NYAME AKUMA

No. 2

A NEWSLETTER OF AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

A p r i l 1973

Edited by P.L. S h i n n i e and i s s u e d from t h e Department o f Archaeology,

,
t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary, Calgary, A l b e r t a , T2N 1 ~ 4 Canada.

The f i r s t number o f Nyame Akuma w a s w e l l r e c e i v e d and o f t h e v e r y

few comments on t i t l e and format of t h e Newsletter none were unfavourable.
There have a l s o been no comments of t h e c h r o n o l o g i c a l and g e o g r a p h i c a l
coverage of t h e p u b l i c a t i o n , so I assume t h o s e I have s e t a r e a c c e p t a b l e
f a r t h e time being. There w i l l be an o p p o r t u n i t y t o d i s c u s s t h i s a t t h e
D a l l a s meeting.
The l a t e s t information about t h e D a l l a s meeting i s given on t h e
following page
r e a d e r s w i l l not g e t much advance warning from t h i s , b u t
t h e f i r s t l e t t e r (although t h e d a t e s have now been changed) was i n c l u d e d
i n Nyame Akwna No. 1 and t h e l a t e r one i s made a v a i l a b l e h e r e l a r g e l y f o r
r e c o r d purposes.

It had been my i n t e n t i o n , following t h e d e c i s i o n t a k e n a t Urbana, t o

p u b l i s h a b s t r a c t s of a l l t h e papers given a t t h e conference t h e r e i n A p r i l
1971. I n t h e event only f o u r were r e c e i v e d ( t h r e e from Southern Methodist
u n i v e r s i t y ) and t h e s e appeared i n Nyame Akuma No. 1. I hope t h a t I w i l l
have r a t h e r more success i n o b t a i n i n g m a t e r i a l from t h e D a l l a s meeting.
I n Nyame Akwna No. 3 ( t o be published on 1st October 1973) I hope t o
include an item g i v i n g d e t a i l s of how permits t o c a r r y on f i e l d work i n
African c o u n t r i e s a r e obtained and from what a u t h o r i t i e s . I have a l r e a d y
c o l l e c t e d some information b u t am s h o r t of f a c t s on c o u n t r i e s of Francophone
A f r i c a , i f anybody can h e l p I would be g r a t e f u l .
With r e g a r d t o my comment i n t h e e d i t o r i a l n o t e s t o Nyame Akuma No. 1
t h a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Ghana was t h e f i r s t U n i v e r s i t y i n sub-Saharan A f r i c a
t o have a Department of Archaeology, Mrs. Deacon of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Cape
Town p o i n t s out t h a t h e r U n i v e r s i t y e s t a b l i s h e d a Department of Archaeo'ogy
i n 1933 and was t h e r e f o r e t h e f i r s t . I am obviously wrong and what I should
have s a i d w a s t h a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Ghana was t h e f i r s t t o o f f e r courses
f o r Africans i n a Department of Archaeology.
A t t e n t i o n i s e s p e c i a l l y drawn t o t h e announcement on page 3 of a
conference t o be h e l d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary from 23rd t o 25th
November 1973.

P.L.

Shinnie

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ANTFIROPOI.OGY
DALLAS,
TEXAS7 1 2 2 2

SECOND NOTICE
for the
SECOND MEETING OF AFRICANST ARCHAEOLOGISTS
Dear Colleague,
Since the first notice was sent out some n~ontllsago, additional information has bccomc available and slight modifications have been made t o the original plans.
Owing t o the overwl~elminglyfavorable response to the idea of a second meeting, an application was made t o the
Wenner-Gren Foundation for partial subsidy of the air fares of the participants. However a) I t is uncertain that Wenner-Gren will, in fact, support the conference, although we do 11ave reasons for
guarded optimism ;
b) Even if awarded, the subsidy will not be aclequatc to cover round-trip air fares for all participants, since responses t o our initial letter continued to arrivc long aftcr our budget was estimated. Furtliermore, the Urbanu
meetings in 1971 were not supported for the full m o u n t requested. Consequently, under the best of circumstances available funds will be inadequate and wc will have t o make some unwelcome, arbitrary, and unenthusiastic decisions as to how best to divide the availilblc support;
c) The Wenner-Gren decision will be made "late", possibly only a few weeks before our actual mecling datc.
Consequently, we suggcst the following -(1) That you re-double your efforts t o tap other sources of travel money, and
(2) That you give us your reactions as how best to proceed in allocating the fulids that
do become available.
In order t o help participants pct travcl funds from their rcspcctive institutions, the datcs of the Second Mccting of
Africanist Archneologists have been changed t o April 14 through 16, 1973. This ovcrlaps with the inccting of the
,A~ncrici?nAssociation of Physical Anthropologists, also bcing held in Dallas. In addition, it will permit particilmlts a t
thc AAPA to attend the symposium on "Early Man in East Africa", to be hcld all day Saturday, April 14.
Southern Methodist University, 3s hosting institution, will bc subsidizing a restricted nun~berof local expenses,
essentially food and drink on several occasions, t o help mellow the spirit of austerity which Scicncc (capital S)
appears t o be fraught with in recent ycars.
Your suggestions will be greatly appreciated. We look fowartl to getting together in Dallas in April, one way or
another.
Sincerely

~ n t h o E.
n ~Marks
S. M. U.
1'. S.

