TO BE: PRESENT SIMPLE

*Se traduce como ser o estar en presente.

Am ( I ) / Is (He She It) / Are (You We They)
AFIRM.: Suj + am-is-are + complemento.
NEG.: Suj + am-is-are + not + complem.
( m not/ isnt/ arent)
INT.: Yes No Question: Am-Is-Are + suj + complem?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + am-is-are
No, suj. + am not-isnt-arent
INT.: Wh- Question: Wh- word + am-is-are + suj + compl?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
TO BE: PAST SIMPLE
*Se traduce como ser o estar en pasado.
Was ( I He She It) / Were (You We They)
AFIRM.: Suj + was-were + complemento.
NEG.: Suj + was-were + not + complem.
(wasnt/ werent)
INT.: Yes No Question: Was-Were + suj + complem?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + was-were.
No, suj. + wasnt-werent.
INT.: Wh- Question: Wh- word + was-were + suj + compl?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
PRESENT SIMPLE:
*Acciones habituales o rutinas. (E.g. I often visit friends)
*Verdades permanents (E.g. Gases expand when heated)
*Acciones de realizacin ms corta (Slo contrastado con
el Pres. Cont.)
Aux. Do (I You We They) Los auxiliares se usan
Does (He She It)
SLO en Neg. e Int.
acompaados de un
verbo en infinitivo.
AFIRM.: Suj + verbo en presente + complemento.
Infinit.
(I-YouWe-They)

Agrega -s/-es
(He-She-It)

NEG.: Suj + do-does + not + verbo infinitivo + complem.

(dont /doesnt)
INT.: Yes No Question:
Do-Does + suj + verbo infin. + complem?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + do-does.
No, suj. + dont-doesnt
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + do-does + suj + verbo infin + compl?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
*Acciones en progreso al momento de hablar.
*Situaciones temporales.(E.g.What are you doing these
days? Im studying English at New York University)
*Acciones ms prolongadas(Contrastado con Pres.Simpl.)
*Acciones planificadas a corto plazo (uso futuro) (E.g.
Were spending next winter in Australia)
*Acciones repetitivas (E.g. Shes always helping people)
*Futuro inmediato (E.g. Im having a party tonight)
Aux. Am ( I )
Is (He-She-It)
Are (You-We-They)

+ verbo principal con -ing

AFIRM.: Suj + am-is-are + verbo con -ing + complem.

NEG.: Suj + am-is-are + not + verbo con -ing + complem.
( m not/ isnt/ arent)
INT.: Yes No Question:
Am-Is-Are + suj + verbo con -ing + complem?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + am-is-are
No, suj. + am not-isnt-arent
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + am-is-are + suj + verbo con -ing + complem?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
PAST SIMPLE:
*Acciones habituales o rutinas en el pasado. (E.g. I visited
my grandparents on weekends when I was a child)
*Acciones concluidas (E.g. I studied all day yesterday.)
*Acciones cortas (Slo contrastado con el Pas. Cont.)
(E.g.We were having dinner when the phone rang.)
Aux. Did (I-You- He-She-It -We-They)
El auxiliar se
usa SLO en Neg. e Int. acompaados de un verbo en
infinitivo.
AFIRM.: Suj + verbo en pasado + complemento.
Regular
Agregan
-d / -ed

Irregular
2 columna

NEG.: Suj + did + not + verbo infinitivo + complem.

(didnt)
INT.: Yes No Question:
Did + suj + verbo infin. + complem?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + did.
No, suj. + didnt
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + did + suj + verbo infin + compl?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
PAST CONTINUOUS:
*Acciones en progreso en el pasado.
*Acciones ms prolongadas (Slo contrastado con el Pas.
Simple.) (E.g. We were having dinner when the phone
rang)
*Acciones paralelas (E.g. While I was working, my wife
was cooking dinner.)
*Acciones repetitivas (E.g. Roger was always making
mistakes)
Aux. Was ( I-He-She-It)
Were (You-We-They)

+ verbo principal con -ing

AFIRM.: Suj + was-were + verbo con -ing + complem.

