetyveleba mudam udevs
safuZvlad rame religias an dakavSirebulia mis ritualebTan. Tumca arabibliuri winaswarmetyveleba umetesad
emyareboda pirovnebaTa Tu jgufebis
unarebs da gabatonebuli religiuri
da politikuri ideologiis mxardaWeras. amitomac misi mTavari amocana
mmarTveli Zalisa da kultis legitimacia da mxardaWera iyo. es viTareba
cxadyofda mis Tvisobriv sisustes,
dakavSirebuls centraluri aRmosavleTisa da, zogadad, Zveli samyaros
saxelmwifoebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel
politikur arastabilurobasTan. israelSi ki winaswarmetyvelis misia
gansakuTrebul xasiaTs iZens, asaxavs
mTeli xalxis istorias, romelsac
winaswarmetyvelis sityva miemarTeba.
israelis nebismieri winaswarmetyveli
RmrTis mier marTuli xalxis istoriis Zireuli elementebiT sazrdoobs.
dapireba, aRTqma, arCeva, gaTavisufleba,
miwis boZeba, warmoSobis boZeba, mesiis
molodini
israelis mier gancdili,

399
dResac cocxali realobebia, Tumca
maT, amave dros, ganapirobebs istoriuli damokidebuleba: erTguleba.
rodesac xalxi Tavis RmerTTan kavSirs
veRar SeigrZnobs, TviT mis arsebobas
eqmneba safrTxe: RmerTTan damokidebulebis Semadgeneli yoveli elementi
RmerTTan komunikaciis uqonlobad
da imisaken mimxrobad gardaiqmneba,
rasac bibliis enaze antiRmerTi ewodeba. aseT dros gamodis asparezze
bibliuri winaswarmetyveli moxmobisa
da dagmobis mizniT. aq winaswarmetyvels arcerTi ideologia ar umagrebs
zurgs, mas ar aqvs mimdinareobebTan
Tu pirovnebebTan damakavSirebeli rame
upiratesoba Tu privilegia, mas sruli
Tavisufleba axasiaTebs. upirveles yovlisa, winaswarmetyveli acnobierebs,
rom moxmobilia, isaubros erTaderTi
RmrTis saxeliT. bibliuri winaswarmetyveli ufro konkretulad amgvarad
SegviZlia davaxasiaToT: a) winaswarmetyveluri unari da iniciativa RmrTis
gamorCeuli qmedebebia; b) israeli Tavisi RmrTis gamocxadebas sityvis meSveobiT iRebs, romlis gavrcelebasac
winaswarmetyvelebi uzrunvelyofen; g)
gamocxadeba da misi gadmocema mudam
istoriaSi xdeba; arc erTi winaswarmetyveli ar gancalkevdeba TanamedroveTa samyarosagan da ar wyvets Tavis
xalxTan TaobaTa manZilze damyarebul
kavSirs; d) adamians ar SeuZlia uari
Tqvas, roca igi winaswarmetyveladaa
moxmobili.
wirva n. mesa.
wirvis aRsasrulebeli Sesawiravi (Offerta per la celebrazione della messa)
Sesawiravi, romelsac morwmuneebi

wmida adgilebi

aZleven wirvis aRmsrulebels, raTa

wirva maTi ganzraxvis Tanaxmad aRsruldes, riTac, agreTve, xels uwyoben eklesiis keTildReobasa da, umTavresad, mRvdelmsaxuris rCenas (Sdr.
CIC, kan. 946). es tradiciuli, eklesiis mier mowonebuli da religiuri
Rirebulebis mqone Cveulebaa. Tumca,
wirvis Sesawiravi yovelmxriv unda
iyos daSorebuli vaWrobisa da molaparakebis Tundac Soreul miniSnebas (CIC, kan. 947). wirvis aRmsrulebeli an TanaaRmsrulebeli yoveli
mRvdelmsaxurisTvis
nebadarTulia,
miiRos SeTavazebuli Sesawiravi, raTa
wirva gansazRvruli ganzraxvis Tanaxmad aRasrulos. amave dros, mRvdelmsaxurebma wirva unda warmarTon
morwmuneTagansakuTrebiT, yvelaze
RaribTaganzraxvis Tanaxmad, yovelgvari Sesawiravis miRebis gareSec
(CIC, kan. 945).
wirvis ganzraxva (Intenzione della
messa) [laT. intentio, nawarmoebia
sityvidan intendere swrafva] nebis
Segnebuli aqti (intencia), romelic
wirvis aRmsrulebels moeTxoveba. arsebobs ganzraxvis Semdegi saxeebi: a)
wirvis aRsrulebis ganzraxva, ganpirobebuli pirovnebis, rogorc qristesa da eklesiis msaxuris, arsiT; b)
pirovnebis nebis Segnebuli aqti, aRasrulos wirva vinmes calkeuli ganzraxvis Tanaxmad.
wmida adgilebi (Luoghi santi) religiur tradiciasTan an maTi damaarseblis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan faqtebTan
dakavSirebuli adgilebi an Zeglebi.
qristianTaTvis wmidad miiCneva is
adgilebi palestinaSi, sadac iesos

wmida guli

ucxovria da umoRvawia. amJamad am

adgilebze agebulia saRmrTo nagebobebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, beTlemis Sobis bazilika, saidumlo serobis
taZari, geTsemaniis baRi, wmida saflavis bazilika da ierusalemis golgoTas
bazilika, xarebis bazilika nazareTSi
da sxva. ebraelebi wmida adgilebad
miiCnevdnen godebis kedels, romelic
Zveli taZris nangrevs warmoadgens.
muslimTa wmida adgilia qaaba meqaSi,
omaris meCeTi ierusalemSi da sxv.
yvelaze meti wmida adgili ueWvelad
ierusalemSia Tavmoyrili, sadac sami
monoTeisturi religiisebraelobis,
qristianobisa da islamisniSnebia
aRbeWdili. droTa ganmavlobaSi wmida
adgilTa floba da dacva araerTxel
iyo konfliqtebisa da daZabulobis
gamomwvevi mizezi ara mxolod ebraelebs, qristianebsa da muslimebs Soris, aramed TviT qristianTa Sorisac
(laTinuri wesis kaTolikeebi, berZeni
marTlmadideblebi, somxebi, koptebi,
sirielebi). 1950 wels gaerTianebul
erTa organizaciam moiwona yvela wmida adgilis Tavisuflad monaxulebisa
da ierusalemis internacionalizaciis
idea. wmida adgilTa Tavisufali monaxulebis sakiTxze SeTanxmeba advilad
Sedga, Tumca ierusalemis internacionalizaciis winadadeba uaryves rogorc arabebma, ise ebraelebma.
wmida guli (Sacro cuore) kaTolikuri
Tayvaniscemis gamoxatuleba, romelic
aRniSnavs qristes siyvaruls yvela
adamianis mimarT. Sua saukuneebSi aRmocenebuli Tayvaniscemis es saxeoba
gavrcelda wmida ioane eudesis (16011680) da, umTavresad, wmida margarita
maria alakokis (1647-1690) damsaxure-

400
biT. am ukanasknelma, ramdenime xilvis Semdeg, qristianebs Tvis pirveli
paraskevis wesis dacva urCia (imqveynad keTilad wasvlis uzrunvelsayofad morwmune cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi
yoveli Tvis pirvel paraskevs unda
eziaros). 1856 wels papma pius IX-m
mTeli eklesiiasTvis daadgina iesos
wmida gulis dResaswauli, romelic
suli wmidis gardamosvlis Semdeg
mesame paraskevs aRiniSneba.
wmida zeTebi (Oli santi) wmida xuTSabaTs episkoposis mier nakurTxi es
zeTebi calkeul saidumloTa aRsrulebisas gamoiyeneba. arsebobs sami
saxis wmida zeTi: a) kaTakmevelTa zeTi;
b) sneulTa zeTi; g) mironi. mirons
nelsacxebels umateben, sxva zeTebi
mxolod zeTisxilis zeTisagan Sedgeba.
wmidaTa Tanaziareba (Comunione dei
santi) termins aqvs ori mniSvneloba:
wmida sagnebTan Tanaziareba da wmida
pirTa Soris Tanaziareba (Sdr. CCC,
948). saboloo jamSi, wmidaTa Tanaziareba TviT eklesiaa, sadac RmrTismosaobiT Cadenili yvelaze mcire
qmedebac ki sasikeTo gamoZaxils iZens
yvelasaTvis, swored wmidaTa Tanaziarebis solidarobis ZaliT da sadac
yoveli codva am TanaziarebisTvis zianis momtania (Sdr. CCC, 953). wmidaTa Tanaziarebis kavSiri moicavs:
mebrZol eklesias (dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela mlocveli morwmune,
agreTve, codvilebic, Tundac srulad
ar monawileobdnen masSi), ganmwmedel
eklesias (gardacvlilni, romlebic
ganiwmidebian) da mozeime eklesias
(netarni samoTxeSi).

401
wmidaTa wmida (Sancta Sanctorum) [ebr.
debhir] wmidaTa wmida, anu uwmidesi
adgili. aRniSnavda ierusalemis taZris
yvelaze Sida da wmida adgils, sadac
aRTqmis kidobani inaxeboda. umaRlesi
mRvdelmsaxuri iq mxolod weliwadSi
erTxel, kipuris dResaswaulis dros
(lev. 16:2-9; ebr. 9:7), Sedioda.
wmida kari (Porta santa) Cagmanuli
kari romis oTx mTavar bazilikaSi
(wmida petre vatikanSi, wmida ioane lateranSi, wmida pavle galavnis
miRma, wmida mariami udidesi). am kars
Sobis pirveli mwuxris win gamarTuli
msaxurebis dros aReben, rac wmida
wlis (n. iubile) dasawyiss aRniSnavs.
msaxurebis dasrulebis Semdeg kars kvlav Cagmanaven. wmida petres bazilikis
wmida kars piradad papi aRebs, danarCen bazilikebSi ki imave msaxurebas
legati kardinalebi uZRvebian.
wmida kvira n. vnebis kvira.
wmida mama (Santo Padre) papis wodeba; aRniSnavs mis, rogorc dedamiwaze
qristes warmomadgenlis, Rirsebas; pontifeqsi.
wmida miwa (Terra Santa) ase ewodeba
palestinas, radganac iq aris adgilebi
(wmida adgilebi), sadac iesos miwieri cxovrebis movlenebi ganviTarda.
es adgilebi Tavidanve iyo qristianTa
momlocvelobis mizani. wmida miwa
Zvirfasia, amasTanave, ori sxva monoTeisturi religiisaTvisac: ebraelobisa da islamisaTvis.
wmidanad Seracxva, kanonizacia (Canonnizzazione) [berZ. sityvidan kanon-

wmidanebi/wmidanTa kulti

zein kanonSi CarTva] aqti, romliTac papi adgens, rom netari wmidaTa
kanonSi unda moeqces da sayovelTao
eklesiis mier unda iqnes pativdebuli. benediqte XIV-is gansazRvrebis
Tanaxmad, esaa siwmidis ukanaskneli da
saboloo dadastureba. maSasadame, kanonizacia netarad Seracxvis momdevno
nabijia da, mis msgavsad, SeiZleba iyos
formaluri an TanabarmniSvnelovani,
imis mixedviT, pirdapiraa gamocxadebuli eklesiis mier Cveuli proceduris Catarebis Semdeg Tu gvaqvs
papis dekreti, romelic saTnoebaTa
uxsovar kults an mowameobas adasturebs. kanonizaciis procesis daxvewis mizniT, 1969 wlis dekretiT
Sanctitas clarior pavle VI-m kanonikuri samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli
ori procedura gaaerTiana. amJamad es
procedura sruldeba im teritoriis
episkoposis winaSe, sadac gardaicvala
xsenebuli pirovneba da sagamoZiebo
kvlevis xasiaTs atarebs: tardeba winaswari gamokvleva da grovdeba damadasturebeli masalebi qristianuli
cxovrebis samagaliTo xasiaTis, marTlmorwmuneobis, sagmiro xarisxis
saTnoebaTa Tu savaraudo mowameobis
Taobaze. mokvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg Sekrebili dokumentebi da mowmobebi gadaecema wmidanTa saqmeebis
wmida kongregacias, romelic masalis
Seswavlis safuZvelze adgens, saWiroa
Tu ara Semdgom kvlevaTa warmoeba
Tu procesi dasrulebulad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos.
wmidanebi/wmidanTa kulti (Santi/
culto dei santi) [laT. sanctus (namyos
mimReoba zmnisa sancire damtkiceba,

wmida ojaxi

wmidad yofa) urRvevi, xelSeuxebeli] zogadi mniSvnelobiT, wmidani

ewodeba yvela im pirs, vinc gulmowyalebiT sazrdoobs da RmrTis madlSi
cxovrobs da kvdeba. gansakuTrebulad
ki termini maT miemarTeba, vinc eklesiam wmidaTa ricxvs miakuTvna qristianul saTnoebaTa gmirulad gancdis
an rwmenisaTvis sicocxlis gaRebisaTvis. liturgiuli wlis ganmavlobaSi
eklesia pativs miagebs maT, vinc qristesTan erTad imyofeba didebaSi, raTa
morwmuneebs maTi magaliTi dausaxos
da RmerTs wyaloba Txovos maT damsaxurebaTa gamo (Sdr. CCC, 1173).
wmida ojaxi (Sacra Famiglia) aRniSnavs ojaxs nazareTSi (iosebi, mariami,
ieso), sadac iesom daaxloebiT 30 weli
icxovra. wmida ojaxi yoveli qristianuli ojaxisaTvis siyvarulisa da
Tanxmobis nimuSia. rogorc liturgiuli dResaswauli, aRiniSneba Sobis
momdevno kviradRes.
wmida petres groSi (Obolo di san Pietro) [berZ. obols mcire moneta]
wmida petres groSi (ewodeboda denarius an census sancti Petri) morwmuneTa nebayoflobiTi Sewevnaa romis
papiswmida petres memkvidrisadmi,
raTa paps kaTolike eklesiis saWiroebebze zrunvis saSualeba mieces. Sua
saukuneebSi is warmoadgenda yovelwliur gadasaxads wmida saydris sasargeblod misi mfarvelobis qveS myofi calkeuli saxelmwifoebis mxridan
(mag. inglisi, portugalia, espaneTi da
sxv.). dRevandeli formiT wmida petres
groSi, romelic umTavresad 29 ivniss
grovdeba msoflios yvela diocezSi,

