ARTICLE IN PRESS

International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 48 (2008) 947964

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijmactool

A review of cryogenic cooling in machining processes

Yakup Yildiz, Muammer Nalbant
Department of Mechanical Education, Faculty of Technical Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
Received 1 May 2007; received in revised form 7 January 2008; accepted 21 January 2008
Available online 3 February 2008

Abstract
The cooling applications in machining operations play a very important role and many operations cannot be carried out efciently
without cooling. Application of a coolant in a cutting process can increase tool life and dimensional accuracy, decrease cutting
temperatures, surface roughness and the amount of power consumed in a metal cutting process and thus improve the productivity. In this
review, liquid nitrogen, as a cryogenic coolant, was investigated in detail in terms of application methods in material removal operations
and its effects on cutting tool and workpiece material properties, cutting temperature, tool wear/life, surface roughness and dimensional
deviation, friction and cutting forces. As a result, cryogenic cooling has been determined as one of the most favourable method for
material cutting operations due to being capable of considerable improvement in tool life and surface nish through reduction in tool
wear through control of machining temperature desirably at the cutting zone.
r 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Cryogenic cooling; Liquid nitrogen; Machining processes; Tool life; Surface roughness

Contents
1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1. Cutting uids (coolants) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cryogenic cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. Heat generation in machining process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1. Temperature distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cryogenic cooling approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1. Cryogenic pre-cooling the workpiece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. Indirect cryogenic cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3. Cryogenic spraying and jet cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4. Cryogenic treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous effects of the cryogenic cooling in machining processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1. The effect of cryogenic temperature on material properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. The effect of cryogenic cooling on cutting temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3. The effect of cryogenic cooling on tool wear and tool life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. The effect of cryogenic cooling on surface roughness and dimensional deviation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5. The effect of cryogenic cooling on friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6. The effect of cryogenic cooling on cutting forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 3122 028 686; fax: +90 3122 220 059.

E-mail address: yakupyildiz@gazi.edu.tr (Y. Yildiz).

0890-6955/$ - see front matter r 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2008.01.008

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1. Introduction
Excessive heat and consequently wear formation are the
most important factors affecting performance and productivity of metal cutting operations. Different methods,
i.e. hot machining [1], high-pressure coolant application
[2], application of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) [3]
have been tried by researchers to enhance machining
performance. One of these methods is conventional cutting
uid application.
1.1. Cutting fluids (coolants)
Conventional cutting uids were classied into three
groups as seen in Fig. 1 [4]. Water soluble uids were
dened suitable for operations where cutting speeds were
very high and pressures on the tool were relatively low.
Neat cutting oils are straight mineral oils, or mineral oils
with additives. They were preferred when cutting pressures
between chip and tool face were very high and where the
primary consideration was lubrication. It was determined
that cutting uids cannot penetrate the chiptool interface
at high-cutting speeds [5]. Gaseous lubricants were seen
very attractive when the cutting uid penetration problem
was considered but the high cost of gases made them
uneconomical for production applications.
The purpose of the application of the cutting uids in
metal cutting was stated as reducing cutting temperature by
cooling and friction between the tool, chip and workpiece
by lubrication [6]. Chip formation and curl, which affects
the size of the crater wear and the strength of the cutting
tool edge, is also affected when coolant is carried out
during machining. Generally, a reduction in temperature
results in a decrease in wear rate and an increase in tool life.
However, a reduction in the temperature of the workpiece
can increase its shear stress, so that the cutting force
may be increased and this can lead to a decrease in tool
life [7]. For instance, Seah et al. examined water-soluble

lubricating on tool wear in turning of AISI 4340 and AISI

1045 steel with an uncoated tungsten carbide insert. They
found that there was no signicant difference between the
cases where coolant was used and that of dry cutting. In
fact, they showed that it aggravated ank and crater wear
in some of the cutting conditions [8]. It was also proved
that the conventional cooling action worsened the surface
roughness when compared with dry cutting [9].
On the other hand, applications of conventional cutting
uids in industry create several health and environmental
problems [10,11]. Environmental pollution due to chemical
dissociation/breakdown of the cutting uid at high-cutting
temperature; water pollution and soil contamination
during their ultimate disposal; biological (dermatological)
ailments to operators health coming in fumes, smoke,
physical contact, bacteria and odours with cutting uid;
requirement of extra oor space and additional systems
for pumping, storage, ltration, recycling, chilling, etc.
According to the statistical data of 2002, total environmental expenditure of Turkey was $402,947,766. There
were 272,482 rms in manufacturing industry for the same
year [12]. If each of these rms had one machine (lathe or
mill) and if each of these machines held 100 L of cutting
uid, tons of waste cutting uid must have released to
environment.
So, it is absolutely necessary to use an environmentally
acceptable coolant in manufacturing industry. For this
purpose, liquid nitrogen as a cryogenic coolant has been
explored since the 1950s in metal cutting industry.
However, it was not examined entirely at the beginning
due to the high costs associated with early cryogenic
technology. Uehara and Kumagais studies [13,14] have
pioneered to todays cryo-machining works. Their experimental ndings were considerable in terms of machining
performance. The subject has been still studied in different
views and gaining interest due to its remarkable success on
machinability. From the machining tests and cost analysis
in a study [15], the following advantages of cryogenic

Fig. 1. Classication of cutting uids.

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often referred to by the abbreviation, LN2. Nitrogen melts

at 210.01 1C and boils at 198.79 1C, it is the most
abundant gas, composes about four-fths (78.03%) by
volume of the atmosphere. It is a colourless, odourless,
tasteless and non-toxic gas [26,27]. These characteristics of
liquid nitrogen have made it as a preferred coolant [15].
The main functions of cryogenic cooling in metal cutting
were dened by Hong and Zhao [28] as removing heat
effectively from the cutting zone, hence lowering cutting
temperatures, modifying the frictional characteristics
at the tool/chip interfaces, changing the properties of
the workpiece and the tool material. So, it will be useful
to summarise heat generation and temperature distribution in a machining process for better evaluation of the
subject.
Fig. 2. Comparison of production cost and productivity of cryogenic
machining with emulsion cooling [60].

cooling over conventional emulsion cooling were determined such as longer tool life, better chip breaking and
chip handling, higher productivity, lower productivity cost,
better work surface nish, environmentally safer, healthier
for the worker. For instance, when compared with
conventional emulsion cooling, cryogenic machining had
productivity gains of up to 21.36% in machining of AISI
304 stainless steel for different speeds as seen in Fig. 2.
In this study, cryogenic cooling application methods and
their effects on production in machining operations have
been reviewed in detail. Most of cryogenic cooling
applications in machining studies have been examined in
turning operations even though there were its applications
in other machining operations such as grinding [1619],
drilling [20] and milling [2123]. Contrary to turning
operations, cryogenic cooling has been investigated less
by the researchers in milling operations due to possibility
of thermal cracks on cutting tool in intermittent cutting
operations and difculties in practice. However, exceptional improvements over dry cutting and emulsion cooling
were achieved with cryogenic cooling by Hong et al. in
milling processes [24,25]. For example, in milling of A390
with high-speed steel cutting tools, the tool life ratio over
dry cutting was found bigger than 1000% by cryogenic
cooling.

