December 16

BATTERIES

2014

Submitted To:
Dr. Ahmad Hassan Yakout
Dr. Mahmoud Abdel-Hamed

Submitted By:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Mohamed Hesham Mostafa Abd EL-Aziz

Mohamed Yassin Rashad
Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Abbas
Mahmoud Mohamed Kandeel Abd EL-Fattah
Mahmoud Mohamed Hussien Abd El-Aziz
Mahmoud Magdy Mohamed
Mohamed Mansour Abu-bakr
Mahmoud Samir Mohamed

ABSTRACT
This report was assigned to the First Electrical Faculty of Engineering Ain
Shams University students by Dr Ahmed Yakout & Dr. Mahmoud AbdelHamed ,It contains basic information about batteries and their types and
characteristics to give the reader an over view of the topic.

CONTENTS
list of Figuers ....................................................................................................................................i
List of Tables .....................................................................................................................................i
Preface ............................................................................................................................................... ii
Interoduction .................................................................................................................................. 1
Batteries Defentions .................................................................................................................... 2
Types of Secondary Batteries .................................................................................................. 3
References .......................................................................................................................................................................................5

LIST OF TABLES
Number

Page

1. CHRACTERISTICS OF COMMON SECONDARY BATTERY TYPES............. 4

LIST OF FIGURES
Number

1.

Page

Alessandro Volta, inventor of the electric battery............................................. 1

2. Graph of mass and volume energy densities of several secondary cell ........... 6

PREFACE
Acknowledgment
We would like to express our great appreciation to Dr Ahmed Yakout & DR
Mahmoud Abdel-Hamed for their guidance and generous help throughout
the development of this work.
Also, we would also like to express our love, gratitude, and appreciation to our
parents and friends for their endless love, encouragement, patience and
prayers during the course of this work and beyond.

INTERODUCTION
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells
that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a
positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes
allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current
to flow out of the battery to perform work
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the
electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common
examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of
portable devices.
Secondary (rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple
times; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse
current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium
ion batteries used for portable electronics.
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power
hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide
standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

FIGURE 1 ALESSANDRO VOLTA, INVENTOR OF THE ELECTRIC BATTERY

BATTERY DEFENTIONS
Rather than giving batteries unique names, we distinguish batteries by
chemistry, voltage, size, specific energy (capacity), specific power, (delivery of
power) and more. A battery can operate as a single cell to power a cellular
phone, or be connected in series to deliver several hundred volts to serve a UPS
(uninterruptible power supply system) and the electric power train of a vehicle.
Some batteries have high capacity but cannot deliver much power, while a
starter battery has a relatively low capacity but can crank the engine with 300A
The largest battery systems are used for grid storage to store and delivery
energy derived from renewable power sources such as wind turbines and solar
systems. A 30-megawatt (MW) wind farm uses a storage battery of about
15MW. This is the equivalent of 20,000 starter batteries and costs about $10
million. One mega-watt feeds 50 houses or a super Walmart store. Lets now
examine each of the battery characteristics further.
Chemistry
The most common chemistries are lead, nickel and lithium. Each system
requires its own charging algorithm. Unless provisions are made to change the
charge setting, different battery chemistries cannot be interchanged in the same
charger. Also observe the chemistry when shipping and disposing of batteries;
each type has a different regulatory requirement.
Voltage
The imprinted voltage refers to the nominal battery voltage. Always observe the
correct voltage when connecting to a load or a charger. Do not proceed if the
voltage differs. The open circuit voltage (OCV) on a fully charged battery can be
slightly higher than the nominal; the closed circuit voltage (CCV) represents the
battery voltage under load or on charge and the readings will vary accordingly.
Capacity
Capacity represents the specific energy in ampere-hours (Ah). Manufacturers
often overrate a battery by giving a higher Ah rating than it can provide. You can
use a battery with different Ah (but correct voltage), provided the rating is high
enough. Chargers have some tolerance to batteries with different Ah ratings. A
larger battery will take longer to charge than a small one.

FIGURE 2 GRAPH OF MASS AND VOLUME ENERGY DENSITIES OF SEVERAL SECONDARY CELLS

TYPES OF SECONDARY BATTERIES

Lead Acid: One of the oldest rechargeable battery systems; is rugged,

forgiving if abused and economical in price; has a low specific energy and
limited cycle life. Lead acid is used for wheelchairs, golf cars, personnel carriers,
emergency lighting and uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
Nickel-cadmium (NiCd): Mature and well understood; is used where long
service life, high discharge current, extreme temperatures and economical price
are of importance. Due to environmental concerns, NiCd is being replaced with
other chemistries. Main applications are power tools, two-way radios, aircraft
and UPS.
Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH): A practical replacement for NiCd; has
higher specific energy with fewer toxic metals. NiMH is used for medical
instruments, hybrid cars and industrial applications. NiMH is available in AA
and AAA cells for consumer use.
Lithium-ion (Liion): Most promising battery systems; is used for portable
consumer products as well as electric power trains for vehicles; is more
expensive than nickel- and lead acid systems and needs protection circuit for
safety.

REFERENCES

1. Wikipedia : www.Wikipedia.org
2 battery university: http://batteryuniversity.com