--

Karl Butzer
Univ. of Chicago

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CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENT
~ T H
ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
For t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary Archaeological
A s s o c i a t i o n has been h o s t i n g annual conferences on s e l e c t e d themes d e a l i n g
w i t h t h e archaeology o f North America. This y e a r we a r e a t t e m p t i n g a
completely new o r i e n t a t i o n .
The 6 t h Annual Conference, scheduled f o r November 23rd t o 2 5 t h , 1973,
w i l l have a s i t s theme: A SYMPOSIUM ON CANADIAN ARCHAEOLOGY ABROAD.
When planning t h i s conference, it was f e l t t h a t we d i d n o t have t h e
r e s o u r c e s t o h o s t a world wide, i n t e r n a t i o n a l conference. We f e l t t h a t t h e
geographical boundaries had t o be l i m i t e d i n some manner, and we decided
t o r e s t r i c t t h e conference t o t h o s e a r e a s where Canadian a r c h a e o l o g i s t s a r e
p r e s e n t l y o p e r a t i n g . However, we want r e s e a r c h e r s o f a l l n a t i o n a l i t i e s who
a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n Europe - b o t h East and West, t h e Mediterranean a r e a , Near
E a s t , A f r i c a and L a t i n America - t o p a r t i c i p a t e .
Although l i m i t e d g e o g r a p h i c a l l y , we hope t h i s conference w i l l c u t
a c r o s s normal academic boundaries. S t u d e n t s of H i s t o r y , C l a s s i c s and
Anthropology a r e a l l i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e .
A t t h i s s t a g e o f our p l a n n i n g , we would l i k e t o h e a r from i n d i v i d u a l s
i n t e r e s t e d i n c h a i r i n g a symposium o r i n p r e s e n t i n g a paper. Formal c a l l s
f o r papers w i l l be i s s u e d i n t h e s p r i n g and e a r l y f a l l . P l e a s e b r i n g t h i s
conference t o t h e a t t e n t i o n of your c o l l e a g u e s and s t u d e n t s , and LET US
HAVE YOUR SUGGESTIONS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, and a d d r e s s them t o :

John H. Robertson
Department of Archaeology
U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary
CALGARY, A l b e r t a T2N 1 ~ 4
Canada

OTHER NEWSLETTERS
The following other Newsletters known to me may be of interest:
Underground West Africa, this is edited by Dr. B.O. Swartz from
the Department of Anthropology, Ball State College, Muncie, Indiana, USA.
It is concerned with archaeology in West Africa.
Tanzania Zamani, this is not strictly a publication (as wrongly
stated in Nyame Akuma No. 1, 16) but a privately distributed newsheet.
It deals with the archaeology and history of Tanzania and enquiries
co~icerningit should be addressed to the Historical Association of Tanzania,
Box 35032, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Meroitic Newsletter, this deals primarily with questions of the
decipherment of the Meroitic language, but also carries some material on
Meroitic archaeology in general. Alternate numbers are published by
Dr. B.G. Trigger, Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal
110, Quebec, Canada, and Professor J. Leclant, 77 rue Georges Lardennois,
F-75019 Paris, France. No. 11 has just appeared, published from France,
with the following contents:
Meroitisches und Barya-Verb. W. Schenkel
L'Amphore de Tubuscutu. J. Desanges
Inscriptions Mgroitiques dans les collections Britanniques. D. Meeks
L1enr6gistrementdes textes mgroitiques. J. Leclant.
Enquiries should be addressed to either editor.
Newsletter of the South African Association of Archaeologists, No. 2
has just appeared. It lists 21 current research projects in South Africa,
gives a number of news items, and a list of recent publications on South
African Archaeology. One of the news items, from Mr. Inskeep, tells of the
existence of the "African Archaeologists Anonymous" group composed of people
in Britain. Those interested should contact Mr. Inskeep at the Pitt-Rivers
Museum, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PP, England. The Newsletter is issued by:
Mrs. J. Deacon, Archaeology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch,
Cape, South Africa.

FORTHCOMING MEETINGS
In addition to the meetings at Dallas (14th to 16th April 1973) and
Calgary (23rd to 25th November 1973), the following may be of interest
to our readers:
South African Association of Archaeologists Third Annual Congress,
tentatively planned for 1st to 3rd September 1973 at the Transvaal Museum,
Pretoria, South Africa. Details from Mrs..J. Deacon, Archaeology Department,
University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape, South Africa.
Second International Meeting for Meroitic Studies,
in Paris, 10th to 13th July 1973. Details from Professor J. Leclant,
77 rue Georges Lardennois, F-75019, Paris, France.
Third International Congress of Africanists
in Addis Ababa, 9th to 19th December 1973. Details from the Chairman,
Local Organizing Committee, 3rd Congress of Africanists, P.O. Box 30702,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

NEWS ITEMS

Professor Philip Smith of the University of Montreal writes:

"I continue to analyze and prepare for final publication the
materials from the Late Palaeolithic sites I investigated on the Kom Ombo
Plain in Upper Egypt in 1962-1963. In the meantime the complete
descriptive report on the large collection of faunal materials (vertebrate)
collected at Kom Ombo was recently published by Dr. C.S. Churcher of the
University of Toronto Department of Zoology, under the title "Late
Pleistocene vertebrates from archaeological sites in the Plain of Kom Ombo,
Upper Egypt", Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contribution No. 82,
1972, pp. 172, $10.00. A shorter report emphasizing the possibility of
seasonal occupation of some of the archaeological sites at Kom Ombo was
published by C.S. Churcher and P.E.L. Smith in 1972, "Kom Ombo: preliminary
report on the fauna of Late Paleolithic sites in Upper Egypt", Science,
Vol. 177, pp. 259-61. I am completing a chapter "The Late Palaeolithic and
Epipalaeolithic of Northern Africa1' for the forthcoming Cambridge History
of Africa (~ol.1: Prehistory, edited by J.D. lark), to appear,
optimistically, in 1975; and a paper delivered at the Wenner-Gren Burg
Wartenstein symposium in 1972 on the origin of African plant domesticates,
I'Early food production in northern Africa as seen from southwestern Asia"
will be published with the other papers of this meeting when Jack Harlan
settles on a publisher."
Dr. Fekri Hassan (southern Methodist University, all as) is completing
a study on the Final Palaeolithic assemblages from the Dishna Plain, Upper
The assemblages are related to the Isnan industry (complex
Egypt (disser.)
"G"), which dates between ca. 12,000 and 10,000 B.C. and is associated with
the utilization of grain. A study on the Sebilian industry and another on
the population dynamics in the Nile Valley during the Late Palaeolithic are
prepared for publication.

