1. Dr. Prof. S.R.

Jayaram
Department of Mathematics
SBM Jain College of Engineering,
Jakkasandra 562112, Bangalore rural dt
(Please give your feed back to drjayaram2002@gmail.com)

2.Complex analysis
Complex number
a +ib, i=-1
Exponential form
2
2
x+iy = r{cos -1 (y/x )+i sin-1 (y/x)}, r = (x +y )

Eulers formula
eix = cosx + isinx
Representation of complex number
-Argonds plane, Complex plane

3.

4.
Complex number

Magnitude r

Amplitude x

Consider 1/2 +i1/2

X= 45

[(
2
2
r = 1/2) +(1/2) ] = 1

0
0
So = 1/2 +i1/2 = cos 45 +i sin45

= i45
i/4
e
=e
e

-i/4

0
0
= cos 45 - i sin45

5.Complex numbers

Adding (a+ib) (c+id) = (a+c) i(c+d)

Multiplication

(a+ ib) x (c + id) = (ac - bd) i(bc+ad)

Division
(a + ib)/(c + id)
= [(a + ib)/(c + id)]x (c-id/c-id)
2
2
= [ac+bd) +i(bc-ad)]/[c + d ]

6. Complex numbers are not ordered

Equality (a+ib) = (c+id) iff a =c and b =d

2
3
4
i= -1, i = -1, i = -i, i =1

2
3
4
1/i =-i, 1/i = -1,1/ i =-i, 1/i =1

In exponential form only principal value or periodic function is taken

Functions- complex

Single valued

f(z) = f(x + iy), i = -1

Differentiability

CR equations ux =vy , uy = -vx

f(z) = ux + ivx or -iuy - vx

f(z) is analytic
z
2
f(z) = Logz, e , z+1/z, z ,
2 2
-1
1/2log(x +y ) +itan y/x

8. Complex functions
CR equations- polar form
i
f(z) = f(re )
r and are increments for r and

9 Complex Analysis

f(z) = U(x,y) + iV(x,y) is analytic, then U and V are Harmonic

Uxx +Vxx = 0

Uyy +V yy = 0

U is the Harmonic conjugate of V and

V is the Harmonic conjugate of U

10. Harmonic Functions

f(z) = U + iV, if U and V are constants then

U(x,y) and V(x,y) form an orthogonal system

U(x,y) = c, So ux + uy. dy/dx = 0

So dy/dx = - ux / uy = m1

V(x,y) = c, similarly gives

dy/dx = - vx / vy = m2

Hence m1 x m2 = -1, the curves form an orthogonal system

11. Complex analysis

2
3
If u(x,y) = 2xy + xy -2y , is u harmonic?
2
Ux =2y + y , Uxx = 0
2
Uy =2x + 2xy -6y
Uyy = 2x 12y

Uxx+ Uyy 0, so U is not harmonic

12.Complex Analysis

Show V = -sinx sinhy is harmonic. Find its conjugate U

Answer: Vx = -cosx sinhy, Vxx = sinx sinhy,

Vy = -sinx coshy, Vyy = -sinx sinhy

So Vxx + Vyy = 0

From CR equations, Ux = Vy and Uy = -Vx

So u(x,y) = cosx coshy + constant = -Vx

So u(x,y) = cosx coshy

f(z) = cosx coshy +c +i(-sinx sinhy)

13. Complex Analysis

Find analytic function, given

u = ex(xcosy-ysiny) + 2sinxsinhy+ x3 - 3xy2 + y

Ux = ex(xcosy-ysiny) + excosy +
2cosx sinhy + 3x2 3y2

Uy =ex(-xsiny-siny y cosy) + 2sinx coshy

-6xy +1
f(z) = Ux + i Vx = Ux - i Uy = zez+ez+3z2 -2isinz-i replacing x by z and y by zero)
Integrating, f(z)= zez+ez+z3 /3 -2icosz-iz +c

14. Complex analysis

2 2
2
2
If V = (x y )+ x/(x + y ), find u

V is harmonic, Vxx + Vyy = 0

2
2 2,
Vx = -2y 2xy/(x + y ) = Uy

2
2
Integrating U = -2xy + y/ (x + y ) +c(y), where c(y) is a function of y

2
2
Now u = -2xy + y/ (x + y ) +c

15 Complex analysis

Given u = sin2x/(cosh2y cos2x) find v

Let f(z) = u + iv

f(z) = ux + i vx = vx - i uy

= (2 cos 2x cosh 2y 2 )/ (cosh2y cos2x)

