What were the key features of the Watergate Scandal?

The Watergate Scandal shocked American people and led to the resignation
of President Richard Nixon.

CREEP was the Campaign to Re-elect the President and was given money by
the White House to try to help Nixon win the 1972 presidential election.

The Watergate building was the headquarters of the Democratic Party,

Nixons rivals.

In June 1972, five burglars were arrested in the Watergate building it later
turned out that they had been paid by CREEP to break into the building.

President Nixon did not know about the burglary but his actions after the
break in led to the Senate voting for his impeachment.

Nixons first mistake was to ask the FBI to stop investigating the burglary.

An investigation by the Senate asked Nixon to hand over tape recordings of

his meetings in the White House. Nixon refused to hand over the tapes
claiming that to do so would threaten national security. Eventually he handed
over edited versions of the tapes.

Nixon second mistake was to appear on TV to say that he had not ordered
the police to stop their investigation.

Newspapers continued to run stories suggesting that Nixon had done exactly
that.

Nixon won the election however over the next two years he was accused of
ordering a cover up and of lying to the American people. Nixon resigned in
1974.

Explain how mistrust and suspicion developed between the USA and the
USSR during the period 1945-1975. Explain your answer fully
MODEL ANSWER:

The Cold War began in the 1940s. During the Second World War the USA and the
USSR fought on the same side. However after the war ended both countries became
suspicious of each other. The main reason for this was that the two countries
believed in very different political systems. The USA believed in Capitalism and the
USSR believed in Communism.

The USA was worried that Communism would spread to more countries especially
after China went Communism in 1949. At first the USA adopted a policy of
Containment and tried to stop Communism spreading however in the 1950s the USA
came to believe in the Domino Theory. The Domino Theory was the idea that if
Communism was allowed to spread to one country it would quickly spread to others.
The belief in the Domino Theory led to the wars in Korea (1950-53) and Vietnam.
Winston Churchill said that an Iron Curtain was dividing Europe between Communist
Eastern Europe and free Western Europe.

The first major crisis of the Cold war was the Berlin Blockade when Stalin tried to
take over West Berlin. The USA dropped supplies into West Berlin and in the end
Stalin had to give up. In 1961 the Berlin Wall was built by the Communist
government of East Germany. The Berlin wall stopped people escaping from
Communist East Berlin to the Capitalist West.

Explain what caused the Cuban Missile Crisis (4 marks)

Describe the causes of the Vietnam War
America fought the Vietnam War because they were trying to stop South Vietnam
from becoming a Communist country. North Vietnam was already Communist and
was an ally of China and the USSR. North Vietnams leader Ho Chi Minh was
supporting the NLA (Vietcong) who were trying to remove the President of South
Vietnam, President Diem.

The Cuban Missile Crisis was caused by an argument between the worlds two
Superpowers, the USA and the USSR. The argument was about where each country
had the right to put weapons.
Cuba was a Communist country led by Fidel Castro. Castros seizure of power in
1959 turned Cuba into an enemy of the USA and the USA refused to trade with
Castros Cuba. As a result Castro became an ally of the USSR. The Bay of Pigs
invasion in 1961 was a failed attempt to remove Castro from power.

Between 1954 and 1965, the USA sent secret advisors to Vietnam to try to help
Diem stay in power. President Diem was assassinated in 1963 and by 1965 it was
clear that the South Vietnamese army were not going to be able to defeat the
Vietcong (Communists) without more American support.

Khrushchev, the Russian leader, decided to put missiles on the island of Cuba but
because of Cubas location (very close to the USA) this led to a showdown with
President Kennedy.

President Johnson decided to send US army ground troops in 1965. He used the
allegedly unprovoked attack on American warships in the Gulf of Tonkin as his

The crisis was caused by Khrushchevs challenge to the USAs security, the USA and
NATO placing weapons in Turkey (bordering the USSR), a lack of communication and

excuse. Over the next 8 years tens of thousands of American soldiers would die in an
attempt to stop the Domino theory becoming a reality.

a lot of mistrust between the two Superpowers and the unwillingness of either leader
to back down once the problem had arisen.

