Tocharian A Maitreyasamiti-Nt.

aka
with
Addendum:
Proto-Indo-European
Tocharian Gloss and Grammatical Analysis
Gregory C. Richter
Truman State University
Latest revision: May 16, 2005

roots

represented

in

The following is a gloss and detailed grammatical analysis of

portions of the most complete extant Tocharian version of the
Maitreyasamiti-Nt.aka. The text analyzed here is found in:
Ji, Xianlin, Werner Winter, and Georges-Jean Pinault (eds.). 1998.
Fragments of the Tocharian A Maitreyasamiti-Nt.aka of the
Xinjiang Museum, China. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
That work, masterfully prepared by Ji Xianlian, is an impressive
and meticulous contribution to scholarship. The analysis below
merely builds on that volume, and is intended for use only in
conjunction with that volume.
Reference works consulted were:
Poucha, Pavel. 1955. Thesaurus Linguae Tocharicae, Dialecti A.
Prague: Sttn Pedagogick Nakladatelstvi.
Sieg, Emil, Wilhelm Siegling, and Wilhelm Schulze.
Tocharische Grammatik. Gttingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht.

1931.

Below, the transcription is basically as in Ji et al. 1998; line

numbers are retained (and indicated in square brackets at the
first full word for each line), but several omissions and changes
are made:
1) Underline indicating alternate Tocharian (Brhm) orthographic
symbol is omitted.
2)
Brackets
and
parentheses
indicating
doubtful
readings,
completions, and restorations are omitted; section boundary marks
from
the
Tocharian
original
are
omitted;
fragmentary
transcriptions not relatable to a word are omitted. (a and b
section markers, indicating recto and verso pages of the original
manuscript, are maintained for convenience.)
3) As the manuscript was badly damaged by fire, there are many
partial sentences and incoherent phrases. Symbols indicated gaps
in the text are omitted.
4) Various passages comprising lists of Sanskrit philosophical
terms or proper names are omitted as they reveal little about
Tocharian morphology and syntax; Sanskrit terms designating the
meter of each section are omitted.
5) Superscript dot on n to indicate velar nasal is omitted since
the distribution of velar nasal (before /k/ or /g/ in the
morpheme) is predictable.
6) Retroflex is indicated with period: s., t., d., n., r..
7) m. indicates anusvra.

8) Superscript (presumably indicating murmured portions of the

text) is replaced by small print.
Pronunciation
of
orthographic
symbols
is
generally
unproblematical. = schwa; c = voiceless palatoalveolar
affricate; j = voiced palatoalveolar affricate; s. = voiceless
palatoalveolar fricative; = voiceless palatal fricative. The
pronunciation of anusvra (m.) is disputed: Poucha suggests
nasalization of the preceding vowel. In an extremely great number
of instances, a appears in the text, while appears in the index
of Ji et al. 1998 (and in Poucha) -- presumably based on other
Tocharian documents. To indicate this discrepancy the notation
a(") is adopted below.
In analyzing nouns, adjectives, and declined verbals, it was
generally necessary to consult Poucha 1955 or Sieg et al. 1931 for
information on case and gender. On some occasions it was also
necessary to consult these sources for the nominative singular
form of nouns and the nominative singular masculine form of
adjectives and declined verbals. When lexemes were not included in
the indices of Ji et al. 1998, information comes exclusively from
the other sources. Definitions are based on Ji et al. 1998 and on
the Latin equivalents in Poucha 1955. In the analysis below, all
of this information is provided when available. (The gender of
many Tocharian nouns is unknown.) For each verb, the root is
provided;
verbs
are
indicative
unless
marked
subjunctive,
imperative, or optative.
Below, the text is divided into convenient syntactic groups. The
gloss for each syntactic group is first presented horizontally in
full; details follow -- often with more literal glosses. In the
horizontal gloss, Arabic numerals indicate the order in which
forms may be read to produce an approximation of English syntax.
Parentheses in the horizontal gloss indicate elements required in
English, but not present in the Tocharian text. Each syntactic
group is labeled, e.g. the notation "SENTENCE" marks each
syntactic unit containing, minimally, one tensed verb. When
several syntactic groups belong to a larger structure, Arabic
numbers continue to increase.
The Tocharian text is a loose translation of the Sanskrit
original; the lexicon includes a substantial Sanskrit component -especially personal names and place names -- and in these forms
non-native phonemes often appear. (These include /b/, /d/, /g/,
/bh/, /dh/, /gh/, /t./ /d./ /n./ /r./, /v/, /j/, //, and //.)
Word order may have been influenced by the Sanskrit original
(which has been lost) and by metrical considerations, but case
selection and verbal argument structure, voice, and aspect are
presumably native. It is hoped that the analysis below will shed
light especially on these areas of the grammar. Suggestions are
welcome.
ABBREVIATIONS

abl = ablative
abs = absolutive (form of verb)
act = active
ADJ = adjective
ADJP = adjective phrase
ADV = adverb
allat = allative (designated as dative in some sources)
caus = causative
comit = comitative
CONJ = conjunction
DEM = demonstrative
fem = feminine
ger = gerundive
impf = imperfect
impv = imperative
inf = infinitive (present active)
inst = instrumental
loc = locative
masc = masculine
mp = mediopassive
N = noun
NP = noun phrase
neut = neuter
nom = nominative
(indicated as nom/voc when marking a vocative)
obl = oblique
(indicated as obl/d.o. when marking a direct object)
opt = optative
part = participle
perl = perlative
pl = plural
POST = postposition
PREP = preposition
pres = present
pret = preterit
PRO = pronoun
POST = postposition
sg = singular
subj = subjunctive
V = verb
[ ] = syntactic unit within a larger structure, when useful
Special comment on the oblique case is appropriate, given the many
functions it performs. Oblique case marks all direct objects;
objects of certain prepositions and postpositions; duration of
time; destination; absolute constructions; both objects of kly'teach'. In such contexts, oblique case functions just as a case
designated as accusative would normally function. However, the use
of the term oblique by Tocharian scholars is justified by the fact
that adjectives in the oblique case may modify nouns in other
cases -- including genitive, instrumental, comitative, and
locative.
**********************************

SENTENCE
(the)-Sarvaps.n.d.ika-1 sacrifice-2 then-3 ending-5
is-seen-4
[1.1.a.1]
1 s 'Sarvaps.n.d.ika' N. nom.
2 t 'sacrifice' N neut. nom sg.
3 l 'then' [temporal distal] PREVERB.
5 a 'ending' V. pres part mp, nom sg neut of ar- (2) 'end'.
4 l 'is seen' V. 3 sg pres mp of lk- 'see'.
ADVERB
why?
k 'why?' ADV.
SENTENCE
[these-1 Yvi-2 female-Brahmins-3 Caraks-4 Parivrjaks-5]
[(in)-ninety-8 six-10 plus-9 ways-11 from-home-7
having-gone-out-6] [in-the-receiving-of-alms-17 rejoicing-16]
each-(in)-his-own-12 direction-13 then-14 goes-15
1 c 'those' DEM ADJ. nom pl masc of ss 'that'.
2 y 'Yvi' N masc. nom pl of ?.
3 b 'female Brahmins' N fem. nom pl of brmnc.
4 c 'Caraks' N masc. nom pl of carak.
5 p 'Parivrjaks' N masc. nom pl of parivrjak.
[1.1.a.2]
8 n 'ninety' NUMERAL.
10 s. 'six' NUMERAL.
9 p 'plus' PARTICLE.
11 w 'ways' N neut. perl sg of wkm 'way'.
7 w 'from home' N masc. abl sg of was.t 'house'.
6 l 'having gone out' V. pret part act, nom pl masc of lt'go out, become a monk'.
[-s. = nom pl masc]
17 l 'in the receiving of alms' (?).

16 k 'rejoicing'
'rejoice'.

V.

12 s 'each his
[indeclinable]

own'

13
k
'direction'
'direction'.

pres

part

ADJP.
masc

mp,

nom

pl

Reduplication
or

fem.

loc

masc
of

of

ktk-

s.i

'own'.

of

klyme

sg

14 l 'then' [temporal distal] PREVERB.