- i (2 sin 2x sinh 2y )/ (cosh2y cos2x)
=

By Milne Thompson method,

2
f(z)= (2cos2z-2)/ (1-cos2z) + i(0)
2
= -cosec z. So f(z) = cot z + c

16.Complex analysis

Find the analytic function given

2
v = r cos 2 r cos + 2
2
r ur = v = -2 r sin 2 + r sin
-1/r u = vr = 2r cos - cos , so
ur = -2r sin 2 + sin , Integrating w.r.t r
2
u = -r sin 2 + rsin + c
2 2i
i
So f(z) = i(r e
r e ) + c + 2i

17 Complex analysis

If f(z) is regular, prove

(uxx + uyy)|f(z)|2 = 4 |f(z)|2

f(z) = u + iv, so that |f(z)|2 = u2 + v2 = (x,y)
x = 2uux + 2vvx and
xx = 2[ uuxx + (ux)2 + vvxx +(vx)2 ], similarly
yy = 2[ uuyy + (uy)2 + vvyy +(vy)2 ],
So xx+yy= 2[u(uxx+uyy ) + v(vxx + vyy)]+ 2[(ux )2 +(u y)2]+ (vx )2 +(vy)2]
By CR equations, (ux )2 = (vy )2 , (u y)2 = (-vx )2
And uxx+uyy = 0, vxx+vyy = 0,
so xx+yy= 4[(ux )2 +(u y)2 ] = 4|f(z)|2

18. Complex analysis

Find if u v = (cosx + sinx e-y)/2(cosx coshy), f(/2)= 0

Ux- Vx= [(sinx-cosx)coshy + 1 e-y sinx]/

2[cosx coshy)2

(1)

Uy- Vy= [(cosx - coshy)e-y +

(cosx + sinx e-y )sinhy]/2[cosx coshy)2

-Vx- Ux= [(sinx + cosx)sinhy + e-y (cosx coshy -sinhy]/2[cosx coshy)2

(2)

Subtracting (2) from (1) and adding (2) and (1)

And putting x = z, y = 0, we get

19. Complex Analysis

f(z) = Ux + iVx = (1- cos z) /2(1- cos z)

Integrating, f(z) = -1/2 cot (z/2) + c

Using initial condition that f(/2) = 0

We get c =

So f(z) = ( 1 cot z/2)

20 Complex Analysis

Given v = (r -1/r)sin, find u

u = -r vr = -(r + 1/r) sin , Integrating

u = (r + 1/r) cos + c(r), Differentiating

CR equations are ur = 1/r v and u = -r vr

Using CR c(r) = 0, so u = (r + 1/r) cos

f(z) = (r + 1/r) cos + i(r - 1/r) sin + c

21 Transformations

1. Translation w = z + c

Taking z = (x + iy) and c = (a + ib)

w = c + z = (x + a) + i( y + b), so a point

(x, y) is mapped onto (x + a) + i( y + b).

The object is moved through a distance c.
Image retains same shape and size

22. CA Translation, magnification

Find the image of (0,0), (1,0), (0,1) under w = (1 i )z + 3

Image of (x, y) is (x + y + 3, y - x)

23. CA-Rotation

i
i
W = cz, Choose c = e and z = re

i
i
Then w = cz = e . z = re

i(+)
So w = re
, then a point p(r, ) is mapped onto R = (r, + ).

Magnification/ rotation

Rotation through angle and magnification by |c |

24 CA-Inversion and reflection

W = 1/z

i
i
Let z = re and w = Re

Then R = 1/r and = -

25 . CA-Bilinear transformation

W = (az + b)/(cz + d), a, b, c, d are complex constants and ad - bc 0. The

condition ad - bc 0 implies dw/dz 0.

