Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eng
Outline
Introduction - The Concept
History / Background - Origin of FACTS, Opportunities, Trends
System Architectures and Limitations
Power Flow Control on AC Systems
Application Studies and Implementation
Basic Switching Devices
Systems Studies
AC Transmission Fundamentals
Voltage Source vs. Current Source
Voltage Sources
Static Var Compensator (SVC), STATCOM, TCSC, UPFC, SMES
System Studies (by EMTP, ATP, Saber, EDSA, EMTDC)
Systems Integration, Specification, Cost Considerations and Technology Trends
Operation and Maintenance
Impact of FACTS in interconnected networks
Market Assessment, Deregulation and Predictions
Conclusions - Final Words
Questions and Open Discussions
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
The reason, therefore, that some intuitive minds are not mathematical is that they
cannot at all turn their attention to the principles of mathematics. But the reason
that mathematicians are not intuitive is that they do not see what is before them,
and that, accustomed to the exact and plain principles of mathematics, and not
reasoning till they have well inspected and arranged their principles, they are
lost in matters of intuition where the principles do not allow of such
arrangement. They are scarcely seen; they are felt rather than seen; there is the
greatest difficulty in making them felt by those who do not of themselves perceive
them. These principles are so fine and so numerous that a very delicate and very
clear sense is needed to perceive them, and to judge rightly and justly when they
are perceived, without for the most part being able to demonstrate them in order
as in mathematics, because the principles are not known to us in the same way,
and because it would be an endless matter to undertake it. We must see the
matter at once, at one glance, and not by a process of reasoning, at least to a
certain degree.
1660 PENSEES by Blaise Pascal
The Concept
X
V
P= P+ P+ P
V
tg
X
The Concept
A transmission system can carry power up to its thermal loading limits. But in practice the
system has the following constraints:
-Transmission stability limits
-Voltage limits
-Loop flows
Transmission stability limits: limits of transmittable power with which a transmission system can
ride through major faults in the system with its power transmission capability intact.
Voltage limits: limits of power transmission where the system voltage can be kept within
permitted deviations from nominal. Voltage is governed by reactive power (Q). Q in its turn
depends of the physical length of the transmission circuit as well as from the flow of active
power. The longer the line and/or the heavier the flow of active power, the stronger will be the
flow of reactive power, as a consequence of which the voltage will drop, until, at some critical
level, the voltage collapses altogether.
Loop flows can be a problem as they are governed by the laws of nature which may not be
coincident with the contracted path. This means that power which is to be sent from point A to
point B in a grid will not necessarily take the shortest, direct route, but will go uncontrolled
and fan out to take unwanted paths available in the grid.
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
The Concept
FACTS devices
FACTS are designed to remove such constraints and to meet planners, investors and operators goals
without their having to undertake major system additions. This offers ways of attaining an increase of
power transmission capacity at optimum conditions, i.e. at maximum availability, minimum
transmission losses, and minimum environmental impact. Plus, of course, at minimum investment cost
and time expenditure.
The term FACTS covers several power electronics based systems used for AC power transmission.
Given the nature of power electronics equipment, FACTS solutions will be particularly justifiable in
applications requiring one or more of the following qualities:
-Rapid dynamic response
-Ability for frequent variations in output
-Smoothly adjustable output.
Important applications in power transmission involving FACTS and Power Quality devices:
SVC (Static Var Compensators), Fixed * as well as Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) and
Statcom. Still others are PST (Phase-shifting Transformers), IPC (Interphase Power Controllers), UPFC
(Universal Power Flow Controllers), and DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorers).
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
Trends
-Generation is not being built
-Power sales/purchases are being
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
Radial
Parallel
Meshed
10
11
Dynamic
Issues
Traditional Solutions
Breaking
Resistors Load
Shedding
Advanced Solutions
Fixed
Compensation
Line
Reconfiguration
Better
Protection
Increased
Inertia
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
FACTS
Energy Storage
Transmission
Link
FACTS
Devices
Transient Stability
Damping Power Swings
Post-Contingency
Voltage Control
Voltage Stability
Subsynchronous Res.
