Lecture 09 Analysis and Design of Flat Plate Slabs

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Lecture-09
Analysis and Design of Two-way Slab
System without Beams
(Flat Plate and Flat Slabs)
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@nwfpuet.edu.pk
mumarbsc@yahoo.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
CE 5115
Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Two Way Slabs
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Topics Addressed
y Two Way Slabs
y Behavior
y Types
y Analysis and Design Considerations
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Topics Addressed
y Direct Design Method
z
Introduction
Limitations
Frame Analysis Steps for Flat Plates and Flat Slabs
Frame marking
Column and middle strips marking
Static moment calculation
Longitudinal distribution of static moment
Lateral distribution of longitudinal moment
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Two Way Slabs

y Behavior
z
A slab having bending in both directions is called two-way

slab (Long span/short span < 2).
25
25
25
25
20
20
20
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Two Way Slabs

y Behavior
25
y Short direction moments in two-way slab.
25
20
25
20
20
25
Short
Direction
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Two Way Slabs

y Behavior
25
y Long direction moments in two-way slab.
25
20
25
20
20
25
Long
Direction
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Two Way Slabs

y Behavior: More Demand (Moment) in short direction
due to size of slab
z
central Strip = (5/384)wl4/EI
As these imaginary strips are part of monolithic slab, the deflection at any
point, of the two orthogonal slab strips must be same:
a = b
(5/384)wala4/EI = (5/384)wblb4/EI
wa/wb = lb4/la4
Thus, larger share of load (demand) is taken by the shorter direction.
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wa = wb (lb4/la4)
Two Way Slabs

y Types
z
Wall Supported
Beam supported
Flat Plate
Flat slab
Waffle Slab
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Two Way Slabs

y Analysis
y Unlike beams and columns, slabs are two dimensional
members. Therefore their analysis except one-way slab
systems is relatively difficult.
y Design
y Once the analysis is done,
done the design is carried out in the
usual manner. So no problem in design, problem is only in
analysis of slabs.
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10
Two Way Slabs

y Approximate Analysis Methods of ACI
Slab System
Applicable Analysis Methods
One-Way Slab
Strip Method for one-way slabs

Moment Coefficient Method,
Two-way slabs supported on stiff

beams and walls
Direct Design Method,

Equivalent
q
Frame Analysis
y Method
Direct Design Method,
Two-way slabs with shallow

beams or without beams
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Equivalent Frame Analysis Method
11
Direct Design Method
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12

y Introduction
y In DDM, frames rather than panels are analyzed as is done in
analysis of two way slabs with beams using ACI moment
coefficients.
25
25
25
25
Exterior Frame
20
Interior Frame
20
Interior Frame
20
Exterior Frame
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13

y Introduction
y For complete analysis of slab system, frames are
analyzed in E-W and N-S directions.
25
25
25
25
20
E-W Frames
N-S
Frames
20
20
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14

y Introduction
z
Though DDM is useful for analysis of slabs, specially

without beams, the method is applicable with some
limitations as discussed next.
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15

y Limitations (ACI 13.6.1)
Uniformly distributed loading (L/D 2)
2ll1 /3
2
l1
l1
Three or more spans
l2
Rectangular slab
panels (2 or less:1)
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Column offset
l2 /10
16

y Limitations (ACI 13.6.1): Example
15
15
If 10
10
15
15
DDM APPLICABLE as 2/3 (15) = 10

10
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15
15
If <10
<10
15
15
DDM NOT APPLICABLE
17

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 01: Slab is divided in frames (for E-W analysis,
slab is divided into E-W frames and vice versa for N-S
analysis).
25
25
25
25
Exterior Frame
Interior Frame
20
20
Interior Frame
Exterior Frame
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20
18