402
1859 wels, parizSi damkvidrda Tavad
montalemberis iniciativiT Seqmnili denier de saint Pierre kaTolikuri
komitetis meSveobiT da iqidan gavrcelda jer turinsa da venaSi, Semdeg
evropisa da amerikis yvela qveyanaSi da
im qveynebSi, sadac misioneruli moRvaweoba xorcieldeba.
wmida saaTi (Ora santa) wmida margarita alakokis mier gavrcelebuli
iesos wmida gulisadmi Tayvaniscemis
saxeoba: ieso qristes vnebasa da agoniaze meditaciasa da locvaSi gatarebuli erTi saaTi.
wmida samarxi (Santo Sepolcro) ioseb
arimaTielis kuTvnili qvabuli, sadac,
jvarze sikvdilis Semdeg, zewarSi gaxveuli qriste dakrZales (maT. 27:59,
Smd.; mark. 15:42, Smd., luka 23:53; ioan.
19:38, Sed.)
wmida saflavis raindebi n. tamplierebi.
wmida saydari (Santa Sede/ Sede apostolica)
iuridiuli
TvalsazrisiT,
kaTolike eklesia nebismieri amqveyniuri xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli, suverenuli da avtonomiuri
sazogadoebaa, amitomac misi uzenaesi
Zalauflebissulieri Zalauflebis
aRsruleba romis pontifeqss evaleba
(romis primati). gamomdinare iqidan,
rom es sazogadoeba mravalmxrivi xasiaTisaa da sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli
msoflioSi, romis pontifeqss aucileblad
esaWiroeba
daqvemdebarebul
organoTa erTobliobis daxmareba da
TanamSromloba. swored paps daqvemdebarebul organoTa es mTlianoba iwo-

403
deba wmida saydrad. Tumca, gamoTqma
wmida saydari moZRvrebasa da kanonikur samarTalSi moixsenieba ise, rom
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli (zogjer ki
urTierTSerwymuli, zogjeracerTmaneTTan Canacvlebuli) gamoTqmebTan:
kaTolike eklesia, romis pontifikati
(papoba, romis primati), qalaq vatikanis saxelmwifo (qalaqi-saxelmwifo
vatikani). magram, kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, wmida saydari
or gamokveTil mniSvnelobas moicavs:
erTi, farTo da zogadi moicavs ara
mxolod romis paps, aramed, agreTve,
saxelmwifo samdivnos da romis kuriis
sxva uwyebebsac, Tuki sakiTxis xasiaTi an
konteqsti sxvagvar daskvnas ar gvkarnaxobs; meore, viwro da sagangebo mniSvneloba moicavs mxolod romis paps
(ufro sworad, romis papis Tanamdebobas) (Sdr. CIC, kan. 361). rogorc erTi,
ise meore mniSvnelobiT wmida saydari,
rogorc umaRlesi mmarTveli organo,
gancalkevebulia rogorc eklesiisagan,
ise qalaq vatikanis saxelmwifosagan,
rogorc Tavi sxeulisagan: pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi mistikuri, meore SemTxvevaSi ki politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi
meTauria. Tumca, Tuki kanonikur mowyobasTan mimarTebaSi cneba mkafiodaa
gansazRvruli, ase araa saerTaSoriso
mowyobasTan mimarTebaSi. wmida saydari,
amasTanave, gancalkevdeba romis kuriisagan, rogorc mTliani Tavisi erTi
nawilisagan.
wmida saydris/vatikanis preskonferenciaTa darbazi (Sala Stampa della Santa
Sede/Sala Stampa Vaticana) daarsda
1966 wels, rogorc vatikanis II krebis
sainformacio saSualeba da daiwyo

wmida tilo

funqcionireba papis sazogadoebriv komunikaciaTa komisiis zedamxedvelobiT.

ioane pavle II-is mier damtkicebuli
da saxelmwifo samdivnos 1986 wlis 28
maisis werilSi gamoqveynebuli axali
direqtivebis Tanaxmad, es aris wmida
saydris uwyeba, romlis movaleobaa
umaRlesi pontifeqsis aqtebTan da
wmida saydris saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis gavrceleba.
amitomac, muSaobisas is, oservatore
romanos, vatikanis radiosa da vatikanis televiziis msgavsad, sargeblobs
samoqmedo avtonomiiT. romis kuriis
Sesaxeb samociqulo dadgenilebis Pastor bonus (1988 wlis 28 ivnisi) 43-e
muxlSi sagangebodaa aRniSnuli, rom
preskonferenciaTa darbazi aris saxelmwifo samdivnos pirvel seqcias
daqvemdebarebuli sagangebo uwyeba,
romelic aqveynebs da avrcelebs oficialur Setyobinebebs rogorc umaRlesi pontifeqsis aqtebTan, ise wmida
saydris saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.
wmida tilo (Corporale) gaxamebuli
selis qsovilis kvadratuli naWeri,
romelzec wirvis dros feSxumi da
barZimi idgmeba. pirvel saukuneebSi
sakurTxevelze gadasafarebels ar
afarebdnen da mxolod wirvis dros,
Sewirulobis win, diakvnebi afendnen
selis qsovilis naWers masze msxverplSewirvisTvis gankuTvnili purisa da
Rvinis dasadgmelad, qsovilis kides
ki barZims afarebdnen. mas Semdeg, rac
sakurTxevlis gadasafarebliT Semkobis Cveva damkvidrda wmida tilos
zoma Semcirda da ukve Sua saukuneebidan mas dRevandeli forma aqvs.
barZims imxanad sxva mcire zomis wmida

wmida umankoni

tilos afarebdnen, romelsac pala

ewodeboda.
wmida umankoni (Innocenti, santi) or
wlamde asakis beTlemeli ymawvilebi, romlebic herodem daaxocvina
iesos mospobis mizniT (maT. 2:1, Smd.).
liturgiaSi maTi moxseniebis dRe Sobis periodSi, 28 dekembers aRiniSneba.
wmida ursulas ordeni (Orsoline; La
Compagnia delle dimesse di santOrsola)
(Ordo santae Ursulae) organizacia 1535
wels breSaSi anjela meriCim (14741540, kanonizebulia 1807 wels) daaarsa. Tavdapirvelad masSi gaerTiandnen
mxolod saero qalebi, romlebic, amave
dros, ganagrZobdnen ojaxebSi cxovrebas da umTavresad gogonebis aRzrdiT
iyvnen dakavebulni. 1544 wels pavle III-m
daamtkica axali organizacia saxelwodebiT wmida ursulas saZmo. umTavresad CrdiloeT italiaSi, xolo
mogvianebiT sxva qveynebSic, aRmocenda
wmida ursulas saxelobis mravali
sazogadoeba, TiToeuli maTganisakuTari wesiT. safrangeTSi revoluciis
periodSi gauqmebuli wmida ursulas
sazogadoebebebi XIX saukuneSi xelaxla aRmocenda germaniaSi. 1900 wels
leon XIII-is dasturiT wmida ursulas
yvela sazogadoeba romis kavSirSi
gaerTianda.
wmida uwyeba (SantUffizio) n. sarwmunoebis moZRvrebis kongregacia.
wmida qva (Pietra sacra) sakurTxevlis
centrSi moTavsebuli kvadratuli an
marTkuTxa formis qva. is episkoposis
mieraa nakurTxi da mowamis relikvias
Seicavs.

404
wmidayofa (Consacrazione) [momdinareobs laT. sityvidan consecrare
(cum+sacer-is
nawarmoebi
forma)
kurTxeva] aRniSnavs pirovnebis, sagnis
an rame adgilis saerodan RmrTaebrivis sferoSi gadasvlas wesis meSveobiT,
ris Sedegadac is samudamod RmrTis an
kultis msaxurebas eZRvneba. kurTxeva
iyo da aris warmodgenili, agreTve,
mraval sxva religiaSic. magaliTad,
ebraul religiaSi miRebuli iyo
cxebiT mefeTa, taZris sakurTxevelTa, da, babilonidan gaZevebis Semdeg,
umaRlesi mRvdelmsaxurisa da yvela
mRvdelmsaxuris wmidayofa. kaTolike
eklesiaSi miRebulia episkoposTa, qalwulTa, eklesiaTa, sakurTxevelTa da
a.S. kurTxeva. evqaristiul liturgiaSi
kurTxeva warmoadgens centralur movlenas, rodesac puri da Rvino qristes
sxeulad da sisxlad gadaiqceva.
wmida wylis WurWeli (Acquasantiera)
nakurTxi wylisaTvis gankuTvnili
WurWeli. moTavsebulia eklesiis SesasvlelTan axlos mdgom svetze an
uSualod kedelze, Cveulebriv patara
abazanis an niJaris formisaa. morwmuneebi masSi isveleben xels da Semdeg
pirjvars iweren. wmida wylis gadasatani WurWeli saxeluriTa da usupiT
aRWurvili liTonis patara vedroa.
wmida WurWelni (Vasi sacri) ase ewodeba WurWels, romelsac saidumloTa
aRniSvnisa da wmida nawilebis Sesanaxad iyeneben. esenia: barZimi, feSxumi,
sanawile, monstrancia, luneta, wmida
zeTebis saTavsi WurWeli.
wmida xuTSabaTi (Gioved santo) wmida kviris xuTSabaTi dRe, misiT iwyeba saaRdgomo samdReuri. am dRes

405

wylis WurWeli, wmida

aRsruldeba uflis serobis saRamos

wirva,mowafeebTan
erTad
iesos
ukanaskneli serobis, evqaristiisa da
mRvdelmsaxurebis daarsebisa da fexTbanviT gamoxatuli siyvarulis uwinaresobis damkvidrebis mosaxsenieblad.
wirvis Sedeg mTavar sakurTxevels
gadasafarebels moaSoreben, vnebisas
iesos mier gancdili martoobisa da
mitovebis niSnad, xolo sakurTxevelze SuaRamemde sazeimodaa gamofenili
wmida evqaristia, morwmuneTa salocavad da saTayvaneblad.

romelic umTavresad iesos sityvebsa

da saubrebs Seicavda. am krebuliT,
iseve, rogorc markozis nawerebiTa
da sxva savaraudo wyaroebiT, sargeblobdnen maTe da luka TavianTi saxarebebis Sedgenis dros.

wyali, grigolisa n. grigolis wyali.

wyevla (Maledizione) [laT. maledictio

cudis Tqma] kurTxevis sapirispiro
cneba. esaa sxvaTaTvis avis, augis, cudi
bedis an samudamo SeCvenebis survili.
wyevla-krulva mudam borotebiTa da
mrisxanebiT gamowveuli dabrmavebis
Sedegia. Zveli aRTqmis bibliur enaze
es RmrTis risxvis amsaxveli wyevlis
sityvebia (dab.12:3;): gvelis dawyevla
(dab. 3:14), kaenis dawyevla (dab. 4:11),
qamis dawyevla (dab. 9:25). axal aRTqmaSi wyevla-SeCvenebas daZlevs siyvarulis kanoni, romelsac ieso netarebaTa
CamoTvlisas acxadebs: akurTxebdeT
Tqvens mawyevarT (luk. 6:28).

wyaro Q (Fonte Q) [germ. Quelle wyaro] SemdgomSi dakarguli krebuli,

wylis WurWeli, wmida n. wmida wylis

WurWeli.

wyali (Acqua) [laT. aqua] sawyisi

bunebrivi elementi dadebiTi (dabadeba, ganaxleba) da uaryofiTi (sikvdili, gawmeda) TvisebebiT, romlebsac
vxvdebiT saRmrTo werilSi, naTlobis
liturgiasa da pkurebisa da gawmedis
sxvadasxva wesSi.
wyali, nakurTxi n. nakurTxi wyali.

Wvreta (Contemplazione) [laT. sityvidan contemplatio] etimologiurad niSnavs didxans Rrma aRtacebiTa da dafiqrebiT cqeras. berZnuli
azrovneba Wvretas adamianis yvelaze
amaRlebul aqtivobas uwodebda da,
rogorc inteleqtualur Semecnebas
(theora), moqmedebas (prxis) upirispirebda. qristianul samyaroSi, wmida
ioane jvrisam Wvretas uwoda siyvarulis mecniereba, anu RmrTis Tandayolili da siyvaruliT aRsavse Secnoba,

romelic erTsa da imave dros asxivosnebs da siyvarulSi aflobs suls

da safexuridan safexurze gadanacvlebiT is mis Semoqmed RmerTamde ahyavs (bneli Rame, II, 18). Wvreta, rogorc gonebrivi arasasaubro vedreba,
locvis mwvervalia. vatikanis II kreba
ganmartavs mas, rogorc RmrTisadmi
guliTa da gonebiT mindobas (PC,
5), msgavss mTeli arsebiT RmerTTan
mirqmisa (GS).