The inverse transformation is given by

z = (-dw + b) / (cw - a)
Fixed points of transformation is the solution
2
of cz + (d-a) z b 0

26. CA-bilinear transformation

By actual division w = (az + b)/( cz + d) is

2
w = a/c + (bc ad)/c . 1/(z+d/c)
So consider w1 = z+d/c, w2 _= 1/w1
2
And w3 = (bc - ad)/c w2
w = a/c + w3
Translation, rotation, magnification

27 CA- Bilinear transformation

The cross ratio of four points z1 , z2 , z3 , z4

is denoted by (z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ) and is defined by (z1 - z2 )(z3 - z4)/ (z1 - z4 )(z3 - z2)
Bilinear transformation preserves cross-ratio of any four points
w1 = (az1 + b)/(cz1 +d), w2 = (az2 + b)/(cz2 d),
w3 = (az3 + b)/(cz3 +d), w4 = (az4 + b)/(cz4 +d),

28 CA-BLT
(z1 - z2 )(z3 - z4)/ (z1 - z4 )(z3 - z2) =
(w1 - w2 )(w3 - w4)/ (w1 -w4 )(w3 - w2)
So the bilinear transformation preserves cross ratios of any four points

29 Complex Analysis

Let

us denote four complex constants a, b, c, d and define the function

f(z) = w = (az + b)/(cz+d) is called Mobius/bilinear transformation

,
,
There exists a unique transformation which maps three points z1 z2 z3 to the
points

, ,
w1 w2 w3 given by the formula
(z- z1)(z2-z3)/(z-z3)(z2-z1) =
(w - w1)(w2 - w3)/(w - w3)(w2 - w1)

30 CA-Bilinear transformation

(-1, 1, i) to (-1, 0, 1)

W = i(1-z)/(1+z)

(-2, -1-i, 0 ) to (-1, 0, 1)

W =[(1- i)z+2]/[(1+i)z+2]

(1, i, -1) to (i, 0, -i)

W = (1+iz)/(1-iz)

(1, i, -1) to (i, 0, -i)

W = z(6+3i)+(8+4i)/ z(7+6i)+(6-2i)

31 CA-Bilinear transformation

Find the invariant points of the BLT

w = (z-1)/(z+1), z = i

W = (6z-9)/z, z = 3

Find BLT which maps (-1, 0,1) to (0, i, 3i)

w = -3i(z+1)/(z-3),

Find BLT which maps (1, 0,-1) to (i, 1, )

w = (-1+2i)z+1)/(z+1)

Find BLT which maps (0, 1, ) to (-1,- i, 1)

w = (z-i)/(z+i)

32 Complex Analysis-Integration

Line integrals

c (u+iv)(dx+idy) =

c (udx-vdy) + ic (vdx+udy)

Properties of line integrals

Linearity

ac f(z)dz + bc g(z)dz =c (af(z)+ bg(z))dz

Sign reversal c f(z)dz = -c f(z)dz, where the c traversed in opposite direction

Partitioning of path

c f(z)dz = c1 f(z)dz + c2 f(z)dz

33 Line integrals

2
Evaluate c |z| dz around the square with vertices (0,0), (1,0), (1,1), (0,1)

The square is enclosed by four lines c1, c2, c3, c4

34 Line integrals

cf(z)dz= c1f(z)dz + c2f(z)dz + cf(z)dz + c f(z)dz

Along c1, y=0, c1 |z|2dz = c1 (x2+y2)(dx+idy) = 01 x2 dx = x3/3 = 1/3
Along c2, x = 1, y varies from 0 to 1
01 (1+y2 )idy = i4/3
Along c3, y =1, and x varies from 1 to 0
10 (x2 +1)dx = -4/3
Along c4, x=0, y varies from 1 to 0
10 y2 idy = iy3 /3 = -i/3
cf(z)dz = -1+i

35 Line integrals
c dz/(z-a) = 2i where c is the circle |z-a| = r

i
The parametric equation for C is z-a= re

where varies from 0 to 2

i
dz = ire d

i i
c dz/(z-a) = c (1/ re )ire d = 2i

36 Line integrals

2
2
Evaluate (x +iy)dz, along the paths y =x and y =x for z varying from 0 to 1+ i

2
dz = dx + idy, so (x +iy)(dx + idy) =

2
3
2
Along y = x, (y +iy)(dy +idy) = (1+i)(y /3+iy /2)
For y varying from 0 to 1
= (1+i) (1/3 + i/2)
= (1/3 -1/2) + i(1/3 + ) = -1/6+i/6

37 Line integrals

If f(z) is analytic function and f(z) is continuous at each point within and on a
closed curve C then

c f(z)dz = 0

Writing c f(z)dz = c (udx vdy) + i c (vdx + udy)

Since f(z) is continuous ux uy vx ,vy are continuous in the region D enclosed by

C, Using Greens theorem,

c f(z)dz = -D [vx + uy] dxdy + i-D[ux -vy]dxdy. Since f(z) is analytic,

vx = - uy ,ux = vy and the two double integrals vanish identically.