[1.1.a.3]
15 y 'goes' V. 3 pl pres act of i- 'go'.
SENTENCE
Haimavati-1 says-2:
1 h 'Haimavati' N. nom.
2 t 'says' V. 3 sg pres act of trnk- 'say'.
SENTENCE
now-3 certainly-4 (the)-noble-5 Maitreya-6 [(from-the)-uddhvsi-8
gods-9 having-learned-7] [Bdhari-11 (the)-Brahmin-12
(and)-having-left-10] [to-(the)-Buddha-god-18 from-home-17
to-go-out-16] from-Daks.ina.patha-14 to-Mahyadea-15 will-come-13
3 t 'now' ADV.
4 s 'certainly' ADV.
5 k 'noble' ADJ. nom sg masc.
6 m 'Maitreya' N. nom.
8 '(from) uddhvsi' ADJ. perl pl masc of uddhavsi.
9 'gods' N masc. perl pl of kt 'god'.
7 'having learned' V. pret part act caus, nom sg masc of
krs- 'know'.
[Active voice, so presumably the meaning is 'having learned
(from the uddhavsi gods)' although the form is labeled
causative.]
11 b 'Bdhari' N. obl/d.o. of bdhari 'Bdhari'.
12 b 'Brahmin' N masc. obl/d.o. sg.
10 r 'having left' ADJ. absolutive of ri- 'leave'.
[The absolutive is a deverbal form always showing the suffix

-urs. or -ors..]
[1.1.a.4]
18 p 'to
god'.

Buddha-god'

masc.

allat

sg

of

pt-kt

'Buddha-

17 w 'from home' N masc. abl sg of was.t 'house'.

16 l 'to go out' V. inf of lt- 'go out'.
14 d 'from Daks.in.patha' N. abl of daks.in.path.
15 m 'to Madhyade/a' N. allat of madhyade/.
13 'will come' V. 3 sg pres subj act of km- 'come'.
SENTENCE
Prn.aka-1 says-2:
1 p 'Prn.aka' N. nom.
2 t 'says' V. 3 sg pres act of trnk- 'say'.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
those-4 also-3 divine-5 kings-6 [than-us-indeed-10 later-9 then-7
having-come-8]
4 c 'those' DEM ADJ. nom pl masc of ss 'that'.
3 p 'also' ADV.
5 'divine' ADJ. nom pl masc of kci 'divine'.
[1.1.a.5]
6 l 'kings' N masc. nom pl of wl 'king'.
10 w 'than us indeed' PRO. perlative of was 'we'.
[-k = augmentative particle 'indeed']
9 s 'later' ADV.
7 l 'then' [distal] PREVERB.
8 k 'having come' V. pret part act, nom pl masc of km- 'come'.
[-s = nom pl masc]
SENTENCE
Stagiri-1 says-2:
1 s 'Stagiri' N. nom.
2 t 'says' V. 3 sg pres act of trnk- 'say'.

SENTENCE
let-us-go-3 we
3 p 'let us go' V. 1 pl impv act of i- 'go'.
[Plural present imperatives, first and second
identical in form -- marked by prefix -p.]

person,

are

w 'we' PRO.
SENTENCE
as-1 Vairavan.a-3 King-2 [(on)-Ps.naka-4 Hill-5] [noble-10
Maitreya-11 for-9 ready-8 to-make-7 has-commanded-6] thus-12
let-us-do-13
1 k 'as' CONJ.
3 w 'Vairavan.a' N. nom.
2 w 'King' N masc. nom sg.
4 p 'Ps.naka' N.
5 s 'Hill' N. loc sg of s.ul 'hill'.
10 k 'noble' ADJ. obl sg masc of klyom 'noble'.
11 m 'Maitreya' N. gen of metrak 'Maitreya'.
[1.1.a.6]
9 m 'for' POST.
8 'ready' ADV.
7 y 'to make' V. inf of ya- 'do'.
6

'has

commanded'

V.

sg

pret

act

of

wtk-

12 t 'thus' ADV.
13 p 'let us do' V. 1 pl impv act of ya- 'do'.
SENTENCE
(the)-so-1 noble-2 Maitreya-3 will-come-4
1 t 'so' ADV.
2 k 'noble' ADJ. nom sg masc.
3 m 'Maitreya' N. nom.
4 'will come' V. 3 sg pres subj act of km- 'come'.

'command'.

SENTENCE
thus-1 certainly-2 we (the)-Buddha-god-5 teacher-6 to-see-4
let-us-do-(so)-3
1 t 'thus' ADV.
2 p 'certainly' ADV.
w 'we' PRO.
5 p 'Buddha-god' N masc. nom sg.
6 k 'teacher' N masc. obl/d.o. sg of ka(")s.s.i 'teacher'.
['Buddha-god teacher' can be analyzed as a compound whose first
component is nominative.]
4 l 'to see'. verbal noun I of lk- 'see'.
[The verbal noun is a deverbal form always showuing the suffix
-lune.]
[1.1.a.7]
3 p 'let us do' V. 1 pl impv mp of ya- 'do'.
SENTENCE
Haimavati-1 you-said-2:
1 h 'Haimavati' N. nom.
2 w 'you said' V. 2 sg pret act of trnk- 'say'.
SENTENCE
from-here-4 let-us-go-3
4 s 'from here' ADV.
[BUT 'hither' in Ji index]
3 p 'let us go' V. 1 pl impv act of i- 'go'.
SENTENCE
went-out-2 (they)-all-1
2 l 'went out' V. 3 pl pret act of lt- 'go out'.
1 p 'all' PRO. nom pl masc of puk 'all/everyone/everything'.
SENTENCE
(the)-interlude-1 has-ended-2
1 p 'interlude' N masc. nom sg.
2 'has ended' V. 3 sg pret act of ar- (2) 'end'.

SENTENCE
that-2 now-1 now speech-3 (as-occurring)-at-Daks.in.patha-5
must-be-understood-4
2 s 'that' DEM ADJ. nom sg fem of ss 'that'.
1 n 'now' ADV. (topic marker?)
t 'now' ADV.
3 p 'speech' N fem. nom sg.
[1.1.a.8]
5 d 'at Daks.in.patha' N. loc sg of daks.in.path.
4 k 'must be understood'. verbal adjective I
(nom sg fem) of krs- 'know'.
[-yi = nom sg fem]
[Ji uses the term gerundive for -al/l forms; Poucha uses the
term verbal adjective. The latter seems preferable here, given
the feminine agreement suffix -yi.]
SENTENCE
then-1 they-come-2 [with-noble-3 Maitreya-4 as-(the)-first-5]
(by)-five-7 hundred-8 disciples-9 surrounded-6
1 t 'then' ADV.
2 k 'they come' V. 3 pl pres act of km- 'come'.
3 k 'with noble' ADJ. obl sg masc of klyom 'noble'.
4 m 'Maitreya' N. obl of metrak 'Maitreya'.
5 n 'as first' ADJ/ADV. perl sg masc of nes.o 'first'.
7 p 'five' NUMERAL.
8 k 'hundred' NUMERAL.
9 m 'disciples' N masc. inst pl of manark 'disciple'.
6 w 'surrounded' V. pret part mp, nom sg masc of wrp- (2)
'surround'.
[Poucha lists the root as wrp- . Ji states that the form is
causative.]
SENTENCE
with-bent-1 body-2 Bdhari-3 (the)-Brahmin-4 [Maitreya's-6
hand-7 having-touched-5] says-8:
[1.1.b.1]

1 n 'with bent' V. pret part mp, obl sg fem of nm- 'bend'.

[pret part mp, nom sg masc = nmo.]
2 k 'body' N fem. inst sg of kapai 'body'.
3 b 'Bdhari' N. nom.
4 b 'Brahmin' N masc. nom sg.
6 m 'Maitreya's' N. gen of metrak 'Maitreya'.
7 t 'hand' N masc. perl sg of tsar 'hand'.
5 t 'having touched' V. absolutive of tsit- 'touch'.
8 t 'says' V. 3 sg pres act of trnk- 'say'.
SENTENCE
[noble-9 Maitreya-10] [rejoicing-12 I-am-11] [Son-13] [because-14
with-(a)-radiant-15 being-16] [with-(an)-aged-18 body-19
(and)-also-17] [now-20 immortality-24 excellent-23 (and)-Brahman25 position-26 to-obtain-22 with-desire-21] (the)-Sarvaps.n.d.ik29 sacrifice-28 I-established-27
9 k 'noble' ADJ. nom/voc sg masc.
10 m 'Maitreya' N. nom/voc.
12 k 'rejoicing'
'rejoice'.

