Single-Factor ANOVA

Normally distributed with {

<
<

<

<

<

<

<

<

total of observations of treatment (level) 1

grand total = total of each treatments (levels) totals

<

)]

(0 :

( 1)
( 1)

0)

Sum of
Squares

2
<

(; )

EXAMPLE

Degrees of
freedom

Treatments

382.79

Error

130.17

20

Total

6112.04

23

38 79
3
30 7
0

7 60

127.60

65

3832

6625

512 96

65

5, 0

EXAMPLE

20

4 94

,3, 0

6625

602 :942 : 0 2 :

6112 04

Since 19.60 > 4.94,

reject and conclude
that hardwood
concentration in the
pulp significantly
affects the mean
strength of the paper.

72

6112 04

382 79

130 17

21 17 2 17

0 0

> 19 60)

< 01

: 983 7
2

357 72

35 52

73 52

13 93

7 93

43986 80

6 00 (19 dof)

3 52

Since 12.56 > 3.52, reject and conclude that

casting process significantly affects elastic modulus.

17

:
15 67 (2 086) 2 17

1 33 3 07

0)

45 5
2

5, 0

(6 5 )

0 :

3 (0 :

: at least two s are different

, 9

95% CI on difference in means 3

05,

CI on a difference in treatment means

For 20% hardwood 95% CI on mean:

P-value: P = (3,

19.60

1)

382 79

512 96

4 0 0

18

6112 04
<

6.51

CI on a treatment mean

<

6112 04

6494 83

Mean Square

1
(

Sum of
Squares

Mean
Square

1)
1

1)

< <

Degrees of
freedom
1

Error
Total

<

1)

Sums of squares:

Source of
variation
Treatments

Mean squares:

Degrees of freedom:

< < (

Reject if > ,;,(;)

Expected values:

Source of
variation

(variability within treatments)

ANOVA F-Test:

[(

<

grand mean = total of each treatments (levels) averages

< < (

(variability between treatments)

0 :

<

< (

average of total of observations of treatment (level) 1

45 3

983 72

43998 73

45 1

45 5

43998 73 (22 dof)

43986 80 (1 dof)

43986 80

13 93 (21 dof)

7 93 (2 dof)
Source of
variation

Treatments

Sum of
Squares

DOF

Mean Square

7.93

7 93
6 00

Error

6.00

19

Total

13.93

21

3.965
0.3158

3 965

0 3 58

P-value
12.56

< .01

TUKEYS PROCEDURE
With probability 1

,,(;

Select ; extract ,, = ,,; from table; calculate

1 1
:

,,(;

8;

8; 3

6;

3;

19

0 3158; 95% confidence level

,,;

05,3,

3 59

3 59

List sample means in increasing order; underline pairs that differ <
Any pair not underlined by same line = significantly different

1 1
:

EXAMPLE (using previous example)

,,;

2)Die casting 1)Permanent molding 3)Plaster molding

44.06
44.71
45.58

3 59

3 59

1
8
2

1
8

1
8
2

1
6

1
3158
8
2

1
6

3158

3158

44 71

44 06

0 65 <

are NOT significantly different

0 713

44 71

45 58

0 87 >

3 ARE significantly different

0 771

44 06

45 58

1 52 >

0 771

Random Effects Model- Randomized Complete Block Design

1
1

0 :
0
: > 0

Assume:
- Treatments & blocks initially fixed
- Blocks dont interact
- < 0 & < 0

Mean squares:

<

< <

(; )(; )

EXAMPLE

Sums of squares:

< < (

< (

Sum of
Squares

Blocks
Error

Treatments

Treatments

2.258

58

Blocks

18.75

8 75

Error

4.115

18

Total

13.93

21

Mean Square

1.129

, 0

Calc:

, 0

Write:

1)

(dof

(dof = 1)

1)

86

4.938

32

93 92

30

319 03

.01 < pv
< .025

18

41

319 03 (30 dof)

293 907 (1 dof)

293 907

25 123 (29 dof)

P-value

9
0

25

(31 0

(9 4

34 8

86

05,

, 8

28 1 )
14 0 )

293 907

293 907

2 258 (2 dof)

18 75 (9 dof)

4 115 (18 dof)

3 55

Since 4.938 > 3.55, reject and conclude that

programming languages are significantly different.

OR

Calc:

1
1)(

NON-PARAMETRIC

0 :
0
Calc:

Mean
Square

0.2286

Find: , , , , , ,

Degrees of
freedom
1

2.083

REGRESSION

DOF

Calc:

Sum of
Squares

Calc:

< < (

Source of
variation
Treatments

Total

Blocks

Source of
variation

< (

(by subtract)

<

Wilcoxon signed-rank
0 : 0
: 0 reject if < (tbl IX)
: > 0 reject if ;
: < 0 reject if :
Rank abs diffs 0 ascending;
Note signs of actual diffs
:
;
min( : , ; )

Wilcoxon rank sum

0 :

: reject if <
: < reject if
: > reject if
Arrange all
obs ascending; then rank
(if obs equal, let rank = mean of ascending ranks)

(1 :2 )(1 :2 : )

Get CV as from tbl X

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
Balanced ANOVA:
Relatively insensitive to small departures from assumption of equality of variances.
Power of test is maximized.