Enhanced
Power Transfer
and Stability
SVC
STATCOM
TCSC, SSSC
UPFC
12
FACTS Devices
Shunt Connected
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Static Synchronous Generator - SSG
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Energy Storage
Energy Storage
13
Devices
Diode (pn Junction)
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) GE
MOS Turn-Off Thyristor (MTO) SPCO
Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor (ETO) Virginia Tech
Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) Mitsubishi, ABB
MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT) Victor Temple
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
14
15
VSI
CSI
Commutation
Approach
Natural
Forced
Switching
Technology
Synchronous
PWM
Transition
Approach
Hard
Soft
Circuit
Topology
Two-Level
Multi-Level
Device
Type
SCR
GTO
IGBT
MCT
MTO
16
Planing Studies
Evaluate the technical and economic benefits of a range of FACTS alternative solutions which may allow
enhancement of power transfer across weak transmission links. Part I of this effort should concentrate on
preliminary feasibility studies to assess the technical merits of alternative solutions to correct real and
reactive power transfer ratings, system voltage profiles, operational effects on the network, equipment
configurations, etc.
A - Load flow studies will be performed to establish steady-state ratings, and identify the appropriate
locations for connection of alternative compensation devices. Load flow studies will be used to address
the following:
System Criteria (maximum steady-state power transfers, short-term operating limits, etc.)
Controller Enhancements (controller types, ratings, sensitivities, etc.)
Controller Losses (based on operating points and duration)
System Losses (system losses base on controller operating point and duration)
Overvoltsages ((steady-state and short-term voltage insulation requirements)
Compare technical and economic benefits of alternatives
Identify interconnection points
Identify critical system contingencies
Establish power transfer capability of the transmission system
Confirm that reliability criteria can be met
Identify the cost of capital of equipment and losses
Identify steady-state and dynamic characteristics of FACTS controllers
Stability Studies
IEEE
17
System Studies
Study Type
LOAD FLOW
System
Planning
Design
Operational
Verify performance
Confirm performance
Voltage
Stability
Verify performance
Confirm performance
Interaction
Verify performance
Confirm performance
Control
Strategies
Verify performance
Confirm performance
xxx
Verify performance
Verify performance
Confirm performance
Frequency
TRANSIENT
Short-Circuit
xxx
Verify performance
Confirm performance
xxx
Establish criteria
Verify performance
Confirm performance
Post-Transient
xxx
Establish criteria
Verify performance
Confirm performance
Voltage
Instability
xxx
Establish criteria
Verify performance
Confirm performance
Verify performance
Confirm performance
xxx
Controller
Overvoltages &
Short-Circuit
DYM ANIC
Damping
Fault Duties
Overvoltages
System SSR
Controller SSR
IEEE
18
Identify
Transmission
Systems - Provide
System data and
Configuration
System Studies
Outages
and load
transfer
Load Flow
(P,Q, V, )
Generator
data
Voltage
Reg. Data
(AVR)
IEEE
System
operat.
limits
Perform Load
Flow
(P,Q, V, )
System
operat.
limits
Induction
motor
data
Transient
Stability
(P,Q, V, , time)
Governor
data
Relay
data
Outages
and load
transfer
Dynamic
Stability
(P,Q, V, , ,
time)
Fault
data
Perform
Economic
Analysis
System
changes
Load
Shedding
19
System Studies
Study Type
HARMONICS
System
Planning
Performance
Design
Operational
xxx
xxx
Controller
Interaction
xxx
Controller
Performance
xxx
Control
xxx
Establish criteria
Verify performance
Confirm performance
Relaying
xxx
Establish criteria
Verify performance
Confirm performance
Instrumentation
RELIABILITY/
AVAILABILITY
xxx
Establish criteria
Verify performance
Confirm performance
xxx
Final Assessment
xxx
xxx
Benefits
Final Assessment
xxx
Risks
Final Assessment
xxx
CR&I
COST FACTORS
System
Controller
Losses
IEEE
20
AC Transmission Fundamentals
E1 / 1
E2 / 2
P&Q
X
E2 . sin()
(E1 - E2 . cos()
P1 = E1 . Ip1
E1
E1 - E2
E2 . cos()
E1 . sin ()
Ip1 = E2 sin() / X
I
E1 . Cos ()
Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos() / X
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
E2
(E2 - E1 . cos()
21
AC Transmission Fundamentals
Active component of the current flow at E1
Ip1 = (E2 . sin ()) / X
Reactive component of the current flow at E1
Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos ())/X
Active Power at the E1 end
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin ())/X
Reactive Power at the E1 end
Q1 = E1(E1 - E2 . cos ()) / X
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
22
E2 / 2
P&Q
X
P1 = k1.E1 (E2 . sin (/k2))/X
Q/V
E1
E1 - E2
I
E2
Regulating end bus voltage mostly change reactive power - Compensating at an intermediate
point between buses can significantly impact power flow
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
23
E2 / 2
P&Q
Vinj
Injected Voltage
E1
P1 = E1 . E2 . sin () / (X - Vinj / I)
E1 - E2
I
E2
Injecting Voltage in series with the line mostly change real power
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
24
E2 / 2
P&Q
X
Changes in X will increase or decrease real power flow for a fixed angle or change angle for a fixed power flow.