Describe some of the changes in pop music after 1945

Describe the key features of the Vietnam War 1965-1973

mention any four changes with brief explanation to show you know what
they were:

US army ground troops were sent to Vietnam in 1965 by President Johnson. Over the
next 8 years the USA used a variety of tactics to try to defeat the Vietcong (South
Vietnamese Communists).

1950s Rock n roll - Elvis Presley

Word teenagers used for first time (juvenile delinquents) and new fashions
(jeans, leather jackets)
Generation gap created parents concerned about effects of new music on
their children
1960s Hippies; Woodstock Festival; rebellion and protest drugs, anti-war
protest
The Beatles/Rolling Stones/Jimi Hendrix
Sales of singles/albums increased record companies make lots of money
TV music shows

The USAs army was the most powerful army in the world with the best weapons and
most money. However, the USA was unable to defeat the Vietcong because they
used guerrilla tactics. Guerrilla tactics are when a small group of rebel soldiers
ambush a larger group of enemy soldiers.
Guerrilla tactics were successful. The Vietcong were supplied with weapons that
were smuggled along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, local villagers helped feed and hide
members of the Vietcong and the Communists were also used to the thick jungle of
South Vietnam. American soldiers found it very difficult to fight the war, many were
killed or injured and morale was often very low amongst the soldiers.
The US armys tactics included the use of napalm to burn leaves off the trees in the
jungle however, this also caused severe burns for innocent people. They also
bombed North Vietnam to try to stop them supporting the South Vietnamese
Communists. American soldiers carried out search and destroy missions where
villages were burnt and local people arrested. The problem with search and destroy
was that it was very hard to know if someone was a Communist, many innocent
people were arrested, tortured and murdered which obviously made the Americans
very unpopular. The worst incident was the murder of innocent people during the My
Lai massacre which shocked American people and the world.
In 1973, Nixon decided on his policy of Vietnamisation and American soldiers left
Vietnam and the war continued with only the South Vietnamese army to fight the
Vietcong. By 1975, South Vietnam was Communist.

Explain why the USSR (Russia) and the USA were involved in a Cold War.
The Cold War began in the 1940s. During the Second World War the USA and the
USSR fought on the same side. However after the war ended both countries became
suspicious of each other. The main reason for this was that the two countries
believed in very different political systems. The USA believed in Capitalism and
the USSR believed in Communism.
The USA was worried that Communism would spread to more countries especially
after China went Communism in 1949. At first the USA adopted a policy of

Why was a policy like the Great Society needed in the USA after 1964?

Widespread poverty and unemployment particularly among

Black Americans in the southern states
Black Americans in northern cities such as NY. LA, Detroit, Chicago
Poor white Americans in rural areas e.g. Tennessee
Native American Indians

Containment and tried to stop Communism spreading however in the 1950s the
USA came to believe in the Domino Theory. The Domino Theory was the idea that if
Communism was allowed to spread to one country it would quickly spread to others.
The belief in the Domino Theory led to the wars in Korea (1950-53) and Vietnam.
Winston Churchill said that an Iron Curtain was dividing Europe between
Communist Eastern Europe and free Western Europe.
The first major crisis of the Cold war was the Berlin Blockade when Stalin tried to
take over West Berlin. The USA dropped supplies into West Berlin during the Berlin
Airlift and in the end Stalin had to give up. In 1961 the Berlin Wall was built by
the Communist government of East Germany. The Berlin wall stopped people
escaping from Communist East Berlin to the Capitalist West.

Describe the aims of the Black Power Movement.

To challenge white racism

To challenge the non-violence of Martin Luther King

To challenge racism in northern cities (not just in the southern states)

To give more political and social power to black Americans

To encourage pride among black Americans

To unite black American people as one community

To celebrate the heritage and culture of black Americans

Big gap between the rich and poor, many Americans had benefitted from
consumerism, growth of suburbs, car ownership but many had not
Deprived inner cities middle-class had moved to suburbs

Poor education for many American children

Lack of health care for millions of Americans

Need for laws to be passed by Congress to address racial discrimination

Explain the part played by Malcolm X in the Black Power Movement.