NEG.: Suj + was-were + not + verbo con -ing + complem.
( wasnt/ werent)
INT.: Yes No Question:
Was-Were + suj + verbo con -ing + complem?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + was-were
No, suj. + wasnt-werent
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + was-were + suj + verbo con -ing + complem?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE:

*Acciones comenzadas en el pasado y que continan
hasta el presente.
*Acciones ocurridas en algn momento NO ESPECFICO
del pasado y que mantienen alguna relacin con el
presente. (Experiencias)
*Expresa acciones de realizacin corta. (E.g. find, start,
buy, lose, stop.)
Aux. Have ( I- You-We-They )
Has (He-She-It)
+ verbo principal en
pasado participio
AFIRM.: Suj + have-has + verbo pas. part. + complem.
Regular
Agregan
-d / -ed

Irregular
3columna

NEG.: Suj + have-has + not + verbo pas. part. + complem.

(havent / hasnt)
INT.: Yes No Question:
Have-Has + suj + verbo pas. part. + complem.?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + have-has.
No, suj. + havent-hasnt
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + have-has + suj + verbo pas. part. +complem?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
*Acciones comenzadas en el pasado y que continan
hasta el presente.
*Acciones o eventos que tienen sus resultados en el
presente. (Causa Consecuencia)
*Expresa acciones de realizacin prolongada. (E.g. work,
play, learn, study, wait)
Aux. *Have
(I-You-We-They) + been + verbo principal con -ing
*Has
(He-She-It)
AFIRM.: Suj + have-has + been + verbo -ing + complem.
NEG.: Suj + have-has + not + been +verbo -ing+compl.
(havent / hasnt)
INT.: Yes No Question:
Have-Has + suj + been + verbo -ing + complem.?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + have-has.
No, suj. + havent-hasnt
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + have-has + suj + been + verbo ing + compl?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE:
*Acciones que ocurrieron en un momento del pasado,
ANTES que otra accin tambin ocurrida en el pasado.
E.g. When I got home, John had cooked dinner.
Action 2
Action 1
Aux. Had (todas las personas) + verbo en pas. participio
AFIRM.: Suj + had + verbo pas. part. + complem.
Regular
Agregan
-d / -ed

Irregular
3columna

NEG.: Suj + had + not + verbo pas. part. + complem.

(hadnt)
INT.: Yes No Question:
Had + suj + verbo pas. part. + complem.?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + had.
No, suj. + hadnt.
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + had + suj + verbo pas. part. +complem?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
FUTURE SIMPLE:
*Predicciones (futuro incierto)
*Ofrecimientos
*Decisiones o intenciones inmediatas.
Aux. Will (para todas las personas) + verbo infinitivo
AFIRM.: Suj + will + verbo infinitivo + complem.
NEG.: Suj + will + not + verbo infinitivo + complem.
(wont)
INT.: Yes No Question:
Will + suj + verbo infinitivo + complem.?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + will.
No, suj. + wont.
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + will + suj + verbo infinitivo +complem?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
FUTURE GOING TO:
*Predicciones basadas en hecho reales
*Acciones planificadas a corto o largo plazo
*Futuro inmediato
Aux. Am ( I )
Is (He-She-It)
Are (You-We-They)

+ going to + verbo infinitivo

AFIRM.: Suj + aux + going to + verbo infinitivo + complem.

NEG.: Suj + aux + not + going to + verbo infinitivo +compl.
INT.: Yes No Question:
Aux + suj + going to + verbo infinitivo + complem.?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + am-is-are
No, suj. + am not-isnt-arent
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + aux + suj + going to + verbo infinitivo +compl?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS:
*Describe acciones que estarn en progreso en un
momento especfico en el futuro. La accin comenzar y
continuar en ese momento en el futuro.
AFIRM.: Suj + will + be + verbo -ing + complem.
NEG.: Suj + will + not + be + verbo -ing + complem.
(wont)
INT.: Yes No Question:
Will + suj + be + verbo -ing + complem.?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + will.
No, suj. + wont.
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + will + suj + be + verbo -ing +complem?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)