Dr. A.J. Arkell is compiling a 'Prehistory of the Nile Valley1 to be

published (in ~erman)as part of the Handbuch der Orientalistik to be edited
by Professor B. Spuler of Hamburg.
East Africa
British Institute in Eastern Africa
Mr. Chittick, the Director, reports:
'!The main effort of the Institute during the past months has been
devoted to large-scale excavations at Aksum, in northern Ethiopia, under
the Director, Neville Chittick. This work has becn mainly directed towards
finding out more about the nature and date of the famous stelae, some of

which can now be shown t o t h e c e r t a i n l y , and most probably, o f t h e C h r i s t i a n

Aksumite p e r i o d . A unique monument, w i t h l a r g e s u b t e r r a n e a n chambers, i s i n
t h e course of excavation a t t h e time of w r i t i n g . F u r t h e r excavations a t
Aksum, and p o s s i b l y a n o t h e r s i t e of t h e p e r i o d , a r e envisaged f o r f u t u r e
years.

M r . Richard Wilding, Research Fellow of t h e I n s t i t u t e , h a s continued

with h i s study of t h e p o t t e r y of t h e Kenya c o a s t . H e p l a n s l a t e r t h i s y e a r
t o c a r r y o u t surveys and excavations a t Dondo and She J a f a r i , b o t h s i t e s i n
t h e Lamu r e g i o n o f n o r t h e r n Kenya, and t o conduct an a r c h a e o l o g i c a l survey
of t h e Mundane H i l l s , t h e l a t t e r i n p a r t i c u l a r connection w i t h t h e i n t e r e s t i n g
remnant C u s h i t i c hunting peoples of t h e r e g i o n .
M r . P a t r i c k Pender-Cudlip i s continuing h i s h i s t o r i c a l s t u d y of t h e
Iramba people of c e n t r a l Tanzania.

M r . Robert Soper r e s i g n e d h i s p o s t of A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r i n t h e summer

of 1972 i n o r d e r t o t a k e up a p o s t a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Ibadan. H i s
successor w i l l be M r . David P h i l l i p s o n , who i s expected t o c o n t i n u e w i t h work
on t h e e a r l y I r o n Age i n E a s t e r n A f r i c a .

Kenya
Mr. Bower of Lake F o r e s t College hopes t h i s summer t o spend about s i x
weeks i n Nairobi and P r e t o r i a extending a p r o j e c t he i n i t i a t e d i n 1971 an
a t t r i b u t e a n a l y s i s of Oldowan and Lower Acheulean t o o l s . The 1971 s t u d y , a
p i l o t p r o j e c t , was confined t o choppers; t h e r e s u l t s were encouraging, b u t
t h e y must remain very t e n t a t i v e pending s i m i l a r a n a l y s e s of a wider range of
t o o l c l a s s e s . This summer he hopes t o c o l l e c t a t t r i b u t e d a t a on a t l e a s t one
o r two a d d i t i o n a l c l a s s e s of formal t o o l s ( e . g . l i g h t - d u t y s c r a p e r s ) and
perhaps a l s o on f l a k e s .

Tanzania
D r . S u t t o n w r i t e s t h a t r a t h e r t h a n r e p o r t i n d e t a i l on t h e l a t e s t war;;
i n Tanzania he p r e f e r s t o r e f e r r e a d e r s t o Tanzania Zamani and Azania which
a r e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p l a c e s f o r p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s information. He adds
t h a t he has been continuing work on t h e abandoned f i e l d s and i r r i g a t i o n
systems of Engaruka and r e l a t e d s i t e s . He a l s o w r i t e s t h a t a meeting of
Tanzanian a r c h a e o l o g i s t s was r e c e n t l y h e l d t o review t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of t h e
s u b j e c t i n t h e country. A s a r e s u l t a Standing Committee f o r Archaeology i n
Tanzania was s e t up c o n s i s t i n g o f :
A.A. Mturi, Conservator of A n t i q u i t i e s
F.T. Masao, Curator of t h e National Museum
D r . J . G . S u t t o n , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar es Salaam

M r . Sassoon, t h e Conservator of A n t i q u i t i e s , w i l l b e l e a v i n g Uganda

at t h e end of J u l y . He sends t h e following r e p o r t :

"The l a t e E . J . Wayland f i r s t came t o Uganda i n 1919 a s D i r e c t o r of

t h e Geological Survey, b u t on h i s g e o l o g i c a l f i e l d t r i p s he managed t o look
beyond t h e rocks and g a t h e r a g r e a t d e a l of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l information. He
w a s a p r o l i f i c w r i t e r and produced more t h a n t h i r t y p u b l i c a t i o n s on
a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s u b j e c t s . Some of h i s n o t i o n s , such as t h e Kafuan pebble
c u l t u r e and t h e M-N Horizon a t Nsongezi, have f a i l e d t o s a t i s f y modern
s c h o l a r s , but h i s work and s t i m u l a t i n g i d e a s have formed a wide b a s i s f o r
l a t e r a r c h a e o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h . It w a s j u s t h a l f a century a f t e r Wayland's
a r r i v a l i n Uganda t h a t t h e f i r s t published annual r e p o r t of t h e Department
c f A n t i q u i t i e s was w r i t t e n . (1) This r e p o r t contained a l i s t of a l l known
a r c h a e o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n Uganda, w i t h l o c a t i o n s of s i t e s , names of
i n v e s t i g a t o r s , d a t e s of work and d e t a i l s of p u b l i c a t i o n s . This r e p o r t was,
i n i t s way, a land-mark and t h e p r e s e n t a r t i c l e w i l l r e p e a t l i t t l e of t h e
information contained i n t h a t p u b l i c a t i o n .
Uganda i s not a s r i c h i n rock p a i n t i n g s a s nearby Tanzania, but Nyero
i s an important s i t e a t which t h e r e have been r e c e n t developments. Some s i x
metres above t h e ground i n t h i s rock s h e l t e r t h e r e a r e groups o f r e d l i n e s
which p r e v i o u s l y have been regarded a s t o o decayed t o be i n t e r p r e t e d . ( 2 )
But a f r e s h eye ( n o t t h a t of t h e w r i t e r ! ) looking f o r photographic r e c o r d s ,
r e a l i s e d t h a t t h e s e l i n e s added up t o a f r i e z e of zebras. They a r e p a i n t e d
i n a n a t u r a l i s t i c and d e t a i l e d s t y l e and make more t h a n a bow i n t h e
d i r e c t i o n of p e r s p e c t i v e .
Thinking about t h e l o g i s t i c s of p a i n t i n g 6m above t h e ground ( t h i s time
it was t h e w r i t e r ) l e d t o an examination of t h e immense b o u l d e r , weighing
20,000 t o n s and more, which i s i n f r o n t of t h e s h e l t e r . C l e a r l y , i n i t s
movement away from t h e rock f a c e , i t s upper r i d g e must once have been a
s u i t a b l e p l a t f o r m from which t o work a t t h e s e high p a i n t i n g s . Along t h e
upper r i d g e , now 10m from t h e rock f a c e , it w a s found t h a t t h e r e a r e h a l f a
dozen m i n i a t u r e g r i n d i n g hollows, such a s might w e l l have been used f o r
g r i n d i n g r e d ochre; a s f u r t h e r evidence, t h e s e grooves were almost a l l
t i l t e d away from t h e h o r i z o n t a l i n e x a c t l y t h e way one would expect i f t h e y
had been made b e f o r e t h e huge rock began t o s l i p down t h e h i l l s i d e .
Unfortunately, t h e r e i s no chance t h a t measurement of t h i s movement today
might provide a time-scale as it may have moved suddenly a t f i r s t .