xalifa (Califfo) [arab. khalifa memkvidre] aRniSnavs muhamadis memkvidresa
da moadgiles. xalifas, romlis roli
Sua saukuneTa qristianul samyaroSi
imperatoris rols SeiZleba SevadaroT,
hqonda aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo
Zalaufleba, Tumca ara sakanonmdeblo, radgan erTaderTi kanonmdebeli
marto alahia. rogorc muhamadis memkvidres, xalifas mxolod winaswarmetyveluri memkvidreobis dacva evaleboda, radganac gamocxadeba muhamadis
dros damTavrda. pirveli oTxi xalifa
sazogadoebis gamoCenil pirTa Soris
arCevnebis gziT daasaxeles, Semdeg ki
xalifis wodeba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. xalifebis arseboba abasianTa
dinastiis dros Sewyda (1258). osmalTa
momdevno saxalifos (1517-1924) mxolod
iuridiuli daniSnuleba hqonda.
xareba (Annunciazione) [laTin. adnuntiatio
uwyeba,
Setyobineba]
RmrTis gankacebis saidumloebis sazeimo xareba qalwul mariamis mimarT
mTavarangelos gabrielis mier nazareTSi (luk. 1:26-38). esaa mariamisadmi
miZRvnili erT-erTi pirveli dResaswauli. saaRdgomo matiane (VII s.is pirveli naxevari) axseniebs xarebas

rogorc saeklesio kalendarSi didi

xnis winaT damkvidrebul dResaswauls.
eklesia xarebas 25 marts aRniSnavs.
xasidoba (Chassidismo) [ebr. chasd
saTno] termini aRniSnavs sxvadasxva
xasiaTisa da periodis calkeul mistikur mimdinareobebs iudaizmSi, Tumca,
Cveulebriv, ase ewodeba ganaxlebis
ebraul saxalxo moZraobas, romelic
XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi poloneTSi
israel ben eliezerma (1760) daafuZna,
mcire xanSi ki is galiciasa da ukrainaSic gavrcelda. xasidobis Suagulia xasidi rabini (zaddiq marTali, wmida),
romelic moZRvravs saTnoT, codvilni
ki RmerTTan erTianobisken mihyavs. xasidobas axasiaTebs RmrTisadmi erTguleba nebismier, maT Soris arasasuliero
qmedebaSi. es damokidebuleba umTavresad locviT, simReriTa da eqstazuri
cekviT gadmoicema, rac asketizmisa da
samyarosgan gaqcevisadmi dapirispireba
da marTebuli ganzraxvisa da guliTadi sixarulis gamoxatulebaa. xasidoba
calkeul sakrebuloebad Camoyalibda,
romelTa centrsac cadiqis saxli warmoadgenda, mTavar ritualur RonisZiebas kiSabaTis mesame trapezi, romelic xSirad cekvisa da simReris Tanx-

xati

lebiT imarTeboda. am simReraTagan saxeli gaiTqva nigunma, usityvo galobam,

romelsac cadiqi asrulebda. XVIII saukunis bolosTvis xasidobas, romelmac
gansakuTrebul literaturul Janrs
misca dasabami (esaa ambavi, anu mokle
moTxroba), ebrauli xelisufalni daupirispirdnen da samjer dagmes is. amis
miuxedavad, moZraobam SeZlo arsebobis
gagrZeleba, Tumca gadagvarda, rodesac
cadiqis Tanamdeboba memkvidreobiTi
gaxda da cadiqis kulti Camoyalibda.
dRes arsebobs amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, israelSi, Sveicariasa da inglisSi. neoxasidobis warmomadgenlebad
miiCnevian moazrovneebi m. buberi da a.
j. heSeli.
xati (Icona) [berZ. eikn xateba]
saRmrTo Janris ferweruli namuSevari,
xSirad gadasatani, Sesrulebuli xis
dafebze gansakuTrebuli teqnikiT, romelic aRmosavleTSi saukuneTa manZilze gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas. xatis
Teologia iwyeba gankacebis saidumloebis WvretiT, romelic koloselTa
mimarT werilSia gamoxatuli: qriste
aris uxilavi RmrTis xateba (1:15) da,
sabolood, xilul Teologiad, Teofaniad yalibdeba: imas, rasac saxareba sityviT gvicxadebs, xati ferTa meSveobiT
gadmogvcems da CvenTvis cxadyofs. maSasadame, xati miCneulia RmrTaebrivis
gamovlinebad, gamosaxulebis meSveobiT gadmocemuli madlis Tanaswrebad.
es ganapirobebs xatTa mimarT gansakuTrebul mowiwebas liturgiaSi, marTlmadidebel tradiciaSi, kerZo saxlebSi, sadac xatebi sapatio adgilasaa
moTavsebuli. saxelganTqmulia aTonis
mTis monastris xatebi, Zveli da Zvir-

408
fasi xatebi inaxeba italiaSic, aseTebia, magaliTad, wmida mariamis xatebi,
daculi romis taZrebSi: trasteveres
wmida mariamis bazilikasa da arakelis
wmida mariamis bazilikaSi.
xatmebrZoleoba (Iconoclastia) [berZ.
eikn xateba+kln damtvreva:
xatebis ganadgureba] termini aRniSnavs moZraobas (rogorc religiurs,
ise politikurs), romelic gmobs wmida xatebis Tayvaniscemasa da xatebiT
sargeblobas. moZraoba VIII-IX saukuneebSi bizantiis imperiaSi Camoyalibda. 725 wels xatebis Tayvaniscemis akrZalvisa da maTi ganadgurebis
brZaneba gamosca imperatorma leon
III isavrielma. amis mizezi gaxda qristianTa erTi nawilis mxridan xatebis
Tayvaniscemis mimarT gamovlenili
gadaWarbebuli fanatizmi, maniqevelobis gavlena imperatorze, romelic
misi aRzrdis Sedegi iyo da ebraelTa
da muslimTagan wamosuli braldebebi
kerpTayvanismcemlobis gamo. xatmebrZoleoba, rogorc eresi, nikeis II krebam dagmo (787), Tumca mravali devnis
mizezad qceuli am mimdinareobis daZleva mxolod ufro gvian moxerxda,
ris Semdegac wmida xatebis Tayvaniscema isev aRdga.
xatmowinaaRmdege (Iconomaco) [berZ.
eikn xateba+(fuZe zmnisa) mkhomai brZola, SebrZoleba] is, vinc
xatebTan brZolis periodSi iRebda da
iwonebda xatebis gamoyenebas, magram
ebrZoda maTTan dakavSirebul religiur Tayvaniscemas. maSasadame, SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom yoveli xatebTan mebrZoli
xatmowinaaRmdegec iyo, Tumca sapirispiros mtkiceba marTebuli araa.

409
xatmsaxureba
(Iconolatria)
[berZ.
eikn xateba+latruein msaxureba,
Tayvaniscema] gamosaxulebaTa Tu
simboloTa kerpTayvanismcemluri Tayvaniscema.
xeldasxma (Imposizione delle mani)
[laT. impositio manuum] adamianebsa
Tu sagnebze xelTa gawvdis uZvelesi
ritualuri Jesti, romlis meSveobiTac maT madli an Zalaufleba eniWebaT.
ieso mimarTavda mas gankurnebisTvis
(mark. 6:5) da sakurTxeblad (mark.
10:16), mociqulebisaeklesio msaxurebis (saqm. 6:1-6) da suli wmidis
gadasacemad (saqm. 8:15). liturgiaSi
xeldasxma arsebiTi elementia mRvdlobisa da mironcxebis saidumloTa
aRsrulebisas.
xelTbanva n. Lavabo.
xelTuqmneli
(Acheropita)
[berZ.
acheiropietos xelTuqmneli] ewodeba wmida xatebs, romlebic adamianis xeliT araa Seqmnili. maT Soris
yvelaze cnobilia mandilioni (xelsaxoci)pirveli saukuneebidan edesaSi daculi qristes xati. uZvelesi
siriuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, qristem
Tavad gaugzavna es tilotetradiploni (oTxjer ormagi) edesis mefes
abgars (avgarozs).
xelmandili (Purificatoio) [Suasaukuneobrivi laT. purificatorium] qsovilis naWeri, romliTac RmrTismsaxuri
imSralebs tuCebs, TiTebs da amSralebs barZims ziarebis Semdeg.
xelmwifebani (Potest) [laT. potestas,
nawarmoebia sityvidan potis SemZle,

xiliazmi

SeZlebis mqone] fsevdodionises

Tanaxmad, angelosTa ierarqiaSi xelmwifebani meore ierarqiis mesame dass
Seadgenen.
xilva (Visione) [laT. visio xilva,
naxva] mkafiod aRbeWdil xatebaTa
Cafiqrebuli an spontanuri xilva;
ar gulisxmobs aucileblad garegani
SegrZnebis aRqmas. aRiniSneba naTelxilvis, eqstazis mdgomareobaSi. Zvelsa da axal aRTqmaSi, wmidanebisa
da mistikosebis cxovrebaTa aRwerebSi gamafrTxilebeli xilvebis mravalricxovani magaliTia mocemuli.
avTentikuri xilvebi adamians mTlianad moicavs da aRavsebs. xilvebamde
da maT Semdeg adamiani absoluturad
normaluria, xilvis momentSi ki misi
cnobiereba sruliad gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSia, romelic, amave dros,
arafriT hgavs SeSlilobis an paTologiur xilvaTa mdgomareobas, rac
ZiriTadad religiurobisa da erotizmis nazavsa da bundovan xatebebSi
gamoixateba. amitomac TiToeul SemTxvevaSi saWiroa zedmiwevniT garkveva, avTentikur xilvazea saubari, paTologiurze Tu moCvenebiTze.
xilva, netari n. netari xilva.
xiliazmi (Chiliasmo) [berZ. chlioi
aTasi] ewodeba, agreTve, milenarizmi
da aRniSnavs dedamiwaze aTaswlovani
mefobis molodinsnetarebis sauflos,
romelic zogjer momdevno
etapze gadasasvlel gardamaval mdgomareobad, xandaxan ki absolutur da
saboloo netarebad miiCneva (Sdr. gamocx. 20:1-6).

xorcSesxma

xorcSesxma (gankaceba, gaxorcieleba) (Incarnazione) [laT. incarnatio,

Targmani berZnuli sityvisa ensrcosis xorcieleba] aRniSnavs, rom ieso
qristem, wmida samebis meore pirma,
xorcieli buneba miiRo, adamianis
sxeuliTa da samSvinveliT. es termini
wmida ioanes prologidan aRebuli
frazisagan iRebs dasabams: sityva
xorci iqmna (ioan. 1:14). qristianobis
adreuli xanidan moyolebuli, moZRvreba xorcSesxmis Sesaxeb mravalma
eretikulma moZraobam daayena eWvqveS
(n. doketizmi; arianeloba; nestorianeloba; monofizitoba). eklesiam is
nikeis (325), efesos (431), qalkedonis
(451) krebebze daicva da ganacxada, rom
ieso aris RmrTis Ze, erTi pirovneba,
romelsac aqvs ori bunebaRmrTaebrivi da adamianuri; igi mama RmrTis
erTarsia RmrTaebriobiT da adamianTa
erTarsia adamianurobiT. es ori buneba arc erTmaneTSia areuli, arc gayofili, arc gancalkevebuli.
xsna (Redenzione) [laT. redemptio
gamosyidva] termini aRniSnavs kacobriobis xsnas codvis monobidan,
qristianuli moZRvrebisa da rwmenis
Tanaxmad, ieso qristes mier, romelic
gankacda da adamianis nacvlad Seewira mama RmerTs samsxverplo zvarakad.
kaTolike eklesiis katexizmos Tanaxmad, qristes mTeli cxovreba xsnis
saidumloebaa. xsna umTavresad, jvarze
daRvrili sisxlis nayofia (CCC, 517;
Sdr. aseve, 601). suli wmidis SewevniT
eklesia ganagrZobs qristes mxsnel
qmedebas. ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT,
xsnis cneba im koncefciebs miemarTeba, romlebic sxvadasxva religiebSi

410
borotebis, sikvdilis, bediswerisagan
adamianis gaTavisuflebas ukavSirdeba.
xsnis armia (Esercito della Salvezza,
Salvation Army) samxedro tipis
struqturis mqone protestantuli
mimarTulebis qristianuli asociacia,
romelic qristianobis gavrcelebasa
da saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. is 1878 wels
meTodistma u. butma (1912) daaarsa;
xsnis armia Caenacvla imave butis mier
1865 wels londonSi daarsebul organizacias Christian Revival Association. xsnis armiis wevrebma, romlebic
saxasiaTo samxedro formas atareben
da awyoben RonisZiebebs Ria cis qveS
simRerisa da musikaluri orkestrebis
monawileobiT, daafuZnes socialuri
institutebi yvelaze upovarTaTvis,
risi wyalobiTac Tanamedrove did
qalaqTa Ratak raionebSi maT mimarT
sakmaod Semwynarebluri damokidebuleba aRiniSneba. xsnis armiis wevrebi
msoflios 80-ze met qveyanaSi saqmianoben.
xsnis gangebuleba (Economia salvifica) [berZn. oikonoma (oikos saxli da nmos wesi) marTva,
dagegmareba+
nawarmoebi forma sityvisa xsna] aRniSnavs RmrTis mier
dasaxul xsnis Canafiqrs, ganxorcielebulsa da gamocxadebuls istoriis
mTlian msvlelobaSi. am Canafiqris
mTavari birTvi da mwvervali qristea
(Sdr. efes. 1:3-14). vatikanis II kreba
acxadebs: moewona RmerTs sikeTiTa da
sibrZniT Tavis gamovlena da Tavisi
nebis saidumloebis gamJRavneba (Sdr.
efes. 1:9); am nebis wyalobiT, adamianebi