2.1. Heat generation in machining process

In any machining process, heat is generated as a result of
the plastic deformation of the layer being cut and
overcoming friction on the toolchip and toolwork
interfaces. This heat is dissipated by the four systems in
processing the material such as the cutting tool, the
workpiece, the chip formed and the cutting uid. The
greater part of the heat passes into the chip, while a
proportion is conducted into the work material. This
proportion may be higher for low rates of metal removal
and small shear zone angles, but the proportion is small for
high rates of metal removal [29]. OSullivan and Cotterell
measured machined surface temperature using thermocouples in turning of aluminium alloy 6082-T6 with carbide
inserts and their test results indicated that an increase in
cutting speed resulted in a decrease in machined surface
temperatures. This reduction was attributed to the higher
metal removal rate which resulted in more heat being
carried away by the chip and thus less heat being
conducted into the workpiece [30].
The main regions where heat is generated during the
orthogonal cutting process are shown in Fig. 3 [31].
Majumdar et al. developed a nite element-based computational model to determine the temperature distribution in
a metal cutting process. Same temperature distribution was
proved by their model and they indicated the maximum

2. Cryogenic cooling
Cryogenics express study and use of materials at very
low temperatures, below
150 1C. However, normal
boiling points of permanent gases such as helium,
hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, normal air as cryogens
lie below 180 1C. Cryogenic gases have a wide variety of
applications in industry such as health, electronics,
manufacturing, automotive and aerospace industry particularly for cooling purposes. Liquid nitrogen is the most
commonly used element in cryogenics. It is produced
industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air and is

Fig. 3. Heat generation zones in orthogonal cutting [31].

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temperature generation at the toolchip interface [32].

Aspinwall and co-workers employed infrared pyrometer
and FE model as direct and indirect techniques to measure
cutting temperatures in turning of hardened hot work die
steel and AISI H13 with PCBN (polycrystalline cubic
boron nitride) tool. They obtained good correlation
between two techniques and their model also predicted
the highest temperatures at the toolchip interface [33].
Heat generation and temperatures in the primary and
secondary zones are dependent on a combination of the
physical and chemical properties of the workpiece material
and cutting tool material, highly cutting conditions, the
cutting speed, the feed rate, the depth of cut, and less the
cutting tool geometry and the cutting uid [31]. When lowalloy engineering steel was machined with cemented
carbide tool, it was seen that cutting temperature increased
with increasing of cutting speed and feed rate. In addition,
the effect of air and water as a coolant decreased while the
cutting speed increased [34]. The other factor affecting
the cutting tool temperature is the contact length between
the chip and the tool, and it was determined that the
temperature was increased with the contact length for the
orthogonal cutting of aluminium [29].

2.1.1. Temperature distribution

Komanduri and Hou [35] examined the temperature
distribution due to the combined effect of shear plane heat
source in the primary shear zone and frictional heat source
at the toolchip interface in metal cutting. They applied a
model developed by them to conventional machining of
steel with a carbide tool and aluminium with a singlecrystal diamond beneting from data obtained by different
researchers. They validated the model by comparing
analytical results with the experimental results. Fig. 4
shows temperature distribution according to their model.
While the maximum temperature rise at the toolchip
interface located farther away from the tool tip in the case
of machining steel, it was nearer to the tool tip in
machining of aluminium. This case was attributed to the
differences in the thermal properties of the tool, the work
materials and cutting conditions.
Ay and Yang performed an experimental study to
monitor temperature variations of the tool and workpiece
in orthogonal cutting using both thermocouples and
infrared thermovision. They used uncoated carbide inserts
as cutting tool and cast iron, AISI 1045 steel, copper and
6061 aluminium as workpiece material. Fig. 5 shows their

Fig. 4. Isotherms of the temperature rise in the chip, the tool and the work material: (a) conventional machining of steel with carbide tool, (b) machining
of aluminium with a single-crystal diamond tool [35].

Fig. 5. Temperature distribution: (a) rake face, (b) ank face [36].

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temperature distribution by combining the results from the

infrared and thermocouple tests for cutting AISI 1045 steel.
The maximum temperature was found on the rake face of
the tool [36].
According to metallographic techniques and changes in
the hardness of the tool, the maximum temperature on the
rake face on the tool is remote from the cutting edge. This
happens for many materials and cutting conditions, but it
can be a difference for some materials as seen in Fig. 6 due
to ductility of the material. These distributions of
temperature have been explained in terms of the seizure
zone of the cutting tool interface [29].
The studies cited above veried that the maximum heat
generation in a machining process is at the toolchip
interface on the rake face of the tool. The most important
tool failures such as ank wear on main and auxiliary
cutting edge, crater wear on rake face and BUE formation
occur around this zone of the tool [37,38] as seen in Fig. 7
[39]. For example, in high-speed face milling of tempered
steel using an Al2O3-based ceramic tool and cemented
carbide tool, it was seen that high temperatures caused
crater wear formation on the rake face of the tool [40].
Same conclusions were also observed in turning of AISI
1040 steel with ceramic tools [41]. Consequently, an
efcient coolant application intending to cool toolchip
interface around the rake face of the tool would be the
most efcient particularly to impede heat generation. For
example, Wang and Petrescu [42] made stress analyses of
CBN insert in machining of RBSN ceramic using a
cryogenic coolant. They found that a decrease in temperature by cryogenic cooling caused an important reduction in
stress at the ank face of the cutting tool without a crack.
Another study [43] showed that when the ferrous metals
were machined with natural diamond tools under cryogenic
cooling condition, tool wear were controlled effectively,
which means that the possibility of the diffusion and
adhesion were reduced. Evans [44] similarly turned the
stainless steel with diamond tools by cryogenically and he
obtained good surface nish. In another study [45], 52100
bearing steel, A2 tool steel and WC-Co rolls were
machined with alumina ceramic (Al2O3), PCBN and
polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools under cryogenic
cooling conditions. Signicant tool life improvements in
cryomachining of such hard ferrous materials were
attributed to more efcient heat removal from the cutting

