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1, JANUARY 2014
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AbstractA novel multiport and multimode quasi analytical model is derived to analyze and to provide comprehensive
guidelines to design reconfigurable multimode multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) microstrip antennas. The model shows
to be an efficient and accurate method to gain physical insight
into the multimode MIMO microstrip behavior. Numerical and
experimental examples illustrate the validity of the model and the
usefulness of the design guidelines.
Index TermsEquivalent circuits, loaded antennas, microstrip
antennas, modeling, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
patch antennas in MIMO systems [12], [13] and [14]. The approach followed in this paper is of a different nature and it is
mainly based on a combination of an equivalent circuit model
and an extended cavity model (the first one has currently gained
new attention [15]), instead of resorting to full-wave simulations through commercial tools. Following this modus operandi
would significantly reduce the overall time effort in the design
process and at the same time would give invaluable physical insight benefits of the multimode MIMO microstrip antennas behavior. Based on this last advantage, we can provide not only a
specific antenna design, but also general design guide rules, to
conceive this type of MIMO systems, including reconfigurable
ones. Notwithstanding this fact, it shall be highlighted that these
general design guide rules attempt to improve the system pattern
diversity, not to dynamically maximize the capacity providing
the optimal performance to different scenarios (as in [8]), as they
are provided without assuming any channel distribution.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section II the combination of the multiport network model and the extended cavity
model is presented. Section III presents the design guidelines
and an example of application, whereas Section IV shows experimental results. Finally, Section V provides some concluding
statements.
II. MULTIMODE MIMO CAVITY MODEL
A. Theoretical Foundations and Overview
As we want to improve the pattern diversity of the MIMO
system by means of the multimode behavior, it is desirable to
find ways to displace the resonance frequency of each mode
to place them at the same frequency band while keeping them
as independent as possible. This objective can be accomplished
with an appropriate loading of the cavity with reactive loads and
metallic posts, or through the alteration of the geometry of the
radiation patch. These perturbations can also be put in operation
to modify the correlation between the different antenna elements
or the overall geometrical dimensions. In order to analyze the
effects of all these kinds of perturbations and to take advantage
of them in the design process, a quasi analytical model, based
on network and extended cavity models, has been derived to
analyze the fields inside the cavity and the radiated ones.
As the network and the extended cavity model dealt herein
are tightly linked to the cavity model, a few words are necessary regarding the latter. The cavity model [16], [17] supposes
that the microstrip antenna can be modelled as a thin cavity surrounded by magnetic walls in which the only possible modes
are transverse magnetic (TM) ones (only the z-directed electric field component along the thin thickness is present due to
the boundary conditions imposed). The z-directed electric field
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
component is expressed in terms of an infinite linear combination of coefficients and eigenfunctions, with each combination
of coefficient and eigenfunction representing the contribution of
each
mode. This is the starting formulation of the cavity
model. However, due to the fact that the summation series converge slowly, common implementations of the cavity model neglect this summation. The approach taken is to model the behavior of the microstrip antenna over the narrow band of frequencies around the resonant frequencies of each
mode
through a parallel RLC circuit in series with an inductive term
(usually approximated for simplicity, avoiding the double summation series at the expense of loosing information) which represents the contribution of the higher order modes. It shall be
noticed that in loaded microstrip antennas this parameter shall
not be approximated as it plays a main role in the resonant frequency of the loaded element, as the impedance is not longer
dominated by the original resonant mode. In the quasi analytical model, we come back to the original formulation and carry
out the summation series, which is slower than the previously
described one but it is essential for our purposes.
We shall highlight at this point that the eigenfunctions are
orthogonal ones, which means they behave as independent subchannels, so ideally and neglecting at first the coupling between
modes due to the reactive loading process and the limitation in
feeding independently each of them, increasing the number of
employed modes will increase at the same rate the number of independent subchannels, and therefore the pattern diversity of the
system. Regarding this last reasoning, it should be commented
that the MIMO capacity of waveguide channels has been extensively dealt with in [18].
In order to account for the effects of a loaded cavity we have
derived a mixture of two analytical models. The first one is the
equivalent circuit one or network model, in which the overall
system is modelled as an unloaded cavity with N external ports
to which the different loads are attached. The second one is an
extended cavity model based on deriving a new set of mode
functions to represent the field distribution inside the loaded
cavity, through forcing the boundary conditions imposed by the
reactive loads, and later on computing the coefficients associated to the electromagnetic coupling between the new mode
functions and the feed ports.
