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Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS CODE OF PRACTICE
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( Second Revision )
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BIS 2010
Price Group 9
FOREWORD
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This Indian Standard (Part 1/Sec 2) (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after
the draft finalized by the Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Civil Engineering Division Council.
Piles find application in foundations to transfer loads from a structure to competent subsurface strata having
adequate load-bearing capacity. The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the surrounding ground is
complicated and is not yet fully understood, although application of piled foundations is in practice over
many decades. Broadly, piles transfer axial loads either substantially by friction along its shaft and/or by
the end-bearing. Piles are used where either of the above load transfer mechanism is possible depending
upon the subsoil stratification at a particular site. Construction of pile foundations require a careful choice
of piling system depending upon the subsoil conditions, the load characteristics of a structure and the
limitations of total settlement, differential settlement and any other special requirement of a project. The
installation of piles demands careful control on position, alignment and depth, and involve specialized skill
and experience.
Part 3
Under-reamed piles
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Timber piles
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This standard was originally published in 1964 and included provisions regarding driven cast in-situ piles,
precast concrete piles, bored piles and under-reamed piles including load testing of piles. Subsequently the
portion pertaining to under-reamed pile foundations was deleted and now covered in IS 2911 (Part 3) : 1980
Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations: Part 3 Under-reamed piles (first revision).
At that time it was also decided that the provisions regarding other types of piles should also be published
separately for ease of reference and to take into account the recent developments in this field. Consequently
this standard was revised in 1979 into three sections. Later, in 1984, a new section as (Part 1/Sec 4) was
introduced in this part of the standard to cover the provisions of bored precast concrete piles. The portion
relating to load test on piles has been covered in a separate part, namely, IS 2911 (Part 4) : 1984 Code of
practice for design and construction of pile foundations: Part 4 Load test on piles. Accordingly IS 2911 has
been published in four parts. The other parts of the standard are:
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The composition of the Committee responsible for that formulation of this standard is given in Annex G.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final
value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised). The number of significant places
retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 1 CONCRETE PILES
Section 2 Bored Cast In-situ Concrete Piles
( Second Revision )
1 SCOPE
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2 REFERENCES
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3 TERMINOLOGY
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4 NECESSARY INFORMATION
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5.5 Kentledge
Dead weight used for applying a test load on a pile.
6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 General
Pile foundations shall be designed in such a way that
the load from the structure can be transmitted to the
sub-surface with adequate factor of safety against
shear failure of sub-surface and without causing such
settlement (differential or total), which may result in
structural damage and/or functional distress under
permanent/transient loading. The pile shaft should
have adequate structural capacity to withstand all
loads (vertical, axial or otherwise) and moments
which are to be transmitted to the subsoil and shall
be designed according to IS 456.
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a) 33 Grade ordinary
conforming to IS 269,
cement
d) Rapid
hardening
Portland
conforming to IS 8041,
cement
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k) Sulphate
resisting
Portland
conforming to IS 12330.
cement
7.2 Steel
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bars
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cement
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Portland
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7.1 Cement
The cement used shall be any of the following:
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ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
1489
(Part 1) : 1991
(Part 2) : 1991
1786 : 1985
1892 : 1979
1893 (Part 1) :
2002
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2720 (Part 5) :
1985
2911
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2131 : 1981
(Part 3) : 1980
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456 : 2000
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455 : 1989
2062 : 2006
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432 (Part 1) :
1982
IS No.
to
269 : 1989
Title
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IS No.
(Part 4) : 1985
2974 (Part 1) :
1982
4651
(Part 1) : 1974
(Part 2) : 1989
(Part 3) : 1974
(Part 4) : 1989
General design
(second revision)
Layout
and
requirements
(Part 5) : 1980
4968
Title
requirements
functional
Title
Dynamic method using 50 mm
cone without bentonite slurry
(first revision)
8043 : 1991
(Part 2) : 1976
12269 : 1987
(Part 3) : 1976
6403 : 1981
8041 : 1990
IS No.
8112 : 1989
12330 : 1988
12600 : 1989
Title
Hydrophobic Portland cement
Specification (second revision)
43 grade ordinary Portland cement
Specification (first revision)
Specification for 53 grade
ordinary Portland cement
Specification
for
sulphate
resisting Portland cement
Portland cement, low heat
Specification
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ANNEX B
(Clauses 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.2)
LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILES STATIC ANALYSIS
B-1 PILES IN GRANULAR SOILS
ish
Qu = Ap ( D N
N + PD N q ) + ni =1 Ki PDi tan i Asi (1)
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n
i =1 = summation for layers 1 to n in which pile
is installed and which contribute to
positive skin friction;
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Qu = Ap Nc cp + ni =1 i ci Asi
(2)
The first term gives the end-bearing resistance and
the second term gives the skin friction resistance.