V.

pres

part

mp,

nom

sg

masc

of

11 n 'I am' V. 1 sg pres act of nas- 'be'.

13 s 'son' N masc. nom/voc sg.
14 k 'because' CONJ.
15 p 'with radiant' ADJ. obl sg masc of parno 'radiant'.
16 w 'being' N masc. comit sg of wrasom 'being'.
[1.1.b.2]
18 k 'with aged' V. pret part act, obl sg fem of kuro'grow old'.
19 k 'body' N fem. inst sg of kapai 'body'.
17 p 'also' ADV.
20 t 'now' ADV.
24 o 'immortality' N masc. obl/d.o. of onkraci 'immortality'.

ktk-

'excellent'
23
w
'excellent'

ADJ.

obl/d.o.

sg

masc

of

wkmats.

25 b 'Brahman' N masc.
26 l 'position' N. obl/d.o. sg of lame 'place, position'.
22 k 'to obtain'. form of ka(")plune,
verbal noun II of klp- 'obtain'.
[Meaning of -s.im. ?]
21 'with desire' N neut. inst. sg of kl 'desire'.
[1.1.b.3]
29 s 'Sarvaps.n.d.ika' N. nom.
28 t 'sacrifice' N neut. obl/d.o. sg of talke 'sacrifice'.
27 'I established'
establish'.

V.

sg

pret

act

of

kly-

'stand,

SENTENCE
look-1 Son2!
1 p 'look' V. 2 sg impv mp of lk- 'see, look'.
2 s 'son' N masc. nom/voc sg.
NOUN PHRASE
[(in)-ninety-5 six-7 plus-6 ways-8] (those)-who-1 from-home-4
having-gone-out-3 are-2
6 n 'ninety' NUMERAL.
7 s. 'six' NUMERAL.
5 p 'plus' PARTICLE.
8 w 'ways' N neut. perl sg of wkm 'way'.
1 k 'who' RELATIVE PRO. nom sg masc.
[The pronoun is singular, but the main verb is 3 pl.]
4 w 'from home' N masc. abl sg of was.t 'house'.
3 l 'having gone out' V. pret part act, nom pl masc of lt'go out, become a monk'.
[-s. = nom pl masc]
2 n 'are' V. 3 pl pres act of nas- 'be'.

SENTENCE
to-everyone-1 (a)-gift-3 I-gave-2
[1.1.b.6]
1 p 'to everyone' ADJ/PRO. gen of puk 'all/everyone/everything'.
[The genitive appears here with indirect object function.]
3 e 'gift' N. obl/d.o. of el 'gift'.
2 w 'I gave' V. 1 sg pret act of e- 'give'.
NOUN PHRASE
whoever-1 or-3 now-5 (is)-miserable-2 wretched-4
1 k 'whoever' PRO. nom sg masc.
3 p 'either...or' CONJ.
5 n 'now' ADV. (topic marker?)
2 'miserable' ADJ. nom sg masc.
4 t 'wretched' ADJ. nom sg masc.
SENTENCE
from-poverty-3 far-2 they-went-1
[1.1.b.7]
3 e 'from poverty' N. perl sg of ekrore 'poverty'.
2 l 'far' ADV.
1

'they

went'

V.

pl

impf

act

of

i-

'go'.

SENTENCE
to-everyone-1 (I-gave)-everything-2
1 p 'to everyone' PRO. gen of puk 'all/everyone/everything'.
[The genitive appears here with indirect object function.]
2 p 'everything' PRO. obl/d.o. of puk 'everything'.
SENTENCE
(a)-gift-4 toward-the-one-to-be-given-3 with-good-thoughts-2
they-are-1
[1.1.b.8]
4 e 'gift' N. obl/d.o. sg of el 'gift'.
3 e 'toward the one to be given' N. allat sg of es.l,
ger I of e- 'give'.
[or could this mean 'to the one giving'?]

2 k 'with good thoughts' ADJ.

nom pl masc of kswa-pltsk 'with good thoughts'.
[kswa 'good' ADJ; pltsk 'thought' N]
1 m 'they are' V. 3 pl pres mp of msk- 'be'.
SENTENCE
look-1 teacher-2
[1.2.a.1]
1 p 'look' V. 2 sg impv mp of lk- 'see, look'.
2 u 'teacher' N masc. nom/voc sg.
SENTENCE
of-(an)-animal-4 indeed-1 (the)-gift-3 he-gives-2
[1.2.a.2]
4 l 'of animal' N fem. gen sg of lu 'animal'.
1 a 'indeed' ADV.
3 e 'gift' N. obl/d.o. sg of el 'gift'.
[ell seems to be a variant spelling of el.]
2 e 'he gives' V. 3 sg pres act of e- 'give'.
SENTENCE
of-(the)-gift-2 (the)-fruit-1 must-be-obtained-3 (in-a)-thousand-4
births-5
2 e 'of gift' N. gen sg of el 'gift'
1 o 'fruit' N masc. nom sg.
3 k 'must be obtained' ADJ?. ger I of klp- 'obtain'
4 w 'thousand' NUMERAL.
5 c 'births' N masc. loc pl of cmol 'birth'.
NUMERAL
ten
'ten' NUMERAL.
SENTENCE
he-gives
[1.2.a.3]
2 e 'he gives' V. 3 sg pres act of e- 'give'.
SENTENCE

of-this-1 measure-4 (or)-number-5 (or)-measure-6 not-3 there-is-2

1 t 'of this' DEM PRO. gen sg neut of sm 'this'.
4 m 'measure' N. nom sg.
5 k 'number' N. nom sg.
6 y 'measure' N. nom sg.
3 m 'not' ADV.
2 n 'is' V. 3 sg pres act of nas- 'be'.
SENTENCE
(the)-giving-(one)-1
divine-3
(and)-human-4
happiness-5 as-much-as-7 (his)-desire-8

will-obtain-2

1 e 'giving' V. pres part act, nom sg masc of e- 'give'.

[1.2.a.4]
3 'divine' ADJ. obl/d.o. pl fem of kci 'divine'.
[derived from kt N masc. 'god'.]
4 n 'human' ADJ. obl/d.o. pl fem of napems.ss 'human'.
[derived from napem. N masc. 'human'.]
2 y 'will obtain' V. 3 sg pres subj act of yom- 'attain'.
5 s 'happiness' N fem. obl/d.o. pl of suk 'happiness.'
7 k 'as much as' PREP.
8 k 'desire' N masc. obl of kri 'desire'.
ADVERBIAL PHRASE
again-1 (and)-again-2
1 n 'again' ADV.
2 n 'again' ADV.
NOUN
(the)-dharma
[1.2.a.5]
m 'dharma' N neut. nom sg.
SENTENCE
with-happiness-1 he-will-obtain-2 nirvana-3
1 s 'with happiness' N fem. inst sg of suk 'happiness'.

2 y 'will obtain' V. 3 sg pres subj act of yom- 'attain'.

