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Na
Mg
Al
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Eight (8) elements are found in Period Three namely:
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Chlorine
Argon
[Na]
[Mg]
[Al]
[Si]
[P]
[S]
[Cl]
[Ar]
1s2
1s2
1s2
1s2
1s2
1s2
1s2
1s2
2s2
2s2
2s2
2s2
2s2
2s2
2s2
2s2
2p6
2p6
2p6
2p6
2p6
2p6
2p6
2p6
3s1
3s2
3s2
3s2
3s1
3s1
3s1
3s1
3p1
3p2
3p3
3p4
3p5
3p6
Si
Cl
Ar
1.1
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
There is a gradual increase in electronegativity (electron attracting power) from left to right of
the periodic table.
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.5
3.0
Increasing Electronegativity
TABLE 1.1 The Electronegativities Of Period Three
Atomic
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
0.156
0.136
0.125
0.117
0.110
0.104
0.099
0.095
0.085
0.050
0.212
0.184
0.181
11+
12+
13+
14+
15+
16+
17+
Na+
Mg2+
Al3+
P3-
S2-
Cl-
Radius (nm)
Ionic Radius
(nm)
TABLE 1.2
Charge And
Ions Of
Three
Nuclear
Charge
Ion
The Size,
Common
Period
The changing properties across a period are related to the change in:
Nuclear Charge
Size Of The Atom
Increasing Number Of Outer Shell Electrons
The major properties which change across a period are:
As a result the elements become more difficult to ionize and tend to attract electrons towards
them. This reduces the metallic character from left to right and with this change goes the mature
of the hydrides, oxides and chlorides.
Mg
Na
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
(White)
Melting Point
98
650
660
1410
44
119
-101
-189
890
1120
2450
2680
280
445
-34
-186
0.97
1.74
2.70
2.33
1.82
2.07
1.57
1.40
10
16
38
10-16
10-22
1.34
1.6
2.1
0.84
2.9 *
8*
1.7 * 10-5
10-4
10-5
( C)
o
Boiling Point
(oC)
Density (g cm3
TABLE 1.3
Properties
Elements In
Atomic
Conductance
(ohm-1 cm-4)
Thermal
Conductivity
(J cm-1 s-1 K-1)
STRUCTURE
GIANT
GIANT METALLIC
Na
Mg
SIMPLE MOLECULAR
MOLECULAR
Al
Si
Cl
TYPE OF ELEMENT
METALS
Na
Mg
Al
METALLOID
Si
NON METALS
P
Cl
Ar
Ar
Physical
Of The
Period Three
With reference to tables 3, 4 and 5, it should be observed that the physical properties of period
three (3) elements vary with increasing values from sodium to aluminum or silicon and drops
suddenly from phosphorous to argon.
The physical properties of the elements as mentioned in the table above are related to their
structure. The structure of the elements vary from metallic through giant molecular in the
metalloids to simple molecular structures in the non metals.
1.2
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
No reaction.
Ar
No reaction.
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
No reaction.
Ar
No reaction.
Element
Na
Addition Of Water
Very vigorous reaction. Na + H2O
H2
+ NaOH.
Mg
Weak reaction.
Al
No reaction.
Si
No reaction.
No reaction.
No reaction.
Cl
H+ +Cl- +
O 2.
Ar
No reaction.
Elements
Na
Na+Cl-
Addition Of Water
Very vigorous
reaction.
Na + H2O H2 +
NaOH
Mg
Vigorous reaction
forming:
Weak reaction.
Mg2+O2-
Mg2+(Cl-)2
Al
Vigorous reaction
forming:
(Al )2 (O )3
3+
2-
Al2Cl6
Si
SiO2
Vigorous reaction gives:
P2O3 and P2O5
SCl2 + S2Cl2
Cl
No reaction.
SO2
No reaction.
Ar
No reaction.
No reaction.
TABLE 1.9 Reactions Of Period Three With Dry Chlorine, Dry Oxygen & Water.
1.3
Oxides
Chlorides
Hydrides
Na
+1
+1
NaH (-1)
+2
+2
MgH2 (-2)
Al
+3
+3
AlH3 (-3)
Si
+4
+4
SiH4 (-4)
+3 , +5
+3 , +5
PH3 (-3)
+6 , +4
+1 , +2 ,
H2S (+2)
+4
Cl
+1 , +3 , +
-1
HCl (+1)
5 , +7
Ar
1.4
NaCl
(s)
MgCl2
(s)
AlCl3
(s)
SiCl4
(l)
PCl3 , PCl5
(l)
SCl2 , S2Cl2
Cl2
(g)
(l)
Dissolves to
Dissolves to
Hydrolyses
Hydrolyses
Hydrolyses to
Hydrolyses
Partially
give
give
to give:
to give:
give:
to give:
hydrolyses to
aqueous
aqueous
ions:
ions:
give:
Al(OH)5 +
3H
Na+
(aq)
(aq)
, C-
Mg2+
(aq)
2Cl-
(aq)
(aq)
+ 3Cl-
(aq)
SiO2
4H
(s)
PCl3
S(s) + H+
(aq)
H3PO4 (aq)
+ Cl
4Cl-
(aq)
+ 3H+
(aq)
3Cl-
(aq)
H3PO4 (aq)
(aq)
5Cl-
(aq)
(aq)
(aq)
HClO
(aq)
H+
+ Cl-
(aq)
(aq)
PCl5
+ 3H+
1.5
Na2O
MgO
Al2O3
Ionic
Ionic
Ionic With
SiO2
P2O3
SO2 , SO3
Covalent
Cl2O7
Molecular
Covalent
Covalent
Covalent
Covalent
Acidic
Acidic
Strongly
Strongly
Acidic
Acidic
Character
Basic
Basic
Amphoteric
Na2O
Cl2O5 (g) +
+ H 2O
H 2O
H2
2HClO
(l)
cf
(aq)
NaOH
TABLE 1.12 The Oxides Of Period Three
Amphoteric Oxides
Al2O3
+ NaOH
NaAl(OH)4
Al2O3
+ 6HCl
Al2Cl6
+ 3H2O
To the left of the periods the oxides give hydroxides and to the left they give acids.
NaOH
Mg(OH)2
Al(OH)3
H2SiO3
H3PIO4
H2SO4
HClO4
Strong
Weak
Weak
Weak
Weak
Strong
Strong
Base
Base
TABLE 1.13
The Acids And Bases Of Period Three
Base
Acid
Acid
Acid
Acid
NaCl
Na+Cl-
MgCl2
Mg2+(Cl-)2
Ionic
Essentially Ionic
Cl
AlCl3
Al
Planar
Cl
Cl
Cl
SiCL4
Si
Tetrahedral
Cl
Cl
Cl
..
PCl3
Pyramidal
Cl
Cl
Cl
..
SiCl2
..
Si
Cl
Cl2
Cl
Triangular
Cl
Cl
Linear
1.6
CHEMICAL BONDING
DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP
The metals that show diagonal relationships are:
Lithium & Magnesium
Beryllium & Aluminum
Boron & Silicon
Non metallic nature increases
Metallic
across.
nature
increase
Cl-
O2-
Both give their normal oxides; Li2O, MgO when they burn.
The other group one elements give peroxides, e.g. N2O2.
Hydration
With HNO3
Weak Alkali
Amphoteric
Nature
O2-
Cl-
Hydrides
Oxides
Cl-
SiO2 + 4HCl
B2O3 + 6HCl
H3BO3