A t a t h i r d Nyero s i t e , one km n o r t h of t h e main s i t e , t h e r e i s an

unusually i n t r i c a t e and well-executed s e t of white c o n c e n t r i c c i r c l e s , around
which a r e r a d i a l l y arranged sigmoid l i n e s and l a d d e r - l i k e forms. It appears
t h a t t h e r e a r e modern p a r a l l e l s f o r t h i s design i n t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n c o r n e r
of Z a i r e , where a modern a r t i s t , using t h e same p a t t e r n on t h e w a l l of a
house, was a b l e t o say what t h e design meant. The c o n c e n t r i c c i r c l e s a r e
t h e sun, t h e ladder-forms a r e t h e moon, and t h e sigmoid l i n e s a r e t h e moon's
f e e t . Why? Because " t h e moon walks w i t h t h e r a i n and s o must have f e e t ! " ( 3 )
P.Prican farmers a r e w e l l aware of t h e connection between r a i n and t h e new moon
- which s t r e n g t h e n s t h e t h e o r y t h a t many of t h e "geometric" rock p a i n t i n g s
around Lake V i c t o r i a a r e connected w i t h rain-making.

West Nile c o n t a i n s another l i n k between north-eastern Z a i r e and Uganda.

Van Noten has a l r e a d y published a l a r g e number of t h e haematite c e l t s o r
ground s t o n e t o o l s found i n t h e Uele b a s i n . ( 4 ) A s a r e s u l t of t h e i n t e r e s t
taken by D r . Ted W i l l i a m s , a mission doctor l i v i n g near Arua, it i s now
apparent t h a t t h e Uelian extends i n t o West N i l e D i s t r i c t . A dozen c e l t s
have been c o l l e c t e d , mostly made of s p e c u l a r haematite. I n a d d i t i o n , a
hoard was examined near Arua
e v i d e n t l y a disused s h r i n e
which contained
two dozen c e l t s and a dozen bored s t o n e s . The very compact haematite i s
obviously a good m a t e r i a l f o r c e l t s , but t h e r e could be o t h e r reasons f o r
using t h i s high grade i r o n o r e . Iron smelting i s a long-winded p r o c e s s ,
r e q u i r i n g s e v e r a l people t o work t o g e t h e r ; i f a man j u s t wanted one o r two
axes he might f i n d it e a s i e r t o shape and g r i n d t h e i r o n o r e i n s t e a d of
smelting i t . And as a by-product he would have a supply of powdered
hsematite f o r use a s r e d ochre.

Karamoja i s l i k e l y t o be one of t h e most i n t e r e s t i n g a r c h a e o l o g i c a l

a r e a s i n Uganda, i n t h e f u t u r e ; a c e r t a i n type of p o t s which a r e h e a v i l y
and most p r e c i s e l y grooved from t o p t o bottom were e v i d e n t l y i n u s e a l l
over t h e region a t some p e r i o d , and it w a s something of a s u r p r i s e t o t h e
w r i t e r t o f i n d i d e n t i c a l sherds l y i n g on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e Omo Beds i n
southern Ethiopia; e v i d e n t l y t h e r e i s a continuum from Napak t o t h e Omo
and perhaps beyond. Eastern Karamoja i s a l s o a hunting ground f o r
River
rock p a i n t i n g s . These were f i r s t r e p o r t e d from Magosi, but now a f u r t h e r
h a l f dozen s i t e s a r e known. None of t h e s e i s e x a c t l y s p e c t a c u l a r , but
f u t u r e e x p l o r a t i o n may show t h a t Karamoja i s an important a r e a f o r rockpaintings.

I n t h e Kampala a r e a , Buloba H i l l was recorded by Posnanslqr a s a dimplebased/Urewe ware s i t e . ( 5 ) Examination of t h e abundant p o t t e r y on t h i s h i l l

shows t h a t t h e r e a r e f i v e d i f f e r e n t types of decoration (though none i s of
"dimple-based" t y p e ) . These types of p o t t e r y a r e e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t from
modern Buganda p o t t e r y which i s always decorated with a coarse g r a s s r o u l e t t e .
The Buloba, o r more a c c u r a t e l y Kiwumu H i l l , types include p a r a l l e l l i n e and
wavey shallow combing, f i n e r o u l e t t i n g , deeply scored p a r a l l e l l i n e s and t h e
p o t t e r y known v a r i o u s l y a s "pie-crust" o r boudine ware, but more r e c e n t l y
named Chobi ware by Soper. ( 6 ) Survey of a number of h i l l t o p s which, l i k e
Buloba-Kiwumu, overlook t h e swamp-river Mayanja Kato from t h e n o r t h e a s t ,
has shown t h a t t h e s e p o t t e r y groups a r e common on most of t h e dominant L l l l s .
Often t h e sherds a r e l a r g e and b u r i e d some lOcm below t h e g r a s s cover of t h e
h i l l . No a s s o c i a t e d m a t e r i a l has been found t h a t might provide a d a t e , but
l i m i t e d excavations e r p t o t a k e p l e c e soon. The p r e s e n t p i c t u r e of h i l l t o p
occupation s i t e s overlooking a major papyrus r i v e r suggests s t r o n g l y t h a t
t h i s was a h i s t o r i c a l f r o n t i e r , but u n t i l some i n d i c a t i o n of t h e d a t e i s
obtained it would be r a s h t o suggest what peoples might have been involved.
I n 1968, t h e Tervuren Museum, Belgium, c a r r i e d out excavations on t h e
i s l a n d s of Buvuma and Bugaia, a t Munyama Cave and Nakisito r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Apart from t h e s e two excavated s i t e s , 37 o t h e r s i t e s on Buvuma and 1 0 o t h e r
s i t e s on Bugaia were l o c a t e d . Nenquin, i n a preliminary r e p o r t , ( 7 ) says
t h a t on a t l e a s t 30 of t h e s e s i t e s m a t e r i a l belonging t o t h e Sangoan i n d u s t r y
predominates. L.S.A. m a t e r i a l was found i n Tonge Cave and Munyama Cave;
radiocarbon d a t e s f o r t h e l a t t e r cover a period from about 13,000 B.C. t o
Two Urewe p o t t e r y s i t e s were found on Buvuma and examples of both
8,000 B.C.
Entebbe ware and Kantsyore ware were i d e n t i f i e d .