3 k 'nirvana (extinction)' N. obl/d.o. of ksalune 'nirvana'.
SENTENCE
how-1 (could)-(there)-not-(be)-2 rejoicing-3
by-(the)-giving-(one)-4?
1 m 'how' ADV.
2 m 'not' ADV.
3 k 'rejoicing' N. ger I of ktk- 'rejoice'.
4 e 'giving' ADJ as NP. gen sg masc of es.ant,
pres part act of e- 'give'.
SENTENCE
of-Maitreya-3
(he)-says-6:

(the)-hand-2

to-(his)-own-4

forehead-5

touching-1

[1.2.a.6]
3 m 'Maitreya' N. gen of metrak 'Maitreya'.
2 t 'hand' N masc. nom sg.
4 s. 'own' ADJ. [indeclinable]
5 'forehead' N. all sg of nt 'surface, area, forehead'.
1 ts 'touching' V. pres part mp caus of tsit- 'touch'.
6 t 'says' V. 3 sg pres act of trnk- 'say'.
FRAGMENT
[good-7 Son-8] (at)-this-9 time-10 I-11 great-(d.o.)-12...
7 k 'good' ADJ. nom/voc sg masc.
8 s 'son' N masc. nom/voc sg.
9 t 'this' DEM ADJ. obl sg fem of sm 'this'.
10 p 'time' N fem. obl sg of pras.t 'time'.
11 n 'I' PRO.
12 ts 'great' ADJ. obl/d.o. sg
SENTENCE
five-4 hundred-5 disciples-6 with-joy-1 I-gave-2 to-you-3
to-teach-7

[1.2.a.7]
4 p 'five' NUMERAL.
5 k 'hundred' NUMERAL.
6 m 'disciples' N masc. obl/d.o. pl of manark 'disciple'.
1 k 'with joy' N neut. inst sg of kcke 'joy'.
2 w 'I gave' V. 1 sg pret act of e- 'give'.
3 t 'to you' PRO. gen of tu 'you' (2 sg).
[The genitive appears here with indirect object function.]
7 'to teach'. inf of kl- 'teach'.
FRAGMENT
triple-universe-2 samsara-3 (the)-entire-1 to-you-4
2 t 'triple universe' N. nom sg.
3 s 'samsara' N. nom sg.
[The two nouns form a compound.]
1 p 'entire' ADJ. nom sg.
4 t 'to you' PRO. gen of tu 'you' (2 sg).
[The genitive presumably appears here
function.]

with

indirect

object

PARTIAL SENTENCE
for-me-1 you-are-2
[1.2.a.8]
1 'for me' PRO. gen of ns. 'I'.
2 n 'you are' V. 2 sg pres act of nas- 'be'.
SENTENCE
you-3 like-2
separation-6

from-good-ones-1

may-there-not-4

3 y 'you' PRO. obl of yas 'you' (2 pl).

2 o 'like' POST.
1 k 'from good' ADJ. abl pl masc of ksu 'good'.
4 m 'not' (prohibitive) ADV.
7 'for me' PRO. gen of ns. 'I'.
5 t 'be' V. 3 sg pres act opt of nas- 'be'.

for-me-7

be-5

6 ts 'separation' N. verbal noun I of tsr- 'separate'.

ABSOLUTIVE PHRASE
this-2 having-heard-1
2 t 'this' DEM PRO. obl/d.o. sg neut of sm 'this'.
1 k 'having heard' V. absolutive of klyos- 'hear'.
NOUN PHRASE
(at)-arm's-length-2 that-(one)-1 Bdhari-3 (the)-teacher-4
[1.2.b.1]
2 k 'arm's length' N. nom sg.
1 s 'that one' DEM PRO. nom sg masc.
3 b 'Bdhari' N. nom.
4

'teacher' N masc. nom sg.

ADVERB
why?
k 'why?' ADV.
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
when-1 all-2 of-samsara-4 (the)-living-beings-3
1 k 'when' CONJ.
2 p 'all' ADJ. [Undeclined here].
4 s 'of samsara' ADJ. nom pl of sam.srs.i 'of samsara'
3 w 'living beings' N. nom pl of wras- 'living being'
[Not attested in nom sg.]
NOUN
Bdhari
b 'Bdhari' N. nom.
SENTENCE
(the)-noble-1 Maitreya-2 (the)-teacher-6 to-be-5 worthy-4 is-3
[1.2.b.2]
1 k 'noble' ADJ. nom sg masc.
2 m 'Maitreya' N. nom.

'teacher' N masc. nom sg.

5 m 'to be' V. inf of msk- 'be'.

4 'worthy' ADJ. nom sg masc.
3 n 'is' V. 3 sg pres act of nas- 'be'.
SENTENCE
what-1 (is)-(there)-to-ask-2?
1 k 'what' PRO.
2 p 'to ask' V?. ger I of prk- 'ask'.
NOUN PHRASE
alone-2 of-Bdhari-1
2 s 'alone' ADJ. gen sg masc of sasak 'alone'.
1 b 'of Bdhari' N. gen sg of bdhari 'Bdhari'.
SENTENCE
Ajite-1 says-2:
[1.2.b.3]
1 a 'Ajite' N. nom.
2 t 'says' V. 3 sg pres act of trnk- 'say'.
SENTENCE
[when-3 that-4 noble-5 Maitreya-6 eight-years-old-8 became-7]
at-this-9 time-10 than-(the)-Brahmins-13
more-(advanced?)-12 he-was-11
3 'when' CONJ.
4 s 'that' DEM ADJ. nom sg masc.
5 k 'noble' ADJ. nom sg masc.
6 m 'Maitreya' N. nom.
8 o 'eight years old' ADJ. nom sg masc.
Compound; second component derives from pukul 'year' N fem.
7 k 'became' V. 3 sg pret act.
Presumably derives from km- 'come'.
9 t 'this' DEM ADJ. obl sg fem of sm 'this'.
10 p 'time' N fem. loc sg of pras.t 'time'.
pras.tam. (loc sg) + nk (enclitic).

[1.2.b.4]
13 b 'Brahmins' N masc. obl pl of brmam. 'Brahmin'.
12 l 'more' ADV.
11 t 'was' V. 3 sg pret act of nas- 'be'.
ADVERB
why?
k 'why?' ADV.
PARTIAL RELATIVE CLAUSE
who-1 these-2 ten-3 eight-5 plus-4 knowledge-domain-treatises-6
1 k 'who' RELATIVE PRO. nom sg masc.
2 t 'these' DEM ADJ. nom pl fem of sm 'this'.
3 'ten' NUMERAL.
5 o 'eight' NUMERAL.
4 p 'plus' PARTICLE.
6 v 'knowledge domain treatises' N fem.
vidyasthn-str 'knowledge domain treatise'.
PARTIAL SENTENCE
that-(one)-1 [eight-years-old-3
surpassed-4

being-2]

obl/d.o.

completely-5

pl

beyond-6

[1.2.b.7]
1 s 'that one' DEM PRO. nom sg masc.
3 o 'eight years old' ADJ. nom sg masc.
Compound; second component derives from pukul 'year' N fem.
2 n 'being' V. pres part mp, nom sg masc of nas- 'be'.
5 p 'completely' ADJ
6 'beyond' ADV.
4 'surpassed' V. 3 sg pret act of ktk- 'surpass'.
NOUN PHRASE
of-(the)-noble-2 Metrak-3 (the)-virtues-1
[1.2.b.8]
2 k 'noble' ADJ. gen sg masc of klyom 'noble'.

of

3 m 'Maitreya' N. gen of metrak 'Maitreya'.

1 k 'virtues' N. nom/obl pl of kswone 'virtue'.
ADVERB
why?
k 'why?' ADV.
ADVERB
so
[1.3.a.2]
t 'so' ADV.
SENTENCE
rejoicing-2 they-were-1
[1.3.a.3]
2 k 'rejoicing'
'rejoice'.

V.

pres

part

mp,

nom

pl

masc

of

ktk-

1 m 'they were' V. 3 pl pret act of msk- 'be'.

SENTENCE
Tis.ye-1 says-2:
1 t 'Tis.ye' N. nom.
2 t 'says' V. 3 sg pres act of trnk- 'say'.
NOUN PHRASE
that-(one)-3 also-4
3 s 'that one' DEM PRO. nom sg masc.
4 'also' ADV.
SENTENCE
(all)-(the)-time-1 [to-others-7 good-6 to-do-indeed-5] indeed-3
(the)-wish-4 (there)-is-2
[1.3.a.4]
1 p 'time' N fem. loc sg of pras.t 'time'
7 'to others' ADJ as N. gen pl masc of lak 'other'.
6 k 'good' ADJ as N. obl/d.o. sg neut of ksu 'good'.
5 y 'to do indeed' V. inf of ya- 'do'
[-kk = 'indeed']

3 a 'indeed' ADV.
4 'wish' N neut. nom sg.
2 n 'is' V. 3 sg pres act of nas- 'be'.
p [particle?]
[1.3.a.5]
FRAGMENT
in-every-way-5 honors-4 to-enjoy-3 (the)-venerable-one-1 himself-2
5 p 'in every way' ADV.
4 y 'honors' N neut. obl/d.o. pl of yrk 'honor'.
3 w 'to enjoy' V. inf of wrp- 'enjoy'.
1 'venerable' ADJ as NOUN. nom sg masc.
2 m 'himself' PRO. nom sg masc.
FRAGMENT
(the)-teacher-3 Bdhari-4 now-1 in-every-way-2
3

'teacher' N masc. obl/d.o. of

updhy

4 b 'Bdhari' N. obl/d.o. of bdhari 'Bdhari'.