411
qristesgankacebuli sityvismeSveobiT, suli wmidaSi iReben RmerTTan
miaxloebis saSualebas da RmrTaebriv
bunebaSi monawileobas (DV, 2). n.
macxovari; xsna.
xsnis istoria (Storia della salvezza)
Zvelsa da axal aRTqmaSi dadasturebuli ebraul-qristianuli azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia istoriis danaxva xsnis adgilad. marTlac, saRmrTo
werili, pirvel rigSi, warmogvidgeba
ara obieqtur, droisgare WeSmaritebaTa da ucvlel kanonTa gadmocemad,
aramed konkretuli istoriuli movlenebis Tanmimdevrobad, romelTac
ukavSirdeba da romlebSic xorcieldeba RmrTis qmedeba. am TvalsazrisiT,
Zvel aRTqmaSi umTavresi mniSvnelobisaa israelis xalxis egviptedan wasvla (gamosvla) da aRTqma sinais mTaze,
axal aRTqmaSi ki gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens ieso qristes pirovneba: swored masSi povebs Tavis mwvervals xsnis istoria. iesos sityvebiT,
misi qmedebebiT, da, umTavresad, misi
mkvdreTiT aRdgomiT daedo safuZveli
RmrTis sasufevels, romelic jer ar
aRsrulebula. dro iesos mkvdreTiT
aRdgomidan RmrTis sasufevlis aRsrulebamde eklesiis droa. am TvalsazrisiT, ieso drois centrSia: igia
istoriis Suaguli da RerZi. is, rac
manamde iyo, misi meSveobiT iZens mniSvnelobas, xolo misi Semdgomi movlenebi ki misi qmedebisa da mkvdreTiT
aRdgomis
aRsrulebaa.
miuxedavad
imisa, rom aRsruleba jer ar damdgara, iesoSi principulad ukve daedo
dasabami imas, rasac samyaro jer isev
moelis. dasasruls aRsruldeba is,

xucesi (mRvdeli, presbiteri)

rac istoriis erT momentSiiesos

mkvdreTiT aRdgomaSiiqna winaswar
gacxadebuli. amgvarad, cxadia, agreTve,
is faqti, rom RmerTi mTeli istoriis
ufalia da rom sabolood samyaros
xsna da istoria erTmaneTs emTxveva. n.
macxovari; xsna.
xuTwigneuli (Pentateutico) [berZ.
pentteukhos (sityvidan penta xu
Ti+tukhos wignebis Sesanaxi bu
de)] bibliis pirveli xuTi wignis
saxelwodeba
(dabadeba,
gamosvla,
levianelTa, ricxvni, meore rjuli).
tradicia maT avtorobas moses miawers, magram, swavlulTa azriT, am
wignebis warmomavloba iahvisturi,
elohisturi, samRvdelmsaxuro da
meore rjulis oTx sxvadasxva wyaros
ukavSirdeba.
xucesi (mRvdeli, presbiteri) (Presbitero) [berZ. presbteros (SedarebiTi
xarisxi sityvisa prsbys mxcovani,
(u)xucesi, Semdeg laT. presbyter]
piri, romelmac episkoposisagan miiRo xeldasxma da TanamSromlobs
masTan saRmrTo msaxurebasa da morwmuneTa xsnis saqmeSi. pirvel qristianul sakrebuloebSi mRvdelmsaxurebi am sakrebuloTa marTvaze iyvnen
pasuxismgeblebi. II saukunis dasawyisSi
mcire aziaSi mRvdelmsaxurebi erT
mTlianobas warmoadgenen (presbiteriumi), eqvemdebarebian episkoposs,
romelsac exmarebian da mrCevlobas
uweven. isini episkoposTan erTad aRasruleben evqaristias, masTan erTad
monawileoben xeldasxmis wesSi (wmida
ipolite, Traditio apostolica, 8), naTlaven (tertuliane, De Baptismo, 17),

412

xucesoba

asruleben sneulTa cxebis saidumlos

(iak. 5:14), dasasrul, asruleben katexetTa da moZRvarTa funqcias (1tim.
5:17). n. mRvdeli.

xucesoba (Presbiterato) [laT. presbyteratus

(sityvidan
presbyter
(u)xucesi)]
mRvdlobis
meore
xarisxi. n. samRvdeloeba.

jadoqari (Stregone) [sityvidan strega, n. jadoqari qali] mraval, gansakuTrebiT, primitiul, kulturaSi Temis gareT mcxovreb calkeul
mamakacebs (romelTac am saxeliT
moixsenieben) zebunebrivi unarebis
matareblebad miiCneven da swamT, rom
maT ZaluZT: bunebis saidumloebaTa
codna
(ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli
zeciur sxeulTa moZraobasTan da samkurnalo da magiuri Tvisebebis mqone
mcenareebTan), gardacvlilTa sulebTan an demonebTan kontaqtis damyarebis
unari, oficialur kults miRma myof
gansakuTrebul
ritualTa
codna
(magaliTad, sasiyvarulo Selocvebi).
crurwmenaTa Tanaxmad, am adamianebs
unari SeswevT, magiur saSualebaTa
daxmarebiT dadebiTad an uaryofiTad
imoqmedon Temze. Sdr. jadoqari qali.
jadoqari qali (Strega) [laT. striga,
nawarmoebia sityvidan strix Ramis frinveli, bu] qali, romelsac jadoqrobis mimdevrad miiCneven. xalxSi
gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
mas urTierToba aqvs demonTan, visganac iRebs magiur da borot Zalas.
swored am mizeziT evropaSi gvian Sua
saukuneebSi (1500-1600) jadoqrebze
nadirobis saxalxo kampania gaCaRda,
romelsac aTasobiT qali emsxverpla.

jadoqroba (Divinazione) [laT. sityvidan divinatio, romelic nawarmoebia sityvidan divinus STagonebuli,
winaswarmetyveluri] momavlis winaswar amocnobis pretenzia im niSnebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic warsulSi RmerTTa mier warmogzavnilad
miiCneoda. Sedegad, is SeiZleba ganvixiloT, agreTve, rogorc RmrTaebrivi
nebis wvdomis mcdeloba. biblia gmobs
jadoqrobas, rogorc cru mosazrebebze damyarebuls an warmarTul,
demonur anda jadosnur kultebTan
dakavSirebuls. amis magaliTebi ukve
rjulSi gvxvdeba (rjl. 18:10-11).
jainizmi (Giainismo) vardhamanas an
mahaviras, agreTve, jinad (gamarjvebulad) wodebuli asketis mimdevarTajainTa religia. asketi jina jainizmisarsebobaTa okeanis gadasalaxavad aucilebeli moZRvrebisfuZemdeblad miiCneva. vardhamana VI-V
saukuneTa mijnaze indoeTSi, biharSi
daibada. ocdaaTi wlisam ojaxi miatova da meditaciisa da koncentrirebis
meSveobiT SeimuSava Tavisi moZRvreba,
romelic samSvinvelisagan sxeulis gancalkevebis TeorizebaSi mdgomareobs.
am simbiozidan iRebs swored saTaves
arsebobaTa jaWvi. jainizmis amo-

jamagiri mRvdelmsaxurisa

savali wertilia mtkicebuleba, rom

yovelive arsebuli daiyofa sulier
substanciad (jiva), romelic sulTa
usasrulo ricxvs moicavs da usulo
substanciebad (ajiva), romlebic SeiZleba Seerwyan suls da daimonon is.
sulsa da materias Soris am arabunebrivi kavSiridan aRmocendeba karman,
usasrulo qmedeba. maSasadame, saWiroa
sulSi materiis Sesvlis (samvara)
SeCereba da jerac arsebuli karmanis ganadgureba, riTac gaTavisufleba
(moksa) miiRweva. sulis materiisagan
gansawmendad saWiroa marTebuli rwmena, cnobiereba da qceva. es ukanaskneli,
xuTi aRTqmis (ar avno, ar moityuo,
ar moiparo, daicavi ubiwoba da uari
Tqvi qonebaze) meSveobiT axorcielebs
SeZlebisdagvarad umcires karman-s,
romlis mTlian ganadgurebamde adamiani mxolod xorcis mokvdinebisa da
asketizmis meSveobiT midis. saboloo
jamSi, jainizmi mxolod adamianis nebas miawers yovelgvar adamianur gamocdilebas aRmatebuli maradiuli
da uwyveti simSvidis miRwevas.
jamagiri mRvdelmsaxurisa (Congrua)
[laT. gamoTqmidan congrua (portio)
Sesabamisi (raodenoba)] aRniSnavs
Semosavlis
raodenobas,
romelic
aucilebladaa miCneuli saeklesio
beneficiumis xelmZRvanelis saTanado
uzrunvelyofisaTvis. jer kidev axlo
warsulamde italiis saxelmwifo iRebda valdebulebas, gadaexada am jamagiris darCenili nawili, Tuki saeklesio
beneficiumis Semosavali saxelmwifos
mier portio congrua-s dadgenil odenobaze mcire iyo. amJamad Semosavlis
axal parametrebs adgens sasuliero

414
pirTa uzrunvelyofis ganyofileba da
swored is anawilebs mas beneficiumiT
mosargebleebze.
jezuatebi (Gesuati/e) 1360 wels sienaSi jovani kolombinis mier daaarsebuli es gaerTianeba Tavdapirvelad
saero ZmaTa sazogadoebad Camoyalibda. 1367 wels is urban V-m daamtkica.
sazogadoebis wevrebi monaniebiTa da
sneulTa daxmarebiT iyvnen dakavebulni. maTi saxelwodeba iqidan momdinareobs, rom monaniebis qadagebaTa
dasasruls isini Cveulebriv warmoTqvamdnen sityvebs: dideba iesos, qeba
iesos! [ital. Gesieso]. 1606 wels
pavle V-m maT yovel savaneSi erTi an
ori mRvdelmsaxuris xeldasxmis neba
darTo. 1668 wels klemente IX-m ordeni gaauqma. 1367 wels ekaterine kolombinim daaarsa jezuat monazonTa Sto
saxelwodebiT mariamis monaxulebis
Rataki jezuateli qalebiavgustineseuli wesdebis mimdevari mWvretelobiTi ordeni.
jvarTamaRleba
(Esaltazione della
Croce) [gvianlaT. exaltatio] liturgiuli dResaswauli, romelic aRiniSneba 14 seqtembers jvris pativiscemis
niSnad. es dResaswauli Soreul warsulSi iRebs dasabams da ukavSirdeba
jvris relikviis Tayvaniscemas misi xelaxla povnis Semdeg, savaraudod IV
saukuneSi. ierusalemidan es dResaswauli mTel aRmosavleTSi gavrcelda.
dasavleTSi misi damkvidrebis Sesaxeb
pirveli mowmoba pap sergi I-is (VII s.)
biografiaSi moipoveba.
jvari (Croce) [laT. crux] wamebis
iaraRi, romelsac Zvelad sxvadasxva

415
xalxebi iyenebdnen, umTavresad romaelebi. iqca qristianobis umTavres
simbolod, radganac masze ieso qriste
mokvda. pirvelma qristianebma iesos
jvarze sikvdili uzenaes mxsnel movlenad aRiqves. jvarTamaRlebis dResaswauli (14 seqtemberi) ukvdavyofs
iesos jvarze sikvdilis mxsnel qmedebas, romelsac TiToeuli qristiani
eziareba, amasTanave, ubralod pirjvris
gadaweris meSveobiTac. qristianobis
dasabamidanve jvari Tayvaniscemis sagani iyo. is gamarjvebis simbolod iqca,
rodesac konstantines Semdeg Zvirfasi
qvebiT morTuli iqna warmodgenili.
jvarcmis pirveli gamosaxulebebi V
saukunes ganekuTvneba, daaxloebiT X
saukunemde dasavleTSi maTze Semosil
qristes gamosaxavdnen. arsebobs saprocesio jvari, sakurTxevlis jvari,
samwyso jvari, romelsac papi, kardinalebi, episkoposebi da abatebi iyeneben.
did paraskevs eklesia pativs miagebs
sazeimod gamobrZanebul wmida jvars.
jvarosnuli laSqrobebi (Crociate)
Sua saukuneebSi dasavleTis qristiani
xalxebis mier wmida samarxis gaTavisuflebisa da ierusalemis dapyrobis
mizniT mowyobili samxedro laSqrobebi (Tumca arcTu ise iSviaTad adgili hqonda Tavdapirveli ganzraxvidan
gadaxvevas). 1095 wels am iniciativis
wamomwyebi papi urban II gaxda. man mouwoda qristianebs, erTmaneTTan omis
nacvlad, muslimebs SebrZolebodnen.
mravalricxovan jvarosnul laSqrobaTagan TiTqmis yvela warumatebeli
aRmoCnda, pirvelis garda, romelic
1099 wlis 15 ivliss ierusalemis aRebiT dasrulda.

jojoxeTi

jvarcma (Crocifisso) [laT. crucifixus

(namyos mimReoba zmnisa crucifigere
jvarze gakvra)] iesos gamosaxuleba
jvarze.
jvris gza (Via crucis) [laT. jvris
gza] gza, romelic gaiara qristem
jvriT mxrebze, pilates pretoriidan
golgoTamde. dRes termini aRniSnavs
Tayvaniscemis erT-erT gamoxatulebas: esaa meditacia qristes vnebisa da
sikvdilis yvelaze mniSvnelovan ToTxmet epizodze, romelic
sxvadasxva
saxiTaa ganlagebuli.
jvris mtarebeli (Crocifero) [laT.
crux jvari da fero vatareb]
pirovneba, romelic liturgiuli
msaxurebis dros atarebs jvars da
iwyebs procesias.
jvris mtvirTveli (Portacroce) qristianul ikonografiaSi qristes gamosaxuleba jvriT mxrebze. termini
aRniSnavs, agreTve, im piris movaleobas, romelic msvlelobisas jvars atarebs,jvris mtarebeli.
jojoxeTad STaxdoma (Discesa agli
inferi) mrwamsSi Setanili sarwmunoebis mtkicebuleba, romelic qristes
sikvdilsa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomas Soris gasuli drois intervals Seexeba.
es gamoTqma aRniSnavs, rom ieso namdvilad mokvda da micvalebulTa samyofelSi Cavida da rom, amave dros,
manamde myofi yvela marTlisaTvis gaxsna zecis karibWe (Sdr. CCC, 632-637).
jojoxeTi (Inferno) [laT. zedsarTavi saxelidan infernus qvemoT moTavsebuli, qveS moTavsebuli; sa-

416

juan Zi

Sualo sqesis forma infernum ufro

xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc arsebiTi
jojoxeTuri samyarosdemonTa da
warwymedil sulTa samyoflisaRsaniSnavad] adamianis mier RmrTis sabolood dakargvis mdgomareoba, rodesac, Tavisi Tavisuflebis borotad
gamoyenebis Sedegad, igi Segnebulad
uaryofs RmerTs da Tavad gariyavs sakuTar Tavs RmerTTan da netarebTan
Tanaziarebidan. ieso xSirad axsenebs
geenas da uSret cecxls (Sdr.
maT. 5:22,.29; 13:42.50; mark. 9:43-48) da
mkacrad acxadebs ganaCenis gamotanis
Sesaxeb: wadiT Cemgan, wyeulno, saukuno cecxlSi! (maT. 25:41). eklesia
amtkicebs jojoxeTis arsebobas da
mis maradiulobas, Tumca, agreTve, as-

wavlis, rom RmerTi aravis ganusazRvravs winaswar jojoxeTSi moxvedras:

esaa Sedegi RmerTTan nebayoflobiTi
mtruli damokidebulebisa (n. momakvdinebeli codva), romelSic adamiani sicocxlis bolomde rCeba (Sdr.
CCC, 1033-1037).
juan Zi (Chuang-tzu) dialogebis,
apologiebisa da saxaliso ambebis krebuli, romelTa avtorobac qristes
Sobamde IV-III saukuneTa mijnaze moRvawe moazrovnes, juan Zis miewereba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom juan Zis swavlebis mTavari arsi absoluturi bednierebis Ziebaa. bedniereba miiRweva
sakuTar me-sa da samyaros Soris
gansxvavebis gadalaxvis meSveobiT, srulyofili gziT daosTan SeerTebiT.