Expressed the idea of Black Power in his speeches

Rejected idea of integration and equality in favour of separation (later he

called for black and white Americans to unite to end racism)

Inspired a new generation of young black Americans frustrated with lack of

progress made using non-violent protest

Gained followers for the Nation of Islam in northern cities such as NY, LA and
Chicago

The Black Power Movement made the biggest contribution to the Civil
Rights campaign

Explain why there was a growth of American consumer society in the 1950s
and 1960s.

How far do you agree with this statement? (8 marks)

Boom of the Second World War

USA not bombed/damaged; American industries made profits; US economy grew

Arguments for:

New younger generation attracted to Black Power

Provided an alternative to non-violence of Martin Luther King

Didnt just focus on segregation and the southern states but the northern
cities too

Strong figurehead in Malcolm X

As a result higher wages; (some) more career opportunities for women; more
money for teenagers from their families

People spend on material goods such as TVs, fridges, cars, radios US economy
booms even further and the cycle continues

Black Panthers important, radical group in the USA

Growth of middle-class suburbs, car ownership and road building

Arguments against:

Alienated/scared many white supporters of civil rights

MLK attracted 250,000 people to the March on Washington

Stokely Carmichael called for Black Power in 1966 this was after the Civil
Rights Act (1964) and Voting Rights Act (1965)

Importance of earlier protests Linda Brown, Montgomery Bus Boycott (Rosa

Parks), Little Rock, Sit ins

Black people in the USA only achieved full civil rights because of the
support of the US government.' How far do you agree with this view? (8)
hat happened during the Montgomery Bus Boycott and why was it an
important event?
1-4 marks describing what happened (at least 6 of these points mentioned for
A*)

Segregation in southern states.

Racist rules on buses in Montgomery, Alabama.
Rosa Parks protested and was arrested.
Martin Luther King organised Bus Boycott.
Black people begin the bus boycott it lasts eleven months.
People walk to work and share cars.
Martin Luther King spokesman for protesters.
MLK takes bus company to the Supreme Court.
Bus company loses lots of money.
The Supreme Court rules that segregation on Montgomerys buses is
unconstitutional.

5-6 marks explaining why it was important (at least 3 of these points
mentioned and explained for A*)

Arguments in favour of this view:

Civil rights laws could only be passed by the government/President

President Johnson passed three civil rights laws in 1964, 1965 and 1968

Protests would not be effective if they did not gain government/Supreme

Court support

The government obviously important if Martin Luther King was demanding

change from the President

President Eisenhower sent soldiers to protect the black students at Little

Rock in 1957

The Supreme Court (can be considered) part of the government and they
supported the protesters in Montgomery(1956), the students in Little Rock
(1957) and Linda Brown in 1954

Arguments to disagree this view:

The first big protest of the Civil Rights movement challenging segregation.
Gained a lot of publicity on the TV and in newspapers.
First time people became aware of Martin Luther King.
First of many Martin Luther King led, peaceful protests.
First major victory for Civil Rights movement Supreme Court judgement in
favour of protesters.
Second Supreme Court victory (after Linda Brown).
Showed that peaceful protest could win.
Buses had to be desegregated.

The civil rights movement made the government take notice of segregation

Without protests the government could have ignored the problem

Events like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Little Rock High School gained
huge publicity many Americans outside the southern states started to
demand laws to end segregation

People like Rosa parks and Martin Luther King drew attention to racism and
segregation

Martin Luther Kings, 1963 I have a dream speech had 50,000 white
spectators and millions of TV viewers put pressure on the government (first
civil rights law passed by Johnson just one year later)

Malcolm X inspired Black Power their protests embarrassed the government

or forced the government to improve things

Conclusion HOW FAR DO YOU AGREE with the statement?

What qualities did Martin Luther King show as a leader of a black protest
movement in the USA? (6 marks)
1-3 marks - Mention some of his qualities
Brave / Great speaker / Intelligent / Patient / Good at publicity / Peaceful / Dedicated /
Popular
4-6 marks Give examples of how/when he showed these qualities
Brave e.g. arrested and imprisoned; was assassinated

What legislation (new laws) was passed to guarantee black Americans

equal rights?