38 Line integrals

If f(z) is analytic function and if a is any point within C,

then f(a) = 1/2i c f(z)/(z-a)dz

Proof: Function f(z)/(z-a) is analytic, at all points of C except at z = a, We draw a small
circle C1 of radius r lying entirely within C. Now f(z)/(z-a) is analytic in the region
enclosed by C and C1 , by Cauchys theorem c f(z)/(z-a)dz = c1f(z)/(z-a)dz
For any point on C1 , z-a = rei and dz = irei d
c1f(z)/(z-a)dz = c1f(a+ rei )/ rei .i rei d
= i c1f(a+ rei )d . In the limiting case as r0,
i c1f(a)d= 2i, thus f(a) = 1/2i c f(z)/(z-a)dz

39 Similarly f(a) = 1/2i c f(z)/(z-a)2dz ,

f(a) = 2!/2i c f(z)/(z-a)3dz ,
f(a) = 3!/2i c f(z)/(z-a)4dz
.
fn(a) = n!/2i c f(z)/(z-a)n+1dz

40 Cauchys integral formula

Evaluate c(z2 z+1)/(z-1) dz where C is the circle

1. |z| = 1.
Answer: Given f(z) = (z2 z+1) and a =1.
Since f(z) is analytic within and on |z| = 1and
a = 1 lies on C. By Cauchys integral formula
1/2ic f(z)/(z-1)dz = f(a) =1
2. |z| = . Lies inside the circle |z| = 1. Hence by
Cauchys theorem c(z2 z+1)/(z-1) dz =0.

41 Cauchys integral formula

2z
c(e /(z-1)(z-2) dz, where C is the circle |z| = 3
2z
Answer: f(z) = e is analytic within the circle |z|=3,
a = 1 and a = 2 lie inside |z| = 3. Hence
2z
2z
c(e /(z-1)(z-2) dz = c(e [1/(z-2) -1/ (z-1)] dz
2z .
2z
= c(e 1/(z-2)dz - c(e 1/(z-1)dz
4
2
2 2
= 2ie - 2ie = 2ie (e -1)

42 Cauchys integral formula

2
c(cosz/(z -1)dz, around a rectangle 2 i, -2 i
Answer: f(z) = cos z is analytic in the rectangle and the points z = 1, and z = -1, lie
inside the rectangle.
2
c(cosz/(z -1)dz =
c[(cosz/(z -1)dz -(cosz/(z+1)dz ]
= [ 2icos (1) - 2icos (-1)]
= 0.

43 Cauchys integral formula

Taylors series: If f(z) is analytic in a circle C with center a, then for z inside C
f(z) = f(a) + f(a) (z-a)+ f(a) (z-a)2 /2! +..
+ +fn (a) (z-a)n /n! +.
Laurents Series: If f(z) is analytic in a ring
shaped region R bound by two concentric circles
C1 and C2 of radii r and r1 with r > r1 center a,
then for all z in R
f(z) = a0 + a1(z-a) + a2(z-a)2 +..+ a-1(z-a)-1 +
+ a-2(z-a)-2 +..+ where an = 1/2i f(t)/(t-a)n+1 dt

44 Taylors, Laurent Series

1. Find Taylors series expansion of 1/(z+1)2 around z = -i
Answer: f(z) = 1/(t i+1)2 = (1 i)2 [ 1 + t/(1-i)]-2
= i/2[ 1- 2t/(1-i) + 3t2/(1-i)2 4t3/(1-i)3 + ..]
2. Expand f(z) = (2z3 +1)/z2+z) about z = i
Answer: f(z) = (2z3 +1)/z2+z) = (2z-2) + (2z+1)/z(z+1)
(2i-2) +2(z-i) + 1/z + 1/z+1), Put z i = t
1/z = 1/(t+i) = 1/i(1+t/i)-1 = 1/i[1- t/I + t2/i3 - t3/i4 +..]
= -i + ( z i) + 2 (-1)n(z - i)n/tn+1)

