STUDY OF WIND AS ONE OF POTENTIAL RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDONESIA

(dyas chasbiandeti)

Abstract
Insistence on the availability of energy on this decade is getting bigger. Population growth and the
availability of fossil fuel, which becomes smaller each day, is the main trigger. Developing renewable
energy resources nowadays is done by all countries in this world. Indonesia also in position required
this development, especially with its large population and growth every year. Utilizing the large
region, Indonesia may develop its energy resources to supply internal usage. Wind energy resources
are a great advice to be developed. Because it can be found anywhere and the speed of wind in
Indonesia is generally between 4 m / s to 5 m / sec. However, in certain areas such as in coastal wind
speeds can reach 10 m / sec. With these speeds, the development of wind power is less economical.
But it also needs governmental support either policy or funding.

1. Introduction
Standart of living in a country can be based by the proportion of energy consumption there.
We can see thru how easy the civiliant reach the energy resources. Unfortunatelly, right now
fossil fuel become the main energy resources in this world. Besides, energy consumption
getting larger and larger by the time, as the population growth. The massive growing rate of
fossil fuel also followed by the negative pollution impacts.
The development of renewable energy resources in recent years has been largely driven by
the need to reduce greenhouse emissions and it has been done by every country in this world.
It depends on the fossil fuel resources, the eficiency also the availability of renewable energy
resources in each contry. The usage caused by population growth, economic, technology
development and consumpsion become the main cause of the urgenty needed.
Indonesia has large potency of developing renewable energy. The most enviroment-friendly
types of renewable energy is wind energy. Wind energy is granted as a mature of power which
has some potentials. First, wind exist everywhere on earth and in some places with
considerable energy density. Second, wind had been widely used in the past, for mechanical
power as well as transportation. Certainly, it was conceivable to use it again. Third, there was
the technological capacity in this world which is developing wind energy. The only thing we
have to do is upgrade its capacity and eficiency. More of that, govermental policy must go
accordingly to optimalize the development of renewable energy resources in Indonesia.
2. Availability of Energy Resources
Based on data from Pusdatin ESDM1, the avaliability of energy resources in Indonesia is :
ENERGY PRODUCTION:
Primary Energy Production
Crude Oil: 314,665.87 Thousand Barrel
Natural Gas: 2,752.40 BSCF
Coal: 385,899.10 Thousand Tones
1

2013 handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia

Hydro Power: 43,964,934.70 G W h Output

Geothermal: 68,610.11 Thousand Tones Geothermal
FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 1,050.28 Million BOE
Energy Consumption by Type (excluded non energy use)
Coal: 123.02 Million BOE
Fuel: 338.30 Million BOE
Biofuel: 60.13 Million BOE
Gas: 96.91 Million BOE
Electricity: 106.66 Million BOE
Briquette: 0.13 Million BOE
LPG: 42.88 Million BOE
Biomass: 282.26 Million BOE
Energy Consumption by Sector
Industry: 347.14 Million BOE
Household: 331.06 Million BOE
Commercial: 35.39 Million BOE
Transportation: 310.62 Million BOE
Other Sector: 26.07 Million BOE
Non Energy: 110.32 Million BOE
We can see the consumption of energy reach 76.56% from total production. The population
growth is about 1.49% per year. Depletion of fossil energy resources, increase the price, in
addition to the dependence of the power generation sector is also getting bigger.
Increasing public awareness in the field of environmental protection contribute to the
urgent manages the new energies that are more environmentally friendly. The burning of fossil
fuels would release carbon dioxide (CO2) and other harmful gases into the atmosphere. This
exemption alters the chemical composition of the air layer and result in the formation of the
greenhouse effect, which contributed to the increase in temperature of the earth. In order to
reduce the negative effects, it is appropriate that developed the utilization of renewable energy
resources in the production of electrical energy. As an illustration, each kWh of electricity
produced from renewable energy to avoid the release of 974 grams of CO2, SO2 962 mg and
700 mg of NOx into the air, rather than if it produced from fossil fuels. It can be calculated, if in
1990 the last 85 percent of the electrical energy production in Indonesia (approximately 43,200
G W h) generated by fossil fuels, there is liberation of 42 million tons of CO2, SO2 and 41.5
thousand tons to 30 thousand tons of NOx. We know that CO2 is one of the causes of the
greenhouse effect, SO2 disrupt photosynthesis in trees, as green leaves damaging substances, as
well as being the cause of acid rain together with NOx. While NOx alone generally can grow
toxic cells in vivo, as well as increasing the acidity of the soil and water by reaction with SO2.
3. Govermental Policy
a. Law No. 30 of 2007 on Energy
National Energy Policy includes:
- Availability of energy to the national needs
- Priority energy development
- Utilization of national energy
- Backup national energy buffer