1 n 'now' ADV.
2 p 'in every way' ADV.
SENTENCE
[to-five-1
hundred-2
disciples-3]
[without-4
[without-6 effort-7] to-everyone-8 (he)-teaches-9
(the)-scriptures-10

attachment-5]

[1.3.a.6]
1 p 'five' NUMERAL.
2 k 'hundred' NUMERAL.
3 m 'disciples' N masc. gen pl of manark 'disciple'.
4 s 'without' PREP
5 e 'greed, attachment' N masc. obl of em.ts 'greed, attachment'.
6 s 'without' PREP

7 s. 'effort' N. obl of s.t.are (normally s.tare) 'effort'.

8 p 'to everyone' ADJ/PRO. gen of puk 'all/everyone/everything'.
9 'teaches' VERB. 3 sg pres act of kl- 'teach'.
10 'scriptures' NOUN. obl/d.o. of str 'scripture'.
?
p [Ji indicates that this may be a verbal form.]
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
like-1 syllables-2
1 o 'like' PREP.
2 a 'syllables' NOUN masc. obl pl of aks.ar 'syllable'
[1.3.a.7]
SENTENCE
knowledgeable-2 he-makes-1
2 k 'knowledgeable' ADJ. obl pl masc of knnmm. 'knowledgeable'.
1 y 'he makes' V. 3 sg pres act of ya- 'make'.
SENTENCE
not-of-himself-1
being-3

knowledgeable-5

makes-4

(the)-compassionate-2

1 m 'not of himself' PRO. m 'not' + lyes (normally lymes), gen

sg of cm 'self'.
5 k 'knowledgeable' ADJ. obl pl masc of knnmm. 'knowledgeable'.
4 y 'he makes' V. 3 sg pres act of ya- 'make'.
2 k 'compassionate' N masc. nom sg masc.
3 w 'being' N masc. nom sg.
NOUN
unheededness
'unheededness' N. nom or obl.
Derived from (negative) and ps- 'guard'
[1.3.a.8]
PRONOUN
for-me

 'for me' PRO. gen of ns. 'I'.

VERB
may-they-know
k 'may they know' V. 3 pl pres opt act of krs- 'know'.
SENTENCE
(the)-scripture-3 (and)-good-4 behavior-5 them-2 he may-he-teach-1
3 'scripture' N. undeclined Sanskrit form.
Functions as obl.
4 k 'good' ADJ. obl sg neut of ksu 'good'.
5 t 'behavior' N neut. obl sg of tiri 'behavior'.
2 c 'these' DEM PRO. obl pl masc of sm 'this'.
cesm obl pl masc + a(")k (enclitic).
s 'this one' DEM PRO. nom sg masc.
1 s. 'may he teach' V. 3 sg pres opt act of
kly- 'stand, teach'.
FRAGMENT
then-1 without-2 greed-3 not-of-himself-4
1 t 'then' ADV
2 s 'without' PREP
3 e 'greed' N masc. obl sg of ets 'greed'.
4 m 'not of himself' PRO. m 'not' + lymes, gen sg of cm
'self'.
SENTENCE
Acita-1 says-2:
[1.3.b.1]
1 a 'Acita' N. nom.
2 t 'says' V. 3 sg pres act of trnk- 'say'.
SENTENCE
[to-others-4 good-3 doing-2
although-8] discerned-6

for-1]

that-7

that-one-5

4 'to others' ADJ as N. gen pl masc of lak 'other'.

3 k 'good' ADJ as N. obl/d.o. sg neut of ksu 'good'.

[young-9

2 y 'doing' N. gen sg of yal, ger. I of ya- 'do'

1 m 'for' POST.
7 t 'that' DEM PRO. obl sg neut.
5 s 'that one' DEM PRO. nom sg masc.
9 m 'young' A. nom sg masc.
8 p 'although' ADV.
6 p 'discerned' V. 3 sg pret act of putk- 'divide, discern'.
****************************
Proto-Indo-European Roots Represented in Tocharian:
Proto-Indo-European -- Tocharian -- English -- Russian
The list shows all PIE roots represented in Tocharian according to
Pokorny. Proto-Indo-European roots and Tocharian forms are from
Pokorny 1959. English cognates are mainly from Watkins 1965.
Russian cognates are mainly from Pokorny 1959.
268 reconstructed PIE roots are represented in Tocharian. This is
less than 20% of reconstructed PIE roots. 95% of the PIE roots
appearing in Tocharian are also represented in Modern English (254
roots). 54% of the PIE
roots appearing in Tocharian are also
represented in Modern Russian (146 roots).
TA = Tocharian A. TB = Tocharian B. TAB = Tocharian A and B. EG =
English (Germanic). EL = English (Latinate). EGK = English
(Greek). OE = Old English. R = Russian. OR = Old Russian. OCS =
Old Church Slavonic. (Old English, Old Russian, or Old Church
Slavonic forms are used only if no modern forms are available.)
Symbols may be underlined to emphasize the etymologically relevant
portions of forms. = ; = (voiceless palatal fricative).
References
Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wrterbuch.
Bern: Francke.
Watkins, Calvert. 1965. The American Heritage dictionary of IndoEuropean roots. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
*ades 'spelt,barley', TAB ti 'grasses'
*ag 'lead,drive', TAB k- 'lead,go', EL agent, EGK agony
*ai 'give,take', TA e-, TB ai- 'give', EGK diet
*aig 'sick', TA ekro, TB aikare 'sick', EG inkling
*(i)gh 'need,want', TA kl 'wish'
*aiw 'life', TA ym 'life,spirit', EG ever, EL medieval, EGK eon
*ak 'stone,sharp', TA we 'rough', EG edge, EL acute, EGK oxy-,
R ost 'thistle'
*akru 'tear', TA kr 'tear'

*akw 'water', TAB yoktsi 'drink', EG eager, EL aqua

*al 'grow,nourish', TA lym- 'spirit,life', EG old, EL exalt
*a(:)l 'wander', TAB l 'separate' (v), EL alley
*alyo-s 'other', TA alyak, TB alyek 'other', EG else, EL alter,
EGK allo*ambh 'both', TA mpe, TB antapi 'both', EG both, R ba 'both'
*mer/mel 'day', TA oml, TB emalle 'hot', EGK ephemeral
*am(m)a 'mother' (child's word), TB ammakki 'mother', EL aunt
*andh 'project,flourish', TA nt, TB nte 'surface', EGK
chrysanthemum
*anghos 'oppression', TA am.r 'weak', EG anger, EL anguish, EGK
angina, R uzk- 'narrow'
*ank 'bend', TA al 'bow' (n), EG ankle, EL angle, EGK anchor,
R yamn' 'barley'
*ant-s 'front', TA antule 'outside', EG end, EL ante, EGK anti*ap 'reach,grasp', TA oppi 'sent' (past part.), EL apt
*appa 'father' (child's word), TB appakke 'father'
*ar(m) 'fit', TA arm., TB ere 'face' (n), EG arm, EL art, EGK
arthritis, R remn' 'strap'
*ar 'plow', TAB re 'plow', EL arable
*ar(e)g 'shiny', TA rki, TB arkwi 'white', EL Argentina
*a(:)s 'burn', TAB as 'dry' (v), EG ash, EL area
*a(:)tos 'parent', TA tl 'man', EL atavism, R otts 'father'
*au PRONOUN STEM, TA ok, TB uk 'still' (adv), OE ac 'also'
*aw 'like,desire', TA aulre, TB olar 'comrade' EL avarice
*aw 'strain,exert', TB waimene 'difficult'
*aweg 'increase', TA oku, TB auku 'old', EG eke, EL augment
*aw-ei-d 'speak', TAB wtk- 'command' (v)
*awer 'water', TA wr, TB war 'water',EL urine, EGK ureter, R
vod 'water'
*awes 'shine', TA ws 'gold', EG east, EL aurora, R tro
'morning'
*bh 'speak', TA p- 'beg', EG ban, EL fate, EGK phone, R bsn'a
'fable'
*bh 'shine', TA pai, TB peiyo 'beauty', EG berry, EL banner,
EGK phase
*bhag 'distribute', TA pk, TB pke 'portion', EGK -phage, R
bogt- 'rich'
*bhg-s 'elbow and lower arm', TA poke, TB pauke 'arm', EG bough
*bhedh 'dig', TA pat 'plow', EG bed, EL fossil, OCS bosti 'stick'
(verb)
*bhgh 'fight', TA pknt 'obstacle', TB pakwre 'bad'
*bhegw 'run away', TA pkt 'far', EGK phobia, R bgat' 'run'
*bhel 'speak,bark', TAB pl 'praise', EG bell
*bhel 'shining', TAB plsk 'think', EG bald, EL blank, R bel'white'
*bheleg 'shine', TA plk, TB pilko 'glance', EG black, EL flame,
EGK phlegm, R blgo
'benefit'

