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5. Apparatus:
a. Heat Exchanger
b. Flow meter
c. Temperature measurement equipments
6. Practical Set Up:
7. Theory:
Heat Exchanger:
A Heat Exchanger may be defined as equipment which transfers the energy from a
hot fluid to a cold fluid, with maximum rate and minimum investment and running costs.
In heat exchangers the temperature of each fluid changes as it passes through the
exchangers, and hence the temperature of the dividing wall between the fluids also changes
along the length of the Heat exchanger.
Examples of heat exchangers:
1. Intercoolers and preheaters
2. Condensers and boilers in steam plant
3. Automobile radiators
4. Oil coolers of heat engine
5. Milk chillers etc.
= Th1 - Th2
= Tc1 - Tc2
= Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
.. (1)
= Th1 - Tc2
= Th2 Tc1
= Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
.. (2)
(LMTD) for a counter flow unit is always greater than that for a parallel flow unit,
hence counter flow heat exchanger can transfer more heat than parallel flow one, in other
words a counter flow heat exchanger needs a smaller heating surface for the same rate of
heat transfer. For this reason, the counter flow arrangement is used.
Design and Development of Virtual Experimental Set-up to Study Heat Exchanger
............. (4)
*
Or
Q=
...... (5)
The product of mass flow rate and the specific heat, as a matter of convenience, is
defined as the fluid capacity rate C:
*
The maximum rate of heat transfer for parallel flow or counter flow heat exchangers
would occur if the outer temperature of the fluid with smaller value of
or
i.e.,
were to be equal to the inlet temperature of the other fluid. The maximum possible
temperature change can be achieved by only one of fluid, depending upon their heat
capacity rates. This maximum change cannot be obtained by both the fluids except in the
very special case of equal heat capacity rates.
Thus:
or
is the minimum of these two values, i.e.
)
... (6)
Once the effectiveness is known, the heat transfer rate can be very easily calculated
by using the equation
Q=
..... (7)
Q = U * A*
If we know the heat transfer rate (Q), Area of the heat exchanger (A), Logarithmic
Mean Temperature Difference (
.... (8)
Procedure:
1. Observe the set up and all the connected equipments
2. Check the range of Thermometer
3. Check the range of Rota meter
4. Start the supply of cold fluid
5. Start the supply of hot fluid
6. Allow the fluid to flow for 10 min in order to stabilize the flow and temperature
7. Measure the hot fluid inlet temperature
8. Measure the hot fluid outlet temperature
9. Measure the cold fluid inlet temperature
10. Measure the cold fluid outlet temperature
11. Measure the mass flow rate of hot fluid
12. Measure the mass flow rate of cold fluid
13. Note all the readings is the observation table
Observation Table:
Sr. No.
Parameter
Reading
01
02
(C)
03
(C)
04
05
06
07
08
(C)
(C)
(kg/s)
(kg/s)
(kJ/kg C)
(kJ/kg C)
Calculations:
1. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference,
Where,
= ______________
= ______________
_______C
=
= ____________ kW
=
= ____________ kW
and
,
= ____________
= _____________
If
= ____________
Q = U * A*
*
= __________
D L = ___________
= _____________ W/m2 C
Example:
A counter flow heat exchanger is employed to cool 0.55 kg/s (Cp = 2.45 kJ/kg C)
of oil from 115C to 40 C by the use of water. The inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling
water are 15C and 75C respectively. Tube Diameter is 30 mm and assume a tube in tube
type heat exchanger. Find the LMTD, Effectiveness and Overall heat transfer coefficient of
the heat exchanger.
Solution:
1. Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference,
Where,
= 115 - 75 = 40
= 40 - 15 = 25
= 31.91 C
=
= 0.55 * 2.45
= 1.347 kW
=
= 0.4 * 4.18
=1.672 kW
is
and
= 0.55 * 2.45 * (
= 101.0625
D L = * 0.030 * 1 = 0.09424 m2
=
= 33.607 W/m2 C
Result:
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) = 31.91 C
The effectiveness of the Heat Exchanger is found to be 0.75
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) = 33.607 W/m2 C
10