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insert and reduction in thermal softening of the cutting

tools at higher temperatures.
3. Cryogenic cooling approaches
Cryogenic cooling approaches in material machining
could be classied into four groups according to applications of the researchers: cryogenic pre-cooling the workpiece by repulsing or an enclosed bath and cryogenic
chip cooling, indirect cryogenic cooling or cryogenic tool
back cooling or conductive remote cooling, cryogenic jet
cooling by injection of cryogen to the cutting zone by
general ooding or to the cutting tool edges or faces,
toolchip and toolwork interfaces by micro-nozzles,
cryogenic treatment of cutting tools to enhance their
performance can be assumed another group executed by
the researchers.
3.1. Cryogenic pre-cooling the workpiece
In cryogenic pre-cooling, the workpiece and chip
cooling method, the aim is to cool workpiece or chip to
change properties of material from ductile to brittle
because, the ductile chip material can become brittle
when the chip temperature is lowered [46]. Chip formation
and its effect on productivity in metal cutting have been

Fig. 7. Diagram of worn cutting tool, showing the principal locations and
types of wear that occur [39].

Fig. 6. (a) Distribution of temperature on the rake face of a tool, (b) distribution of temperature on the rake face of the tool when cutting highconductivity copper [29].

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proved by Jawahir [47] and control and breaking of chips

during cutting will increase performance of machining.
This method was also attempted to freeze the workpiece by
cryogenic enclosed bath or general ooding. A sample
study was made by Bhattacharyya et al. [48] and they tested
two methods; in rst method, they dipped the test rod in
liquid nitrogen and in second method, they poured the
liquid nitrogen by continually onto the testpiece. Another
sample practice was also experimented by Ding and Hong
[49]. Their test setup was illustrated in Fig. 8. They gained
signicant improvement in chip breaking with pre-cooling
of the AISI 1008 low carbon steel. Hong et al. [46,50] also
developed a cryogen delivery system as seen in Fig. 9. In
this system, LN2 was supplied to chip faces to improve the
chip breakability. In this design, the size, shape and
position of the nozzle were selected so that the LN2 jet
covered the chip arc, and liquid ow was oriented parallel
to the axial line of the curved chip faces. They proved in FE
analysis that their method provided embrittlement temperature of chips, below 55 1C, for the AISI 1008. In a
design of Ahmed et al. [51], the gas ow was directed
towards the tool cutting edge to cool the newly generated
chips and enhance their brittleness.
However, these methods may be impractical in the
production line and negatively increase the cutting
force and the abrasion, in addition, they can cause
dimensional change of the workpiece and, particularly
high liquid nitrogen consumption can be required uneconomically [52].

3.2. Indirect cryogenic cooling

This method was also called as cryogenic tool back
cooling and conductive remote cooling. In this distinctive
cryogenic cooling approach, the aim is to cool the cutting
point through heat conduction from a LN2 chamber
located at the tool face or the tool holder. In other words,
LN2 is not repulsed to the tool or workpiece. An example
was described by Evans [44]; he cooled the tools by
immersing the tool shank in reservoir of liquid nitrogen.
But his system was not suitable for a practical machining
process. Fig. 10 illustrates an alternative application of
LN2 to a chamber between the tool insert and shim to
freeze the tool back face [53]. Similarly, Wang and
Rajurkar [5456] designed a liquid nitrogen circulation
system on the tool for conductive cooling of the cutting
edge. Ahmed et al. [51] modied a tool holder with two
designs for cryogenic machining. In one of their design, the
discharging gas was directed away from the workpiece for
maintaining ductility of materials. Piling up of nitrogen
below the insert and thus keeping the tool insert at low
temperatures were targeted without evaporating. So, the
design is suitable for conductive remote cooling of the
cutting edge.
The machining performance could be improved by
indirect cryogenic cooling method because the cooling is
restricted only to the cutting insert, LN2 does not contact
with the workpiece and it does not cause signicant change
in properties of the workpiece, in addition, cooling effect is
stable [55,56]. However, the effect of this approach is
highly dependent on thermal conductivity of the cutting
tool material, the distance from the LN2 source to the
highest temperature point at the cutting edge and insert
thickness. It can be more effective if a larger area of the
tool insert is in contact with LN2 [53].
3.3. Cryogenic spraying and jet cooling

Fig. 8. Cryogenic workpiece pre-cooling [53].

The objective in this method is to cool cutting zone,

particularly toolchip interface with liquid nitrogen by
using nozzles. LN2 consumption and thus production cost
could be high by general ooding or spraying of the
coolant to the general cutting area in a machining

Fig. 9. LN2 delivery system for chipbreaking tests [50].

Fig. 10. Application of LN2 to tool back [53].

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operation. Fig. 11 illustrates such a cryogenic supply

system developed by Zurecki et al. [57]. In such an
application, coolant can also lead to cooling unwanted
areas and increasing of the cutting forces [58].
Alternatively in a cryogenic jet cooling method, LN2 is
applied with micro-nozzles to the tool rake and/or the tool
ank, where the material is cut and maximum temperature
is formed [15]. Fig. 12 shows an example device developed
by Hong [59] for turning operations. In such an LN2
delivery nozzle system, a at cutting insert is used with an
additional chipbreaker and LN2 is sprayed through a
nozzle between the chipbreaker and the rake face of the
tool insert. The chipbreaker helps to lift up the chips and so
that LN2 can reach the toolchip interface. In another
design of Hong and Broomer, LN2 was injected with three
nozzles to the cutting zone; in a Z direction, parallel to
the spindle axis, or in X direction, perpendicular to the
spindle axis, on the tool rake face and ank face, similarly
[60]. In design of Dhar et al. [6163], LN2 jets were
targeted along the rake and ank surfaces, parallel to the
main and auxiliary cutting edges too. In another design,
Venugopal et al. [64] used LN2 jets through a nozzle on the
face and ank of the cutting tool.
There are distinct advantages of the cryogenic jet
cooling. The cooling power is not wasted on any unnecessary areas and thus, workpiece will constant temperature
and not subject to dimensional inaccuracy and geometrical
distortion; this localised cryogenic cooling reduces the tool
face temperature, enhances its hardness, and so reduces
its wear rate; this approach also embrittles the chip by
cold temperature and bend the chip with the chipbreaker.
This cryogenic machining approach eliminates the BUE