The equivalent circuit option can be developed in different
ways. The one developed herein is based in a mixture between
the generalized cavity model [19] and the multiport network
model [20]. The radiation, conductor and dielectric losses are
considered through the effective loss tangent, like the generalized cavity model whereas the external loads are introduced in
the model following a procedure similar to the multiport network model. Perturbation of canonical geometries of the patch
can be modelled through the segmentation and desegmentation
method.
Regarding the second option, it was first proposed in
[21][23] and more in depth in [24]. As well as in the cavity
model, the first approach taken is to provide a formulation
with an infinite summation series that afterwards is neglected
in order to reduce the computation time and cost. Conversely,
we carry out the summation series, which provides further
flexibility.
Concerning both options and in order to calculate the radiated fields, the power radiated and later on the envelope correlation between different feed ports, a combination of the equivalent circuit option and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) will be
employed.
Finally, it shall be pointed out that whereas the network model
is very useful due to its simplicity, its capability to make use of
generic complex impedances, which is essential for example to
compute the envelope correlation, and its versatility provided
through the segmentation/desegmentation methods to analyze
complex composite shapes, it does not provide the same physical insight as the extended cavity model which deals with a full
modal electromagnetic formulation of the loaded microstrip antenna. Moreover, its use far from the resonant frequency of a
mode could provide inaccurate results, as it is based on
the quality factor of an unloaded cavity. On the other hand, the
extended cavity model can provide accurate results far from the
resonant frequency of a
mode and it is more suitable to
properly locate further feeds and reactive loads in an already
loaded cavity or to qualitatively estimate the value of these last
ones, but it is restricted to purely reactive loads. Thus, both options can be readily combined to avoid its limitations. Notwithstanding this fact, the quasi analytical model herein presented
inherits the fundamental restrictions of the cavity model: it is
only accurate with electrically thin microstrip antennas, comparing them with the wavelength, and it overestimates the feed
reactance when placed in the nearness of the edge of the microstrip antenna.
B. The Network Model
Let us suppose the more general configuration in which we
have a microstrip antenna with ports, feed ports
and - loads. The input impedance on each of this
feed
ports can be calculated as follows.
1) Calculate the self impedance
on each of the
ports. The general impedance is computed as follows:
(1)
(2)
(3)
where
is the resonant wave number or eigenvalue for
the
th mode,
is the effective relative dielectric permittivity,
is the effective loss tangent,
is the electric field mode vector or eigenfunction for the
th mode,
is the excitation electric current density and
is computed as
but using
instead of
and intregrating over
area.
REDONDO AND DE HARO: ON THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RECONFIGURABLE MULTIMODE MIMO MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
(5)
where
is the determinant of the modified
impedance matrix and
is the cofactor or adjunct
of the element of the impedance matrix which is equal
to the minor
, the reduced determinant that is formed
by omitting the th row and column.
As it can be noticed from the previous formulation, a novel
mixed mechanism to account for the losses has been employed. The radiation, dielectric and conductor losses are
..
.
..
.
121
(7)
(8)
..
.
..
.
(4)
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
..
.
..
.
(6)
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
(9)
current equivalent samples. In this case, the maximum allowable distance between samples is function among others of the
modes and the frequency
spatial variation of the loaded
considered. As an assumption, the equivalent current is supposed to be distributed in a slot of width the thickness of the
microstrip antenna along the border of the patch (hypothesis
usually made to consider the effective extension of the size of
any microstrip antenna to take into account the fringe fields in
the contour).
In order to know the far zone fields from the equivalent currents, we compute the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a
located on the patch
2-D current distribution sequence
boundary
(13)
(10)
Finally it only remains to carry out the linear combination
of each pair of associated coefficient and loaded mode function
to obtain the z-directed electric field component of the loaded
cavity
where
and
represent the number of DFT bins considered
to calculate the DFT per each dimension.
As it can be noticed comparing the DFT equation with the
equation of the radiation vector or vector function, there is a
correspondence between each DFT bin with a spatial angular
position. By means of this correspondence, the far zone fields
of the loaded cavity can be obtained.
is disSupposing that the equivalent magnetic current
plane, we obtain the following relationship:
tributed in the
(11)
It shall be pointed out that in case we have more than one feed
port, we can straightforwardly apply the previously presented
Section II-B only considering feed ports and making use of the
new mode functions, so mixing up both models. Thus in this
case, the general impedance is computed as follows:
(14)
(12)
(15)
where and are any of the feed ports, so the associated symdimension. It only remetric impedance matrix has a
mains to carry out step number 4 of Section II-B to obtain the
input impedance of each feed port.