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 01 (continued):
y
An interior frame
25
25
25
25
Interior Frame
l2
20
l1
20
20
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19

y Frame Analysis
Marking an E-W Interior Frame
25
25
25
25
Interior Frame
l2
Panel Centerline
Col Centerline
20
l1
Panel Centerline
20
Half width of panel

on one side
Half width of panel
on other side
20
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20
10

y Frame Analysis
Note: For exterior frames

l2 = Panel width/2 +h2/2
Marking an E-W Exterior Frame

25
25
25
25
Exterior Frame
l2
h2/2
20
l1
Half width of panel

on one side
20
20
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21

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 02: A frame is divided further into strips known as
column and middle strips (Defined in ACI 13.2).
y
Column Strip: A column strip is a design strip with a width on each

side of a column centerline equal to 25 percent of l1 or l2, whichever
is less.
Middle Strip: Middle strips are design strips bounded by two column
strips.
25
25
25
Half Middle strip

Column strip
Full Middle strip
25
l2
l2
20
20
20
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22
11

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 02 (continued): Why a frame is divided into column
and middle strips?
y
Because the slab portion on the column centerline will offer more
resistance than the rest of the slab.
25
25
25
25
20
20
20
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23

y Frame Analysis
a) Marking Column Strip
25
25
25
25
b) Middle Strip
20
l2
Half Column stripp
M.S/2
CS/2
CS/2
CS
C.S
M.S/2
20
CS/2 = Least of l1/4 or l2/4
ln
20
l1
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24
12

(l2)B
Step No. 02 (continued): Frame and strips in 3D.
column
l
strip
t i width:
idth l1/4 or (l2)B/4,
/4 whichever
hi h
iis minimum
i i
(l2)A
-Middle strip
Column strip
-Middle
Middle strip
ln
column strip width: l1/4 or (l2)A/4, whichever is minimum
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25

y Frame Analysis
For l1 = 25 and l2 = 20, CS and MS
widths are given as follows.

25
25
25
25
b) Middle Strip
20
l2
Half Column stripp
5
5
10
5
20
ln
l2/4 = 20/4 = 5
20
l1
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26
13

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 03: Calculate Static Moment ((Mo) for interior span
p of
frame.
25
25
25
25
Span of frame
Mo =
wu l2 ln2
20
Mo
ln
l2
20
20
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27

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 04: Longitudinal
g
Distribution of Static Moment ((Mo)).
25
25
25
20
M+
M = 0.65Mo
M + = 0.35
0.35Mo
25
20
20
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28
14

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 05: Lateral Distribution to column and middle strips.
p
25
25
25
25
20
M = 0.65Mo
0.60M +
0.75M
M + = 0.35
0.35Mo
0.75M
20
20
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29

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 03: Calculate Static Moment ((Mo) for exterior span
p of
frame.
25
25
25
25
Mo =
wu l2 ln2
8
20
Mo
ln
l2
20
20
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30
15

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 04: Longitudinal
g
distribution of static moment ((Mo)).
25
Mext = 0.26Mo
M ext+ = 0.5
0.52Mo
25
25
25
20
Mext+
Mext
Mint
20
Mint- = 0.70Mo
20
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31

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p
25
25
25
25
20
Mext = 0.26Mo
1.00Mext
0.75Mint
0.60Mext+
M ext+ = 0.5
0.52Mo
20
Mint- = 0.70Mo
20
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32
16

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p
25
25
25
25
Mext = 0.26Mo
M ext+ = 0.52Mo
Mint- = 0.70Mo
20
1.00Mext
0.75Mint
0.60Mext+
0.60M+
0.75M
0.75M
20
M - = 0.65Mo
M + = 0.35Mo
20
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33

y Frame Analysis
y Example 1: Analyze the flat slab shown below using DDM.
DDM The slab
supports a live load of 144 psf. All columns are 14 square. Take fc =
4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
25
25
25
25
20
20
20
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34
17

y Step A: Sizes
y ACI table 9.5
9 5 (c) is used for finding flat plate and flat slab
thickness.
hmin = 5 inches (slabs without drop panels)
hmin = 4 inches (slabs with drop panels)
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35

y Step A: Sizes
z
z
Exterior panel governs.

governs Therefore,
Therefore
hf = ln/30 = [{25 (2 14/2)/12}/30] 12 = 9.53 (ACI minimum
requirement)
Take hf = 10
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36
18

y Step B: Loads
z
Service Dead Load (D

(D.L)
L) = slab
l bhf
= 0.15 (10/12) = 0.125 ksf
Superimposed Dead Load (SDL) = Nil
Service Live Load (L.L) = 144 psf or 0.144 ksf
Factored Load (wu) = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L