*bhengh 'thick', TB pkatte 'size', EGK pachyderm

*bher 'bear', TAB pr 'bear', EG bear, EL infer, EGK metaphor, R
brat' 'bear'
*bher 'shining,brown', TA parno, TB perne 'shining', EG beaver, R
bbr 'beaver'
*bhereg 'high', TAB prk- 'rise', EG iceberg, EL fort, R breg
'mountain'
*bhes 'strew', TA ps- 'pour', EG sand, EGK psoriasis
*bheu 'grow,be', TA pyotk-, TB pyautk- 'occur', EG be, EL future,
EGK physics, R bit' 'be'
*bheudh 'be awake', TA pot-, TB paut- 'respect', EG bid, R budt'
'wake'
*bhle(:)i 'shine', TA plyaskem. 'meditation', EG blithe
*bhrter 'brother', TA praar, TB proer 'brother', EG brother, EL
fraternal, EGK phratry, R brat 'brother'
*bhrendh 'swell', TA pratsak, TB pratsk 'breast'
*bhrenk 'bring', TAB prnk- 'remove', EG bring
*bhr 'eyebrow', TAB prwn- 'eyebrows' (dual), EG brow, R brov'
'brow'
*d 'separate' (v), TA ttk 'separate' (v), EG time, EGK demon
*dg 'grab', TB tak- 'touch'
*dei 'shine', TA tiri 'method', EG Tuesday, EL deity, EG Zeus
*dek 'take', TA tk- 'judge', EL decent, OCS desiti 'find'
*dekm 'ten', TA k, TB ak 'ten', EG ten, EL dime, R ds'at'
'ten'
*dekm-tom 'hundred', TA knt, TB knte 'hundred', EG hundred, EL
cent, R sto 'hundred'
*del 'split', TA tlo, TB tallwo 'unhappy', EL condolence, R dlo
'portion'
*dem 'build,home', TAB tm- 'bear offspring', EG timber, EL
domicile, EGK despot, R dom 'house'
*der 'grumble', TA tsrt- 'cry'
*der 'split', TAB tsr- 'separate' (v), EG tear, EGK dermis
*deru 'wood', TAB or 'wood', EG tree, EGK dendrite (< *der-der),
R drevo 'tree'
*deup 'hitting sound', TA tp 'sound' (v)
*dh 'set', TA tas, TB tes 'lay', EG do, EL feat, EGK theme, R
det' 'put'
*dheb 'thick', TA tpr, TB tpr 'high', EG dapper, OCS debelu
'thick'
*dhegwh 'burn', TA tsk, TB tsak 'burn', EL foment, R e' 'burn'
*dheigh 'kneed', TA tseke 'image,figure', EG dough, EL figure
*dhelgh 'hit', TA talke, TB telki 'victim'
*dhen 'run,flow', TAB tsn- 'flow', EL fountain
*dher 'dark', TAB trkr 'cloud', EG dark, EGK trachea
*dher 'grumble', TA trnk, TB trenk 'speak', EG drone, EGK
threnody
*dheregh 'turn,wind', TA rk-, TB arka 'released'
*dhers
'be
brave,attack',
TA
tsr
'rough',
TB
tsiraue
'strength', EG dare, EL infest

*dh(i) 'suck,nurse', TB tno 'grain', EL female, R dva 'maiden'

*dheu 'dust,whirl', TA tor, TB taur 'dust', EGK dust, EL fume,
EGK thyme, R dub 'oak'
*dh 'loop', TAB tsu- 'unite'
*dhug(h)ter 'daughter', TA kar, TB tker 'daughter', EG
daughter, R do' 'daughter'
*dhwe(:)r 'door', TB twere 'door', EG door, EL forest, EGK
thyroid, R dver' 'door'
*dngh 'tongue', TA kntu, TB kntwo 'tongue', EG tongue, EL
language, R yazk 'tongue'
*dw 'two', TA wu, TB wi 'two' (masc), EG two, EL duo, R dva
'two'
*eg 'I', TA uk 'I', EG I, EL ego, R ya 'I' (< OCS az)
*eghs 'out of', TA - 'because of', EL exit, R iz 'out of'
*ei 'go', TA y 'went' (3 sg), ytr 'way', TB yatsi 'go', EL
reiterate, R idt 'go'
*ik 'have,be able', TB aik- 'know', EG owe
*ekwo-s 'horse', TAB yuk- 'horse', EL equine, EGK hippo
*en 'in', TA yn-, TB in- 'in', EG in, R v 'in' (<OR von < OCS on)
*e(n) NEG, TAB an NEG, EG no
*enek 'reach', TA em.ts-, TB enk- 'take', EG enough, EGK
oncology, R nest 'bring'
*e-newen 'nine', TAB u 'nine', EG nine, EL noon
*en(o)mn 'name', TA em, TB om 'name', EG name, EL noun, EGK
homonym, R m'a 'name'
*epi 'near,on', TA -p, TB -epi GENITIVE, EL obstruct, R ob
'about'
*er()d 'high,grow', TA orto 'up', EL arduous, R rast 'grow'
*erkw 'shine', TA yrk, TB yarke 'veneration'
*es 'be', TA nas, TB nes 'be', EG is, EL essence, R sut 'be' (3
pl)
*e(:)s- 'blood', TA ysr 'blood'
*eti 'beyond', TA ai, TB ee 'hence', EG eddy
*tro 'fast,strong', TA atr, TB etr 'hero'
*gu 'rejoice', TB kw- 'desire', TB kwas 'beautiful, EL joy
*g(i) 'call', TA kk, TB kka 'called' (3 sg), R gkat' 'moan'
*gembh 'tooth,bite', TA kam, TB keme 'tooth', EG comb, R zub
'tooth'
*genu 'cheek', TA anwem. 'cheeks', EG chin
*genu 'knee', TA kanwem., TB kenne 'knees' (dual), EG knee, EL
genuflect, EGK polygon
*ghem 'earth', TA tkam. 'earth', TB amna 'people', EG groom, EL
human, EGK chameleon, R zeml' 'earth'
*g(h)e EMPHATIC, TAB -k EMPHATIC, R e EMPHATIC
*ghebhel 'head', TA pl- 'head', EG gable, EGK cephalic
*ghedh 'unite', TA kk, TB k 'rejoice', EG good, R godn'suitable'
*gherdh 'enclose', TB kerye 'palace', EG yard, EL horticulture,

EGK chorus R grod 'city'