From this brief survey, it can be seen that Uganda has plenty to
offer to archaeologists; and it is to be hoped that universities and
other institutions may feel encouraged to come and work on the task of
uncovering Uganda's past. Applications for permission to excavate should
be addressed to:
Conservator of Antiquities
Ministry of Culture and Comm. Devt.
P.O. BOX 7136
KAMPALA, Uganda
References

1969. Government
Printer, Entebbe, 1971.
Posnansky, M., and Nelson, C.M. Rock Paintings and Excavations at
Nyero, Uganda. Azania, 111. 1968, 147-166 (Fig. 3)
Scohy, A. Ekibondo
ou les murs veulent parler. Brousse, 1951,
17-34.
Noten, F. van. The Uelian: a culture with a neolithic aspect.
Tervuren, 1968.
Posnansw, M. Dimple-Based Pottery from Uganda. &, 1961, 168.
Soper, R. Iron Age sites in Chobi Sector, Murchison Falls National Park,
Uganda.
on the Islands of Buvuma and
Nenquin, J. Archaeological Prospections
Bugaia, Lake Victoria Nyanza (~ganda) Proceedin~sof the Prehistoric
Society for 1971, Vol. XXXVII, 381-418.

(1) Annual Report of the Monuments Section for the year

(2)

(3)

(4)
(5)
(6)

(7)

...

Ghana
News from the Museum is:

1. Field work: The Assistant Keepers (~thnography),Len Pole and

Barbara Priddy, are continuing their surveys of modern iron-smelting and
pottery-making respectively, with results which might be useful to
archaeologists, economic historians etc.
2. Movements of people: a new Assistant Keeper, Francis Boakye Duah,
has returned from studies in Germany to take up his appointment. Mr. J.
Myles has been appointed Curator of the Museum.
Ivory Coast
Monsieur Pollet has been appointed as archaeologist in this country.
No further information is yet available.
Mauretania

S. Robert is continuing his excavations at Tegdaoust.

Professor Thurstan Shaw recently carried out a short archaeological

reconnaissance of the Niger Delta in company with Dr. E.J. Alagoa (historian
of the area, University of ~agos)and Mr. Frederick Anozie (~uniorResearch
Fellow in Archaeology, University of bada an). As far as is known, this is
the first time that any archaeological work has been done in the area of the
Niger Delta. The reconnaissance was entirely carried out by water transport.
As a result of this preliminary work it is planned that Mr. Anozie should
excavate one or two test pits at four sites. From this it is hoped to gain
an idea of the stratigraphy available and of the time depth involved; there
should be opportunities for obtaining radiocarbon dates both from charcoal
and from shell, and thermoluminescent dates from pottery, to cross-check
ag~insteach other. An interesting problem is to ascertain when this highly
specialised environment was first colonised by a human population.
Department of Archaeology, University of Ibadan:
The staff of the Department was augmented at the beginning of the year
with the arrival of Mr. Robert Soper, formerly Deputy Director, British
Institute of History and Archaeology in East Africa, to take up a post as
Senior Lecturer; and by Mr. David Calvocoressi, formerly of the Department
of Archaeology, University of Ghana, to take up a post as Lecturer. It is
anticipated that during the course of the year Mr. Bassey Wai Ogosu will take
up a post as Lecturer, after completing his work for a PhD at the University
of California, Berkeley.
The Department is now completing work on its Experimental Archaeological
Reserve, situated in the ground of the International Institute of Tropical
Agriculture. It is hoped to publish details of this later.
The Departmeqt will be conducting a training excavation during the
Easter vacation for second year students of Archaeology at the site of Old
Oyo. The excavation will be conducted by Mr. Robert Soper, assisted by Mr.
Frederick Anozie.
The University has given a grant to the Department's Palynologist, Dr.
M.A. Sowunmi, to carry out pollen analyses of quaternary deposits in order
to study climatic and vegetational changes during this period. In connection
with this programme, a coring tool has been purchased fir obtaining samples
from swamps and lake-beds.
Professor Thurstan Shaw will be on study leave from April to December
1973; hie address will be 37 Hawthorne Road, Stapleford, Cambridge CB2 5DU,
U.K., tel. Shelford 2283, but he cannot promise to answer letters.
Rhodesia
The National Museums and Monuments have now combined their operations.
Mr. Cooke assumed the office of Curator of Monuments, and T.N. Huffman from
America, N.J. Walker, ex Inskeep's School, Cape Town, and M.A. Bordini from
South America are active in archaeological matters.