= 1.2 0.125 + 1.6 0.144 = 0.3804 ksf
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37

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 01 : Marking E-W Interior Frame.
25
25
25
25
Interior Frame
l2
Panel Centerline
20
Col Centerline
l1
Panel Centerline
20
Half width of panel

on one side
Half width of panel
on other side
20
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38
19

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 02 : Marking column and middle strips.
25
25
25
25
b) Middle Strip
20
l2
Half Column stripp
5
5
5
10
20
ln
l2/4 = 20/4 = 5
20
l1
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39

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 03: Static Moment (Mo) calculation.
25
25
25
25
Mo = wul2ln2/8
20
= 540 ft-kip
Mo = 540 ft-k
Mo = 540 ft-k
l2
20
ln =23.83
l1
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20
40
20

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 04: Longitudinal distribution of Static Moment (Mo).
25
Mext = 0.26Mo = 140

Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint = 0.70Mo = 378
M = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 351
M + = 0.35Mo = 189
25
25
25
20
Mext+
Mext
M+
Mint- M
20
20
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41

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 04: Longitudinal distribution of Static Moment (Mo).
Mext = 0.26Mo = 140

Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint = 0.70Mo = 378
25
25
281
189
25
25
20
140
M = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 351
M + = 0.35Mo = 189
378 351
351
20
20
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42
21

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 05: Lateral Distribution to column and middle strips.
25
Mext = 0.26Mo = 140

Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint = 0.70Mo = 378
25
25
25
20
0.75Mint 0.75M
1.00Mext
0.60Mext+
0.75M
0.60M+
M = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 351
M + = 0.35Mo = 189
20
20
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43

y Frame Analysis
25
Mext = 0.26Mo = 140

Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint = 0.70Mo = 378
25
25
20
0.75Mint 0.75M
140
0.60Mext+
0.75M
0.60M+
M = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 351
M + = 0.35Mo = 189
20
100 % of M ext- goes to

column strip and
remaining to middle strip
25
20
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44
22

y Frame Analysis
25
Mext = 0.26Mo = 140

Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint = 0.70Mo = 378
25
25
25
20
0.75Mint 0.75M
140
168
0.75M
113
M = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 351
M + = 0.35Mo = 189
20
60 % of Mext+ & M + goes

to column strip and
20
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45

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 05: Lateral distribution to column and middle strips.
25
Mext = 0.26Mo = 140

Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint = 0.70Mo = 378
25
25
20
283
140
168
263
263
113
M = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 351
M + = 0.35Mo = 189
20
75 % of Mint- goes to
column strip and
25
20
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46
23

y Frame Analysis (E-W Interior Frame)
25
Mext = 0.26Mo = 140

Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint = 0.70Mo = 378
25
25
20
0
112/2
94/2
283
140
88/2
76/2
88/2
263
263
168
M = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 351
M + = 0.35Mo = 189
25
113
112/2
94/2
88/2
76/2
88/2
20
20
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47

y Frame Analysis (E-W Interior Frame)
25
Mu (per foot width)

= M / strip width
25
112/2
11.2
9.4
94/2
283
28.3
140
14.0
168
16.8
8.8
88/2
76/2
7.6
25
8.8
88/2
5 half middle strip
25
20
263
26.3
26.3
263
11.3
113
10 column strip
55 half middle strip
20
20
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48
24

y Frame Analysis (E-W Exterior Frame)
25
Mo = 285.68 ft-kip
Mext- = 0.26Mo = 74
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 148
Mint- = 0.70Mo = 200
25
25
74
89
150
140
60
140
59
50
46
40
46
25
l2 =10.58
20
20
M - = 0.65Mo = 186
M + = 0.35Mo = 100
20
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49