Two laws that were passed to guarantee equal rights for black Americans were the
1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Both laws were passed by
President Johnson.

The Civil Rights Act 1964 tried to stop racial discrimination in jobs, in hotels and in
schools. These things were important because they affected everyday life for black
people. However just because the law was passed did not mean that all white people
would change their attitudes and behaviour.

Great speaker e.g. the March on Washington/I have a dream...

Intelligent got his ideas across to people well
Patient e.g. never resorted to violence
Good at getting publicity e.g. Montgomery Bus Boycott press conference
Peaceful e.g. resisted temptation to retaliate to violent treatment

The Voting Rights Act 1965 tried to increase the number of black people being
allowed to vote. This was important because voting would allow black people in the
south to choose politicians who were committed to civil rights. The move was a
success. In Texas, 80% of blacks were registered to vote in 1966 compared to just
35% in 1960. However, white opposition in the south still led to intimidation of black
people.

Dedicated e.g. didnt give up, protested from 1955-1968

Also talk about 1968 ending housing and job discrimination.

Popular e.g. appealed to black and white people March on Washington crowd

Little Rock: 1-2 marks - Showing you know what it was

Nine black students enrol at all white Little Rock high school
Racist white parents and students protest
Governor of Arkansas sends his soldiers to stop black students entering the school
President Eisenhower sends his soldiers to protect the black students for the whole
school year
3 marks - Explaining why it was important
First time the president had got involved on the side of Civil Rights movement
President directly challenged a racist southern governor by sending his own soldiers

Civil Rights Act 1964: 1-2 marks - Showing you know what it was

Law passed in 1964 by President Johnson ended segregation in the Southern States
First major law passed by US president
Was more important than previous Supreme Court judgements
Southern States now had to follow law and end segregation

3 marks - Explaining why it was important

President had shown that he would pass a law to end segregation

Huge publicity on TV racism and violence in the southern states seen by

northerners

Two more laws followed in 1965 and 1968

How successful were the methods used by Martin Luther King in achieving
the aims of the Civil Rights Movement? (6 marks)

Explain, in your own words, what you think was achieved by the civil rights
movement, by the time of Martin Luther Kings death in 1968. (5 marks)

1-3 marks identify some of the methods used by Martin Luther King

By the time Martin Luther King died in 1968, considerable progress had been made
by the Civil Rights Movement. However, much still needed to be improved.

Speeches - e.g. I have a Dream...; Sit in protests

Protest marches; Bus Boycott
Freedom Rides; Publicity/use of the media
Only use peaceful methods; Put pressure on the President to pass laws
4-6 marks make a judgement about how successful the methods
were/reach a conclusion about MLKs success/failure

The Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 and the 1965 Voting Rights Act were
important legal steps towards equality. However they were limited in what they
focused on and should only be considered first steps on the road to equality. The Civil
Rights Acts concentrated on jobs, housing and education.

The Civil Rights Movement gained a lot of support in the 1950s and 1960s. TV
coverage made more Americans angry at the racial inequality in the USA. Many white
people joined the Civil Rights Movement. The Supreme Court ruled in favour of civil

Speeches - e.g. I have a Dream... very successful, 250,000 protesters, worldwide

publicity
Sit in protests successful - publicity
Protest marches successful - publicity
Bus Boycott successful Supreme Court judgement
Freedom Rides successful - publicity
Publicity/use of the media - successful
Only use peaceful methods gained respect so a success
Put pressure on the President to pass laws three laws passed in 1964, 65 and 68 so
a success
Explain the differences between the Martin Luther King and Malcolm X? (4
marks)

rights and desegregation several times including in Little Rock and Montgomery.

There was still significant white opposition to change, intimidation continued and
many southern state governors refused to follow Supreme Court judgements.