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problem on tools because the cold temperature reduces the

possibility of chips welding to the tool and the highpressure cryogenic jet also helps to remove possible BUE
formation, therefore it will produce better surface quality
[15]. In addition, LN2 cannot be circulated inside the
machine tool like the conventional cooling uids, as LN2 is
released into normal atmospheric pressure and absorbs
heat during the cutting process; it quickly evaporates [53].
In this method, the nitrogen consumption can be so small,
for instance, volumetric LN2 ow rate was measured as
0.625 L/min for rake nozzle, 0.53 L/min for ank nozzle
and 0.814 L/min for both rake and ank nozzles [65]. So,
this process can improve the productivity and reduce the
production cost signicantly [66].
3.4. Cryogenic treatment
Cryogenic treatment is a process similar to heat
treatment. In this method, samples are cooled down to
cryogenic temperature and maintained at this temperature
for a long time and then heated back to room temperature
to improve wear resistance and dimensional stability of
them [67,68]. For example, Yong et al. [69] performed a
treatment method of tools cryogenically as follows: inserts
are placed in a chamber; temperature is gradually lowered
over a period of 6 h from room temperature to about
184 1C; temperature is then held steady for about 18 h;
temperature is gradually raised over a period of 6 h to
room temperature and inserts are tempered. Steps followed
by Silva et al. [70] for the cryogenic treatment were: tools
were conventionally quenched and tempered lasting a total
of 43 h; cooling to 196 1C (20 h); heating to +196 1C
(8 h); hot stabilisation at +196 1C (2 h); cooling to room
temperature (1 h); stabilisation at room temperature (2 h);
heating to +196 1C (1 h). These steps were repeated three
times.
There are a lot of applications of cryogenic treatment or
processing to enhance wear resistance and strength of tool
materials from end mills to guillotine knives in industry
[71]. However, the effect of the cryogenic treatment on
cutting performance is not stable for all machining
applications and cutting conditions, and there was not
seen a comparison between cryogenic treatment and other
cryogenic cooling approaches.

Fig. 11. A sample of cryogenic spraying method.

4. Miscellaneous effects of the cryogenic cooling in

machining processes
4.1. The effect of cryogenic temperature on material
properties

Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of LN2 nozzle system [53].

The mechanical properties of several grades of carbide

cobalt alloys (K3109, K313, K420, K68 and SP274) at
cryogenic temperatures were investigated and their indentation tests indicated an increase in the hardness of all the
tested materials compared to the materials hardness at
room temperature [28,72]. These carbide grades generally

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retained their toughness, high transverse rupture and

impact strength as the temperature decreased toward liquid
nitrogen temperature. So, it was determined that these
carbide tool materials were suitable for cryogenic cooling
strategies. In addition, there was not seen difference
between hardness of the cryogenically treated and untreated of high-speed steel (HSS) tools [70]. However,
another deep cryogenic treatment test showed an increase
in hardness and toughness at AISI M2 high-speed steel
[73]. This opposition between two studies could be the
difference between the cryogenic treatment methods.
The effects of cryogenic temperature on some of workpiece materials such as AISI 304 stainless steel [60], AISI
1008 [46,50] and 1010 low carbon steels, AISI 1070 high
carbon steel, AISI E52100 bearing steel, Ti6Al4V
titanium alloy [74] and A390 cast aluminium alloy were
also investigated. Table 1 shows cryogenic characteristics
of these materials.
Authors [28,46,50,75] evaluated some variations in tests
by observing the inuence of cryogenic temperature on
chip formation. For example, the embrittlement temperature of low carbon steels was determined to be between
50 and 120 1C from standard material tensile and
impact tests. Thus, pre-cooling the workpiece or chip
cooling method was recommended for AISI 1008 and 1010
low carbon steels because of favourable chip breakability
in cryogenic machining particularly at low speeds, lower
than 6 m/s. Due to the fact that AISI 1070 and E52100
steels have high strength levels at room temperature and
their rapid and more increases in strength with decreasing
temperatures will lead to decreasing ductility and higher
cutting resistances hence, cutting zone cooling near to the
toolchip interface instead of freezing the workpiece was
recommended in cryogenic machining. Hong and Broomer
also recommended this approach for machining of AISI
304 stainless steel [60]. For cast aluminium alloy A390,
the authors recommended cooling the cutting tool instead
of workpiece. Since, keeping the cutting tool cool may
decrease the tools tendencies to adhere to the soft
aluminium matrix phase and this may reduce build-up
edge formation. Cooling the cutting tool also may enhance
its hardness and resistance to the abrasive wear of the Si
phase in A390. Ti6Al4V alloys showed rapid increase in

their strength and hardness while their toughness and

ductility showed little variation as temperature decreases.
Therefore, simultaneously cooling the workpiece to enhance the chemical stability of the workpiece and cooling
the cutting tool to enhance the hardness and chemical
stability of the tool were recommended as an effective
cryogenic strategy for titanium alloy [28].
4.2. The effect of cryogenic cooling on cutting temperatures
In all cryogenic cooling studies, cutting temperatures
were experimentally measured using thermocouple method
and sometimes cutting temperatures were estimated theoretically with nite element analysis (FEA) method by
authors to verify measurements and due to possibility of
some scatters in temperature measurement when LN2 was
employed. For instance, in cryogenic pre-cooling the
workpiece and in cryogenic tool back cooling method,
the maximum cutting temperature was estimated less than
62% and 27%, respectively, when compared with dry
cutting. In addition, reduction in maximum temperature
was estimated as 26% in cryogenic chip cooling of AISI
1008 low carbon steel [50]. These results indicated that
cryogenic pre-cooling the workpiece provided striking
results than the chip cooling in preventing cutting
temperature as determined in another study [46].
In machining of different kind of steels [6163,76], LN2
jet application reduced average cutting temperature by
about 1035% depending on the work materials, tool
geometry and cutting parameters. These measured chip
tool interface temperatures were also validated by the
predicted temperatures by FE model with an average
deviation of 5.4%. But it was seen that cryogenic cooling
effect slightly decreased with the increase in cutting speed
and feed rate. Because, chip could be plastic or bulk at the
tool rake surface with the increase in cutting speed and this
condition could be obstruct the cryogen in penetrating the
hot toolchip interface.
Hong and Ding [53,77] compared various cryogenic
cooling strategies in machining of Ti6Al4V as shown in
Fig. 13. They found that simultaneous cryogenic rake and
ank jet cooling of the tool were four times better than the
dry cutting in terms of preventing cutting temperatures.