y Frame Analysis (E-W Exterior Frame)
25
Mo = 285.68 ft-kip
25
25
13.26
15.94
26.8
25.1
10.75
25.1
11.87
10
9.2
9.2
Mext- = 0.26Mo = 74
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 148
Mint- = 0.70Mo = 200
25
l2 =10.58
20
20
M - = 0.65Mo = 186
M + = 0.35Mo = 100
20
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50
25

y Frame Analysis (N-S Interior Frame)
25
25
Mo = 421.5 ft-kip
Mext- = 0.26Mo = 110
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 219
Mint- = 0.70Mo = 295
74/2
110
131
88/2
59/2
25
20
221
206
M - = 0.65Mo = 274
M + = 0.35Mo = 148
25
69/2
20
88.8
206
69/2
20
l2 =25
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51

y Frame Analysis (N-S Interior Frame)
25
25
Mo = 421.5 ft-kip
Mext- = 0.26Mo = 110
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 219
Mint- = 0.70Mo = 295
4.9
11.0
13.1
8.8
3.9
20
8.88
20.6
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20
4.6
4.6
l2 =25
25
22.1
20.6
M - = 0.65Mo = 274
M + = 0.35Mo = 148
25
20
52
26

y Frame Analysis (N-S Exterior Frame)
25
Mo = 220.5 ft-kip
Mext = 0.26Mo = 58
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 114
Mint = 0.70Mo = 154
M = 0.65Mo = 143
M + = 0.35Mo = 77
58
69
45
115.5
25
25
25
20
38.5
107.3 35.75
46.2
20
30.8
107.3 35.75
l2 =13.08
20
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53

y Frame Analysis (N-S Exterior Frame)
25
Mo = 220.5 ft-kip
10.4
Mext = 0.26Mo = 58
Mext+ = 0.50Mo = 110
Mint = 0.70Mo = 154
12.32 6
M = 0.65Mo = 143
M + = 0.35Mo = 77
20.69
25
25
20
5.13
19.2
4.76
8.27
4.12
19.2
4.76
20
l2 =13.08
25
20
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54
27

y Frame Analysis (E-W Direction Moments)
25
25
13.26
0
25
25
15.94
26.8
25.1
10.75
25.1
11.87
10
9.2
9.2
9.4
28.3
14.0
25
25
20
7.6
26.3
26.3
16.8
0
25
25
11.3
8.8
11.2
8.8
20
20
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55

y Frame Analysis (N-S Direction moments)
25
25
10.4
00
11.0
8.8
13.1
8.8
5.13 4.9
22.1
12.32 6
20.69
25
25
19.2
4.76
8.27
4.12
3.9
8.88
19.2
4.76
4.6
20.6
4.6
20.6
25
25
25
25
20
4.6
20
4.6
20
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56
28
Comparison with SAP

y EW direction moments from SAP
24
(13)
14.9
(15.94)
24
24
(26.8) (25.1)
10.0
(10.75)
24
(25.1)
0
(0)
11.0
(11.87)
8
8
(10) (9.2)
8
(8)
6.8
(9.2)
20
(14)
16.0
(16.8)
28
28
(28.3) (26.3)
10.5
(11.3)
28
(26.3)
20
(14)
16.0
(16.8)
28
28
(28) (26.3)
10.5
(11.3)
28
(26.3)
0
(0)
12.5
(11.2)
9
9
(9.4) (8.8)
8
(7.6)
7.7
(8.8)
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57
Comparison with SAP

y NS direction moments from SAP
24
(10.4)
4.5
(0)
10
(11.9)
7
(5.8)
12
9
(12.7) (12.7)
7
(5.6)
20
(20.69)
2.6
(5.13)
22
22
(22.1) (22.1)
1.8
(5.13)
20
(19.2)
1.5
(4.76)
22
22
(20.6) (20.6)
1
(4.6)
9
(8.27)
4.5
(4.12)
9
9
(8.88) (8.88)
3.8
(4.12)
25
(11)
25
(11)
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4.5
(0)
58
29

y Example 2
y Analysis results of the slab shown below using DDM are presented
next. The slab supports a live load of 60 psf. Superimposed dead
load is equal to 40 psf. All columns are 14 square. Take fc = 3 ksi
and fy = 40 ksi.
25
25
25
25
20
20
20
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59