Also, the different attitudes of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X could be seen to
have split the Civil Rights Movement. Malcolm Xs talk of violent protest, the Black
Power movement and the riots that followed could be said to have turned some
white people away from supporting the Civil Rights Movement.
What were the aims of the Civil Rights movement? (4 marks)
1-3 marks - Describing the aims of the Civil Rights movement

Martin Luther King believed in non-violent protest. Malcolm X believed that violent
protest should be used.
Martin Luther King was part of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement
of Coloured Peoples) and organized peaceful protest marches, sit-ins and the
Montgomery Bus Boycott. These protests got publicity and increased support for the
Civil Rights Movement. He made his I have a Dream speech during the March on
Washington in 1963. Martin Luther King was born in the southern states and most of
his protests took place in the south. He was assassinated in 1968.
Like Martin Luther King, Malcolm X was assassinated. Malcolm X, was a member of
the Nation of Islam and was shot in 1965. Unlike Martin Luther King, Malcolm X did
not want to achieve equality between black and white, he believed that blacks were
superior to whites. His views led to the use of the slogan Black Power. Malcolm X
criticized Martin Luther King for encouraging black people to be too nice and said
that things were changing too slowly. Many black Americans had migrated to the
north and west to cities like New York, Detroit and Los Angeles. The violent riots in US
cities in the late 1960s were connected to Malcolm Xs views. The peaceful protests
in the southern cities of Montgomery, Selma and Birmingham were connected to
Martin Luther Kings beliefs.

The Civil Rights Movement importance and successes

Supreme Court judgements ruled against segregation in the South

Martin Luther King world famous leader

End segregation in the southern states

Have laws passed by Congress to ensure equal rights for black Americans
Equality in education, housing and employment
Voting rights for black Americans
Improvements in ghetto areas of northern cities
4 marks - Giving (at least) one example to explain why they wanted to
achieve this
In southern states, many black Americans denied right to vote and therefore had no
say
Black Americans in northern cities had poor education, jobs and standard of living
Congress laws stronger than Supreme Court judgements

The Black Power Movement importance and successes

Focussed on poverty in northern cities (inner-city ghettos) just as laws were

finally being passed desegregating the south

Gained huge publicity

Malcolm X powerful speaker and figurehead

President Johnson passed Civil Rights Acts and Voting Rights Acts that ended
segregation

Did community work in poor areas of cities e.g. education, health

Attracted a new younger generation of black Americans frustrated with the

Appealed to both black and white people

Famous victories such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Civil Rights protesters were brave in the face of intimidation

Describe the causes of the Vietnam War. (4 marks)

slow pace of change

Gained huge publicity e.g. Olympic Games protest

How successful were the methods used by Martin Luther King in achieving
the aims of the Civil Rights Movement? (4)

The NLF (communists) did not like President Diem and started to fight
against his army.

Diems South Vietnamese army were not going to be able to defeat the NLF
(communists) without American support.

Protest marches; Bus Boycott

America fought the Vietnam War because they were trying to stop South
Vietnam from becoming a communist country.

Only use peaceful methods; Put pressure on the President to pass laws

North Vietnam was already communist and was an ally of China and the
USSR.

North Vietnams leader Ho Chi Minh was supporting the NLF (Vietcong) who
were trying to remove the President of South Vietnam, President Diem.

America believed in the Domino Theory. They believed that if they allowed
one country to become communist then other countries would follow.

America did not want communism to spread because it would make them
lose money and make the USSR more powerful.

1-3 marks identify some of the methods used by Martin Luther King
Speeches - e.g. I have a Dream...; Sit in protests

Freedom Rides; Publicity/use of the media

4-6 marks make a judgement about how successful the methods

were/reach a conclusion about MLKs success/failure
Speeches - e.g. I have a Dream... very successful, 250,000 protesters, worldwide
publicity
Sit in protests successful - publicity
Protest marches successful - publicity
Bus Boycott successful Supreme Court judgement
Freedom Rides successful - publicity
Publicity/use of the media - successful
Only use peaceful methods gained respect so a success
Put pressure on the President to pass laws three laws passed in 1964, 65 and 68 so
a success

Conclusion
Overall, successful because ended segregation in Southern States, got laws passed
by President, huge publicity for the cause and world famous. Failure because... took
10 years, Black Power movement split, didnt solve problems in Northern cities

Describe the key features of the Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift (19481949) (4 marks)