Table 1
Cryogenic characteristics of some materials
Material

Hardness

Tensile and yield

strength

Impact strength

Toughness

Elongation

Reduction in area

AISI 1008
AISI 1010
AISI 1070
AISI E52100
AISI 304
A390
Ti6Al4V

m
m
m
m

m
m
m
m
m

k
k
k
k

k
k
k
k

k
k
k
k
2

k
k
k
k
m

m
m

m: Increase, k: decrease, 2: no changing.

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They also made a sample alignment worst to best as

regarding controlling of cutting temperature: dry cutting,
cryogenic tool back cooling (conductive remote cooling),
emulsion cooling, pre-cooling the workpiece, cryogenic
ank cooling, cryogenic rake cooling, and simultaneous
rake and ank cooling. Similar ratio between dry machining and cryogenic indirect cooling at Fig. 13 was obtained
in machining of RBSN with CBN 50 in another study [55].
In that study, FEA proved that the maximum temperature
on the tool fell from 1153 1C in dry cutting to 829 1C in
indirect cryogenic cooling. This reduction in temperatures
was attributed to the high conductivity of the CBN
tool. However, while the measured temperatures were
ranging between 150 and 200 1C with cryogenic indirect
cooling, they were ranging between 0 and 150 1C without
cooling [56].
4.3. The effect of cryogenic cooling on tool wear and tool life
Most of the studies examined the ank wear formation
since in practice, the amount of ank wear is used more
frequently in determining the tool life [78]. In machining of
some materials, it was obtained reductions in tool ank
wears up to ve folds as seen in Table 2 with cryogenic

Fig. 13. Measured and predicted tool temperatures by Hong and

Ding [53].

955

indirect cooling [55,56]. Similarly, in machining of AISI

304 stainless steel by indirect cryogenic cooling, tool life
was increased more than four times [79]. Another study
similarly showed that the Al2O3 ceramic inserts cooled by
indirect cooling method signicantly outperformed conventional dry PCBN operations [80]. Wang et al. [81]
distinctly employed a hybrid machining method in their
indirect cryogenic system with plasma heating enhanced
machining of Inconel 718 and their results indicated an
improvement of 156% in tool life when compared with
conventional machining.
If a comparison is made between cryogenic cooling
approaches, a study indicated that cryogenic tool indirect
cooling had got about 13 times wear resistance than
cryogenic chip cooling [51]. This difference between
cryogenic indirect and chip cooling was explained with
hardening of material in the case of cryogenic chip cooling
by nitrogen outow. However, it was acquired that an
average of 30 times increase on tool life in cryogenic chip
cooling compared to the tool life for dry cutting. When
applied to machining of titanium alloy, it was expressed
that cryogenic pre-cooling the workpiece was capable of
improving tool life too [53]. In addition, Bhattacharyya et
al. [48] compared ank wear growths between two
cryogenic workpiece cooling methods, dipping the workpiece into liquid nitrogen and continual application of
liquid nitrogen onto the testpiece in turning of Kevlar
reinforced plastics (KFRP). They obtained similar tendencies but wear rate was higher with low cutting speed and
with chipbreaker tool in continual pouring of liquid
nitrogen. A comparison of machining approaches among
dry cutting, cryogenic workpiece pre-cooling and cryogenic
chip cooling was done as seen in Fig. 14; both methods of
cryogenic machining performed better than dry cutting,
but cooling the chip produced the best tool life among all
[46]. It can thus be concluded from the results described
above that the indirect cryogenic cooling could exhibit
better performance than the cryogenic pre-cooling the
workpiece and chip cooling methods in tool life.
Zurecki et al. [57] made a tool life comparison between
cryogenic nitrogen cooled Al2O3-based cutting tools and
conventionally cooled CBN tools in machining of hardened
steel. They applied cryogenic coolant by spraying with a
nozzle to the rake surface of the tool. They found that

Table 2
Tool wears in machining of different materials
Material

Cutting tool

Cutting condition

Cutting length (mm)

Tool wear, VB (mm)

RBSN

CBN50

Ti6Al4V

H13A cemented carbide

Dry
Cryogenic
Oil cooling
Cryogenic
Dry
Cryogenic
Dry
Cryogenic

30
80
46
46
62
110
52
158

2
0.88
1.1
0.22
0.85
0.6
0.45
0.28

Inconel 718
Tantalum

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cryogenic cooled Al2O3-based cutting tools endured longer

than the conventionally cooled CBN tools. They also
gained striking tool life in cutting titanium alloy as
compared to conventional ood emulsion cooling [82].
Kumar and Choudhury [58] investigated dry cutting
conditions and cryogenic LN2 spraying by a nozzle in
machining of stainless steel 202 with a carbide insert in
terms of tool wear. They observed about 37.39% advantage in the ank wear with cryogenic machining over the
dry cutting. However, it was also observed in another study
[60] that general ooding of the LN2 to the highest
temperature area in machining AISI 304 stainless steel
caused cracking of the tool during testing at all cutting
speeds and this result was attributed to making of LN2 and
the workpiece material tougher.
A sample role of cryogenic jet cooling on tool wear was
given in Fig. 15 [83,84]. For instance, according to specic
value of average ank wear (VB), 0.3 mm, for SNMG
insert, the tool life increased from around 28 min under
dry/wet environment to around 70 min due to cryogenic
cooling. This means that an increase of 150% in tool life
was achieved. The authors attributed reducing in growth of
ank wear by LN2 to retention of hardness and sharpness
of the cutting edge in steady and intensive cooling,

Fig. 14. Tool wears of different cooling approaches [46].