Alternatively, the reactive power flow will change with the change of X. Adjustments on the bus voltage have
little impact on the real power flow.
Vc
Vx
P1 = E1 . E2 . sin () / (X - Xc)
Vs
Power Transfer
Vseff = Vs + Vc
Vr
Xeff = X - Xc
Vx
Vc
P1 ( x , delta , V1)
Vseff
0
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
delta
Vxo
Vs
Vr
3.5
3.14
Phase Angle
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
25
P&Q
E2 / 2
I
X
P
Injected Voltage
E1
E1 - E2
I
E2
Integrated voltage series injection and bus voltage regulation (unified) will
directly increase or decrease real and reactive power flow.
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
26
Q/V
with VAR compensation (ideal midpoint)
Amargin
A2
no compensation
A1
A1 = Acceleration Energy
1
2
3
A2 = Deceleration Energy
Therefore, FACTS compensation can increase
1 - prior to fault
crit
A d v /D is
V S C
D e v ic e T y p e
T h y ris to r
S e lf-C o m m u ta tio n
T h y ris to r
S e lf-C o m m u ta tio n
D e v ic e
C h a ra c te ris tic
S y m m e try
S y m m e tric a l
A s y m m e tric a l
S h o rt-C irc u it
C u rre n t
L o w e r
R a te o f R is e o f
F a u lt C u rre n t
L im ite d
L o sse s
H ig h e r
A C
C a p a c ito rs
R e q u ire d
D C
C a p a c ito rs
N o t R e q u ire d
R e q u ire d
L o w e r
(A C C a p a c ito rs )
M o re C o m p le x
H ig h e r
V a lv e s d v /d t
In te rfa c e w ith
S y s te m
A C
R e a c tiv e P o w e r
G e n e ra tio n
b y D C
R e a c to r
A d v /D is
H ig h e r
F a s t R is e (D u e to
c a p a c ito r d is c h a rg e )
L o w e r
N o t R e q u ire d
D e p e n d s o n C u rre n t
F lo w in g th ro u g h
E n e rg y S to ra g e
L e s s C o m p le x
In d e p e n d e n t o f
E n e rg y S to ra g e
P e rfo rm a n c e
H a rm o n ic s
A C c a p a c ito rs m a y
p ro d u c e re so n a n c e s
n e a r th e c h a ra c te ris tic
h a rm o n ic s m a y c a u s e
o v e rv o lta g e s o n v a lv e s
a n d tra n s fo rm e r.
28
Series Compensation
System bus
Coupling
Transformer
Coupling
Transformer
I
X
I
Transformer leakage
inductance
Vo
Vo
DC-AC
Switching
Converter
DC-AC
Switching
Converter
Cs
Cs
Vdc
Vdc
Transformer leakage
inductance
29
ea
eb
ec
ia
Ta1
D a1 Tb1
D b1 Tc1
ib
D c1
Cs
ic
Vdc
+
Vdc
2
Hypothetical
neutral point
Vdc
Ta2
D a2 Tb2
D b2 Tc2
D c2
ea
Vdc
eb
Vdc
ec
Vdc
e ab
[a]
e bc
e ca
30
+
eout
vdc
2
vdc
2
v dc
vdc
2
v dc
2 v dc
v dc
Neutral
(mid-) point
vdc
e out
1
v dc
+ v dc
Neutral
(mid-) point
e out
vdc
- v dc
v dc
31
voa
voavobvoc
v dc
v dc
C
voavobvoc
Vdc
C
Single-phase,
Three-phase, two-level
two-level H-bridge
six-pulse bridge
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
C/2
Vdc
C/2
Three-phase, three-level
12-pulse bridge
32
io
v= V sin t
v=V 0
vo= Vo ( )
t
*
t
= *+
vo (+)
vo ( )
vdc
C
i dc
vdc = 1 i dc dt
C
i dc = f ()
33
v= V sin t
io
v=V 0
vo= Vo ( )
t
*
= *+
(0 < < )
vomax
vo
voF = f ( , ) = sin ( t - )
Vdc= const
t
max = 2
3
Vdc
C/2
Vdc
C/2
34
Magnetic structure
for multi-pulse waveform synthesis
Converter 1
Converter 2
Converter n
138kV Bus
Coupling
Transformer
Interface Magnetics
35
36
FACTS
Power control, voltage control,
stability control
Installed Costs (millions of dollars)
Throughput MW
HVDC 2 Terminals
FACTS
2000 MW
500 MW
1000 MW
2000 MW
$ 40-50 M
$ 75-100M
$120-170M
$200-300M
$ 5-10 M
$ 10-20M
$ 20-30M
$ 30-50M
(*)Hingorani/Gyugyi
37
38
C o n tro l A ttrib u te s
V o lta g e c o n tro l, V A R c o m p e n sa tio n , d a m p in g o s c illa tio n s , v o lta g e
s ta b ility
V o lta g e c o n tro l, V A R c o m p e n sa tio n , d a m p in g o s c illa tio n s , tra n s ie n t
a n d d y n a m ic sta b ility , v o lta g e s ta b ility , A G C
V o lta g e c o n tro l, V A R c o m p e n sa tio n , d a m p in g o s c illa tio n s , tra n s ie n t
a n d d y n a m ic sta b ility , v o lta g e s ta b ility
D a m p in g o s c illa tio n s , tr a n s ie n t a n d d y n a m ic sta b ility
C u rre n t c o n tro l, d a m p in g o s c illa tio n s, tra n s ie n t a n d d y n a m ic s ta b ility ,
v o lta g e sta b ility , fa u lt c u rre n t lim itin g