hagada (Haggad) [ebr. gadmocema]
bibliis asketur-samqadageblo xasiaTis komentari, umTavresad TxrobiTi
teqstebisaTvis. n. midraSi.
hagiografia(Agiografia) [berZ. hghios
wmida+grapha mwerloba] aseve,
hagiologiad wodebuli mecniereba,
romelic wmidanTa cxovrebasa da saqmeebs Seiswavlis. hagiografiis pirveli
nimuSebi qristianTa devnis xanas ganekuTvneba (mowameTa saqmeni), Sua saukuneebSi is xSirad warmosaxviTi elementebiT mdidrdeboda. hagiografiaSi
istoriuli kritika da filologiuri
sizuste XVII s.-Si daamkvidres bolandistebma, Acta sanctorum-is (wmidaTa
saqmeni) gamocemis fuZemdeblebma. es
saqme samas welze met xans grZeldeba
da dRemde araa dasrulebuli.
haleli (Hllel) [ebr. sadidebeli
sagalobeli] iudeuri dasaxeleba
calkeuli fsalmunebisa, romlebsac
ZiriTadi dResaswaulebis dros galobdnen: sapaseqo (fsalm. 113-118),
didi (fsalm. 120-136, gansakuTrebiT
136); mcire (fsalm. 146-150). savaraudod 136-e fsalmuni iyo sadidebeli,
romelic iesom igaloba sapaseqo nadimis dasasruls (mark. 14:26).

hanuka (Hanukkh) [ebr. miZRvna

kurTxeva] ebrauli dResaswauli,
romelic imarTeboda iuda makabelis
mier taZris gawmedis aRsaniSnavad, rac
antioqos IV epifanes (1mak. 1:54; 4:3661; 2mak. 1:18-36; 2:9, Smd., 10:1, Smd.) mier
taZris warmarTuli SebRalvis Semdeg
moxda. taZris gawmedaSi monawileobda
iesoc (ioan. 10:22, Sdr. 12:22). amJamad aRniSneba rva dRis ganmavlobaSi
25 qislevidan 3 TeveTamde (dekemberianvari). am dResaswaulis dros anTeben kelaptrebs, yoveldRiurad erTiT
mets, sagangebo rva Stoian lamparSi.
am mizeziT hanukas, agreTve, sinaTleTa
dResaswaulic ewodeba.
hare kriSna (Hare Krishna) [induri
gamoTqma,
misalmeba
kriSnasadmi]
Semoklebuli saxeli religiuri seqtisa, romelic 1966 wels svami prabhupadam daaarsa saxelwodebiT kriSnas cnobierebis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba. is ubrundeba uZveles indur
xalxur kults, romelsac ewodeba
bhaqti (Bhakti mowiweba, siyvaruli): esaa kriSnas msaxureba, romelsac
WeSmarit bednierebamde mihyavs adamiani da romelic yvela sxva ojaxur
Tu sazogado sazrunavze maRla unda
idges. seqtis mimdevrebi mkacr wesebs

harminizmi

emorCilebian: maT, vinc gandobisTvis

emzadeba, ekrZalebaT alkoholi, Tambaqo, xorci, Tevzi da kvercxi. gadasvlis rituali moicavs saxelis
Secvlas, mindobas maswavleblisadmi,
taZarSi msaxurebas da, umTavresad,
japa-d wodebuli savardis warmoTqmas, romelic 108 margalitisagan
Sedgeba da dRis ganmavlobaSi mTlianad Teqvsmetjer unda warmoiTqvas.
seqtis wevrebs acviaT baci feris Sarvlebi (dothi), perangi (kurtan), iparsaven Tmas da itoveben mxolod mcire
kuds (sica) kefaze. isini daxetialoben
da gzadagza cekvaven.
harminizmi (Arminianesimo/Arminianismo) protestanturi moZraoba,
romlis saxelwodebac iakob harmenSis
(udevateri, 1560leida, 1609) saxelidan momdinareobs. igi, Tavisufali
gansjis principze dayrdnobiT, mivida
daskvnamde, rom winaswargansazRvrulobis mkacri kalvinisturi moZRvreba
mraval adamians ukargavda xsnis imeds,
xolo imaT ki, vinc Tavs rCeulad miCnevda, yovelgvar eTikur safuZvels
moklebul fuW ueWvelobas aZlevda.
am ideebs mwvave reaqcia mohyva mtkice
kalvinistTa mxridan franc gomaris
(n. gomarizmi) meTaurobiT. harmenSis
sikvdilis Semdeg misma mimdevrebma,
romelTa Soris iyo cnobili iuriskonsulti grociusi, moiwadines imxanad ZalaSi myofi belgiuri mrwamsis gadaxedva da am mizniT saCivrebi
wamoayenes (1610), ris gamoc maT aseve
momCivanebsac uwodeben. dordrextis
kalvinistur krebaze (1618-1619) gomaristebma miaRwies harminelTa dagmobas da daiwyes maTi devna. 1625 wli-

418
dan harminelebma SeZles holandiaSi
dabruneba da SemdgomSi (1630) maT
kultis Tavisuflebac moipoves.
hebdomadariusi (Ebdomadario) [laT.
hebdomadarius, romelic nawarmoebia berZnulidan hebdmada kvira]
religiur sakrebuloebSi umTavresad
aRniSnavs erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi
an yoveli kviris gansazRvrul dRes
liturgiul msaxurebaze pasuxismgebel pirs.
heterodoqsia (Eterodossia) [berZ.
heterodoxa gansxvavebuli moZRvreba, gansxvavebulad azrovneba] TeologiaSi aRniSnavs gamocxadebul an
WeSmaritad cnobil moZRvrebaTagan
gansxvavebuli rame moZRvrebisa Tu
WeSmaritebis aRsarebas.
hibrisi (Hybris) [berZ.] berZen
tragikosTagan moyolebuli aRniSnavs
titanur kadnierebas, romliTac adamiani cdilobs, RmrTaebamde amaRldes
da masTan paeqrobs damoukideblobisa
da amboxebis uimedo mtkicebiT.
himnariumi (Innario) [Suasaukuneobrivi laT. hymnarium (nawarmoebia
sityvidan hymnus sagalobeli)]
erTi avtoris mier Seqmnil religiur
sagalobelTa Zveli krebuli; ase ewodeba, agreTve, wigns, romelic JamTa
liturgiisaTvis gankuTvnil sagaloblebs Seicavs.
himni (Inno) [laT. sityvidan hymnus]
rogorc wesi, hegzametriT dawerili
poeturi Txzuleba, romelic Zvel
saberZneTSi galobisa da cekvis TanxlebiT RmrTaebisadmi iyo mimarTuli.

419
qristianobaSi termini aRniSnavs metruli an ritmuli wyobiT Seqmnil
kompozicias RmrTis, mariamis, wmidanTa sadideblad. kerZod, aRniSnavs
locvanis TiToeul stroful sagalobels, riTac yuradreba maxvildeba
im dResaswaulis mniSvnelobaze, romelic aRiniSneba.
hinduizmi (Induismo) [spars. hindu (mdinare indis saxeli)] aRniSnavs msoflioSi uZveles, erTmaneTTan monaTesave religiaTa jgufs
(qristemde II aTaswleulis Suaxani),
romlebic umTavresad samxreT aziaSi
(indoeTi, pakistani, bangladeSi, nepali) iyo gavrcelebuli. hinduizmis
aTaswlovan istoriaSi sami ZiriTadi
etapi aRiniSneba: vedizmi, brahmanizmi da TviT hinduizmi (anu xalxuri hinduizmi). am ukanaskneli religiis mimdevaria indoelTa umravlesoba. hinduizmis saxasiaTo niSania
trimurtis rwmena: brahma (Semoqmedi),
viSnu (SemnarCunebeli) da Siva (ganmanadgurebeli), TiToeuli Sesatyvisi
qalRmerTis TanxlebiT. garda amisa,
hinduizmi moicavs adamianis sicocxlis reinkarnaciis rwmenas, Tuki is
gaTavisuflebas ver miaRwevs; wmida
wignTa rwmenas (maT Sorisaa veda da
upaniSadebi, anu gandobilTa teqstebi,
romlebic moicaven indoel guruTa
swavlebas) da kastebad dayofis rwmenas. hinduizmis Tanaxmad, arsebobs sicocxlis oTxi stadia: mowafeoba (gurus xelmZRvanelobiT wmida teqstTa
Seswavla); ojaxi da profesia; manamde
mitovebul saqmeebTan mibruneba; gandegilobaojaxisa da kastis mitoveba; da oTxi Zireuli Rirebuleba: kama

hipostasi

(survili, vneba), arTa (keTildReoba,

warmateba), drahma (valdebuleba), moqSa (gaTavisufleba, yovelive materialurisagan ganrideba). wmida teqstebi iyofa gamocxadebebad (Sruti) da
tradiciebad (smriti). pirvel jgufs
miekuTvneba veda (hinduizmis uwinaresi wmida teqstebi) da vedas komentaris teqstebi, rogorebicaa brahmanebi,
araniakebi, upaniSadebi, anu vedanta.
meore jgufi Seicavs aforizmebs (sutra), Zvel legendebs (puranebi; maT
Soris saxelganTqmulia bhagavatapurana) da epikur poemebs. hinduizmis
mTavari wesia puja, romelic saxlSi
an taZarSi sruldeba da mdgomareobs
wmida xatis TayvaniscemaSi locviTa da
SewirulobaTa TanxlebiT. arsebobs sagangebo wesebi dabadebis, qorwinebisa
da dakrZalvis aRsaniSnavad. farTodaa
gavrcelebuli ritualuri ganbana.
dResaswaulTa Soris mniSvnelovania
holi, divali da daSara. yoveli morwmune hinduisti cdilobs sakuTari
meobis gacnobierebas brahmanis meSveobiT, qmedebaTa da materialur sikeTeTa
survilisagan gandgomiT. garda amisa,
morwmune valdebulebas iRebs, pativi
sces mSoblebsa da ufrosebs, Tavi Seikavos grZnobaTagan, moTminebiTa da
gulmowyalebiT moepyras yvela adamians, ecados, akeTos sikeTe da mSvidad
elodos sikvdilsa da jildos Cadenili keTili qmedebebisaTvis.
hipostasi (Ipostasi) [berZ. hypstasis
substancia (is, rac qveSaa)] mniSvnelovani Teologiuri termini, romlis mniSvnelobac TandaTanobiT damkvidrda. Tavdapirvelad berZnul enaSi
aRniSnavda konkretul, individualur

hipostasuri kavSiri

realobas da ar gansxvavdeboda mniSvnelobiT ousa-sagan. samebis Semswavlel TeologiaSi mxolod 380 wlidan gamoikveTa gansxvaveba erTaderT
RmrTaebriv bunebasa (ousa) da sam
hipostass, anu pirovnebas Soris (konstantinopolis kreba, 381 wels), xolo
451 wels, qalkedonis krebam qristeSi
ori buneba da mxolod erTi hipostasi, anu pirovneba aRiara.
hipostasuri kavSiri (Unione ipostatica) [laT. unio kavSiri da berZ.
hypostatiks arsebiTi] Teologiuri
gamoTqma, romelic aRniSnavs, rom ieso
qristeSi oriadamianuri da RmrTaebrivibuneba erT pirovnebaSia gaerTianebuli (Sdr. CCC, 464-482). n.
hipostasi.
hijra (Egira) [arab. higra emigracia] termini aRniSnavs muhamadisa da
mis TanamoazreTa emigracias meqadan
medinaSi 622 wlis seqtemberSi. amis
mizezi gaxda mtruli urTierToba
quiraSis tomis xalxTan, romelsac
muhamadi Tavadac miekuTvneboda. medinaSi muhamadma Tavi daimkvidra, rogorc religiurma da politikurma
liderma. SemdgomSi xalifma omarma
622 weli muslimuri xanis dasawyisad
gamoacxada. n. islami.
holokosti n. yovladdasawveli.
homilariumi (Omiliario) [gvianlaT.
liber homiliarius] liturgiuli wigni,
romelic Seicavs Jamnis dros wasakiTx
wmida mamaTa ramdenime qadagebas saxarebis teqstTa ganmartebiT. is daaxloebiT V-VI saukuneebSi gavrcelda
da locvanis SemoRebis Semdeg TandaTan dakarga mniSvneloba.

420
homiletika (Omiletica) [berZ. homiletik (tkhne) saubris xelovneba]
wesTa erToblioba, romlebic unda
iqnes
gaTvaliswinebuli
qadagebis
momzadebisa da warmoTqmisas.
homilia (Omelia) [berZn. homila saubari, sityvidan homilin Sekreba,
saubari, Semdeg laT. homilia] evqaristiuli msaxurebis dros, RmrTis sityvis liturgiis Semdeg warmoTqmuli
qadageba. Cveulebriv esaa wirvis dros
wakiTxuli wmida teqstebis ganmarteba
da gavrcoba. savaldebuloa kviradRes
da saeklesio dResaswaulebze. misi
daniSnulebaa, waaqezos morwmuneTa
sakrebulo evqaristiaSi ufro aqtiurad monawileobisa da qristianuli
cxovrebis srulad gancdisaken rwmenis
saidumloTa da qristianuli qmedebis
wesTa gadmocemis meSveobiT (CIC, kan.
767). homilias mRvdelmsaxuri an diakoni warmoTqvams; is unda warmoadgendes gansjis nayofs, iyos saTanadod
momzadebuli da zomierad xangrZlivi.
hosana (Osanna) [gamoTqma momdinareobs ebraulidan hoshana gvixsen
madliT, Semdeg berZ. hosann, laT.
hosanna]
liturgiuli
SeZaxili.
Tavdapirvelad Seesatyviseboda daxmarebis Txovnas (fsal. 118:25), SemdgomSi ki sixarulis gamomxatveli
SeZaxilis mniSvneloba SeiZina. hosanas
SeZaxilebiT Seegeba xalxi ierusalemSi
didebiT Sesul iesos (maT. 21:9).
hostia (Ostia) [laT. hostia msxverpli] xorblis fqvilisagan safuaris gareSe gamomcxvari Txeli disko,
romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri wirvis dros
akurTxebs.