Explain why the USSR and the USA were involved in a Cold War. (6 marks)

1945 End of World War Two Europe divided into communist Eastern Europe
(friends with Stalin) and capitalist Western Europe (allies of USA)
Germany had been occupied by the four winning countries (USA, France,
Britain and USSR) each controlled part of Germany
Berlin also been divided into four zones
Berlin was the capital city, located in East Germany Stalin wanted the
whole city to become communist
Stalin ordered the blockade of all roads and railways into West Berlin he cut
off supplies of food, fuel and medicine
Stalins aim: to starve the people of West Berlin into submission. He hoped
they would give in and accept communism
USA and Britain want to keep West Berlin capitalist they organised the
Berlin Airlift
For eleven months, planes dropped supplies into West Berlin
At some points, one plane every five minutes was landing in Berlin
Stalin couldnt shoot the planes down this would have started a war with
the USA. At this point the USA had nuclear weapons but the USSR didnt
Stalin couldnt fight the USA
After eleven months Stalin was forced to give in. West Berlin remained a
capitalist city until the end of the Cold war
The Berlin Airlift was a huge victory for the USA and Britain

During the Second World War the USA and the USSR fought on the same
side. However after the war ended both countries became suspicious of each
other.

The USA believed in capitalism and the USSR believed in communism.

The USA wanted capitalism because it would make them rich and powerful.
Communism would mena the USA would have fewer friends (less power) and
fewer trading partners (less money).

The USA was worried that Communism would spread to more countries
especially after China went communism in 1949.

USA believed in the Domino Theory. The Domino Theory was the idea that if
communism was allowed to spread to one country it would quickly spread to
others.

The first major crisis of the Cold War was the Berlin Blockade when Stalin
tried to take over West Berlin. The USA dropped supplies into West Berlin and
in the end Stalin had to give up.

In 1961 the Berlin Wall was built by the communist government of East
Germany. The Berlin wall stopped people escaping from communist East
Berlin to the capitalist West.

The USA and the USSR were the worlds two superpowers. They were
involved in a space race and an arms race. The Arms Race involved building
thousands of nuclear missiles. People all over the world were very scared of a
nuclear war that could kill millions of people.

During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 the world came very close to nuclear
war.

Describe two methods used by the Black Power movement.(4)

Willing to use violence e.g. shoot outs with police; riots in Northern cities
(ghetto areas) such as Detroit
Thought that the civil rights movement was too slow because it used
peaceful protest
Many Black Panthers sent to prison
Community projects to improve lives for poor Black Americans/conditions in
Ghettos e.g. free breakfasts for school children; free medical clinics
Olympic Protests in 1968 worldwide publicity
Followers of Malcolm X by any means necessary
Leader, Stokely Carmichael gave speeches appealed to younger black
Americans

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

Bus Boycott: 1-2 marks - Showing you know what it was

Rosa Parks refused to give up seat and arrested

Martin Luther King organised Bus Boycott
Boycott lasted 11 months
Protesters went to the Supreme Court and won

3 marks - Explaining why it was important

Huge publicity for Civil Rights Movement
Second Supreme Court victory 9after Linda Brown)

Showed that peaceful protest could win

Explain the key features of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) (6 marks)

By 1968, the civil rights movement had successfully achieved all of their
aims

Causes of the crisis...

How far do you agree with this view? [8]

Fidel Castros revolution in Cuba (1959)

Cuba becomes Communist
Soviet Union (USSR) becomes an ally of Cuba
Khrushchev sent Russian nuclear missiles to Cuba

Main events of the crisis...

Kennedy needed to decide what to do many in his government wanted him

the attack Cuba
Kennedy decided to blockade Russian ships as they approached Cuba
Any Russian ships carrying missiles would be ordered to turn back
Kennedy and Khrushchev exchange letters, neither willing to back down
For two weeks, the world was worried that a nuclear war could break out
Eventually an agreement reached...

Consequences (results) of the crisis...