C u rre n t c o n tro l, d a m p in g o s c illa tio n s, tra n s ie n t a n d d y n a m ic s ta b ility ,
v o lta g e sta b ility
C u rre n t c o n tro l, d a m p in g o s c illa tio n s, tra n s ie n t a n d d y n a m ic s ta b ility ,
v o lta g e sta b ility , fa u lt c u rre n t lim itin g
C u rre n t c o n tro l, d a m p in g o s c illa tio n s, tra n s ie n t a n d d y n a m ic s ta b ility ,
v o lta g e sta b ility , fa u lt c u rre n t lim itin g
A c tiv e p o w e r c o n tr o l, d a m p in g o s c illa tio n s, tra n s ie n t a n d d y n a m ic
s ta b ility , v o lta g e s ta b ility
A c tiv e a n d re a c tiv e p o w e r c o n tr o l, v o lta g e c o n tro l, V A R
c o m p e n s a tio n , d a m p in g o s c illa tio n s , tr a n s ie n t a n d d y n a m ic sta b ility ,
v o lta g e sta b ility , fa u lt c u rre n t lim itin g
T ra n s ie n t a n d d y n a m ic v o lta g e lim it
R e a c tiv e
tra n sie n t
R e a c tiv e
tra n sie n t
39
P&Q
E2 / 2
40
P&Q
E2 / 2
The alternative solutions need to be distributed; often series compensation has to be installed in several places along a line but many of the
other alternatives would put both voltage support and power flow control in the same location. This may not be useful. For instance, if
voltage support were needed at the midpoint of a line, an IPFC would not be very useful at that spot. TCSC for damping oscillations ...
41
TCSC
TCSC
TCSC
TCSC
TCSC
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
TCSC module #1
Slatt TCSC
42
Damping
Circuit
Breaker
X
X
Breaker
MOV
MOV
MOV
40
55
TCSC 15 to 60
Kayenta TCSC
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
43
P&Q
E2 / 2
44
P&Q
E2 / 2
Xeff = X - Vinj / I
45
Series
Inverter
Shunt
Transformer
46
P&Q
E2 / 2
47
E1 / 1
E2 / 2
X
Voltage Injection in Series Plus Energy Storage
Can Affect Power Flow Directly / Dynamically
and sustain operation under fault conditions
48
49
1000
F
1000
F
1000
F
1000
F
SMES Chopper
and Coil
50
MOV
UPFC
Grounding
SMES Chopper and Coil - Overvoltage Protection
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
51
52
E3 / 3
E2 / 2
P12 = E1 (E2 . sin (1- 2)) / X
P13 = E1 (E2 . sin (1- 3)) / X
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
53
Series Inverter #1
Series Inverter #2
54
FACTS Devices
Energy Storage
Fast
SMES Real Power Injection
and Absorption
TSSC
SSSC
UPFC
TSSC
SSSC
UPFC
Electric Grid
Increased Power
Transfer
Additional
Stability
Margin
Electric Grid
STATCOM
Fast
Reactive Power Injection
and Absorption
STATCOM
Fast
Reactive Power Injection and
Absorption
Acceleration
Area
1.5
Power Transfer
Deceleration
Area
Stability
Margin
0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
Phase Angle
55
MVA Reduction
STATCOM
Reactive Power Only
Operates in the vertical
axis only
P - Active Power
Q - Reactive Power
STATCOM + SMES
Real and Reactive Power
Operates anywhere within the
PQ Plane / Circle (4-Quadrant)
56
Closer to generation
57
System Frequency
(Hz)
No Compensation
60.8
59.2
time (sec)
2 STATCOMs
System Frequency
(Hz)
System Frequency
(Hz)
1 STATCOM + SMES
60.8
60.8
59.2
59.2
time (sec)
time (sec)
58
59
Specifications
(Functional rather than Technical )
Transformer Connections
Higher-Pulse Operation
Higher-Level Operation
PWM Converter
Pay Attention to Interface Issues and Controls
Converter
Increase Pulse Number
Higher Level
Double the Number of Phase-Legs and Connect them in Parallel
Connect Converter Groups in Parallel
Use A Combination of several options listed to achieve required rating and performance
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
60
Cost Considerations
Technology
Reconductor lines
Fixed or Switched Shunt
Reactors
Fixed or Switched Shunt
Capacitors
Fixed or Switched Series
Capacitors
Static VAR Compensators
Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensation (TCSC)
STATCOM
STATCOM w/SM ES
Transmission Line
Transfer Enhancement
Increase thermal capacity
Voltage reduction Light
Load Management
Voltage support and
stability