protection from oxidation, corrosion, adhesion and absence of BUE formation. Remarkably reducing of ank
wear by SNMM insert was attributed to its geometric
structure having deep grooves parallel to the cutting edges
helping entry of larger fraction of the liquid nitrogen jets at
the ank surfaces [62,63,76].
In another cryogenic jet cooling application, best tool
life result was obtained in using only Z nozzle on the rake
face. For instance, tool life improvement was 67% at speed
of 3.82 m/s and 43% at the 3.40 m/s by this approach when
compared with conventional emulsion cooling. But it was
also seen at low-cutting speeds that emulsion cooling
worked slightly better than any cryogenic method [60].
In simultaneously using of two micro-nozzles that spray
LN2 to the tool rake and tool ank, tool life was up to ve
times longer than in conventional machining as shown in
Fig. 16 [52].
In a cryogenic cooling design [59], the effect of nozzle/
chipbreaker positioning as seen in Fig. 17 on tool life
was also studied. Among tested, six positions for
length of l and angle of l (1.75 mm151, 1.5 mm151,
1.25 mm151, 1.25 mm201, 1.25 mm101, 1 mm101)
high rate of ank wear was obtained with Position No. 1
(1.75 mm151) and No. 2 (1.5 mm151). These results
were attributed to being chipbreaker far from the cutting
edge, failing in lifting up the owing chip and hindering of
the reach of LN2. Consequently, it was found that Position
No. 3 (1.25 mm151) showed the lowest rate of ank wear.
Crater formation was also investigated with a cryogenic
jet cooling in machining of titanium alloy and the
percentage reductions in amount of maximum crater wear
with machining of 5 min were seen 33% for 70 m/min, 20%
for 85 m/min and 77% for 100 m/min by cryogenic cooling
as compared to dry machining [64].
In spite of advantages of the cryogenic jet cooling
method cited in plenty of studies above, one of the studies
[85] showed that when a TiB2-coated carbide was employed
under cryogenic cooling in turning of titanium alloy
(Ti5Al5Mo2SnV), severe abrasion, adhesion and
diffusion were found on cutting tool.
In cryogenic treatment method, Yong et al. [69] analysed
the differences in tool performance between cryogenically treated and untreated inserts depending on different

Fig. 15. (a) Average ank wear, VB and (b) average auxiliary ank wear, VS, for 30 min [83].

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957

quality and tool wear. Their ndings showed that while

the cryogenically treated carbide tools produced better hole
qualities than the conventional carbide tools, conventional
carbide tools showed better wear resistance than the
cryogenic treated carbide tools. In a different application,
tool wear was reduced when cryogenically treated tungsten
carbide tools were used in turning of breboards [89].
4.4. The effect of cryogenic cooling on surface roughness
and dimensional deviation

Fig. 16. Tool life comparison for cryogenic jet cooling and emulsion
cooling curve on loglog scale [52].

Fig. 17. Chipbreaker/nozzle positioning [65].

cutting periods and breaks in turning of ASSAB 760

medium carbon steel. They obtained reductions in ank
wear between 4% and 20% and increases in tool life
between 1.05 and 1.3 times. They [86] also investigated
cryogenically treated tungsten carbide tool performance
during the high-speed face milling of the same material.
Cryogenically treated inserts performed an increase of up
to 38.6% in tool life over the untreated inserts in dry and
wet cutting conditions in their results. When HSS tools
were cryogenically treated, it was noticed that increasing
both the speed and feed reduced tool lives regardless the
heat treatment submitted by the tool. Cryogenically treated
tools presented longer tool lives with increases up to 44%
in the brandsma rapid facing test. Performance of the
treated tools gained from 65% to 343% depending on the
cutting conditions during drilling steels. However, cryogenically treated coated HSS milling cutters presented
worse performance than untreated tools [70]. In another
study, cryogenically treated HSS drills were used in drilling
stainless steel work materials. Results of the study
indicated signicant improvements in tool life of treated
drills [87]. Kim and Ramulu [88] used cryogenically treated
carbide tools in drilling thermoplastic composites to
investigate machinability in terms of the drilled hole

Surface roughness is generated from two components,

the ideal or geometric nish and natural nish. While the
ideal or geometric nish results from the geometry and
kinematic motions of the tool, the natural nish can result
from vibrations, tool wear or built-up edge formation, etc.
[90]. The dimensional deviation or inaccuracy is determined as the difference between applied depth of cut and
obtained depth of cut [91], and the nished job diameter
generally deviates from its desired value with the progress
of machining. Accuracy is highly affected by the cutting
forces and the stiffness of the cutting tool, the tool holder
and part xtures [92]. Surface nish and dimensional
deviation could be also affected even with very stiff and
accurate machine tools. In such a condition, negativity was
correlated with high-cutting temperature and insufcient
cooling [93].
One example of cryogenic jet cooling on dimensional
deviation and surface roughness was shown in Fig. 18.
Values of dimensional deviation and surface roughness
obtained less than dry and wet machining under cryogenic
cooling. Moreover, conventionally applied cutting uid
deteriorated the surface roughness compared to dry
machining. Surface roughness increased with the increase
in feed rate and decreased with increase in cutting speed
under all environments (dry, wet, cry). Authors attributed
reduction in surface roughness and dimensional deviation
in cryogenic machining to reduction in auxiliary ank wear
because of keeping of tool hardness [62,63,76,83,84].
In application of indirect cryogenic cooling, the surface
roughnesses of materials machined with LN2 cooling were
found to be much better than the surface roughness of
materials machined without LN2 cooling after the same
length of cutting as seen in Table 3. The large differences
were attributed to the variation in the tool wear. Since, the
tool wear increased with the length of cut and the surface
roughness increased with tool wear [56]. In hybrid
machining method of Wang et al. [81], cryogenic indirect
cooling system with plasma heating, provided a 250%
improvement in surface roughness in machining of Inconel
718 when compared with conventional machining.
In the study of Bhattacharyya et al. [48], better surface
nish was obtained with continual ooding of liquid
nitrogen onto workpiece, compared with freezing method.
However, a comparison between dry machining, cryogenic
chip cooling and indirect cryogenic cooling were made as
seen in Fig. 19. The best results were obtained with indirect

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Fig. 18. (a) Surface roughness and (b) variation in change in dimension [63].