South A f r i c a

M r . R . J . Mason,Head o f t h e Department o f Archaeology a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y

of t h e Witwatersrand, r e p o r t s t h a t it has been financed by t h e South
African Human Sciences Research Council t o i n v e s t i g a t e I r o n Age s e t t l e m e n t
i n t h e Transvaal. The P r o j e c t s t a r t e d i n 1971 and t o d a t e t h e e x c a v a t i o n
of s i t e s a t O l i f a n t s p o o r t ust ten burg ) , P l a t b e r g (Klerksdorp) , Badfontein
( ~ y d e n b u r g ) ,and Harmony ( ~ r a v e l o t t e ) ,have been completed. E t h n o l o g i c a l
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s r e l e v a n t t o t h e s i t e s a r e under way. What i s b e l i e v e d t o b e
one of t h e f i r s t r e l a t i v e l y complete h o r i z o n t a l exposures of l a r g e s t o n e walled s e t t l e m e n t s i t e s i n Sub-Saharan A f r i c a has been completed. The
discovery o f s i x v i l l a g e s i t e s without s t o n e w a l l s a d j a c e n t t o t h e s t o n e walled s e t t l e m e n t s i t e s and presumably d a t i n g t o a n e a r l i e r p e r i o d i s
announced. Readers a r e r e f e r r e d t o t h e j o u r n a l , 'Current Anthropology1,
where a p r o g r e s s r e p o r t i s i n p r e s s .
Other items a r e :
I r o n Age Research i n t h e Western Transvaal
During 1971/1972, f o u r w e l l p r e s e r v e d I r o n Age v i l l a g e s r a d i o carbon
d a t e d between c. A.D. 1200 and A.D. 1500 were discovered on t h e farm
O l i f a n t s p o o r t near Rustenburg. The f o u r s i t e s provided new i n f o r m a t i o n on
s e t t l e m e n t s i z e , s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n , I r o n Age food economy, and I r o n Age
s t r u c t u r e s d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d A.D. 1200 - A.D. 1500.
The l a r g e s t s u r f a c e a r e a of I r o n Age s e t t l e m e n t f o r t h e p e r i o d A.D. 1600
t o 1800, y e t exposed i n South A f r i c a , was excavated a t an a d j o i n i n g s t o n e
walled s e t t l e m e n t i d e n t i f i e d a s 20/71. 88 w e l l p r e s e r v e d hut f l o o r s were
exposed, p r o v i d i n g new information on I r o n Age b u i l d i n g methods. A team of
8 s p e c i a l i s t s i s a t work on t h e a n a l y s i s o f m a t e r i a l s excavated. I n
September, 1972, 1 4 papers concerning p r e h i s t o r i c s e t t l e m e n t i n South A f r i c a
were p r e s e n t e d a t a conference 'The l a s t 2,000 y e a r s i n South A f r i c a ' , h e l d
a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of t h e Witwatersrand.
I r o n Age Research i n t h e E a s t e r n Transvaal
1. Escarpment s i t e s n e a r Lydenburg where l a r g e extended v i l l a g e s w i t h

2.

s t o n e w a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l t e r r a c e s and homestead e n c l o s u r e s have

been found. An excavated s i t e on t h e farm Badfontein gave a d a t e
of A.D. 1680 2 90 ( R L - 205) a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p o t t e r y of Pedi t y p e .
Lowveld s i t e s , s o u t h of Tzaneen: a s a l t making s i t e has been
excavated, a soapstone bowl f a c t o r y surveyed and a copper mine
surveyed and excavated. A t t h e l a s t s i t e a l i n e of 25 s h a f t s and
v e n t i l a t i o n s h a f t s has been discovered and t h r e e s i n g l e t u y e r e
copper smelting furnaces excavated. One of t h e s h a f t s has been
opened ( ~ a n u a r y1973) and p i t props s t i l l i n s i t u observed.

A paper on t h e two s i t e s was p r e s e n t e d a t a conference i n Johannesburg

i n September, 1972.

''I am c u r r e n t l y conducting a survey of I r o n Age s i t e s i n t h e Transvaal

1,owveld and a d j a c e n t r e g i o n s . So f a r , t h e survey has covered t h e d i s t r i c t s
of Mica and G r a v e l o t t e ( i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y of Phalaborwa) and has
a l s o s t a r t e d i n t h e Louis T r i c h a r d t a r e a (which i s Venda t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y ) .
We have been most f o r t u n a t e t o 0 h t ~ i nr e s e ~ r c hpermits t,o work i n t h e t;riF,aJ.

territories of the Sotho, Venda, and Shagane nations and will use the
occasion to record oral histories and do basic ethnographic recording in
addition to archaeological surveying. We have also been granted permission
to work in Mocambique, which is a source of considerable joy to us.
Preliminary work will start in Mocambique soon, but it is obviously a vast,
unexplored region which can keep many fieldworkers busy for a long time.
I have been appointed to the Chair of Archaeology, University of Cape
Town, as of February 1974 and will therefore be operating from a base closer
to my fieldwork. I would be interested to hear from other archaeologists
who wish to work in South Africa and/or Mocambique for the purpose of joint
ventures. There is an awful lot of work to be done in this region, and very
few people to cover the ground."
Sudan
Dr. Ahmed Hakem, Head of the Department of Archaeology, University of
Khartoum, reports as follows:
In the Research field the Department is, carrying out investigation and
archaeological survey in the area between Wadi Seydna and Shaheinab.
Preliminary work shows extensive and intensive occupation during various
periods Neolithic to Mahdia times. Dr. Ahmed M. Ali Hakem is leading the
project with mainly students participation. Another project is that of
Darfur which is again directed by Dr. Hakem assisted by Mrs. Haaland, this
will be on Early food production and the Iron Age. A preliminary expedition
was carried out in July 1972 and showed promising results. Finally, the
Meroe Excavation which was running since 1966 led by Prof. P.L. Shinnie is
now being planned as a joint project between the Universities of Calgary and
Khartoum

Mrs. Haaland is reviewing the Neolithic of the Central Sudan and is in

contact with Dr. L, Krzyzaniak, the leader of the Polish Expedition at Kadaro,
and Professor Puglisi of the Italian Expedition at Geili. Dr. Ali Hakem is
reviewing the Iron Age in the Sudan in relation with his main work on the
Meroitic Culture. The Department is also offering facilities for Berkeley
Expedition to Gezira led by Prof. J. Desmond Clark. Contacts have been made
also with Prof. Helmut Ziegert of Hamburg University working at Gebel Mara,
with the University of Geneva Expedition led by M. Charles Bonnet, Prof. J.
Vercoutter of the Frexh Expedition to the Island of Sai, and M. Vila of the
Antiquities Service Survey Team in Batn a1 Haggar.
In spite of the small size of the Department in comparison with its
commitment to graduate students, 80 in all, several publication projects
either have been completed or are near completion. Mrs. Haalandls major work
on the Neolithic Culture of Sudanese Nubia has been in the Press since last
year as Vol. I11 of the Scandinavian Joint Expedition's reports. Dr. Ali
Hakem's article on the Meroitic Settlement of the Butana appeared in "Man,
Settlement, and urbanism", other articles include "The City of Meroe and the
W t h of Napata, a new perspective in Meroitic Archaeology", "Some Major
Aspects of Ccltures in Ancient Sudan", while the following are nearly completed:
A Chapter on Political, economic social, and spiritual organizations of Nubia
during Meroitic times is scheduled for March 1973 for the General History of