*ghesor 'hand', TA tsar, TB ar 'hand', EGK chiropractor
*gn 'know', TAB kn- 'know', EG know, EL ignore, EGK Gnostic, R
znat' 'know'
*gw/gwem 'come', TAB km- 'come', EG come, EL venue, EGK basis
*gwel 'drop,throw', TAB kl- 'fall', EGK metabolic
*gwe(:)n 'woman', TA m, TB ana 'woman', EG queen, EGK
gynecology, R en 'woman'
*gwer 'heavy', TA kramarts- 'heavy', EG Blitzkrieg, EL grave, EGK
baritone, R rnov 'millstone'
*gwey 'live', TB ai- 'live', EG quick, EL vivid, EGK hygiene, R
it' 'live'
*gwhr 'smell', TA krm., TB kor 'nose'
*gwou 'steer', TA ko-, TB kau- 'cow', EG cow, EL bovine, EGK
bucolic, R govn 'shit'
*gyeu 'chew', TAB wtsi 'eat', EG chew, R evt' 'chew'
*kad 'distress,hate', TA kat 'destruction', EG hate
*kais 'hair', TA ik, TB eake 'lion', EL Caesar
*kak 'be able', TA kkmart, TB kamart 'rulership'
*kan 'sing', TA kan 'melody', EG hen, EL chant
*kar 'punish,scold', TA krn, TB karn 'torment' (v), R ukr
'reproach'
*k-ro 'dear', TA krant, TB krent 'good' (acc sg), EL whore, EL
caress
*ku 'strike', TA ko-, TB kau- 'kill', EG hew, R kovt' 'forge'
*ken 'bend', TA kuk 'neck', EG neck, EL nucleus
*ker 'rough sound', TB keru 'drum', EG cricket, EL crevice, R
kret' 'gerfalcon'
*ker(u) 'harm', TA kryap, TB karep 'harm' (n), EL caries
*ker() 'burn', TB krk- 'roast', EG hearth, EL cremate, EGK
ceramic, R krasn- 'red'
*kleng 'bend,wind', TB klenke 'fortification', EG flank, OCS kle
ati 'kneel'
*kleu 'hear', TA klots, TB klautso 'ear', EG listen, R slva
'praise'
*kolms 'reed', TA kulmm.ts- 'reed', EG haulm, EL calamus, R
solma 'straw'
*kr(u) 'conceal', TB kraup- 'collect', EGK crypt, R krov
'shelter'
*kreu-t 'rustling sound', TA kru 'reed'
*kse(:)ro 'dry', TA ksr 'morning', EL serene, EGK xerox
*kum-bh 'hollow' < *keu 'hollow', TA kump 'drum'
*kwel 'turn', TA kukl, TB kokale 'cart', EG wheel, EL cultivate,
EGK cycle, R kol'ts 'ring'
*kwerp 'turn', TAB krp- 'go', EG wharf, EL carpal
*kwetwer 'four', TA twar, TB twr 'four', EG four, EL quart, R
etre 'four'

*kwey 'rest comfortably', TB te 'rich', EG while, EL quiet, R

poky 'peace'
*kwo 'which', TA kus, TB kuse 'which', EG who, EL quality, R
kogda 'when'
*kwon 'dog', TA ku 'dog', EG hound, EL canine, R ska 'bitch'
*kwrei 'buy', TB karyor, TB kuryar 'purchase' (n), OR kriti 'buy'
*li-dh 'hidden', TAB lt- 'exit' (v), EL latent, EGK lethargy
*lak-so-s 'salmon' < *lak 'shine', TB laks 'fish', EG lox, R
loss' 'salmon'
*legh 'lay', TA lk 'lie', TB leke 'camp', EG lay, R le' 'lie'
*lei 'thin', TAB llam.k- 'tender'
*leip 'smear', TA lip- 'remain', EG liver, EGK lipid, R lept'
'mould' (v)
*leit(h) 'leave', TAB lit- 'leave', EG lead
*ls 'weak', TA lysk- 'flank' (n), EG less, R loskt 'scrap'
*leu 'release', TA law-, TB lyu- 'send', EG lose, EL solve, EGK
analysis
*leuk 'light,illuminate', TAB luk- 'shine', EG light, EL lunar, R
lu 'ray'
*lu(:)s 'louse', TB lu- 'animal', EG louse, R vo 'louse'
*magh 'be able', TA mokats 'mighty', EG might, EL dismay, EGK
machine, R mo' 'be able'
*mtr 'mother', TA mar, TB mer 'mother', EG mother, EL
maternal, EGK metropolis, R mat' 'mother'
*me/mei-no 'me,my', TAB i 'my', EG my, EL madonna, R moy 'my'
*m 'big', TA mnt 'how', TB mant 'so', EG more, R mir 'world'
*m 'measure', TA me-, TB mai- 'measure' (v), EG meal (food), EL
measure, EGK meter, R mra 'measure'
*mdhu 'honey', TB mit 'honey', EG mead, EGK amethyst, R m'od
'honey'
*meg(h) 'big', TA mak, TB mak 'much', EG much, EL magnify, EGK
mega*mei 'reduce', TB maiwe 'small,young', EL minus, R mn'e 'less'
*meigh 'urinate', TB mio 'urine', EG mist, EL micturate
*mel 'fuse', TA mlk- 'fuse', EG melt, EL mollify, R blin
'pancake'
*mel 'grind', TA malywt 'crush' (2sg), TB melye 'crush' (3pl),
EG meal (flour), EL mill
*me(:)lg 'milk', TA malke, TB malkwer 'milk', EG milk, EL lactic,
EGK galactic, R molok 'milk'
*meldh 'head', TA malto 'first', EGK -blast
*mmso 'meat', TB misa 'meat', EG member, R m'so 'meat'
*men 'think', TA mnu 'thinking', TB mau 'desire', EG mind, EL
mental, EGK mania, R mnnie 'opinion'
*men 'remain,be still', TAB msk 'be', EL remain
*men 'small', TB menki 'less', EGK mono*meng 'disguise', TA mank 'mistake', EG monger
*mnt 'moon,month'< *m 'measure', TA ma, TB mee 'month', TB
mem. 'moon', EG moon, EL menstruate, EGK menopause, R ms'ats

'month'
*moz-g-o 'marrow', TA munt 'marrow', EG marrow, R mozg 'brain'
*ndhos / ndheri 'under', TA 'under', EG under, EL inferior
*n(e) NEG, TAB an-, EG no, R ne 'not'
*nek 'execute,kill', TA nk- 'perish', TB nk- 'destroy', EL
innocent, EGK necro*nekw(t) 'night', TA niktim, TB nekiye 'at night', EG night, EL
noctural, R no' 'night' *newo-s 'new', TAB u 'new', EG new, EL
novel, EGK neo-, R nov- 'new'
*nu(:) 'now', TA -nu, TB -no 'but', EG now, R nne 'today'
*okt 'eight', TA okt, TB okt 'eight', EG eight, EL octave, R
vsem 'eight'
*okw 'eye', TA ak, TB ek 'eye', EG eye, EL ocular, EGK optic, R
ko 'eye'
*om 'energy,thrive', TA amikae 'dissatisfaction', TB omskem.
'bad', EG America
*omesos 'shoulder', TA es, TB ntse 'shoulder', EL humerus
*op 'choose,suspect', TA opy, TB epya 'understanding' (n), EL
opt, R nevzpn-'sudden'
*p 'feed', TAB ps- 'protect', EG food, EL pasture, R pasts'
'graze'
*pe(:)d 'foot', TA pe, TB pai 'foot', EG foot, EL pedal, EGK
tripod, R pod 'under'
*peg 'shoulder', TA pm., TB paane 'breasts' (dual), EL
pectoral, R pax 'groin'
*peig 'paint,write', TA pek-, TB paik 'paint,write', EG file, EL
depict, R pist' 'write'
*pekw 'cook', TAB pk- 'cook,ripen', EL cook, EGK peptic, R pe'
'cook'
*penkwe 'five', TA p, TB pi five', EG five, EL quintet, EGK
pentagon, R p'at' 'five'
*perg 'fear', TAB prsk- 'fear' (v), EG fear, EL peril, EGK
pirate
*perk 'ask', TA prak, TB prek- 'ask', EL pray, R prsit' 'ask'
*pers 'spray', TAB prs- 'spray', Icelandic foss 'waterfall', R
prax 'ash'
*ptr 'father', TA par, TB per 'father', EG father, EL
paternal, EGK patriot
*pewr 'fire', TA por, TB puwar 'fire', EG fire, EGK pyrotechnic
*pl-k 'flat', TAB plk 'agree', EG flake, EL plank, EGK placenta,
R plosk-'flat'
*pleu 'flow', TAB plu- 'fly', EG fly, EL pluvial, EGK Pluto, R
plit' 'swim'
*poti-s 'master of the house', TA pats 'husband', EL potent, R
gospodn 'gentleman'
*pret 'understand', TAB pratim 'decision', OE frd 'wise'
*rabh 'passion', TA rapure 'passion', EL rabies
*reg 'straight', TAB rk- 'cover' (v), EG right, EL regal, EGK
anorexia
*regwos 'darkness', TA orkm 'darkness', EGK Erebus