where
= cross-sectional area of pile tip, in m2;
Ap
Nc
= bearing capacity factor, may be taken
as 9;
cp
= average cohesion at pile tip, in kN/m2;
i =1
ci
Asi
Qu = 13 N
where
N = average N value at pile tip;
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(2)
qc less than 1 000 kN/m2
Clay
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iv)
Sand
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Type of Soil
i)
ii)
Clay
Silts, sandy silts and slightly
cohesive silt-sand mixtures
Clean fine to medium sand
and slightly silty sand
Coarse sand and sands with
little gravel
Sandy gravel and gravel
iii)
iv)
v)
(2)
N As
L
Ap +
(4)
0.60
B
The meaning of all terms is same as for equation 3.
Qu = 10 N
vd
i)
Type of Soil
(3)
Sl
No.
(1)
N As
L
Ap +
0.50
B
q c/N
(3)
150-200
200-250
300-400
500-600
800-1 000
12
B2
BL
Qa = cu1 Nc . 4F + cu2 . F
s
where
cu1 = shear strength of rock below the base of
the pile, in kN/m2 (see Fig. 3);
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NOTE Standard penetration test may not be practicable for N values greater than 200. In such cases, design may be
done on the basis of shear strength of rock.
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ANNEX C
(Clause 6.5.2)
ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED PILES
Table 3 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction for
Granular Soils, h, in kN/m3
(Clause C-2.1)
C-1 GENERAL
C-1.1 The ultimate resistance of a vertical pile to a
lateral load and the deflection of the pile as the load
builds up to its ultimate value are complex matters
involving the interaction between a semi-rigid
structural element and soil which deforms partly
elastically and partly plastically. The failure
mechanisms of an infinitely long pile and that of a
short rigid pile are different. The failure mechanisms
also differ for a restrained and unrestrained pile head
conditions.
(3)
(4)
(5)
i)
0-4
< 0.4
< 0.2
0.2-1.4
Submerged
Loose sand
4-10
0.4-2.5
iii)
Medium sand
10-35
2.5-7.5
1.4-5.0
iv)
Dense sand
> 35
7.5-20.0
5.0-12.0
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p
y =K
where
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(1)
k1 0.3
1.5 B
where k 1 is Terzaghis modulus of subgrade reaction
as determined from load deflection measurements on
a 30 cm square plate and B is the width of the pile
(diameter in case of circular piles). The recommended
values of k1 are given in Table 4.
K =
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N
(Blows/30 cm)
ii)
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Soil Type
Dry
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Range of h
kN/m3 10 3
Sl
No.
Sl
No.
Soil
Consistency
(1)
(2)
Unconfined
Compression
Strength, qu
kN/m2
(3)
Range of k1
kN/m3 10 3
(4)
i)
Soft
25-50
4.5-9.0
ii)
Medium stiff
50-100
9.0-18.0
iii)
Stiff
100-200
18.0-36.0
iv)
Very stiff
200-400
36.0-72.0
v)
Hard
> 400
>72.0
where
p = lateral soil reaction per unit length of pile
at depth z below ground level;
Stiffness factor T, in m =
14
EI
h
Sl
No.
(1)
EI
KB
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L 2T
L 2R
L 4T
L 3.5R
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(4)
ii)
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Constant
k1 0.3
ns
Linearly
Increasing
(3)
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(2)
Relation of Embedded
Length with
Stiffness Factor
where
K =
Type of Pile
Behaviour
H e + zf
103
3 EI
H e + zf
12 EI
103
for fixed head pile
where
H = lateral load, in kN;
y = deflection of pile head, in mm;
E = Youngs modulus of pile material, in
kN/m2;
I = moment of inertia of the pile cross-section,
in m4;
zf = depth to point of fixity, in m; and
H e + zf
2
for fixed head pile
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ANNEX D
(Clause 7.4)
REQUIREMENTS OF DRILLING MUD (BENTONITE)
D-1 PROPERTIES
D-3 REQUIREMENTS
The bentonite powder and bentonite suspension used
for piling work shall satisfy the following
requirements:
a) The liquid limit of bentonite when tested in
accordance with IS 2720 (Part 5) shall be
400 percent or more.
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ANNEX E
(Clause 8.1.5)
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ANNEX F
(Clause 8.6.2)
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DATA SHEET
Site ..........................................................................................................................................................................
an
Title .........................................................................................................................................................................
Date of enquiry ......................................................................................................................................................
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Pile:
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Pile type:
.........................................................................................................................................
Sequence of piling:
(for Groups)
From centre towards the periphery or from periphery towards the centre
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General Remarks:
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.................................................................................................................................................................................