D. Far Zone Radiated Fields
It shall be highlighted that until now, we have only modelled
the fields inside the loaded cavity. In order to compute the far
zone radiated fields, we may follow a procedure with two main
steps.
1) Compute the near zone fields on the periphery of the
microstrip antenna by means of (12) and (5) and apply
Schelkunoffs Field Equivalence Principle [25] in order to
obtain the equivalent current sources.
2) Calculate the far zone fields from the equivalent current
sources.
Therefore we shall start evaluating the field on the patch
boundary taking into account the Nyquist theorem between
and
are the spatial distance between equivawhere
lent current samples in - and -direction and is the radiation
vector function for the magnetic currents.
which
It must be highlighted that only the DFT bins
satisfy the following relationship are representative for our purposes (visible region):
(16)
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REDONDO AND DE HARO: ON THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RECONFIGURABLE MULTIMODE MIMO MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
(17)
is the port radiated field, while all other feed
where
ports are terminated on their source impedance, and denotes
the Hermitian product.
It shall be noticed, that whereas the former equation is very
time consuming, it can be applied without assuming any distribution of the incoming waves.
Alternatively, the envelope correlation coefficient can be
computed from the antenna system S parameters [26]
..
.
..
..
.
(18)
whereas this last equation leads to an important reduction on the
computing process time, it is only applicable when assuming
a uniform distribution of the waves and the use of lossless
antennas.
On the other hand and also based, as the last equation, on
the S parameters and the law of energy conservation, a general
envelope correlation formula for the general case of antenna
elements was derived in [27]
..
.
..
.
..
..
.
..
.
(21)
Or more compactly
(22)
(19)
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
..
.
..
.
..
.
..
..
.
..
.
..
.
(23)
..
.
(20)
..
.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
Or more succinctly
(24)
17.5
0.3 cm):
modes resonant
(25)
where
is the identity matrix and
impedance one.
the normalized
(26)
where is the speed of light, and are integer values corresponding to the
mode, and
are the dimensions of
the rectangular patch,
and
are respectively the length
and width extension due to the fringe fields calculated through
[30] and
is the effective relative dielectric permittivity computed as described in [28], [31], and [32].
Notwithstanding this conclusion, if we want to employ high
modes for a fixed frequency band, we will need to use
bigger microstrip antennas at first. Whereas physical constraints
could not be a problem in particular applications (e.g., a vehicle
in a dense urban area operating in the ISM band), the size increment would not be desirable beforehand for many applications,
so it will be necessary to reach a compromise between the high
modes employed and the physical size restrictions. In
any case, it should be noticed that there are many options that
can be used to reduce the microstrip antenna dimensions ranging
from increasing the substrate permittivity (at the expense of reducing the radiation efficiency and the bandwidth) through the
use of reactive loads, such as shorting pin diodes, up to meandering the microstrip patch or the ground plane. An option
closely linked with this paper is the usage of reactive loads or
physical perturbations (which actually have an equivalent reactive load behavior associated to them) to displace downwards
the resonance frequency of a specific set of cavity modes. All the
guidelines respecting the location of the reactive loads or physical perturbations that are going to be provided in Section III-C
are as well readily applicable to this task of size reduction.
On the subject of the example of application, we have selected
a square microstrip antenna, so we have pairs of
modes
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REDONDO AND DE HARO: ON THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RECONFIGURABLE MULTIMODE MIMO MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
with the same resonance frequency. We have selected for illustrative purposes and simplicity the
, and
modes, due to their resonance frequency and radiation pattern.
Thus, the designed patch on a foam substrate has the dimensions
17.5 17.5 0.3 cm (1.43 1.43 0.02 ) and accordingly,
the resonance frequencies as predicted by (26) for the
, and
modes are respectively 2.302 and 2.440 GHz
(this last one for both
and
modes). Consequently,
later on we will have to perturb the original cavity with a reactive load in order to displace the resonance frequency of the
mode to the 2.42.5 GHz ISM band.
Regarding the substrate and taking into account the accuracy
limitations of the cavity model in terms of thickness, it has been
chosen foam 3 mm. Thus, whereas the microstrip antenna will
not be made thick in terms of wavelength, due to the degradation
of the model accuracy, the radiated power and the impedance
bandwidth can be improved using a low permittivity dielectric
substrate.