Power flow control,
Voltage support and
Stability
Voltage support and
stability
Power flow control,
Voltage support and
stability
Voltage support and
stability
Voltage support and
stability
Cost Range
$50K to $200K per
mile
$8-$12 kVAR
$8-$10 kVAR
$12-$16 kVAR
$20-$45 kVAR
$25-$50 kVAR
$80-$100 kVAR
$150-$300 kW
Operating principle
Increases thermal limit for line
Procurement
Availability
Competitive
Competitive
Competitive
Limited
competition
Limited
Competitive
Competitive
Limited
competition
61
Cost Considerations
Hardware
Eng & Project Mgmt.
Installation
Civil Works
Commissioning
Insurance
Cost structure
The cost of a FACTS installation depends on many factors, such as power rating, type of device, system
voltage,
system requirements, environmental conditions, regulatory requirements etc. On top of this, the variety of
options available for optimum design renders it impossible to give a cost figure for a FACTS installation.
It is strongly recommended that contact is taken with a manufacturer in order to get a first idea of costs and
alternatives. The manufacturers should be able to give a budgetary price based on a brief description of the
transmission system along with the problem(s) needing to be solved and the improvement(s) needing to be
attained.
(*) Joint World Bank / ABB Power Systems Paper
Improving the efficiency and quality of AC transmission systems
62
$$$
63
Cost
Losses
Reliability
64
100% Power
Electronics
Delta-P4
Delta-P2
Delta-P3
Delta-P1
100%
Conventional
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
Stig Nilsons paper
Cost of System
65
66
ITS
67
Conclusions
68
Final Words
Power supply industry is undergoing dramatic change as a result of deregulation and
political and economical maneuvers. This new market environment puts demands for
flexibility and power quality into focus. Also, trade between companies and countries
of electric power is gaining momentum, to the benefit of all involved. This calls for the
right solutions as far as power transmission facilities between countries as well as
between regions within countries are concerned.
FACTS Benefits included:
-An increase of synchronous stability of the grid;
-An increased voltage stability in the grid;
-Decreased power wheeling between different power systems;
-Improved load sharing between parallel circuits;
-Decreased overall system transmission losses;
-Improved power quality in grids.
The choice of FACTS device is simple and needs to be made the subject of detailed
system studies, taking all relevant requirements and prerequisites of the system into
consideration, so as to arrive at the optimum technical and economical solution. In
fact, the best solution may often be lying in a combination of devices.
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
69
Final Words
From an economical point of view, more power can be transmitted over existing or
new transmission grids with unimpeded availability at an investment cost and
time expenditure lower, or in cases even far lower than it would cost to achieve the
same with more extensive grids. Also, in many cases, money can be saved on a
decrease of
power transmission losses.
From an environmental point of view, FACTS enables the transmission of power
over vast distances with less or much less right-of-way impact than would
otherwise be possible. Furthermore, the saving in transmission losses may well
bring a corresponding decrease in need for generation, with so much less toll on
the environment.
All these things help to enable active, useful power to reach out in growing
quantities to growing populations under safe and favorable conditions all over the
world. Also, individual countries own border lines no longer constitute any limit
to power industry. With FACTS, power trade to the benefit of many can be
established to a growing extent across borders, by making more efficient use of
interconnections between countries, new as well as existing.
FACTS Controllers, Dr. M. Ashari - T. Elektro ITS
70
71