Table 3
Surface roughness values
Material

Cutting condition

Cutting tool

Cutting length (mm)

Surface roughness, Ra (mm)

RBSN

LN2
Dry
LN2
Dry
LN2
Dry

CBN50

160
30
30
6
70
8

3.2
20
7.8
25
6.7
22

LN2
Dry
LN2
Dry
LN2
Dry

H13A cemented carbide

108
40
65

1.9
15
1.5
7.8
0.9
3.8

Ti6Al4V
Inconel 718
Tantalum

VC734
VC722

25

cooling (cryo 2) and the worst results with chip cooling

(cryo 1). This case was explained with cryogenic cooling of
the workpiece in the case of cryo 1 resulted in a harder
workpiece than the other cases.
4.5. The effect of cryogenic cooling on friction
It was stated that nitrogen must have some sort of
positive boundary lubrication effect. Strong adhesion
between the tool rake and chip face occurs in dry cutting
conditions and lower temperatures could make the material
harder and less sticky by reducing adhesion between
interacting surfaces and thus resulting in a low friction
[4,65,94].
Hong et al. [95] presented an experimental sliding
contact test setup on CNC turning centre composed of a
carbide tool and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and AISI 1018
low carbon steel disks. Their ndings showed that the LN2
lubricated contact produced lower friction coefcient
than the dry sliding contact and the emulsion-lubricated
contact for both disk materials. After, Hong [94] investigated lubrication mechanisms of LN2 in detail with ve

Fig. 19. Comparison of surface nish [51].

tribological disk-at tests as shown in Fig. 20. He adapted

two possible LN2 lubrication mechanisms to the test
setup, the temperature effect forming a physical barrier by

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cooling the disk, the at or both, and the hydrodynamic

effect injecting LN2 to the between two contact samples.
To study the LN2 lubrication effect on materials, ve pairs
of materials were used to conduct the friction test: AISI
1018 disk vs. AISI 1018 specimen, AISI 1018 disk vs.
uncoated insert, AISI 1018 disk vs. coated carbide insert,
Ti6Al4V disk vs. uncoated carbide insert, and
Ti6Al4V vs. coated carbide insert. In all cases, jet
cooling between the disk and the tool insert achieved the
best friction reduction regardless of material pair by
generating hydrodynamic lms (c), also the uncoated
carbide insert responded better to cryogenic cooling in
reduction of friction while coating was effective in reducing
friction under dry conditions. This result was attributed to
the reduction of friction force by changes of tool material
properties. When regarding temperature effect, it was also
stated that the testing results indicated that the low
temperature properties of tool insert material were more
critical than the workpiece material in determining the LN2
lubrication effect.
For cryogenic jet cooling method, it was claimed when
LN2 was sprayed to the tool tip, it formed a uid/gas
cushion between the chip and tool face and provided
lubrication effect by absorbing the heat and evaporating
quickly [15]. Metallurgical evidence of friction reduction in
cryogenic machining was also proved and the reduction in
secondary deformation zone layer (SDZ) thickness by the
cryogenic jet cooling was substantiated as reducing friction
between the tool rake and the chip [65]. This reduction was
attributed to a combination of the cooling effect, which
changes the mechanical properties of the tool surface
asperities favourably and the lubrication effect of a high
pressure LN2 cushion at the toolchip interface, considered
by the chip lift-up action of the integrated nozzle/chipbreaker. The effect of chipbreaker position, as seen in

959

Fig. 17, on friction between the chip and the tool also
examined in cryogenic jet cooling and the lowest friction
coefcient on the toolchip interface was observed with
Position No. 3 (1.25 mm151) as seen in Fig. 21. In
addition, an arrangement was made between dry cutting
and cryogenic jet cooling methods according to friction
coefcient as dry cutting4cryogenic ank cooling4cryogenic rake cooling4both rake and ank cooling.
4.6. The effect of cryogenic cooling on cutting forces
Energy consumption in a cutting operation was associated with friction and cutting forces [5]. So, it is
signicant being cutting forces less in terms of productivity
and production cost in any machining process. Bhattacharyya et al. [48] cooled the Kevlar composite workpieces
by cryogenic freezing and continual ooding methods
during machining. They measured the cutting forces and
they found that the cutting forces were about 50% higher
with cryogenic freezing of the workpiece, compared with
those obtained in ooding. In addition, cutting forces
recorded with chipbreaker tool were lower than those with
a non-chipbreaker tool. On the other hand, shearing force
Fs was calculated for comparison of cryogenic chip cooling
and workpiece pre-cooling from the measured force
components Fc, Ft and Ff as seen in Fig. 22. Both cryogenic
chip cooling and cryogenic workpiece pre-cooling produced an increased shear force compared to dry cutting,
but by different margins. For instance, at a cutting speed of
6 m/s, the shear force increased less than 8% in chip
cooling, while with workpiece pre-cooling the increase was
more than 37%. However, pre-cooling the workpiece
caused more increase in shear forces than the chip cooling.
Consequently, cutting forces will increase with any
cryogenic workpiece or chip cooling approaches.

Fig. 20. Five cases of LN2 application: (a) specimen under LN2 cooling/bath to study the effect of cryogenic temperatures on the tool material; (b) sample
disk under LN2 cooling/in LN2 saturated enclosure to study the effect of cryogenic temperatures on the workpiece material; (c) LN2 jetting between
specimen and sample disk to study hydrodynamic effects on the contact and local cooling; (d) jetting and cooling a specimen to study the combined effect
of the hydrodynamic lm and the low temperature tool; (e) specimen and sample disk under LN2 cooling without LN2 at contact for comparison with the
results from (a) and (b). A dry run friction test was also conducted for comparison [94].

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Wang and Rajurkar [56] measured the cutting forces in

using of their indirect cryogenic cooling system. They
showed that cryogenic cooling did not signicantly alter

Fig. 21. Friction coefcients at different chipbreaker positions [65].

Fig. 22. Shear forces for different cooling conditions [46].

the cutting forces in machining of different materials

(RBSN, Ti6Al4V, Inconel 718, and Tantalum) and the
reason was explained with restricting of the cryogenic to
the cutting insert not to the workpiece. Remarkable force
difference in turning titanium and Inconel was explained
by chip entanglement and the leaking of the liquid due to
inappropriate installation of the reservoir cap. However,
Wang et al. [81] achieved reducing cutting forces approximately 3050% in machining of Inconel 718 with a hybrid
machining method, cryogenic indirect cooling system with
plasma heating developed by them.
In cryogenic jet cooling condition, the cutting forces
comparison was given in Fig. 23. Findings showed that
all cryogenic machining approaches (rake, ank, rake
and ank) had higher main cutting force and thrust
force. According to the authors, lower cutting temperatures caused stronger and harder workpiece material.
This case resulted in increasing cutting forces. It was also
proved that feed force, which is closely related to the
frictional force of the chip acting on the tool, decreased
because of lower friction in cold temperatures. But,
the lowest feed force was obtained only in rake cooling.
It was also seen that the friction force reduction in the
direction of chip ow was more than the cutting force
increase. However, in contrast to the above cited, Dhar
et al. [96] results indicated the possibility of a substantial
reduction in cutting forces by favourable chip formation
in turning of AISI 1040 and AISI 4320 steels with
cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen jets. Similarly,
Kumar and Choudhury [58] observed about 14.83%
advantage over dry cutting with cryogenic LN2 spraying
by a nozzle in machining of stainless steel 202.
These oppositions could be attributed the workpiece
materials, used in tests, and their properties in cryogenic
temperatures.