b. Presidential Decree No. 5 of 2006 on National Energy Policy

National energy policy according to the PP 5 of 2006 targeting the energy supply in 2025 as
follows:
- Petroleum <20%
- Natural gas is> 30%
- Coal> 33%
- Biofuels> 5%
- Geothermal> 5%
- Other EBT> 5%
- Liquefied coal> 2%
Development of renewable energy has not been the focus of serious explored by the
Indonesian government. This is unfortunate given the natural potential in Indonesia that
can be used as an alternative source of renewable energy.
c. Presidential Decree No. 13 Year 2011 on Saving Energy and Water
- Electricity consumption savings of up to 20% as of 6 months from the Presidential
Directive issued
- Subsidized fuel consumption savings of up to 10%
- Water consumption savings of up to 10%
d. Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 13 of 2012 on the Use of
Electric Power Savings
Focus on saving electrical energy usage by 20% mainly to facilities of State buildings,
building enterprises, the home office officials, street lighting, decorative lighting and
billboards.
4. Potency of Renewable Energy
Indonesia has a lot of alternative renewable energy sources, namely:
a. Biomass
Efforts are underway to develop a biomass industry is promoting the use of agricultural
and forestry waste as an energy source is integrated with industry, integrating the
development of biomass with economic activities, encourage manufacturing of biomass
energy conversion technologies and supporting business, and increase research and
development of utilization of waste including municipal solid waste to energy.
b. Wind
Efforts to develop wind energy include wind energy development to electric and nonelectric (water pumping for irrigation and water supply), the development of wind energy
technology simple for small-scale (10 kW) and medium scale (50-100 kW).
c. Solar
Development of solar energy include solar utilization in rural and urban areas,
encourage the commercialization of solar power by maximizing the involvement of the
private sector, developing a domestic solar industry, and encourage the creation of
systems and efficient funding pattern involving the banking world.

d. Nuclear
To develop nuclear energy, taking steps the government is socializing to gain
community support and cooperation with various countries to improve the mastery of
technology.
e. Micro-hydro
Measures being undertaken for the development of micro hydro development program
are to integrate the MHP with economic activities, maximizing the potential of irrigation to
the MHP, encouraging micro hydro industry in the country, and developing various
patterns of effective partnerships and funding.
f.

Ocean Energy
Harness marine energy in the form of wave energy, tidal energy, ocean current energy
and ocean thermal energy.

5. Wind as Potential Renewable Energy Resources

Management of wind turbine is cheaper than other renewable energy sources management.
Wind as an energy source has the potential equal to the amount of coal in the same
investment. Despite having different characteristics, the stages of planning done for all regions
are the same, site selection, detailed planning, opportunities, construction and operation.
Wind power can produce electricity by means of converter using wind turbines. The
components contained in this conversion are as follows:
a. Rotor
The rotor consists of blades and hub. Most current models of the rotor have three
blades and facing up. Propellers are usually made of composites, especially fiberglass.

Figure 1. Rotor configuration

b. Drive train
The drive train consists of the parts that spin in the wind turbine, the low-speed shaft
(rotor side), gear-box, and high speed shaft (on the side of the generator). Gear-box
serves to increase the rotation in order to achieve the numbers needed to produce
electrical energy.
c. Generator
Most wind turbines use induction generators because the generator is less expensive
and more easily connected to the power grid.

d. Nacelle
Nacelle is at the top of the tower and contains the gearbox, high and low speed shafts,
generator, controller, and brake.
e. Tower and foundation
Tower and foundation covers the use and design of the tower foundation. The tower is
usually a type of free-standing use of steel, and concrete lattice. This election based on
turbine work area. Stiffness of the tower became the main factor for consideration
because it can produce combined with rotor vibration can increase the noise generated.
f.