FUTURE PERFECT:
*Describe acciones que se habrn completado antes de
un momento especfico en el futuro.
AFIRM.: Suj + will + have + verbo pas. part. + complem.
NEG.: Suj + will + not + have + verbo pas. part. + compl.
(wont)
INT.: Yes No Question:
Will + suj + have + verbo pas. part. + complem.?
Rta.: Yes, suj. + will.
No, suj. + wont.
INT.: Wh- Question:
Wh- word + will + suj + have + verbo pas. part +complem?
Rta. Completa (estructura afirmativa)
ZERO CONDITIONAL:
*Describe situaciones que son siempre verdad.
**If + Presente Simple / Presente Simple
E.g. If I eat too much, I get sick.
**Presente Simple If + Presente Simple.
E.g. I get sick if I eat too much.
FIRST CONDITIONAL:
*Describe situaciones posibles (causa consecuencia)
**If + Presente Simple / Will + verbo infinitivo
E.g. If it rains, we will not go to the cinema.
**Will + verbo infinitivo / If + Presente Simple
E.g. They wont pass the exam if they dont study
SECOND CONDITIONAL:
*Describe situaciones irreales o imaginaries.
**If + Pasado Simple / Would + verbo infinitivo
E.g. If I were you, I wouldnt waste my money.
(But Im not you)
**Would + verbo infinitivo / If + Pasado Simple
E.g. They would be more comfortable if they lived in a
bigger house. (But they live in a small house)
THIRD CONDITIONAL:
*Describe situaciones imposibles, que no pueden
cambiarse.
**If + Pasado Perfecto / Would + have + verbo pas.part
E.g. If I had known you were going to the party, I would
have gone with you.
** Would + have + verbo pas.part / If + Pasado Perfecto
E.g. I would have gone with you if I had known you were
going to the party (But I didnt know and I didnt goto the
party)
MIXED CONDITIONALS: (combina el 2 y el 3 condic.)
**If Pasado Simple / would have + verbo pas.part
E.g. If I had a great voice, Id have become a rock star.
*Describe el efecto de una situacin imaginaria presente,
en el pasado.
**If Pasado Perfecto / would + verbo infinitivo
E.g. If you had paid off your other debts, I would lend you
the money.
*Describe las consecuencias presentes de una situacin
imaginaria pasada.

PASSIVE VOICE: Se usa cuando nos interesa ms el

Objeto que en el Sujejo que realiza la accin.
*El Objeto de la Activa se convierte en Sujeto de la Pasiva
*En Voz Pasiva quien realiza la accin (Complem Agente)
se introduce con by, pero slo cuando el Agente es nico
y /o necesario para la idea expresada.
*El verbo To Be va en el tiempo de la Activa + el Verbo
Principal de la Activa siempre en Pasado Participio.
am-is-are
was-were
have/has been
will be

Regular: d/ed
+ verbo pas. participio

Irreg:3colum.
EXAMPLES:
Affirmative
Active: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet
Passive: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
Negative
Active: They dont grow coffee in England.
Passive: Coffee isnt grown in England.
Interrogative
*Yes-No Questions: Was Hamlet written by Shakespeare?
Yes, it was.
*How was the window broken? The window was broken
playing ball.
REPORTED SPEECH:
*Se usa para reportar o contar algo que fue dicho
previamente por otra persona.
*La regla para formarlo es que el verbo se mueve un
tiempo hacia atrs.
CAMBIOS EN TIEMPOS DE VERBOS
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
*Presente Simple................*Pasado Simple
E.g.I am tired
She said she was tired.
E.g.I love you
He told he loved me.
*Pasado Simple...................*Pasado Perfecto
E.g. We met yesterday
He said they had met the day before.
*Presente Continuado..........*Pasado Continuado
E.g. Im finishing the book this day.
She said she was finishing the book that day
*Presente Perfecto...............*Pasado Perfecto
E.g.We have met before She said they had met before
*Will..*Would
E.g. Ill fix it for you
He said he would fix it for me
*Can.*Could
E.g.I can swim
She said she could swim.
VERBOS SAY AND TELL
*Para reportar lo antes dicho se utilizan verbos como
say y tell, SIEMPRE EN PASADO.
*Say + (that) = She said (that) they were happy together.
*Tell + persona + (that)= He told me (that) he loved Mary.
CAMBIOS EN EXPRESIONES
*Now..then
*Tonight.that night
*Yesterdaythe day before / the previous day
*This..that
*Here.there
*Next year.the following year / the year after.
*Tomorrowthe day after

STATEMENTS: Hay cambios en: pronombres adjetivos

posesivos pronombres objetivos etc.