45 T, L series
1/(z+1) = 1/(t+i+1)
= 1/(i+1)[1+ t/(1+i)]

-1

2
2 3
3
= 1/(1+i) [ 1- t/(1+i) + t /(1+i) t /(1+i) + -..
2
3 3
4
= (1-i)/2 t/2i + t /(1+i) t /(1+i) +- ..
= - i/2 (z - i)/2i + 2 (-1)n(z-i)n/(1+it)n+1
Substituting, f(z) = (i/3 - 3/2) + (3 + i/2)(z-i) +
2 (-1)n [1/in+1 +1/(1+i)n+1 (z-i)n

46 TL Series
2. Expand f(z) = 1/(z-1)(z-2) in the region
a. |z| < 1
Answer: Resolving into partial fractions
f(z) = 1/(z-1)(z-2) = 1/(z-2) 1/(z-1)
-1
-1
= -1/2 (1- z/2) +(1 - z)
For |z| < 1 both |z/2| and |z| are < 1
-1
-1
So -1/2 (1- z/2) +(1 - z) =
2
3
2 3
= -(1+z/2+z /4 + z /8+.+(1+z+z +z +.)
2
3
= + z+ 7/8 z + 15/16 z + .

47 TL Series
Expand f(z) = 1/(z-1)(z-2) in the region
for 1 < |z| < 2
-1
Answer: Writing f(z) as - .1/(1-z/2) 1/z(1-z-1)
Both |z/2| and |z-1| are less than 1. hence

2
3
= - (1+z/2 +z /4 + z /8 + .) 1/z(1+ z-1 + z-2+ z-3 + z-4 + ..)
= - z-4 - z-3 - z-2 - z-1 -1/4 z -1/8 z2- .
Which is a Laurent series

48 TL Series

Expand f(z) = 1/(z-1)(z-2) in the region

|z| > 2
Answer: For |z| > 2,
f(z) = 1/z(1 - 2z-1) 1/z(1 - z-1)-1

= z-1( 1 + 2z-1 + 4z-2 + 8z-3 + ..) -z-1(1 + z-1 + Z-2 + Z-3+..)

= .+ 8Z-4 + 4Z-3 + 2Z-2 - 1 - Z - Z2

49 TLSeries

Expand f(z) = 1/(z-1)(z-2) in the region

0< |z 1 | < 1.
Answer: Writing f(z) = 1/(z-1)(z-2) = 1/[(z-1)-1] 1/(z-1)
= -(z-1)-1 [1-(z-1)]-1
= -(z-1)-1 - [ 1+ (z-1) +(z-1)2 + (z-1)3 .. ]

50 TL Series

5. Expand f(z) = z/(z-1)(z-3) in power series in

a. 1< |z | < 3.
Answer: Resolving into partial fractions
f(z) = z/(z-1)(z-3) = -1/2/(z-1)+ 3/2/(z-3)
=

- 1/z(1-1/z) + 3/2 1/-3(1-z/3)

= -1/2z(1-1/z)-1 (1 - z/3)-1
= -1/2z( 1+1/z+ 1/z2 + +..) ( 1+ z/3 + z2/9 + z3/27+..)

51 CA

6. Expand f(z) = z/(z-1)(z-3) in power series in

|z 1 | < 2.

Answer: f(z) = -1/2/(z-1)+ 3/2/(z-3),

Put z = u +1, = - . 1/u + 3/2 . 1/(u+1-3) =

= - 1/(z-1) + 3/2u[ 1 - 2/u]

-1

2
3
= - 1/(z-1) + 3/2(z-1) +3/(z-1) + 6/(z-1) +

52 Singularities

Zero: The value of z for which f(z) = 0, is called zero of f(z)

A point is a singular point if it ceases to be
Analytic at that point. If f(z) is analytic every
where except for the point z = a, then z = a is
Called isolated singularity.
n
In f(z)=1/(z-a) , z = a is called a pole of order n.