Fig. 23. Cutting forces in different cooling condition at 1.5 m/s [65].

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5. Conclusions
The aim of this study is to analyse and point out the
effect of cryogenic liquid nitrogen cooling on cutting
performance in material removal operations and its
application methods. Other conventional coolants, heat
generation and temperature distribution in a cutting
process have been also discussed. Following consequences
can be drawn from this review.
Cryogenic cooling in metal cutting has been studied
nearly for six decades, however, many of the studies
and most remarkable of them particularly in terms of
application methods have been done in last decade
and striking results have been achieved. Cryogenic cooling
is still attractive and has been examined in material
cutting eld.
Almost all type of materials from ductile to hard and
brittles have been machined in cryogenic cooling studies by
many miscellaneous cutting tools. However, different kinds
of steels were used widely in tests; non-ferrous metals, nonmetallic and composite materials should be examined
more. In addition, most of the studies have included
turning operations. Other machining operations such
as milling and drilling could be attempted more with
cryogenic cooling.
When compared with dry cutting and conventional
cooling, the most considerable characteristics of the

961

cryogenic cooling application in machining operations

could be determined as enabling substantial improvement
in tool life and surface nish-dimensional accuracy through
reduction in tool wear through control of machining
temperature desirably at the cutting zone.
Cryogenic cooling has been executed in cutting operations in different ways by using liquid nitrogen for precooling the workpiece, cooling the chip, cooling the cutting
tool and cutting zone. Cutting tool and cutting zone have
been cooled cryogenically by heat transmission, general
repulsing of the coolant to the cutting zone and spraying in
jets with nozzles too. Cold temperatures were also used for
strengthening of the cutting tools by cryogenic treatment.
Many studies have been done to explore the most efcient
one. In these studies, comparisons have been made between
conventional cutting strategies and cryogenic cooling
methods, however, opposite outcomes have been proved
by the researchers such as producing of the LN2 jet
application was the best results [53,65], providing of
indirect cryogenic cooling better performance than LN2
sprays [51,55,56] and being cooling of the tool more
signicant than the cooling of workpiece at high-cutting
speeds in cryogenic machining and the opposite claim at
low-cutting speeds regarding of tool life. Consequently, the
conclusions described above could change relating to
toolworkpice pairs and cutting conditions. A general
evaluation of this review was given in Table 4.

Table 4
The evaluation of the cryogenic cooling studies
Cryogenic cooling
method

Workpiece material

Cutting tool

Machining
method

Investigation topics

Authors

Cryogenic workpiece
and chip cooling

Kevlar reinforced
plastics (KFRP)

Uncoated carbide
(TPUX
160304TPUN
160304)
Carbide
(CNMA432KC850)

Turning

Tool ank wear, cutting

forces, surface nish

Bhattacharyya el al. [48]

Turning

Hong et al. [50]

Hong and Ding [46]

AISI 4340

Carbide (SNMG
120408-26)

Turning

Material properties, chip

breakability, cutting
temperature
Tool wear/life surface
roughness

Stainless steel
Ceramic (RBSNreaction bonded
silicon nitride)

Diamond tools
PCBN50
(polycrystalline cubic
boron nitride)

Turning
Turning

Tool wear, surface nish

Tool ank wear, cutting
forces, cutting
temperatures, surface nish,
stress analysis

Evans [44]
Wang and Rajurkar
[54,56]

Ti6Al4V
Inconel 718
Tantalum
AISI 4340

Cemented carbide
WG 300 ceramic

AISI 1008

Indirect cryogenic
cooling

AISI 304 stainless

steel
Cryogenic spraying

52100 bearing steel

A2 tool steel

Ahmed et al. [51]

Wang et al. [81]

Carbide (SNMG
120408-26)
TiCN-coated carbide

Turning

Al2O3 ceramic
(alumina ceramic)
PCBN
(polycrystalline cubic
boron nitride)

Turning

Tool wear/life surface

roughness

Ahmed et al. [51]

Khan and Ahmed [79]

Surface roughness, tool life

Zurecki et al. [45,57,82]

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Table 4 (continued )
Cryogenic cooling
method

Workpiece material

Cutting tool

WC-Co

PCD (polycrystalline
diamond)

Titanium alloy
Stainless steel 202
Cryogenic jet cooling

AISI 1060
AISI 1040
E4340C

AISI 4140
AISI 4320
AISI 4037
AISI 304 stainless
steel

Ti6Al4V
AISI 1018
Ti6Al4V

Ti5Al5Mo2SnV
AISI 1018 and 4140

Cryogenic treatment

Ti 6-4
Al 6160
A390
PVC
Stainless steel
ASSAB 760 medium
carbon steel

Thermoplastic
composites
Fiberboard

Machining
method

Investigation topics

Authors

Carbide (TPUN
160304)

Turning

Cutting force, tool ank

wear

Kumar and Choudhury

[58]

Carbide (SNMG
120408-26, SNMM
120408-26)

Turning

Tool ank wear, surface

roughness, dimensional
deviation, cutting
temperature, chip
formation, cutting forces

Paul et al. [83,84]

Dhar et al. [61,62,76,96]

Carbide (SNMG
120408-26)
Carbide (CNMG
432)

Turning

Uncoated carbide
(CNMA 432-K68)

Turning

Microcrystalline
uncoated carbide
(SNMA 120408)
TiB2-coated carbide
M7 HSS

Turning

Turning
Turning

Material properties, tool

ank-crater wear,
production costproductivity, friction,
cutting forces

Dhar and
Kamruzzaman [63]
Hong and Broomer [60]

Hong et al. [65]

Tool ank-crater wear,

cutting forces, surface
roughness

Hong et al. [52]

Venugopal et al. [64,85]

Milling

Tool ank wear, tool life

Hong et al. [24,25]

Tool life
Tool ank wear, tool life

Chatterjee [87]
Yong et al. [69,86]

Tool failure-wear, tool

hardness
Hole quality, tool wear

Silva et al. [70]

Carbide

Drilling
Turning
Milling
Drilling,
Milling
Drilling

Kim and Ramulu [88]

Carbide

Turning

Tool wear

Stewart [89]

HSS
Carbide (SNGG
230408)
HSS

Acknowledgement
The authors wish to express their gratitude for nancial
support of the cryogenic machining project by The
Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TUBITAK), Project no. 106M473.
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