421
hugenotebi (Ugonotti) [savaraudod,
saxeli warmoiSva franguli
sityvidan huguenots (hug bezansonisJenevis savoiaTa mowinaaRmdege
partiis
xelmZRvanelissaxelidan)
an germanulidan Eidgenossen SekavSirebulni, SeTqmulni] es saxeli
dairqves kalvinuri reformirebuli
moZraobis mimdevrebma safrangeTSi.
franguli protestantizmi (n. kalvineloba) Zalze mcire xans iwodeboda
aRmsareblobis
aRmniSvneli
sityviT luTeruli: es termini ufro
neitraluriThugenotTa moZraobaSeicvala. es faqtic gviCvenebs,
rom monarqiisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil didebulTa mimxrobam moZraoba
politikur partiad aqcia, romelic
daupirispirda kaTolikur partias,
sadac gizis hercogebi iyvnen gaerTianebuli. parizis pirveli erovnuli
reformirebuli krebidan (1559) sami
wlis Semdeg hugenotTa pirveli omi
daiwyo, romelsac 1562-1598 wlebSi
sxva omebic mohyva. sabrZolo dapirispirebebs dasabami misca vasiSi gamarTulma Jletam, romliTac upasuxa
fransua gizelma hugenotebisadmi
boZebul sen-Jermenis Semwnareblobis
ediqts (1562). Serigebis wamowyebuli
procesi 1572 wels CaSala barTlomes
Ramis saxeliT cnobilma (mas sisxlian qorwinebasac uwodeben) sisxlismRvrelma angariSsworebam, romlis
drosac hugenotTa mravali meTauri
iqna mokluli. hugenotTa omebis Sedegad uamravi devnili gaCnda, romlebmac umTavresad elzasis an qvemo rainis
reformirebul sakrebuloebs (Eglises
des Refugies) miaSures. isedac kritikuli viTareba hugenotTaTvis auta-

humiliatebi

neli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac 1576 wels

gizebi, espaneTis mmarTveli ojaxi da
romis kuria saRmrTo ligad gaerTiandnen reformirebuli protestantobis gasanadgureblad. viTareba
gaumjobesda safrangeTis taxtze anri
IV-is asvlis Semdeg (1589-1610). navaris hugenoti hercogebis warmomadgenelma, anrim 1593 wels kaTolikoba
miiRo (parizi wirvad Rirs), ramac
SesaZlebeli gaxada garkveuli Semwynarebloba (nantis ediqti, 1598; is 1685
wels lui XIV-m gaauqma fonteblos
ediqtiT). Tumca, amis miuxedavad, hugenotebsa da kaTolike mmarTvel ojaxs
Soris urTierToba daZabuli darCa.
miT umetes, mravalricxovan TavdasxmaTa SemTxvevaSi monarqiis winaaRmdeg
mebrZolni Riad saubrobdnen imaze,
rom xom ar Rirda, xalxis saxeliT,
tiranTa daxocva. XVI saukunis am
debatebma, romlebSic ukve aRar TamaSobda rols aRmsareblobis sakiTxi
da ar miuRia monawileoba luTerelobas, niadagi Seumzada winaaRmdegobis gawevis uflebis ideas.
humiliatebi (Umiliati) [laT. humile
ubralo da non tinctum SeuRebavi,
rogoric iyo maTi SeuRebavi Salis
masalisagan damzadebuli samoseli]
am saxeliT moixsenieben XII saukuneSi
lombardiaSi aRmocenebul saZmoTa
wevrebs. am saZmoTa wevri qalebi da
mamakacebi ojaxebSi rCebodnen, Tumca
religiur cxovrebas eweodnen, sakuTari SromiT irCendnen Tavs, ekonomikuri mizniT erTiandebodnen da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen
radikalur siRatakes. Tavdapirvelad
saeklesio ierarqiam aRiara saZmoebi

husitebi

Tumca, roca 1179 wels aleqsandre II-is

mier dawesebuli akrZalvis sawinaaRmdegod, qadagebas mihyves xeli, isini
lucius III-m gankveTa (1184). wevrTa
erTi nawili, romelic samRvdeloebis, saidumloTa da siRatakis Sesaxeb
eretikul ideebs iziarebda, eklesias
CamoSorda, sxvebi ki imave saxelwodebis
axal ordenSi gaerTiandnen, romelic
inokenti II-m (1198-1216) daamtkica
da sam gancalkevebul ordenad dayo:
pirveli iyo moweseTa, meoresaeroTa
meore (Sedgeboda umTavresad qsoviT
dakavebuli qalebisa da mamakacebisagan, romlebic calke sakrebuloebad
cxovrobdnen), xolo mesameojaxebSi
mcxovrebi qalebisa da mamakacebisagan
Sedeboda. es ukanaskneli iqca pirvel
namdvil mesame ordenad (istituto dei
terziari), romelmac mxolod XIV saukunemde iarseba. misi wevrebi sakuTar
samuSaos TviTdamdablebis erTgvar
formad da RaribebTan solidarobis gamoxatvad miiCnevdnen. danarCenma
orma ordenma TandaTan dakarga mniSvneloba da 1571 wels pius V-is mier
iqna gauqmebuli.
husitebi (Hussiti) mimdevrebi religiuri, socialuri da politikuri
moZraobisa, romelic aRmocenda ian
husisa da ieronime prahelis qadagebe-

422
bidan (orive maTgani kostancaSi koconze dawves, rogorc eretikosebi,
Sesabamisad 1414 da 1415 wels), romlebic jon viklifis (1384) Teoriebs eyrdnobodnen. Cexur garemoSi
gadmotanilma viklifizmma warmoSva
xalxuri moZraoba, romelic safuZvlad daedo Cexur nacionalizms. husitTa ideebi egreT wodebul prahul
oTx muxlSi (1420) Sejamda: qadagebis
Tavisufleba; barZimi saeroTaTvis
(aqedan momdinareobs saxelwodeba
barZimelni,moZraoba saeroTaTvis barZimis misacemad, an utrakvistebi, gamoTqmidan sub utraque
formaorive saxiT); samociqulo
siRatake sasuliero pirTaTvis, rac
eklesiis mier Tavis qonebaze uaris
Tqmas gulisxmobda; mkacri disciplina
samRvdeloTaTvis. cota xanSi husitebi
or jgufad daiyvnen: radikalebad anu
Taborelebad (saxelwodeba momdinareobs Taborze mdebare maTi cixekoSkis saxelidan) da zomierebad, anu
utrakvistebad. 1434 wels radikalebze
gamarjvebis Semdeg es ukanasknelni CexeTSi wamyvan Zalad gadaiqcnen, xolo
mogvianebiT kaTolikeebTan kompromisis gzas daadgnen (kutna horas zavi,
1585). husitebi reformis egreT wodebuli memarcxene frTis winamorbedebad
SeiZleba miviCnioT.

AZ

Acta apostolicae sedis wmida saydris

oficialuri macne, romelic Seicavs
papis (enciklikebi, samociqulo werilebi, gancxadebebi da sxv.), wmida
kongregaciaTa (dekretebi, Tanamdebobaze daniSvnebi da sxva) da saeklesio
tribunalebis mier gamocemul dokumentebs. pirveli nakveTi gamovida 1909
wels. gamodis saxelmwifo samdivnos
redaqciiT.
Acta sanctae sedis 1865-1908 wlebSi
gamomavali yovelTviuri gamocema. arseboba Sewyvita macnis Acta apostolicae
sedis daarsebis Semdeg. misi meSveobiT
vrceldeboda papisa da romis kuriis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani dokumentebi. is
ar iyo oficialuri cnobari, Tumca
1904 wels sarwmunoebis propagandis
kongregaciam is avTentikurad da
oficialurad gamoacxada.
Ad limina [laT. (mociqulTa) saflavebze] ase uwodeben calkeuli eklesiebis winamZRvarTa vizitebs romSi,
mociqulTa petresa da pavles mTavar
saxsovar adgilas. n. viziti ad limina.
Agnus Dei [laT. RmrTis kravi] am
saxeliT moixseniebs ioane naTlismcemeli qristes (Sdr. ioan. 1:29.36; gamocx. 5:6; 13:8): ieso WeSmariti kravia,

romelic, gamosaxsneli msxverplis saxiT jvarcmuli, yvela adamians ixsnis.

ase ewodeba samgzis vedrebas, romelic
wirvis dros sityviT an galobiT warmoiTqmis ziarebis win puris gatexisas.
Alba n. perangi.
Angelus n. angelosman.
Annuario cattolico dItalia (italiis
kaTolikuri weliwdeuli)
pirvelad gamoica 1922 wels da dRemde
ocdaor gamocemas moicavs. mimoxilva
amomwurav da mravalferovan informacias Seicavs italiaSi kaTolike eklesiis saqmianobisa da mis struqturaTa,
sakrebuloTa, asociaciaTa, dawesebulebaTa, moZraobaTa Sesaxeb.
Annuario pontificio (papis weliwdeuli) vatikanis saxelmwifo samdivnos
mier gamocemuli kaTolike eklesiisa
da kaTolikuri ierarqiis yovelwliuri oficialuri nusxa. qveyndeba 1716
wlidan. Seicavs: papTa da kaTolikuri
ierarqiis srul CamonaTvals; saeklesio olqebis geografiul danawilebas,
eklesiis wesTa da pirovnul prelaturaTa CamonaTvals; garda amisa, masSi
Tavmoyrilia sasargeblo informacia
da monacemebi romis kuriis, wmida

424

Ave Maria

saydarTan dakavSirebuli dawesebulebebis, wmida saydarTan arsebuli

diplomatiuri korpusis, vatikanis qalaq-saxelmwifos, romis savikariusos,
religiuri institutebis, umaRlesi
saswavleblebis, papis akademiebisa da
sxvadasxva samsaxurebis Sesaxeb, saeklesio olqebisa da pirovnebaTa saxelebis
anbanuri nusxa.
Ave Maria n. gixarodeni.
CEI n. italiis episkoposTa konferencia.

Deo Optimo Maximo (=umaRlesi da

uzenaesi RmrTisadmi), romelic eklesiis RmrTisadmi miZRvnas aRniSnavs.
Domenica in albis [laT. kviradRe TeTrebSi] aRdgomis momdevno kviradRe.
saxelwodeba momdinareobs iqidan, rom
sapaseqo ciskris dros monaTlulebi,
romlebic rva dRis ganmavlobaSi atarebdnen TeTr perangsmkvdreTiT
aRdgomisa da ucodvelobis simbolosam dRes ixdidnen mas (in albis
depositis).

Confiteor n. aRviareb.

Doxa n. dideba.

Corpus Domini n. uflis sxeuli.

Ex cathedra [laT. kaTedridan] ase

ewodeba papis gadawyvetilebebs, rodesac igi sazeimod acxadebs moZRvrebas
sarwmunoebis an zneobis Sesaxeb, anda
wmidanTa kanonizacias.

Devotio moderna n. axali RmrTismosaoba.

Dies irae [laT. risxvis dRe] saTauri da sawyisi sityvebi micvalebulTa
wirvis sekvenciisa, romlis avtorobac Tomas Celanels miewereba (XIII s.),
Tumca, SesaZloa, ufro adrindelic
iyos. sam-sam taepiani Tvrameti da erTi
daskvniTi oTxtaepiani strofi saSineli samsjavros SemaZrwunebel ambebs
mogviTxrobs da qristes gulmowyalebas mouxmobs. amJamindeli teqsti XIV
saukunisaa. dakrZalvis wirvaSi is 1570
wels pius V-m Seitana. mas saxarebis
kiTxvamde warmoTqvamen an galoben.
Dies natalis [laT. dabadebis dRe]
qristianTaTvis esaa miwieri sikvdilis
dRe, radgan swored es dRea dasabami
RmerTTan cxovrebisaTvis qristianis
dabadebisa.
D.O.M. Semoklebuli forma frazisa

Ex opere operato/Ex opere operantis

[laT. gamoTqmebi] Tavdapirvelad es
gansazRvreba SemoiRes imisaTvis, raTa
erTmaneTisagan gamijnuliyo iesos
jvarze gakvris konkretul aqtSi
misi mxsneli obieqturi mniSvneloba
jalaTTa subieqturi qmedebisagan.
saidumloTa TeologiaSi gamoTqmam
Semdeg saidumlos namdvilobisa da
qmediTobis mniSvneloba SeiZina. saidumlo, rogorc RmrTaebrivi aqti, Tavisive ZaliT moqmedebs, rogorc niSani siyvarulis RmrTismieri (opus
operatum) upirobo boZebisa, romelic
gancalkevebulia am saidumlos mimRebis an aRmsrulebelis subieqturi
ganwyobisagan. es ganwyoba ganwmidavebis qmediTi mizezi ki araa, aramed
mxolod misi piroba (opus operantis).

425

Imprimatur

Exsultet n. ixaros.

Gaudete n. gaudete.

Extra ecclesiam nulla salus [laT.

eklesiis miRma xsna araa] gamoTqma,
romelic III saukuneSi, konkretul viTarebaSi kiprianem daamkvidra: saubaria eklesiis mitovebaze adamianTa mier,
romlebic, maTi azriT, qristianobis
ukeTesi formis saZieblad miemarTebian. amgvarad, frazas gafrTxilebis
mniSvneloba aqvs: saeklesio sakrebulosagan gancalkeveba xsnisagan daSorebasac niSnavs (n. macxovari; xsna).
am frazis istoriuli konteqstidan
amoglejas Sedegad mohyveba mis safuZvelze Teoriebis Seqmna arakaTolikeTa da mounaTlavTa maradiuli bedis
Sesaxeb, rac frazis arsis arasworad
gagebasa da ganmartebas efuZneba. Tumca simarTlea, rom eklesia sayovelTao xsnas emsaxureba da rom nebismier
adamians SeuZlia qristesTan urTierTobis damyareba,maSinac, Tu mas ar
icnobs (Sdr. Gaudium et spes, 22).

