LIGHTING SYSTEMS

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LIGHTING SYSTEMS
1. GENERAL
1.1. TYPES OF LAMPS
A. FILAMENT LAMPS
i
Incandescent

Screw base; Edison Base

Low Efficacy
ii
R and PAR

Reflector lamps
iii
Tungsten-Halogen
B. GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
i
Fluorescent
ii
Energy Saving
iii
Neon Vapor
iv
PL
C. HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS (HID)

High-pressure electric arc passed through a gas vapor

ii
Mercury Vapor Lamps
iii
Metal Halide
iv
Sodium

Low-Pressure Sodium

High-Pressure Sodium
D. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
1.2. UNITS OF LIGHT

Lumens
Unit of light or luminous flux

Units of density of light (1.00 footcandle = 10.76 lux)

Footcandle amount of lumens falling on 1.00sq.ft, 1 ft
away
Lux metric measurement

Candlepower
Light Intensity

Footlambert (FL)
Brightness

Candela (cd)
Luminous intensity
2. FILAMENT LAMPS
2.1. INCANDESCENT LAMPS

Sealed glass

w/ filament

glass shapes
Standard
A
Ellipsoidal Reflector
ER
Reflector
R
Globular
G
Straight
S
Tubular
T
Pear-shape
PS
Flame
F
PAR
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector

designation
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PS 30 lamp

PS= pear-shaped

30/8 or 3-3/4 dia.

Filament shapes
Straight
Coiled coil
Coiled
2.2. R & PAR LAMPS

Complete optical systems in a single bulb

Components:
Filament
Reflector
Lens

R Lamps
w/ internal reflector

PAR
Made of 2 glass parts
More precise parabolic control
2.3. TUNGSTEN-HALOGEN LAMPS

Aka quarz-iodine

Hotter-burning

Use halogen gas cycle

3. GASEOUS DISCHARGE LAMPS
3.1. FLUORESCENT
i
Description

Cylindrical tubes

Sealed at both ends

Inert gas , argon & mercury vapors

Each end = cathode

Tube coated with phosphors

ii
Ballast

Control device/ auxiliary

Functions
Supply high voltage for starting arc
Limit current in arc
iii
Starter (for some tubes)

Automatic switch

Self-contained in a small tubular jacket

iv
Classification

Shape
Standard
Slim-Line
Circline

Method of Tube Operation

Pre-heat

Requires a starter

Cathodes are preheated

2-5 seconds delay

Instant Start

No pre-heating

No external starter
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4.

5.

6.

2.

Rapid Start

Recent developments

Use low-resistance electrodes

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMPS
4.1. MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS

1st HID lamps

Mercury vapor in a clear quartz tube

Blue-green color

Use
Industrial areas
General outdoor application
Street lighting
4.2. METAL HALIDE LAMPS

Modification of mercury vapor

Improved color

Increased light output

4.3. PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

An arc tube

Most efficient of HID lamps

4.4. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

White, white, colored and long-lasting light

Use:
Retail
Feature lighting
Ceiling fixture
Cove lighting
BALLASTS

Auxiliary equipment for fluorescent & HID lamps

Limits current in lamp

Provides starting voltages

Power factor
Low power factor cheap but inefficient
High power factor has capacitor, improving efficiency
LUMINAIRES

Device w/c supports the source

Redirects/ control light rays

i
Ceiling Mounted Down Lights
ii
Spotlights
iii
Pendants
iv
Wall Lights
v
Task and Table lights
vi
Floor lights
vii
Fluorescent fittings
viii
Oddities
CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINAIRES
2.1. DIRECT

90-100% downwards
2.2. SEMI-DIRECT

60-90% downwards

40-10% upwards
2.3. GENERAL DIFFUSE/ DIRECT-INDIRECT
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Equal distribution
2.4. SEMI-INDIRECT

60-90% upwards

40-10% downwards
2.5. INDIRECT

90-100% upwards
3. LIGHTING SYSTEMS
3.1. CORNICE

Shielded by a panel parallel to the wall

Attached to ceiling

Direct downwards

Direct lighting
3.2. COVE

Shielded by a ledge

Light upwards over ceiling

Indirect lighting
3.3. VALANCE

Shielded by panel parallel to wall

Usually across top of window

Direct, indirect
4. LIGHTING METHODS
4.1. LOCAL

At define points
4.2. GENERAL

Diffused light

Uniform intensity over an entire area

4.3. COMBINED LOCAL & GENERAL
4.4. DECORATIVE

For atmosphere & interest

5. FACTORS FOR DESIRABLE SEEING CONDITIONS
5.1. INTENSITY OF ILLUMINATION

Casual work
10-30 fc

Moderate work
30-50 fc

Prolonged work
50-100 fc

Precision work
100-150 fc

Fine precision work

150-200 fc
5.2. QUALITY OF LIGHT

Uniformity
Freedom from variations of illumination
Same intensity throughout
Deviation of 25% cannot be detected by the eye

Diffusion
No. of directions & angles of light rays
Good diffusion many directions & angles of rays
Poor diffusion- few

Absence of Glare

Glare
o
Effect of brightness in the eye
o
Direct Glare or disability glare

caused by a reflection of light source

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6. LIGHTING TERMS

Reflected glare or discomfort glare

Reflection of a light source in a viewed
surface

Color of Light
Incandescent
Fluorescent

yellow
daylightbluish whitepinkish white

Absorption
Loss of light when light strikes a medium
Light absorbed : light source = absorption factor
Accent Lighting
Directional lighting for emphasis
Capacitor
Diffuse Reflection
Dimmer
Down Light
Concentrated direct lighting
Eye ball
Recessed or semi-recessed
w/ rotating spherical element
Filament
Filter
High Hat
Can-type of recessed incandescent
Illumination
Amount of falling light on a surface
Light flux density
Incandescence
Emission of visible light by a body
Lumen Method
Calculation of luminance levels
Aka Zonal Cavity method
Lumiline
Luminance
Luminance Ceiling
False ceiling of diffusing material
w/ light sources mounted
Luminaire
Complete lighting fixture
Munsell system
Cataloging of colors
Photometrics
Describes ebam characteristics of a lamp/ lamp fixture
Reflectance
Reflection factor
Light reflected: light source
Spectrum
range of electromagnetic radiation
Specular reflection
Equal angle of reflection
Reflection that retains original image
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Transmission
Passage of light through a medium
Transparent material
Refracted = passes and same angle emerge
Transmittance
Transmission factor ; light transmitted : light source
= 1- absorbance
UL approved
Valance
Long source of light over a window
Illuminates the wall & draperies

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