Russia removed their weapons from Cuba it seemed like they had backed
down
However, in return the USA promised a) never to attack Cuba b) to remove
NATO missiles from Turkey
A telephone hotline set up between Washington and Moscow

What were the aims of the Civil Rights movement? (4 marks)

1-3 marks - Describing the aims of the Civil Rights movement
End segregation in the southern states
Have laws passed by Congress to ensure equal rights for black Americans
Equality in education, housing and employment
Voting rights for black Americans
Improvements in ghetto areas of northern cities
4 marks - Giving (at least) one example to explain why they wanted to
achieve this
In southern states, many black Americans denied right to vote and therefore had no
say
Black Americans in northern cities had poor education, jobs and standard of living
Congress laws stronger than supreme court judgements

Give some reasons to agree with the statement:

Successful protests such as Little Rock and Montgomery

250,000 at March on Washington popularity of martin Luther King

Gained white supporters as well
Gained support from presidents e.g. Eisenhower (Little Rock)
Three Civil Rights Acts passed between 1964-1968
Succeeded in ending segregation first Supreme Court judgements then
laws passed by Congress
Huge publicity (world-wide)

Give some reasons to disagree with the statement:

Split between (peaceful) Civil Rights Movement and Black Power

Malcolm X criticised MLK too slow/too weak
Riots in northern cities ghetto areas showed inequality
Black Americans still poorest, least opportunities
Racism still existed, martin Luther king assassinated by white racist

Explain why some women in the USA in the 1960s and 1970s supported
feminism (4)
For 1-3 marks: mention three reasons with some explanation of why these things
led to support for feminism

Men earned more money than women wanted equal pay

Sexist attitudes about womans place in the home
Less educational opportunities; gender stereotyping in education
Increasing number of educated young women challenging accepted views
Sexual discrimination employment, wages
Wanted access to birth control, demands for legalised abortion

Top marks: Full understanding of at least 3 reasons, with full explanation of

how this led to support for feminism.

Changes in popular culture were the most important influences on the

nature and quality of people's lives in the USA between 1945 & 1975.' To
what extent do you agree with this statement? [8]
DEFINITION of popular culture = music, cinema, television, media,
advertising
Give some reasons to agree with the statement:

Explain what the Black Power movement was and why it was important in
the USA in the late1960s. [6]
1-3 marks: show you know what the Black Power Movement was (3-4
factors):

Huge impact of generation gap/teenagers in the 50s clash between

parents and children
Hippies and youth culture in the 60s changed life for young people,
shocked parents
Influence of rock n roll
Influence of cinema/Hollywood fashion, juvenile delinquents, film stars
Impact of mass media TV, radio, press/magazines advertising, pressure to
buy (consumerism)
Increase in spending power spent on popular culture
Increase in leisure time labour saving devices at home, cars = less travel
time

Give some reasons to disagree with the statement:

Growth of consumerism increased standard of living for many Americans

people owned more consumer goods made their live easier/better
Rising wages, low unemployment USA economic boom in 50s/60s life
better
Growth of suburbs/car ownership changed how and where people lived
Civil Rights movement equality, desegregation, civil rights acts mass
protest, radicalised young people/black Americans
Feminism increased status of women, education, equal opportunities laws
Negative impact of political violence, war/conscription/protest & unrest e.g.
assassinations JFK, MLK, Malcolm X; Vietnam War 1 million conscripted,
70,000 killed, mass protest (anti-war movement), Black Panthers violence

Focussed on poverty in northern cities (inner-city ghettos) just as laws were

finally being passed desegregating the south riots 1965-68
Inspired by Martin Luther King by any means necessary criticised Martin
Luther King
Led by Stokely Carmichael Black is Beautiful; Black Consciousness (pride)
Willing to use violent protest if necessary
Olympic games protest
Black Panthers did community work in poor areas of cities e.g. education,
health
Attracted a new younger generation of black Americans frustrated with the
slow pace of change

4-6 marks: give 2 or 3 reasons why it was important:

Malcolm X powerful speaker and figurehead

Gained huge publicity e.g. Olympic Games protest
Race riots in cities led to improvements by the government
Black Panthers helped in local communities improved lives
Spread fight for racial equality beyond southern states
Offered an alternative to peaceful protest