Habemus papam [laT. gvyavs papi]

konklavis msvlelobisas sakvamuridan
TeTri feris kvamlis gamoCenis Semdeg
dekanozi kardinali am fraziT iuwyeba
wmida petres bazilikis aivnidan papis
arCevnebis warmatebiT dasrulebis Sesaxeb, asaxelebs arCeuls da acxadebs im
saxels, romelsac arCeuli kandidati
papobisas dairqmevs.

Ex voto [laT. (micemuli) dapirebis

Sedegad] Cveulebriv, aRniSnavs Zvirfas nivTs, miZRvnils morwmunis mier
RmrTis, mariamis an wmidanisadmi miRebuli madlisTvis madlierebis niSnad an micemuli pirobis Sesrulebis
mizniT. amgvarad Sewiruli sxvadasxva
saxis nivTebi mravladaa wmida mariamis
salocavebSi.
Fides qua/Fides quae [laT. gamoTqmebi] rwmenaSi, rogorc gacnobierebul moZraobaSi sulisa, romelic
gamocxadebul WeSmaritebas mieltvis,
fides qua ewodeba TviT am moZraobas,
anu rwmenis aqts, fides quae kiWeSmaritebas, romliskenac is iswrafvis.

I.H.S. berZnul enaze arsebul RmrTaebrivi saxelebis SemoklebaTa Soris

am ukanasknels didi warmateba xvda
wilad Sua saukuneebSi (Thes=C;
Christs=XPC,Pnema=NAdaJesos=IHC). laTinur TargmanSi is
damkvidrda Semdegi saxiT: IHS=Jesus, magram mcdarma trankrifciam
(H=E), gamoiwvia agreTve araswori
dawera sityvisa Ihsus da arabunebrivi
ganmarteba: I=Iesus, H=hominum (an
Hierosolymae), S=Salvator; (=ieso,
adamianTa mxsneli). is XIV saukunidan
iwyebs gavrcelebas, Tumca ZiriTadad XV saukuneSi, wmida bernardino
sienelisa da mis mowafeTa Zalisxmevis
Sedegad damkvidrda. warmoadgens iezuitTa ordenis gerbs.
Imprimatur [laT. daibeWdos] am
formuliT episkoposi an pasuxismgebeli samoweseo winamZRvari im wignebis
dabeWdvis nebarTvas iZleva, romlebic sarwmunoebis an zneobis Sesaxeb msjelobs. es nebarTva Tavsdeba
Txzulebis titulis ukana mxares, masTan erTad mieTiTeba misi gamcemi piris
vinaoba da gacemis TariRi. nebarTvis
daniSnulebaa, daudasturos mkiTxvels
SromaSi gamoTqmul ideaTa marTlmorwmune xasiaTi.

426

In pectore

In pectore [laT. sityvasityviT gulSi, niSnavs saidumlod Senaxuls]

ase ewodeba kardinalis aRyvanas, romlis saxelsac papi sajarod ar acxadebs.
saidumlod Senaxvis wesiT kardinalebi
pirvelma papma martine V-m aRiyvana.
I. N. R. I. laT. warwera, romelic iesos
jvarze iyo Sesrulebuli (maT. 27:37;
ioan. 19:19-22). Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum (ieso nazareveli, iudevelTa
mefe). pilates brZanebiT Sesrulebuli es warwera ebraul da berZnul
enebzec iyo dawerili.
Latae sententiae [sityvasityviT gamocxadebuli
sasjeli]
kanonikuri samarTlis erT-erTi gamoTqma.
miuTiTebs sasjelze, romelic emuqreba adamians TviT danaSaulis Cadenis
gamo (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kanoni
zustad gansazRvravs mas, CIC, kan.
1314). rogorc wesi, gaTvaliswinebulia
dafaruli an ganzrax Cadenili
da
gamowveuli aJiotaJis gamo
gansakuTrebulad mZime danaSaulisaTvis.
Lauda Sion wmida Toma akvinelis mier
uflis sxeulis wirvisaTvis SeTxzuli
cnobili sekvenciis dasawyisi. naTlad
ajamebs evqaristiul moZRvrebas.
Lavabo [laT. davban] aRniSnavs xelebis ganbanvas, romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri wirvis dros, Sesawiravis momzadebis Semdeg asrulebs.
laTinuri
termini im locvis pirveli sityvidan
momdinareobs, romelsac mRvdelmsaxuri am Jestis Sesrulebisas warmoTqvams. aseve ewodeba bazilikebis an
monastrebis atriumebSi ganlagebul

wyaros an saeklesio samosis sacavSi

moTavsebul xelTa ganbanvisTvis Sesafer saeklesio WurWels.
Lectio continua [laT. gamoTqma]
liturgiaSi bibliis gagrZelebuli
kiTxva, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
kiTxva im adgilidan grZeldeba, sadac
is wina msaxurebis dros Sewyda. miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad damkvidrebul
sistemas naxevrad gagrZelebuli kiTxva SeiZleba ewodos, unda vaRiaroT,
rom ganxorcielda dadgenileba Sacrosantum concilium-Si gamoTqmuli
survili: im mizniT, raTa RmrTis sityvis nadimi morwmuneebs ufro uxvad
miwodos, saWiroa bibliis saganZurTa
ufro farTod gaxsna, imgvarad, rom
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi xalxs
saRmrTo werilis umniSvnelovanesi
nawili waekiTxos (51).
Lectio divina [laT. gamoTqma] aRniSnavs saRmrTo werilis kiTxvasa da
masze meditacias, rac monastrebisTvis
tipuri movlenaa. miznad isaxavs bibliuri sulierebis ZiriTadi Temebis
gaRrmavebas liturgiul cxovrebasTan
mWidro kavSirSi. dRes amgvari praqtika ukve scildeba samonastro garemos
da qristianul sakrebuloebSi imkvidrebs adgils.
Lettera enciclica n. enciklika.
Lex credendiLex orandi
[laT.
gamoTqma] prosperius akvitanielis
(463) avtorobiT cnobili aqsiomis
mokle forma, romelic mTlianad ase
JRers: ut legem credendi statuat lex
supplicandi (=raTa locvis kanonma
gansazRvros rwmenis kanoni). gamoTqma

427
rwmenasa da liturgias Soris arsebul sasicocxlo damokidebulebas
usvams xazs. pius XII-is enciklikaSi
Mediator Dei aRniSnulia am aqsiomis
gaRrmavebis SesaZlebloba damatebiTi
ganvrcobis meSveobiT: Lex credendi
legem statuat supplicandi (Sdr. Mediator Dei, 47).
Liber pontificalis [laT. pontifeqsTa
wigni] pirvel papTa biografiebis
krebuli pius II-mde (1458-1464). wignis
pirveli sruli redaqcia VI-VII saukuneTa mijnaze momzadda, SemdgomSi
sxva biografiebiT Seivso da ganxlda.
liturgiul inovaciaTa Sesaxeb mravali cnoba swored am wignidanaa aRebuli.
Liber sacramentorum n. saidumloTa
wigni.
Liber usualis [laT. wigni, romelic
esaWiroeba adamians] wigni, romelsac
erT dros monazvnebi, moweseebi da
sasuliero pirebi iyenebdnen wirvis
liturgiisa da JamTa erToblivi aRsrulebis dros. wigni moicavda wirvis
cvlad (graduali) da ucvlel (kiriali) sagaloblebs. grigorianuli sagaloblebi masSi solesmis benediqtel
monazonTa redaqciiT iyo Setanili.
Locus theologicus [laT. gamoTqma]
kaTolikur TeologiaSi aRniSnavs
Teologiuri codnis wyaros, rogorebicaa saRmrTo werili, gadmocema,
swavleba da sxv. protestantul TeologiaSi aRniSnavs sarwmunoebis mniSvnelovan dogmats.

Nihil obstat

Lumen Christi [laT. qristes naTeli an umjobesia: naTeli, romelic

qristea] am Sepasuxebas galobs diakoni anTebuli saaRdgomo kelaptriT
xelSi da miuZRveba msvlelobas, romelic saaRdgomo ciskris Rames eklesiaSi Sedis cecxlis kurTxevis Semdeg,
didebis sagaloblamde. diakons xalxi
upasuxebs: madli RmerTsa.
Mirabilia Dei laT. gamoTqma, romliTac aRiniSneba xsnis istoriis fuZemdebluri movlenebi rogorc istoriaSi
RmrTaebrivi Carevis faqtebi.
Missio canonica [laT. gamoTqma] kompetenturi ierarqiuli xelisuflis
iuridiuli aqti, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba Tanamdebobis miniWeba, es
Tanamdeboba ki warmoadgens sulieri
mizniT aRsasrulebel RmrTaebrivi
Tu saeklesio gankargulebiT dadgenil mudmivmoqmed samsaxurs (CIC,
kan. 145). maSasadame, Missio canonica
iuridiulad gansazRvravs eklesiaSi
msaxurebasa da marTvasTan dakavSirebul qmedebebaTa srulfasovnad Tu
kanonierad aRsrulebas, risTvisac isaa
aucilebeli.
Motu proprio [laT. sakuTari iniciativiT] aRniSnavs samociqulo
werils (Cveulebriv, disciplinarul
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT), romelsac
pontifeqsi
sakuTari
iniciativiT
aqveynebs.
Nihil obstat [laT. gamoTqma, Semoklebuli forma frazisa: nihil obstat quominus imprimatur araferi uSlis
xels dabeWdvas] dasturi, romelsac
saeklesio xelisufali aRbeWdavs misi

428

Non expedit

nebarTviT gamocemuli publikaciis

dasawyisSi an bolos. n. Imprimatur.
Non expedit [laT. gamoTqma, ar
argebs, ar SeSvenis] formula,
romelsac Cveulebriv iyeneben romis
kongregaciebi, roca mizanSewonilobis gamo uaryofiT pasuxs iZlevian
rame SekiTxvaze. formulam specifikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina da cnobili
gaxda mas Semdeg, rac italiel kaTolikeTaTvis arCevnebSi monawileobisa
da, zogadad, politikuri saqmianobis
akrZalvis mizniT iqna gamoyenebuli.
amgvari gancxadeba mohyva Sedegad wmida
saydris mier teritoriebis dakargvas,
ramac pontifeqsTa politikuri Zalauflebis dasasruli gamoiwvia (XIX saukunis meore naxevari). msgavsi Sinaarsis pirvel gancxadebad iqca saRmrTo
penitenciariumis 1874 wlis 10 seqtembris dekreti. mogvianebiT leon XIII-is
mier mowonebul wmida dawesebulebis
dekretSi (1888 wlis 30 ivnisi) igive
principia gatarebuli. enciklikaSi Il
fermo proposito (1905 wlis 11 ivnisi)
pius X-m gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi
politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis
neba darTo kaTolikeebs, Tumca ar
gauuqmebia Non expedit. formalurad
Non expedit 1919 wels, papma benediqte
XV-m gaauqma, roca italiiis saxalxo
partiis dafuZnebis neba darTo.
Nunc dimittis [laT.] dasawyisi sadidebeli locvisa (aw ki ganmiteve, ufalo), romliTac simoni
mimarTavs RmerTs, roca taZarSi miyvanil iesoSi mesias amoicnobs. moxuci mRvdelmsaxuri, visTvisac RmerTs
aRTqmuli hqonda, rom mesiis qveynad

movlinebis mowme gaxdeboda, ufals

eubneba, rom, Tavisi imedis gamarTlebis mxilvels, axla ukve SeuZlia
mokvdes. Nunc dimittis mwuxris Jams
warmoiTqmis.
Ora et labora [laT. gamoTqma: iloce
da iSrome] benediqtel monazonTa
devizi, romelSic SesaniSnavad aisaxeba
maTi cxovrebis ideali, dafuZnebuli
locvasa (Opus DeiRmrTis saqme) da
Sromaze (Opus manuumxelismieri
saqme), romelic samSvinvelis mtris
damarcxebis saSualebadaa miCneuli.
Oratio dominica [laT. gamoTqma] aRniSnavs uflis locvas, anu mamo Cvenos.
Oratio fidelium n. morwmuneTa locva.
Ordines romani [laT. romauli wesebi] wignebis krebuli, romelic romSi, VIII-XIV saukuneebSi liturgiuli
msaxurebisaTvis aucilebel wesebsa
da debulebebs Seicavs. andrios mier
gadamuSavebuli amgvar wesTa gamocema
Tematuri principiT aT seqciad dayofil 50 rituals moicavs.
Ordo [laT. wesi] laTinuri ekvivalenti terminisa wesi (wesdeba). amgvarad,
ordo missae igivea, rac wirvis wesi,
ordo baptisminaTlobis wesi.
Osservatore Romano, L' n.
tore romano.

oserva-

Pange lingua [laT. adide, enav]

sawyisi sityvebi wmida Toma akvinelis
sadidebelisa, romelic evqaristiuli
saidumlos sidiades eZRvneba. mas warmoTqvamen an galoben uflis sxeulis

429
dResaswaulis mwuxrisas da evqaristiuli kurTxevis dros.
Pater noster n. mamao Cveno.
Placet [awmyo drois mxolobiTi ricxvis mesame piri zmnisa placere siamovneba, mowoneba] iuridiuli formula,
romelic saxelmwifos mier saepiskoposo aqtebis damtkicebas aRniSnavs.
italiaSi is lateranis xelSekrulebiT
gauqmda. amJamad ase ewodeba formulas,
romelsac krebis an sxva saeklesio sakolegio organos wevrebi iyeneben sruli mowonebisa da Tanxmobis gamosaxatavad; pirobiTi mowoneba aRiniSneba
formuliT placet iuxta modum, uari
kiformuliT non placet.
Prosit [zmna prodesse-s awmyo kavSirebiTis mx. ricxvis mesame piri: gaixare!] milocvis aRmniSvneli laTinuri
gamoTqma. ase mimarTaven samkveTloSi
wirvis aRsrulebis Semdeg, mRvdelmsaxurs, romelic upasuxebs: Tibi quoque (Senc agreTve).
Quaestio [laT. SekiTxva] filosofiasa da sqolastikur TeologiaSi
aRniSnavs problemas an Temas, ganxiluls monografiurad (quaestio disputata, quaestio quodlibetalis); amasTanave,
aRniSnavs erT-erTs im seqciaTagan,
romlebadac daiyofa, Tematuri niSniT, Teologiis Sejameba, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, paragrafebad iyofa.
Redaktiongeschichte [germ. redaqciis
istoria] ase ewodeba gansakuTrebul
meTodologiur mimarTulebas formaTa istoriis wiaRSi. is umTavresad
saxarebaTa saboloo werilobiTi redaqciebis sxvadasxva literaturul