. (b)
. (c)
starting from very stringent requirements concerning the reflection coefficient of the
mode under consideration (e.g.,
20 dB) and a null
value for the remaining
modes of interest. If none feed placements satisfy both requirements, they are iteratively and progressively relaxed until there
are feed placements which satisfy them. It shall be noticed that
the time required to carry out this task is negligible as all the
necessary information is already computed and it only remains
to perform cross mapping between feed locations applying the
specified thresholds.
Applying the procedure described on the suggested example,
we start meshing the microstrip patch and getting a correspondence between feed positions along the microstrip patch and
a reflection coefficient level associated to them. In Fig. 2 it is
shown this correspondence per each resonant frequency where
the
-coordinates represent the feed position whereas the
-coordinate illustrate the associated reflection coefficient (truncated for values lower than 35 dB).
On the other hand, in Fig. 3 it is shown the masking map
achieved per each
mode of interest after reaching a compromise regarding the thresholds. For example, for the
mode it is represented those positions where simultaneously the
associated
and
modes satisfy the electric field and
impedance limit, whereas for the
mode the map is built
based on
and
modes and so on for the
mode.
Applying cross mapping between Figs. 2 and 3 (once per each
mode) and considering each feed isolated, we find feed locations
whose reflection coefficients are better than 15 dB. Among
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
On the other hand, whereas it is not necessary to our specific application to displace the
and
modes, as they
are already placed at the 2.42.5 GHz ISM band, in case we
wanted to make them reconfigurable, crossing the placements
where their
field is higher than 98% of its peak value with
a masking map under the compromise of reflection coefficients
between 0 and 1.75 dB and
field value between 0%4%
of the maximum value for the remaining
modes of interest, it provides the reactive loads locations in cm (3.10, 11.78)
and (11.78, 3.10) for the
and the
modes respectively. Regarding the reactive load values, any high reactance
value will be appropriate. For example, a value of
produces respectively a negligible displacement of the
and
the
modes to 2.444 GHz, while keeping a reflection coefficient below 15 dB.
In Fig. 4 it is shown the reflection coefficient per each isolated pair of feed port and reactive load in the frequency band
of 1.53.5 GHz. It shall be pointed out that the reflection coefficients from both
and
feed-load pairs match as
expected due to the symmetry.
D. On the Verification and Final Adjustments
Once the appropriate locations of the feed ports and reactive loads have been established (alongside the corresponding
suitable values of these last ones), it is time to test the antenna
system as a whole in terms of the reflection coefficient level associated to each feed port and the envelope correlation between
them, making use of (5), (12), and (19).
Usually, even after having followed the previously presented
guidelines, it is advisable to slightly readjust the location of the
feed ports, as there are several undesired effects related to the
loss of orthogonality in the feeding process. Among them, the
most harmful ones regarding our objectives are the increment
of the envelope correlation level and the deterioration of the reflection coefficient value associated to a specific feed
mode.
Notwithstanding this fact, there are manifold procedures
to compensate the aforementioned undesirable effects. Con-
REDONDO AND DE HARO: ON THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RECONFIGURABLE MULTIMODE MIMO MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
127
Fig. 6. MIMO system: (a) variable length stub used (b) connectors view.
Fig. 5. Multimode MIMO microstrip system. (a) Reflection coefficient. (b) Envelope correlation.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014
Fig. 8. Envelope correlation. Simulated versus computed from measured S pafeedfeed. (b)
feedfeed. (c)
rameters. (a)
feedfeed.
REDONDO AND DE HARO: ON THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RECONFIGURABLE MULTIMODE MIMO MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
129
[31] E. Hammerstad and O. Jensen, Accurate models for microstrip computer-aided design, in 1980 IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig.,
May 2830, 1980, pp. 407409.
[32] M. Kirschning and R. H. Jansen, Accurate model for effective dielectric constant of microstrip with validity up to millimetre-wave frequencies, Electron. Lett., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 272273, Mar. 18, 1982.
[33] D. Schaubert, F. Farrar, A. Sindoris, and S. Hayes, Microstrip antennas with frequency agility and polarization diversity, IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 118123, Jan. 1981.
[34] D. M. Pozar, Rigorous closed-form expressions for the surface wave
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Jun. 21, 1990.
[35] P. Hallbjrner, The significance of radiation efficiencies when using
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