Africa of the UNESCO Publication. Volume I of General History of the Sudan

sponsored by the Sudan National Council for Research will be completed by
the end of this year. Finally, an article on "Meroitic Architecture" is
being prepared for the Paris Conference on Meroitic Studies to be held in
July 1973 - while S s thesis on "Meroitic Architecture" is being prepared
for publication.

Mr. J. Robertson of the University of Calgary supplies the following

note:
From June 1972 until March 1973, I was .field assistant on Professor
Shinnie's excavations at the ancient city of Meroe in the Sudan. Prior to
this, all my experience was in North American archaeology, It immediately
struck me that cities have a tremendous amount of anthropological potential.
The essential uniqueness of cities is that composite groups interact on a
number of levels besides kinship. It is within the matrix of the city that
complex society developed and grew. Upon returning to Canada, I have been
working on an excavation model which will tap this rich anthropological
source in cities.
For the coming field season, I hope to start my PhD thesis. Under the
direction of Professor Shinnie, and with the cooperation of Dr. Abed Ali Hakem
of the University of Khartoum, I plan to survey northern Darfur. The main
emphasis of this research will be on the relations of settled communities
with surrounding areas such as west Africa and the Nile Valley. I hope to
be in the Sudan from June through August 1973.
As a result of the International Colloquium on Nubian studies held in
Warsaw from 19th 23rd June 1972 on the occasion of the opening of a new
department in the National Museum to exhibit the frescoes from the Faras
cathedral, a Society for Nubian Studies was formed. Professor K. Michalowski,
of Warsaw, was elected president, and Dr. E. Dinkler, of Heidelberg, secretary.

Joseph 0. Vogel, Keeper of Prehistory, Livingstone Museum, Livingstone,

Zambia, writes: I recently completed excavations at an Early Iron Age site
in the upper Zambezi valley in western Zambia. The site at Sioma (16038'
south; 23O32' east) produced a large collection of obviously Early Iron Age
pottery, but of a hitherto unknown group. The pottery is decorated with
hatched b;nds, parallel grooving, false-relief-chevron, thin-wavy-line
stamping and a stamp producing patterns of fine false-relief-chevrons. One
spearhead, a number of tuyzres and a quantity of smelting debris were also
found. Radiocarbon dates from Sioma are awaited.
Earlier, I completed a survey of Early Iron Age sites on the edge of
the Maramba valley in southern Zambia with an excavation at the site named
Musya (17O42' south; 25'52'
east). We found three components: an Early Iron
Age village possibly related to the Dambwa assemblage; a Kalomo tradition
site of the Sekute phase and an Early-Tonga site of the mid-second millennium.

A present, I am completing the publication of the third of our Zambia

Museum Papers series volumes on the archaeology of the Victoria Falls
region, entitled: "Simbusenga: The Archaeology of the Intermediate Period
of the Southern Zambian Iron Age".
Miss Karla Savage, University of California, Berkeley, is in Zambia
analysing Daniels1 L.S.A. material from Kamusongolwa and mine from
Chambabulele and preparing an excavation at Mumbwa as part of her doctoral
thesis.
INQUA Researches in-.AfricaSouth of the Equator

Two Inqua commissions have been active in southern Africa on projects

which combine archaeology with geology and other disciplines. Reports are
being prepared for the congress to be held in New Zealand next December.
For the Shorelines Commission, 0. Davies has sent to press the last of
his four reports on pleistocene shorelines in South Africa, and special
studies are being carried out by A. Tankard and A.J. Carrington in the Western
Cape. The 60-metre shoreline is the earliest yielding hand-axes, while
higher beach-gravels occasionally have atypical pebble-tools. Faunal studies
indicate warmer water in the West Cape in and before the 30-metre shoreline
(= probably the Holstein interglacial), and an interesting warm-water fauna
in estuaries of the South and West Cape belonging to the 18 and 9 metre
shorelines (= probably the two peaks of em). P. Giresse is directing
research at Pointe Noire on the Flandrian transgression, with a number of
isotopic dates. This follows his work in Gaboon, where he found considerable
subsidence during the Holocene similar to that established by Allen off the
Niger delta. R. Battistini has been mapping the late quaternary shorelines
and dune-formations in Madagascar.
The Sub-commission on African Stratigraphy was revived in 1971 by P.
Biberson, and representatives have been appointed for nearly every African
state, to present reports on quaternary formations, in order to assess a
programme of field-research for the next Inqua inter-congress period.
Bibersonlswork has largely been in Morocco, where archaeological remains have
always been carefully studied in relation to geological formations. He
published in Quaternaria 13 a set of reports, to be used as models in other
parts of the continent, in which due weight was given to prehistorical
industries, fauna and isotopic dates. Work has been initiated in soutern
Africa, and some of the reports will contain much detail on archaeology in
relation to soil-stratigraphy for instance, talus-accumulation in which a
regular sequence from Late Acheulian to Late Stone Age occurs; and coastal
dunes in Natal, where differently coloured sands are interstratified with
industries from the Sangoan to the later iron-age.

University of Ghent, Bel~ium

For several years, a course in African prehistory has been offered in
the University ff Ghent; this is up till now the only university in Belgium
where this subject is being taught.