*re(:)k 'determine', TA rake, TB reki 'word', EG Raymond, R re'

'word'
*rem 'rest', TAB rm- 'bend', EG rim
*re(:)s 'flow', TA yrs-, TB yars- 'bathe', EG stream, EGK rheum,
R ros 'dew'
*reudh 'red', TA rtr, TB rtre 'red', EG red, EL ruby, EGK
erythro-, R rud 'ore'
*rew 'open', TAB ru- 'open', EG room, EL rural, R rovn- 'even'
*sal 'salt', TA sle, TB slyiye 'salt', EG salt, EL salad, EGK
halogen, R sol' 'salt'
*seip 'pour', TA sep- 'salve' (v), EG soap, EL sebaceous
*sekw 'notice,see', TA otre, TB otri 'sign' (n), EG sight, OCS
soiti 'accuse'
*selk 'pull', TB slk 'pull', EG seal (animal), EGK hulk
*selp 'fat,butter', TA lyp, TB lype 'fat,butter', EG salve
*sem 'one', TA somo-, TB oma- 'same', EG same, EL simple, EGK
homo-, R sam- 'same'
*seni 'separately', TA sne, TB snai 'without', EG sundry, EL
sans, OCS svn 'without'
*sept 'seven', TA pt, TB ukt 'seven', EG seven, EL September,
EGK heptagon, R sem' 'seven'
*seu 'bear offspring', TA se, TB soy 'son', EG son, R sin 'son'
*seu 'juice,rain', TB s- 'rain' (verb), EG soup, EL suction, R
sost' 'suck'
*ski 'shadow', TB skiyo 'shadow', EG shine, R siyt' 'shine'
*sker 'jump,hop', TB krss- 'shoot', EG scherzo
*sker(u) 'cut', TAB krt 'cut off', EG shear, EL curt, R erpt'
'scoop'
*slg 'loose,weak', TA slkkr 'sad', EG slack, EL lax
*smei 'smile', TA smi- 'smile', EG smile, EL miracle, R smeyt'sa
'smile'
*snu 'turn', TB aura 'nerves', EG sinew, EL nerve, EGK neuron,
R snovt' 'dash'
*solo 'complete', TA salu, TB solme 'complete', EL solid, EGK
hologram
*so(s) DEMONSTRATIVE, TA sm, TB se DEMONSTRATIVE (masc), EG she,
EL sic
*sper(g) 'sparrow', TA pr (type of bird), EG sparrow
*spe(:)i 'pointed', TA pin- 'peg', EG spire, EL spine, R spin
'back'
*sphel 'split', TA pltk-, TB spalk- 'strain,exert', EG split, R
pol 'sex,half'
*st 'stand', TAB tm 'tree', EG stand, EL state, EGK static, R
stat' 'stand'
*(s)treig 'hiss', TA trisk- 'resound', EL strident
*swe(:)(i) 'avoid,pervert', TA wweku 'lie' (ppt), TB waike 'lie'
(noun), EG swift
*sweks 'six', TA k, TB kas 'six', EG six, EL sextet, EGK hexa-,

R es't' 'six'
*swep 'sleep', TA pm., TB pne 'sleep,dream', EL soporific, EGK
hypnotic, R son 'dream'
*swesor 'sister', TA ar, er 'sister', EG sister, EL sororal, R
sestra 'sister'
*s-ro 'sour', TB srma 'eye disease', EG sour, R sir 'cheese'
*s-s 'sow', TB suwo 'pig', EG sow, EL soil (verb), EGK hyena, R
svinna 'pork'
*tg 'arrange', TA ti 'leader', EGK tactic
*tekw 'run,flow', TB ake 'river', EGK toxic, R te' 'flow'
*tel 'carry', TAB tl- 'carry', EL tolerate, EGK toll, R tel'nok
'calf'
*telp 'have room', TA tslp 'be released', R tolp 'crowd'
*tem() 'dark', TB tamsse 'dark', EL temerity, R t'omn- 'dark'
*temp 'stretch', TAB mp- 'be able', EL tempo, R tup- 'blunt'
*tengh 'stretch', TA tnk-, TB tank- 'hinder', R t'ak- 'heavy'
*ter 'rub', TAB trsk- 'chew', EG thrash, EL tribulation, EGK
trauma, R tert' 'rub'
*terk 'turn', TA tark- 'earring', TB trk 'turn' (noun), EG
thwart, EL torment, R tork 'strap'
*terp 'enjoy', TAB tsrw- 'rejoice', EGK Terpsichore
*tu 'swell', TA tmm., TB tmane 'ten-thousand', EG thousand, EL
tuber, EGK tomb, R ts'aa 'thousand'
*to DEMONSTRATIVE, TA tm 'this', EG the, EL de-, R to 'that'
(nom.sg.nt.)
*tong 'think,feel', TA tunk-, TB tankw- 'love', EG think
*trei 'three', TA tre, TB trai 'three' (masc), EG three, EL trio,
EGK triad, R tri 'three'
*trem 'trample, tremble', TA trm- 'get mad', TB tremi 'anger',
EL tremor, R tr'ast 'shake'
*tu(:) 'you' (2sg), TA tu, TB tuwe 'you' (2sg), EG thou, R ti
*ukwsen 'steer', TB okso 'steer', EG ox
*wa(:)g 'sheath', TA wk- 'split' (v), EL vanilla
*wal 'be strong', TA wl, TB walo 'king', TA wlts, TB yltse
'thousand', EG wield, EL valiant, R vlast' 'power'
*w 'blow', TA want, TB yente 'wind', EG wind, EL vent, EGK
atmosphere
*we(:) 'we', TA was, TB wes 'we', EG we
*webh 'weave', TB wp- 'weave', EG weave
*weg 'be strong', TAB wair 'lightning', EG wake, EL vigor
*wekw 'speak', TA wak-, TB wek 'voice', EL voice, EGK epos
*wel 'press', TB walke 'for a long time', EL vulgar, R zavl
'obstruction'
*wel 'turn', TA walyi 'worms', EG waltz, EL valve, EGK helix, R
valt' 'fell'
*wen 'strive,wish,love', TA wai, TB wn- 'pleasure', EG wish, EL
Venus
*wer 'enclose', TB warto 'garden', EG warn
*wer 'tie', TB warai 'with', EL serious, R verentsa 'row'

*wer 'be aware', TAB wr- 'smell', EG aware, EL revere, EGK

panorama
*wer 'wide', TA wrts, TB aurtse 'wide', EGK aneurism
*wer()d 'twig,root', TB witsako 'root', EG root, EL radical, EGK
rhizome
*wer-t 'turn', TA wrt- 'throw', TB wrattsai 'against', EG
wreath, EL vortex, EGK rhombus
*were 'raised place', TAB ri 'city', EG wart, R verx 'top'
*we(:)s 'you' (2pl), TA yas, TB yes 'you' (2pl), R vi 'you' (2pl)
*wes 'stay', TA wat, TB ost 'house', EG was, EL Vestal
*wes 'cloth,clothe', TA wsl 'dress' (dat sg), TB wastsi 'dress'
(nom sg), EG wear, EL vest
*we(:)su 'good', TA we, TB yai 'night', R ves'l- 'cheerful'
*w-kt- 'twenty', TA wiki, TB ik 'twenty', EG vigesimal, EL
icosahedron
*wiro-s 'strong,man', TA wir 'young', EG werewolf, EL virile
*wlek 'shine', TAB lek 'image'
*yag 'venerate', TA yks- 'embrace' (v), EGK hagiography
*y 'throw,make', TA ya- 'make', EL project
*yek 'speak', TAB yask- 'beg', EL joke
*yes 'froth,boil', TA ys- 'boil', EG yeast, EGK eczema
*yet 'strive', TAB yat- 'reach'
*yeu-dh 'fight', TA yutk- 'worry', EL jussive, OCS oyminu
'warrior'
*yeug 'excite', TAB yuk- 'conquer'
*yu-go-m 'yoke', TA yokm 'door', EG yoke, EL subjugate, EGK
zeugma, R go 'yoke'