53 CA
1. In (z sinz)/z2 , z = 0, is a removable
Singularity, since
(z sinz)/z2 = 1/z2 [ z - {z z3/3! +z5/5! - + }]
i.e. no negative powers of z are in the expansion.
2. Poles of 1/(1 - ez) are the solutions of (1- ez) = 0 or
z = 2ni, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..
Residue: The coefficient of (z-a)-1, in the expansion of
f(z) around an isolated singularity is the residue of f(z) at
that point.

54 Residue theorem
Residue f(a) = 1/2i cf(z)dz
that is cf(z)dz = 2i f(a)
1. If f(z) has a simple pole at z = a,
then Resf(a) =

Lt [ (z-a) f(z)

za
2. If f(z) has a pole of order n at z = a, then
Res f(a) = 1/(n-1)! [ d

n-1

/dz

n-1

n
(z-a) f(z)] at z = a

55 CA

2
2
Determine poles of f(z) = z /(z-1) (z+2) and residue at each pole, hence evaluate cf(z)dz
Where c is the circle |z| = 5/2
Answer: Limit as z -2, of (z+2)f(z) = 4/9
Simple pole at z = -2 and residue = 4/9
2
Limit z 1, of (z-1) f(z), -1 is a pole of order 2,
2
Res f(1) = d/dz(z-1) f(z) at z = 1, = 5/9
cf(z)dz = 2i(sum of the residues) = 2i(4/9+5/9)

56 CA-Residues

Evaluate c(z-3)/(z2 +2z +5)dz, where c is the circle |z|=1

Answer: Solving z2 +2z +5 = 0,
z = -1+2i, -1-2i. Both the
Poles of f(z) lie outside the circle |z| = 1,
hence (z-3)/(z2 +2z +5) is analytic in |z| = 1
and so by Cauchys theorem
c(z-3)/(z2 +2z +5)dz = 0.

57 CA-Residues-Integrals
Evaluate c(z-3)/(z2 +2z +5)dz, where c is the circle
|z+1-i|=2.
Answer: the poles of (z-3)/(z2 +2z +5) are -1+2i
and -1-2i. The pole -1+2i lies inside the circle
|z + 1 - i| = 2. So f(z) is analytic except at this point
c(z-3)/(z2 +2z +5)dz = Resf(-1+2i).
So limit z -1+2i of [z-(-1+2i)f(z)] = +i
Hence by Residue theorem c(z-3)/(z2 +2z +5)dz
= 2i(i + ) = (i - 2)

58 CA-Residues-Integrals
Evaluate c(z-3)/(z2 +2z +5)dz, where c is the circle
|z + 1 + i| = 2.
Answer: the poles of (z-3)/(z2 +2z +5) are -1+2i
and -1-2i. The pole -1- 2i lies inside the circle
|z + 1 + i| = 2. So f(z) is analytic except at this point
c(z-3)/(z2 + 2z +5)dz = Resf(-1 - 2i).
So limit z -1 - 2i of [z-(-1 + 2i)f(z)] = -i
Hence by Residue theorem c(z-3)/(z2 +2z +5)dz
= 2i(-i + ) = (i + 2)

59 CA-Residues-Integrals
Evaluate c (tanz) dz, where c is the circle |z | = 2.
Answer: The poles of tanz = sinz/cosz are at
z = (2n+1) /2, n = 0, 1, 2, 3. Of these only z = -/2,
/2, lie inside the circle |z| = 2. So f(z) is analytic except
at this point, so c(tanz)dz = 2i[Resf(/2) + Resf(-/2)]
Res f(/2) = So limit z /2 sinz/-sinz = -1
Res f(- /2) = So limit z -/2 sinz/-sinz = -1
Hence by Residue theorem c(tanz)dz = 2i(-1 - 1) = -4i

60 CA-Residues-Integrals
Evaluate c (sinz2 + cosz2)/(z-1)2 (z -2) dz, where
c is the circle |z| = 3.
Answer: The pole z = 1 is of second order and z = 1 is a
simple pole. So f(z) is analytic except at these points.
c (sinz2 + cosz2)/(z-1)2 (z -2) dz = Sum of Residues at
1 and 2. Residue at z = 1,
= d/dz [(sinz2 + cosz2)/(z -2)]= 2 + 1
Residue at z = 2, Lt z 2, (sinz2 + cosz2)/(z-1)2 = 1
c (sinz2 + cosz2)/(z-1)2 (z -2) dz = 2i(2 + 1 + 1) = 4( +1)i