Several students are preparing a "thhe de licence" in this particular

field. This usually takes the form of a 150-300 page typewritten dissertation
on a well-defined subject, complete with drawings, photographs, maps, etc.
The following dissertations have recently been submitted, or are being
prepared now :

1. M.J. De Meulemeester, on the ethnohistory and archaeology of the

Jukun, central Benue region, Nigeria. This is a doctoral thesis
based upon fieldwork and archival research. Excavations were
carried out at Kororofa (1969-1970)and at several other sites
in the area Pindiga - Katsena Ala, Kona - Abinsi (1970-1971).
Recent papers on this work are:
Op zoek naar het verleden van Nigeria. Spiegel Historiael, 7,6
1972, 324-333. (~.~enquin
and J. De ~eulemeester).
Voorlopig bericht over twee seizoenen protohistorisch onderzoek
in get gebied van de Midden-Benue ( ~ i ~ e r i a )Africa-Tervuren ,
XVIII 3/4, 1972, 123-132. (J. Nenquin and J. De Meulemeester).

2.

M.M. Celis. Gepolijst archaeologisch stenen materiaal uit de

Demokratische Republiek Zaire (met uitsluiting van het Uele
gebied)
This is a study of the polished axes, adzes and other relevant
finds from Zaire, the Uele region excluded. 3-volume manuscript:
text: 111 pp.; finds from Ubangi, Lower Zaire, Kasai, Shaba,
Ituri. Morphological analysis. gazetteer: 304 pp. illustrations:
XXXV plates and 5 maps.

It is perhaps useful to mention here that the so-called "Uele

neolithic" has earlier been studied by F. Van Noten, when a student
at Ghene. This dissertation has been published as: "The Uelian".
Annalen; menselijke wetenschappen no 6k. Kon Museum Midden-Afrika ,
Tervuren. 1968. pp. 154, fig. 49, pl. X.
3. Miss A. H6rin. Studie van een verzameling ceramiek uit de Bushimaie
vallei, in het Kon. Museum voor Centraal Afrika. A description of
the ceramic material collected in 1939 by M.M. Bequaert in six caves
in the Bushimaie valley, Zaire. Morphological analysis, typology and
essay in chronology. Comparison with similar pottery from the same
area.

4. M.J. Valcke. Het Late Steentijd materiaal uit de Munyama grot

(Uganda). Report on the microlithic industry found in the Munyama
, excavated in 1968 by J. Nenquin and
Cave (~uvumaIsland, ~ganda)
J. Van Noten. Typological analysis, environmental reconstruction,
chronology. Papers on this site include:
F. Van Noten: Excavations at Munyama Cave. Antiquity, 1971, XLV
NO. 177, 56-50.
J. Nenquin: Archaeological prospections on the Islands of Buvwna
and Bugaia, Lake Victoria Nyanza (Uganda) Proceedings Prehistoric
Society, 1971, XXXVII , 381-418. Material from other sites
examined during the 1968 campaign is being studied by the author of
this note.

5.

M . J . Vandenhoute. De vroeg-historische kerk-begraafplaats t e

Mbanza Mbata Kia Madiadia ( ~ e d e r - z a i r e ) . Reconstruction of t h e
necropolis a s s o c i a t e d with t h e e a r l y C h r i s t i a n church a t Mbanza
Mbata ( ~ o w e rZaire ) , examined and p a r t i a l l y ( 1 ) excavated e a r l i e r
by s e v e r a l workers. Description of t h e m a t e r i a l ( p o t t e r y ,
imported r e l i g i o u s o b j e c t s , e t c . ) ; a n a l y s i s of t h e h i s t o r i c a l
importance of t h e s i t e .

Apart from t h e s e d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t s , t h e archaeological department of

Ghent University a l s o helped i n organizing t h e s e c t i o n on African p r e h i s t o r y
i n t h e e x h i b i t i o n "Demystificatie en l e t t e r k u n d e i n Afrika", h e l d a t t h e
u n i v e r s i t y i n 1972 ( i n charge: Professor D r . M. Van Spaandonck).
L a s t l y , Professor D r . J. de Heinzelin ( c h a i r of ~ a l a e o n t o l o g )y
r e g u l a r l y c o l l a b o r a t e s with t h e work done i n t h e Omo v a l l e y . H i s l a t e s t
contribution: "Omo Research Expedition 1967-1971".
Africa-Tervuren, 1972,
XVIII 314, 67-74.
University of C a l i f o r n i a , Santa Barbara
Brian Fagan continues t o labour over t h e Daima bones and a s e r i e s of
mound s i t e r e p o r t s from southern Zambia. He plans t o complete most of
t h i s work during a Guggenheim Fellowship i n e a r l y 1973. A s h o r t volume on
Africa i n t h e Iron Age, co-authored with Roland Oliver f o r Cambridge University
Press w i l l go t o p r e s s a t t h e end of t h e y e a r .
Michael Bisson has now returned from fieldwork i n Zambia and c o n t r i b u t e s
a s h o r t r e p o r t t o t h i s newsletter. We hope t o admit another I r o n Age graduate
student t o UCSB f o r t h e coming f a l l .

West African Journal of Archaeology

Professor Thurstan Shaw has supplied lists of contents for the two
forthcoming numbers of this journal:
Volume 3, 1973:
York: Excavations at New Buipe
Wai-Ogosu: Was there a Sangoan industry in West Africa?
Aumassip: Nouveau cas de stratification arch6ologique dans le
Sahara Septentrionale.
Mauny: Datation au carbone 14 d'amas artificiels de coquillages
des lagunes de Basse CGte dlIvoire
Olsson: Radiocarbon dating of Ivory Coast Shell Mounds
Rubin: Bronzes of the Middle Benue
Shaw: Trade and the Tsoede bronzes
Walker: Cajote a Franco-African word for a tobacco pipe?

Volume 4, 1974:
Rahtz, P.A. and Colin Flight: A Quern Factory near Kintampo, Ghana
Smith, Andrew B.: Preliminary Report of Excavations at Karkarichinkat,
Mali, 1972
Swartz, B.K. Jnr.: A Stratified Succession of Stone Age Assemblages
at Hohoe, Ghana
Marliac, A.: Prospection Arch6ologique au Cameroun Septentrianale
Eyo, Ekpo: Excavations at Odo-Ogbe Street and Lafogido, Ife, Nigeria.
Garlake, Peter: Excavations at Obalara's Land, Ife, Nigeria
Mathewson, R. Duncan: Pottery from the Chuluwasi and Jimasangi River
Sites, Northern Ghana
Rubin, Arnold: Regalia in Biu Division, North-Eastern State, Nigeria
Notes and News
Reviews
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