Special Difficulties Encountered:
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
Results:
Working load specified for the test pile .......................................................................................................
Settlement specified for the test pile ............................................................................................................
Settlement specified for the structure ...........................................................................................................
Working load accepted for a single pile as a result of the test ..................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................................................................
BORE-HOLE LOG
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Soil
Description
Position of the
tip of pile to
be indicated thus
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Soil
Properties
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Reduced
Level
Soil
Legend
Depth
Thickness
Below Ground Level of Strata
Standing ground
Water level indicated
thus
METHOD OF SITE INVESTIGATION
Trial pit/Post-hole auger/Shell and auger boring/Percussion/Probing/Wash borings/Mud-rotary drilling/Coredrilling/Shot drilling/Sub-surface sounding by cones or Standard sampler
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
NOTE Graphs, showing the following relations, shall be prepared and added to the report:
a) Load vs Time, and
b) Settlement vs Load.
20
ANNEX G
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 43
Organization
Representative(s)
DR N. S OM (Chairman)
SHRI P. SIVAKANTHAM
S HRI P. JOHN VICTOR (Alternate)
SHRI A. D. LONDHE
S HRI V. S. KULKARNI (Alternate)
DIRECTOR
SHRI Y. P ANDEY
S HRI R. DHARMRAJU (Alternate)
DIRECTOR (TCD)
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (TCD) (Alternate)
SHRI J. B. S HARMA
S HRI N. K. JAIN (Alternate)
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SHRI T. BALRAJ
S HRI S. D EBNATH (Alternate)
DR A. VERGHESE C HUMMAR
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SHRI S. K. BABBAR
S HRI D. N. BERA (Alternate)
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DR N. V. N AYAK
S HRI S. PATTIWAR (Alternate)
SHRI ASHOK KUMAR JAIN
SHRI NEERAJ KUMAR J AIN (Alternate)
DIRECTOR
S HRI J. K. P ATEL (Alternate)
SECRETARY
PROF A. SRIDHARAN
PROF S. R. GHANDI
DR A. VARADARAJAN
DR R. KANIRAJ (Alternate)
SHRI G. VENKATACHALAM
PROF M. N. VILADKAR
DR MAHENDRA SINGH (Alternate)
REPRESENTATIVE
SHRI P. S. S ENGUPTA
S HRI MANISH KUMAR (Alternate)
DIRECTOR-CIVIL STRUCTURAL
S HRI S. N. PAL (Alternate)
SHRI A. K. B ANERJEE
SHRI S ATISH KUMAR (Alternate)
SHRIMATI R. S. H ARDIKAR
S HRI A. J. L OKHANDE (Alternate)
DR V. V. S. R AO
SHRI N. SANTOSH RAO (Alternate)
DR D. N. NARESH
S HRI B. V. R. S HARMA (Alternate)
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Representative(s)
PROF V. THIRIVENGADAM
SHRI V. C. DESHPANDE
SHRI P USHKAR V. D ESHPANDE (Alternate)
SHRI G. R. CHOWDHARY
SHRI A. N. J ANGLE
SHRI V. T. GANPULE
SHRI M ADHUKAR L ODHAVIA (Alternate)
SHRI R. DHARAMRAJU
S HRI A. K. S HARMA (Alternate)
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DR N. V. N AYAK
S HRI R. K. MALHOTRA (Alternate)
SHRI ASHOK KUMAR JAIN
SHRI NEERAJ KUMAR J AIN (Alternate)
DR S ATYENDRA MITTAL
DR K. R AJAGOPAL (Alternate)
DR S. R. GANDHI
DR A. BHOOMINATHAN (Alternate)
DR G. RAMASAMY
SHRI A. K. B ANERJEE
S HRI I. K. P ANDEY (Alternate)
SHRI M ANISH KUMAR
SHRI P ARTHO S. S ENGUPTA (Alternate)
SHRI S ANJAY G UPTA
SHRI RAVI S UNDURAM (Alternate)
SHRI V. K. SINHA
SHRI R. R. M AURYA
S HRI V. V. S. RAMDAS (Alternate)
DIRECTOR (B&S)
DIRECTOR GE (Alternate)
SHRI SHANKAR GUHA
S HRI S. RAY (Alternate)
SHRI N. GOPALAKRISHNAN
DR K. RAMANJANEYULU (Alternate)
SHRI C. K. RAVINDRANATHAN
S HRI S. M. PALERKAR (Alternate)
REPRESENTATIVE
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Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of BIS Catalogue and Standards : Monthly Additions.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: CED 43 (7283).
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Date of Issue
Text Affected
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Amend No.
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2323 7617
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