Professional Documents
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Networks
Aleksandar Damnjanovic , Qualcomm Inc
Outline
LTE Air Interface Overview
Heterogeneous
g
Networks
Interference Management
Range Expansion
Adaptive Resource Partitioning
Advanced Receivers
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For FDD,
FDD 10 subframes are available for downlink transmission and 10
subframes are available for uplink transmissions in each 10 ms interval.
Uplink and downlink transmissions are separated in the frequency domain.
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Signals
Synchronization signals
P
Primary
i
and
d secondary,
d
used
d ffor cellll d
detection
t ti ttransmitted
itt d iin fifirstt and
d sixth
i th
subframe of each frame
Reference symbol
Used
U d ffor radio
di resource management,
t channel
h
l ffeedback
db k and
dd
demodulation
d l ti
For 2 Tx eNBs, transmitted in first and fifth OFDM symbol of each slot
When present, it is transmitted in every sixth sub-carrier per Tx antenna
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Depending on cell ID
ID, RS pattern may be shifted by
1 or 2 resource elements (subcarriers)
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Heterogeneous Networks
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Heterogeneous Networks
Compared to the performance of3G networks, LTE Rel 8 does not
offer anything substantially unique to significantly improve spectral
efficiency, i.e. bps/Hz
LTE improves system performance by using wider bandwidths if spectrum is
available
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Heterogeneous Networks
Traditional network deployments
Homogeneous networks are using macro-centric planned process
All base
base-stations
s a o s have
a e ssimilar
a transmit
a s
po
power
e levels,
e e s, a
antenna
e a pa
patterns,
e s, receiver
ece e
noise floors, and similar backhaul connectivity to the (packet) data network
As traffic demand grows, network relies on cell splitting or additional carriers to
overcome capacity and link budget limitations and maintain uniform user
experience
Process is complex and iterative
Moreover, site acquisition for macro base-stations with towers becomes more difficult in
dense urban areas
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Heterogeneous Networks
Traditional macro networks provide foundation for wide area
coverage
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Heterogeneous Networks
Alternative network deployments
Heterogeneous network using a diverse set of base stations
Bring
g network
e o ccloser
ose to
o mobile
ob e users
use s
Improve spectral efficiency per unit area
Macro base-stations typically transmit at high power level (~5W - 40 W)
Pico base-stations
base stations, femto base-stations
base stations and relay base-stations
base stations, transmit at
substantially lower power levels (~100 mW 2 W) and are typically deployed in
relatively unplanned manner.
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Heterogeneous Networks
Bring Network Closer to User for Uniform User Experience and
Increased Capacity
Operator
Deployed Relays
Remote
Radio heads
User Deployed
Repeaters
User Deployed
Closed or Open
Femtocells
Operator Deployed
Pico cells
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Heterogeneous Networks
LTE Advanced realizes full benefits
Intelligent Node
Association
Adaptive Resource
Allocation
Advanced UE
receivers
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Interference Management
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Interference Management
Challenges for co-channel HetNet deployment in Rel 8/9
Co-channel Rel 8 deployments have limited inter cell interference
coordination (ICIC) and load balancing capability
Rel 8 mechanism does not provide mechanisms for DL control channel ICIC
Cell association generally based on best DL cell or limited bias negotiated over X2
Limited number of UEs can be associated with low power eNBs, which limits
potential for load balancing and increase in network throughput
System throughput gain can be very limited
DL control channel outage is observed when closed HeNBs are deployed in cochannel manner with macro network
Macro eNB
Pico eNB
Closed HeNB
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Interference Management
HetNet Solution: Range expansion and enhanced inter cell
interference coordination
Range expansion (RE)
Refers to UE ability to connect and stay connected to a cell with low SINR
Achieved with advanced UE receivers - DL interference cancellation (IC)
Macro eNB
Pico eNB
Closed HeNB
Range
Expansion
Coverage hole for macro UEs is eliminated coordinated use of resources between macro
network and closed HeNBs
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Interference Management
RE + eICIC
Eliminates coverage holes created by closed HeNBs
Improves load balancing potential for macro network with low power eNBs
and leads to significant network throughput increase
Enables more UEs can be served by low power eNBs, which can lead to
g
network throughput
g p
substantiallyy higher
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Interference Management
eICIC
Backhaul based eICIC for DL control and data channel interference mitigation
leads to creation of almost blank subframes
Unicast DL data traffic is not scheduled in almost blank subframes
Only legacy broadcast signals and channels are transmitted to support legacy Rel
8 UEs
PSS/SSS/PBCH and CRS
Example: Semi-static: 50% to Macro and
100% to Picos
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Interference Management
Advanced receivers
Mitigate interference from broadcast signals and channels transmitted to
support legacy UEs
Exploit successive interference cancellation principle
Detect, decode and cancel strong interferer
Continue until desired signal can be decoded
Fully feasible for signals and channels that are broadcasted at full power
If it cannot be decoded, interference is weak and can be ignored
Not
N t always
l
ffeasible
ibl ffor unicast
i
td
data
t channels
h
l
Modulation and coding is selected targeting desired user
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Interference Management
Advanced receivers
Rel 10 UEs employing advanced receivers enjoy full potential benefits of
range expansion
Synchronization signals (PSS/SSS) interference cancellation
Essential for cell acquisition known signal broadcast at full power
Need to estimate the channel before cancellation is performed
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Interference Management
Synchronization signals (PSS/SSS) interference cancellation
PSS/SSS (cell ID) detection probability for a system with a serving cell
C/N=0dB in the presence of an interferer at I/N=20dB with full collision of
PSS/SSS.