Sanctus

masalebs ikvlevs. mkvlevarebi am redaqciaTa Sedgenis istoriisa da SemdgenelTa (mociqulebis) saerTo koncefciis aRmoCenas cdiloben. amasTan,
mociqulebi ganixilebian ara gadmocemul masalaTa ubralo Semdgenlebad,
aramed TviTmyofadobiT gamorCeul
da SemoqmedebiTi midgomis mqone avtorebad.
Regina Coeli [laT. caTa dedofali]
saaRdgomo periodis mariamisadmi miZRvnili antifoni. misi avtori ucnobia, Tumca antifons pap grigol V-s
(X s.) miakuTvneben. saaRdgomo periodSi antifoni angelusis nacvlad
sruldeba.
Rerum novarum leon XIII-is enciklika, romelic gamoqveynda 1891
wlis 15 maiss da eZRvneba im periodis
sazogadoebriv problematikas. masSi
gakritikebulia rogorc liberaluri
kapitalizmis gadametebani, ise imdroindeli socializmis iluziebi. enciklika eklesiis socialuri moZRvrebis
qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.
Rota romana n. saRmrTo tribunali.
Sacra Rota n. saRmrTo tribunali.
Salve Regina yvelaze cnobili JamTa
liturgiis damagvirgvinebel, mariamisadmi miZRvnil antifonTagan. TiTqmis
danamdvilebiTaaa cnobili, rom misi
avtoria le puis episkoposi aimarusi
(1098).
Sanctus [laT. wmida] aRebulia esaias
wignSi mocemuli (6:3) qerubimTa sagaloblidan. es aris Sepasuxeba,wmida

Schola cantorum

ars,romelsac prefacios dasasruls

warmoTqvamen an galoben, mRvdelmsaxurTan erTad, eklesiaSi Sekrebili
morwmuneebi.
Schola cantorum n. mgalobelTa skola.
Sede apostolica n. wmida saydari.
Sede vacante [laT. sedes saydari,
adgili da vacans (-ntis), awmyos
mimReoba zmnisa vacare carieli yofna] igulisxmeba drois is monakveTi,
roca wmida saydari vakanturia,papis
sikvdilidan an taxtze uaris Tqmidan
axali pontifeqsis arCevamde. episkoposis adgili vakanturia episkoposis
gardacvalebis, mis mier Tanamdebobaze
(papis mier dakmayofilebuli) uaris
Tqmis, sxva Tanamdebobaze episkoposis
gadayvanis an misTvis Tanamdebobis CamorTmevis SemTxvevaSi (CIC, kan. 416).
Sensus fidei n. rwmenis gancda.
Servus servorum Dei [laT.] RmrTis
msaxurTa msaxuri,gamoTqma, romliTac awers xels oficialur dokumentebs romis papi. pirvelad is papma
grigol didma gamoiyena.
Simul iustus et peccator [laT. erTdroulad marTalica da codvilic]
protestantuli Teologiis tipuri
formula, aRniSnavs morwmunis arsebobis paradoqsul mdgomareobas: igi
gamarTlebulia, magram ar aris xsnili.
kaTolikobaSi es formula uaryofil
iqna, ramdenadac is aRniSnavs adamianisagan sruliad damoukidebel gamarTlebas, romelic ar exeba adamianis
Sinagan samyaros da ar ubiZgebs mas,
gadalaxos utyuarad majansaRebeli
qmedebebis SeuZlebloba.

430
Sitz im Leben [germ.] formaTa istoriis (Formgeschichte)
sivrceSi
farTod gavrcelebuli formula, romelic aRniSnavs konkretul niadags,
romelzec aRmocenda saxarebiseuli
monakveTebi (perikopebi). laparakia
sasicocxlo viTarebaze, romelic
Sedgeba katexezuri, liturgiuli,
apologeturi xasiaTis ganzraxvaTa,
problemaTa, gancdaTa da moTxovnilebaTagan, rac Tavdapirveli eklesiisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. Sitz im
Leben udevs safuZvlad am perikopeTa
specifikur literaturul formebs.
Sola sriptura formula laTinur enaze,
romliTac protestantul religiaSi
aRiniSneba mxolod saRmrTo werilis
sakmarisoba sarwmunoebis sabuTad da
misi TviTkmaroba TviTganmartebisaTvis. ewinaaRmdegeba
gadmocemis damoukidebel Rirebulebas da eklesiis
moZRvrebis aucileblobas.
Supplet Ecclesia [laT. asrulebs
eklesia] im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
TvalsaCinoa aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis an unaris nakleboba imaTSi,
vinc unda Seasrulos gansazRvruli
qmedebebi (ra garemoebac zians moutanda morwmuneebs), kanonikuri debuleba, Tavisi moqnilobiT, adgens, rom
rogorc gare, ise Sida forumisaTvis
eklesia Tavad asrulebs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Zalauflebas an unarebs (CIC, kan. 144). amdenad, gamomdinare iqidan, rom eklesia anazRaurebs
subieqtis naklovanebas, aqtebi, romlebic TavisTavad araqmediTi iqneboda
(rakiRa maTi aRmsrulebeli garkveuli
mizeziT moklebulia maTi Sesrulebis

431

Vetus latina

Zalauflebas an unars), qmediTia dasabamidanve da ar saWiroebs rame saxis

Semdgom dadasturebas.
Tantum ergo wmida Toma akvinelis
mier uflis sxeulis diddResaswaulisaTvis SeTxzuli sagaloblis, Pange
lingua-s boloswina strofis sawyisi
sityvebi. mas galoben wmida evqaristiis gamobrZanebis dros, evqaristiul
kurTxevamde.
Te Deum sazeimo liturgiuli sadidebeli da samadlobeli himni, romelic Seicavs samebasTan dakavSirebul
mdidar doqsologias da RmrTisadmi
amaRlebul vedrebas. saxelwodeba himnis pirveli sityvebidan momdinareobs,
cnobilia, agreTve, ambrosiseuli himnis an wmida samebis himnis saxeliT.
mis avtorobas sxvadasxva pirovnebebs
miaweren (wmida ambrosis, avgustines,
hilariuss...), Tumca, savaraudod, is
nikita remesianelis Seqmnili unda
iyos (igi 414 wlis Semdeg gardaicvala). sagalobeli sruldeba kviraobiT
da dResaswaulebze JamTa liturgiis
dros, agreTve wlis dasasrulssamadlobeli liturgiebis dros.
Trigesima (dies) [laT.] sikvdilidan
ocdameaTe dRe, rodesac, Cveulebriv,
aRsruldeba micvalebulisaTvis vedrebis (n. Semweoba) wirva.
Urbi et orbi

[laT.

qalaqsa

da

msoflios] papis aqtebi, romlebic

qalaq romisa da mTeli eklesiisaTvis aris gankuTvnili. yvelaze xSirad
fraza sazeimo kurTxevisas warmoiTqmis, romelsac sruli indulgencia
erTvis Tan.
Urmensch
[germ.
pirvelkaci]
sxvadasxva damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisa da
xSirad aSkarad miTosuri Tvisebebis
mqone es figura religiaTa istoriaSi
asaxavs pirvelqmnil adamians. misi miTosi didad ganviTarebuli Cans gnosisSi. iudaizmSi am figuras ganasaxierebs adami.
Veni, Creator Spiritus [laT. modi,
Semoqmedo sulo] suli wmidis gardamosvlis mwuxris sagalobeli. ucnobi avtoris es nawarmoebi liturgiaSi
1049 wels iqna CarTuli, roca leon
IX-m is pirvelad igaloba reimsis krebaze. esaa eklesiaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli sagalobeli, romelic
sruldeba RmrTismsaxurebis dasawyisSi, suli wmidis Sewevnis saTxovnelad.
Vetus latina [laT. Zveli laTinuri
tradicia] Cveulebriv, ase aRiniSneba vulgatis winamorbedi bibliis
laTinuri Targmanebi. maTs Sesaswavlad yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaroebia
Zvel saeklesio mwralTa citatebi,
liturgiuli wignebi da vulgataSi
Sesuli sakiTxavebi.

Semo k le ba ni
bibliuri wignebi
Zveli aRTqma
dabadeba
gamosvla
levianni
ricxvni
meore rjuli
ieso naves Ze
msajulni
ruTi
pirveli mefeTa
meore mefeTa
mesame mefeTa
meoTxe mefeTa
pirveli neStTa
meore neStTa
pirveli ezra
neemia
meore ezra
tobiTi
ivdiTi
esTeri
iobi
fsalmunni
igavni solomonisa
eklesiaste
qebaTa qeba solomonisa
sibrZne solomonisa

dab.
gam.
lev.
ricxv.
rjl.
ieso
msaj.
ruT.
1mef.
2mef.
3mef.
4mef.
1neSt.
2neSt.
ezr.
neem.
2ezr.
tob.
ivd.
esT.
iob.
fsalm.
igav.
ekl.
qeb.
sibrZn.

sibrZne ziraqisa
esaia winaswarmetyveli
ieremia winaswarmetyveli
godeba ieremiasi
epistole ieremiasi
baruq winaswarmetyveli
ezekiel winaswarmetyveli
daniel winaswarmetyveli
osia winaswarmetyveli
iovel winaswarmetyveli
amos winaswarmetyveli
abdia winaswarmetyveli
iona winaswarmetyveli
miqa winaswarmetyveli
naum winaswarmetyveli
abakum winaswarmetyveli
sofonia winaswarmetyveli
angia winaswarmetyveli
zaqaria winaswarmetyveli
malaqia winaswarmetyveli
pirveli makabelTa
meore makabelTa
mesame makabelTa
meoTxe makabelTa
mesame ezra

zir.
es.
ier.
god.
ier.
bar.
ezek.
dan.
os.
iov.
amos.
abd.
ion.
miq.
naum.
abak.
sof.
ang.
zaq.
mal.
1mak.
2mak.
3mak.
4mak.
3ezr.

axali aRTqma
maTes saxareba
markozis saxareba
lukas saxareba
ioanes saxareba
mociqulTa saqmeebi

maT.
mark.
luk.
ioan.
saqme

iakob mociqulis werili

iak.
petre mociqulis pirveli werili1pet.
petre mociqulis meore werili 2pet.
ioane mociqulis pirveli werili1ioan.
ioane mociqulis meore werili 2ioan.

433

Semoklebani

ioane mociqulis mesame werili 3ioan.

iuda mociqulis werili
iud.
pavle mociqulis werili
romaelTa mimarT
rom.
pavle mociqulis pirveli werili
korinTelTa mimarT
1kor.
pavle mociqulis meore werili
korinTelTa mimarT
2kor.
pavle mociqulis werili
galatelTa mimarT
gal.
pavle mociqulis werili
efeselTa mimarT
efes.
pavle mociqulis werili
filipelTa mimarT
filip.
pavle mociqulis werili
koloselTa mimarT
kol.

pavle mociqulis pirveli werili

TesalonikelTa mimarT 
1Tes.
pavle mociqulis meore werili
TesalonikelTa mimarT
2Tes.
pavle mociqulis pirveli werili
timoTes mimarT
1tim.
pavle mociqulis meore werili
timoTes mimarT
2tim.
pavle mociqulis werili
tites mimarT
tit.
pavle mociqulis werili
filimonis mimarT
fil.
pavle mociqulis werili
ebraelTa mimarT
ebr.
ioane mociqulis gamocxadeba gamocx.

eklesiis moZRvrebisa da samarTlis dokumentebi

CCC Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae (kaTolike eklesiis katexizmo, 1992/1997)

CIC Codex Iuris Canonici (kanonikuri samarTlis kodeqsi, 1983)

vatikanisII krebis dokumentebi

AA Apostolicam actiositatemdekreti saeroTa mociqulobis Sesaxeb
AG Adgentesdivinitusdekretieklesiis
samisionero moRvaweobis Sesaxeb
CD Christus Dominusdekreti eklesiaSi episkoposTa samoZRvro msaxurebis Sesaxeb

GE Gravissimum educationis
dek
laracia qristianuli aRzrdis
Sesaxeb
GS Gaudium et spessamoZRvro konstitucia Tanamedrove samyaroSi
eklesiis Sesaxeb

DH Dignitatis humanaedeklaracia
religiuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

IM Inter mirificadekreti sazogadoebrivi kominikaciis saSualebaTa Sesaxeb

DV Dei verbumdogmaturi konstitucia saRmrTo gamocxadebis Sesaxeb

LG Lumen gentiumdogmaturi konstitucia eklesiis Sesaxeb

434

Semoklebani

NA Nostra aetatedeklaracia eklesiis

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb araqristianuli religiebis mimarT
OE Orientalium Ecclesiarumdekreti
aRmosavleTis kaTolike eklesiaTa
Sesaxeb
OT Optatam totiusdekreti mRvdelTa aRzrdis Sesaxeb
PC Perfectae caritatisdekreti samow-

eseo cxovrebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb

PO Presbytororum ordinis dekreti
mRvdelTa msaxurebisa da cxovrebis
Sesaxeb
SC Sacrosanctum Conciliumkonstitucia wmida liturgiis Sesaxeb
UR Unitatis redintegratiodekreti
ekumenizmis Sesaxeb

eklesiis dogmatur dokumentTa krebuli

DS H. Denzinger, A. Schnmetzer, Enchiridion symbolorum definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum.

enebi
arab.arabuli
aram.arameuli
berZ.berZnuli
germ.germanuli
ebr.ebrauli
esp.espanuri
Turq.Turquli
n.naxe

ingl.inglisuri
ital. 
italiuri
laT.laTinuri
sansk.sanskriti
spars.sparsuli
frang.franguli