Control
The control system functions in terms of engine performance on turbine and energy
produced. Its components are:
- Sensors: speed, position, flow, temperature, current, voltage
- Controller: mechanisms of mechanical, electrical circuits, and computer
- Amplifier: switch, amplifier electric, hydraulic pumps and valves
- Actuators: motors, pistons, magnets, and solenoids
One of the main controls is large energy produced.

g. Balance electrical system

In addition to the generator, wind turbine systems utilize a number of other electrical
components. Some examples are cables, switchgear, transformers and electronics
converter.

Figure 2. Major components of a horizontal axis wind turbine

The power output of a wind turbine varies with wind speed and every wind turbine has a
characteristic power performance curve. With such a curve it is possible to predict the energy
production of a wind turbine without considering the technical details of its various

components. The power curve gives the electrical power output as a function of the hub height
wind speed.

Figure 3. Typical wind power curve

The performance of a given wind turbine generator can be related to three key points on
the velocity scale:
- Cut-in speed: the minimum wind speed at which the machine will deliver useful power
- Rated wind speed: the wind speed at which the rated power (generally the maximum
power output of the electrical generator) is reached
- Cut-out speed: the maximum wind speed at which the turbine is allowed to deliver power
(usually limited by engineering design and safety constraints)
The process works is moving the wind energy rotor blades on wind turbines. Then forwarded
to rotate the rotor and the generator which is then converted into electrical energy by
electromagnetic field theory, where the axis of the ferromagnetic generator permanently
installed. When the generator starts rotating shaft, there will be a change in flux which
ultimately results in a certain voltage and electric current. The resulting power output varies;
depending on the wind speed and the characteristics of each turbine has a performance curve
that can be used for predicting energy production.
There will be continuing pressure for designers to improve the cost effectiveness of turbines
for all applications. Improved engineering methods for the analysis, design, and for massproduced manufacturing will be required. Opportunities also exist for the development of new
materials to increase wind turbine life. Increased consideration will need to be given to the
requirements of specialized applications. In all cases, the advancement of the wind industry
represents an opportunity and challenge for a wide range of disciplines, especially including
mechanical, electrical, materials, aeronautical, controls and civil engineering as well as
computer science.
The advantages of the use of wind as an energy source is that it is renewable and carbon
emissions are very small (1% compared with the carbon emissions from coal). Lack of wind
energy sources are requiring large areas to catch wind, noise and the effect on the population
ecology of flying animals such as birds and bats.
6. Application of Wind Energy Resources
Wind turbines have evolved a great deal over the last 25 years. They are more reliable, more
cost effective, and quieter. It cannot be concluded that the evolutionary period is over,
however. It should still be possible to reduce the cost of energy at sites with lower wind speeds.
Turbines for use in remote communities still remain to be made commercially viable. The world
of offshore wind energy is just in its infancy. There are tremendous opportunities in offshore

locations but many difficulties to be overcome. As wind energy comes to supply an ever larger
fraction of the worlds electricity, the issues of intermittency, transmission, and storage must be
revisited.
Consideration of an area to develop the potential of wind energy sources are as follows:
a. Potential meteorology. This is equivalent to the available wind resource.
b. The potential of the area. It is based on the potential of meteorology, but is limited to those
sites that are geographically available for power production.
c. The technical potential. The technical potential is calculated from the potential of the site,
accounting for the available technology.
d. The economic potential. The economic potential is technical potential that can be realized
with a minimal budget but capable of producing great power.
e. Potential Implementation. The implementation takes into account the potential financial
constraints and incentives to assess the capacity of wind turbines that can be implemented
within a certain time frame
Indonesia, which has 80791.42 miles along the coast, is an area of potential for the
development of thermal power station. The wind speed in Indonesia is generally between 4 m /
s to 5 m / sec. However, in certain areas such as in coastal wind speeds can reach 10 m / sec.
With these speeds, the development of wind power is less economical. However, if it is built
with a specific height and diameter of the large propeller can produce electrical energy with a
potential capacity of 10-100 kW.
For comparison, the following data is the countries that have developed a potential source
of wind energy:

Figure 4. Countries which use the wind energy resources

Figure 5. Electricity production by wind energy in Indonesia

This is very unfortunate, considering the wind potential in Indonesia, especially the coastal
areas, which is high enough to be used.

The cost of the collection and the results are certainly an important consideration in the
commercial utilization of wind energy resources. In some regions such as Europe and America,
wind energy utilization to 10% can lower annual energy costs so that the costs allocated for its
development. Even today, taking advantage of low wind speeds (less than 7.5 m / s) of 35%
utilization of the previous area, able to increase the power generated up to 270%.

Figure 6. Molded capacity factors for curreng turbin models relative to historical technology
(Source. Wiser et al. 2012)
Wind turbine prices also vary, but tend to decrease in 2012. And most of the demand is for
low and medium wind speeds (6 m / s - 8.5 m / s) as shown below.

Figure 7. Variety price of wind turbine

Developing wind energy resources will make us able to face the challenges through the
development of wind energy in the world and in Indonesia in particular are:
a. Balancing the demand and availability of energy sources
Coverage was initially enough to provide locally, certain areas are close. Once might be
cheaper in terms of cost and more environmentally friendly, the development will be
easier to do and will be more extensive in scope.
b. Competition is increasingly open global industry that the industry players required work
more productively and efficiently at a cost that is not too big
No doubt about it, that in terms of cost, utilization management of wind energy
compared to other energy sources cheaper. So that the production cost is also less.

c. The issue of the utilization of wind energy that cannot be done in all areas and will be
replaced with the use of other renewable energy
Through the development of research carried out continuously, it is not impossible that
both low and high wind speeds will eventually be able to be utilized as a source of
renewable energy anywhere.
In addition, here is an illustration of the growth of wind energy utilization for the industry
which is expected to attract more investors in this field.

Figure 8. Estimated change in the LCOE between low and high wind speed sites resulting
from technological advancement
(Source: Wiser et al 2012)

7. Wind Energy Resources Field

Some wind power plant / wind that have been operating in Indonesia, among others:
a. PT PLN (Persero) build a thermal power station 5x200 kW Waingapu (along the coast) and
in Soe (on the hill) Central Timor, Flores, NTT scheme IPP (Independent Power Producer,
private power). Some of the existing thermal power station in P. Rote with 2x10 kW power
conducted by BPPT, operated by PLN.
b. 10 MW thermal power stations built in the village Suak Bakong, District of South Kluet,
South Aceh district on 75 ha of land located on the waterfront. Thermal power station with
a number of towers of 200 units completed in 2011 to meet the needs of 10,000
households covering all of South Aceh district.
c. PT Viron Energy holding company Suzlon, India builds a thermal power station in Taman
Jaya Ciemas Sukabumi, West Java, with a capacity of 5 x 2 MW operating in 2013 and spent
US $ 14 million. Gradually, the capacity will be increased to 100 MW.
d. 77 kW windmill installed in as many as 48 pieces Coastal Bantul, on the beach Pandansimo,
district. Srandakan, Kab. Bantul, Yogyakarta. Electricity from the wind farm processing plant
used ice cubes for fishermen to preserve their catch.
8. Conclusion
a. The development of renewable energy sources has become an important thing to do.
b. Wind as an alternative energy source has its drawbacks, but the advantages far superior to
fossil energy sources that are currently widely used.

c. Indonesia has a great potential for development of wind energy resources. Unfortunately
this has not been the focus of the development of new renewable energy sources for now.
In the end, the development of wind energy resources, with warts and all, is the choice to do
or not. But look at the availability of energy sources and renewable energy sources that exist
today, the wind have great potential and should be considered.
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