The results are for TU30 and assuming 0Hz frequency offset
TU30, Serving cell geometry= 0dB, interference geometry = 20dB
1
0.95
09
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
1
3
4
5
6
Number of combinings for PSS/SSS burst
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Interference Management
Primary broadcast channel (PBCH) interference cancellation
PBCH decoding probability for a SFBC (2x2) system in the presence of an
interferer at I/N=16dB with full collision of PBCH.
The results are for ETU30 and assuming 0Hz frequency offset.
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Interference Management
PDCCH reliability
PDCCH performance (2x2). Black: No interferer. Blue: I/N=16dB w/o interf
suppression. Red: I/N=16dB w/ interf suppression. Green: I/N=16dB w/ RE
nulling. Diamonds: 1 OFDM symbol, Squares: 3 OFDM symbols for control
PDCCH 1A 4CCE (SFBC, non-colliding RS)
10
CellID0-2TX-PCFICH1
CellID0-2TX-PCFICH1-CellID121-2TX-PCFICH1-16dB
CellID0-2TX-PCFICH1-CellID121-2TX-PCFICH1-IC-16dB
CellID0
2TX PCFICH1 CellID121 2TX PCFICH1 IC 16dB
CellID0-2TX-PCFICH3
CellID0-2TX-PCFICH3-CellID121-2TX-PCFICH3-16dB
CellID0-2TX-PCFICH3-CellID121-2TX-PCFICH3-IC-16dB
CellID0-2TX-PCFICH3-NullSym0-CellID121-2TX-PCFICH3-NullSym0-16dB
-1
BLER
10
-2
2
10
-3
10
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
Serving cell C/I (dB)
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-1
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Interference Management
PDSCH reliability
PDSCH performance (2x2). Black: No interferer. Dark Green: I/N=16dB w/o
interf suppression. Light Green: I/N=16dB w/ interf suppression.
NoncollidingRS-TxMode3
6000
CellID0-TxMode3
CellID0-TxMode3-CellID121-TxMode3-16dB
CellID0-TxMode3-CellID121-TxMode3-IC-16dB
5500
5000
4500
Throughput (Kbps )
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
10
12
14
16
18
Serving cell C/I (dB)
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22
24
26
28
30
32
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Interference Management
System simulation assumptions
10 MHz FDD spectrum and 2x2 MIMO
57 macro cell wrap around
around, 500m site-tosite to
site distance and 4 picos per macro cell
Macro Pico
eNB
eNB
UE
Maximum
PA Power
(dBm)
46
30
23
Antenna
Gain (dB)
16
-1
Connector
Loss (dB)
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Interference Management
Per cell traffic model
Poisson arrivals with rate for user data
Simulations are run for various
Per cell traffic
user1
user2 user3
user4
S
Time
Parameter
File size, S
Statistical Characterization
2 Mbytes (one user downloads a single file)
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Interference Management
Resource partition algorithm
Local partitioning algorithm based on average number of served UEs over an
averaging period
Macro eNB controls partitioning of resources between itself and pico eNBs under
its footprint
Pico eNB coordinate resource partitioning only with a single macro eNB
Maximum number of users in pico range expansion area is compared to number of
users in macro coverage and resources are proportionally split
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Interference Management
System simulation results
Capacitygains
4 picos,
RE,
adaptive
RP, 50 ms
Throughput[Mbp
s] (gain vs. no
RP)
Macro
only
4 picos,
no RP
Max. stable
served cell
throughput
5% UE
throughput (at
stability point for
no RP)
Median UE
throughput (at
stability point for
no RP)
Served
throughput (at
1.2Mbps 5%
user throughput)
20.4 (0.88x)
23.2(1x)
32.4(1.4x)
31.8(1.37x)
34.4(1.48x)
1.3 (1.3x)
1 (1x)
2.5(2.5x)
3.3(3.3x)
2.9(2.9x)
4.6(1x)
10.4(2.3x)
13.2(2.9x)
11.1(2.41x)
21.5(1x)
32.4(1.5x)
30.4(1.41x)
32.8(1.52x)
4 picos, RE,
genie semistatic RP
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4 picos, RE,
adaptive RP,
1000ms
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Interference Management
System simulation results
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Thank You
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