y Example 2
z
Calculation summary
z
Slab thickness hf = 10
Factored load (wu) = 0.294 ksf
Column strip width = 5
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60
30

y Example 2
y E-W Direction Moments (units: kip-ft)
25
57
0
25
68
116
107
46.4
107
23
19.3
18
15.5
18
36.5
219
108.6
25
20
29.2
204
204
130
0
25
88
33.9
43.4
33.9
20
20
20
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61

y Example 2
y N-S Direction moments (units: kip-ft)
25
84.7
17.7
101
33.9
14.9 4.9
28.5
171
44.3
53.2
89.5
25
83.1
13.9
35 8
35.8
11 9
11.9
83.1
13.9
00
159
22.8
39
3.9
25
20
26.5
20
20
68 4
68.4
159
25
26.5
20
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62
31

y Example 3
y Analysis results of the slab shown below using DDM are presented
next. The slab supports a live load of 60 psf. Superimposed dead
load is equal to 40 psf. All columns are 12 square. Take fc = 3 ksi
and fy = 40 ksi.
20
20
20
20
15
15
15
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63

y Example 3
z
Calculation summary
z
Slab thickness hf = 8
Factored load (wu) = 0.264 ksf
Column strip width = 3.75
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64
32

y Example 3
y E-W Direction Moments (units: kip-ft)
20
24.8
0
20
29.7
50
46.5
20
46.5
9.9
8.3
7.7
6.7
7.7
15.6
93.8
46.5
20
15
12.5
87.1
87.1
55.8
0
20
37.5
14.5
18.6
14.5
15
15
15
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65

y Example 3
y N-S Direction moments (units: kip-ft)
20
17.7
21.2
7.1
35.7
5.9
33.1
5.5
14 3
14.3
48
4.8
33.1
5.5
20
00
4.9
11.3
33.6
40.4
13.5
20
15
67.9
63.1
9.1
33.9
9
20
10.5
15
15
27 2
27.2
63.1
10.5
15
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66
33
Two Way Slabs

(Requirements of ACI Code)
y Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement
requirement
z
Maximum spacing (ACI 13.3.2):

smax = 2 hf in each direction.
Minimum Reinforcement (ACI 7.12.2.1):

Asmin = 0.0018 b hf for grade 60.
Asmin = 0.002 b hf for grade 40 and 50.
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67
Two Way Slabs

y Detailing of flexural reinforcement for column
supported two-way slabs
z
At least 3/4 cover for fire or corrosion protection.

Slab
3/4
Support
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68
34
Two Way Slabs

z
In case of two way slabs supported on beams, short-direction bars

are normally placed closer to the top or bottom surface of the slab,
with the larger effective depth because of greater moment in short
direction.
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69
Two Way Slabs

z
However in the case of flat plates/slabs, the long-direction negative

and positive bars, in both middle and column strips, are
placed
closer to the top or bottom surface of the slab, respectively, with the
larger effective depth because of greater moment in long direction.
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70
35
Two Way Slabs

z
ACI 13.3.8.5 requires that all bottom bars within the column strip in
each direction be continuous or spliced with length equal to 1.0 ld , or
mechanical or welded splices.
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71
Two Way Slabs

z
At least two of the column strip bars in each direction must

pass within the column core and must be anchored at exterior
supports (ACI 13.3.8.5).
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36
Two Way Slabs

CE 5115
73
Two Way Slabs

y Standard Bar Cut off Points (Practical
(
Recommendation):
z
For column and middle strips both
CE 5115
74
37

y Summary
z
Decide about sizes of slab and columns.

columns The slab depth can
be calculated from ACI table 9.5 (c).
Find Load on slab (wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL)
On given column plan of building, decide about location and

dimensions of all frames (exterior and interior)
For a particular span of frame, find static moment (Mo =

wul2ln2/8).
CE 5115
75

y Summary
z
Find longitudinal distribution of static moment:

z
Exterior span (Mext - = 0.26Mo; M ext + = 0.52Mo; Mint - = 0.70Mo)
Interior span (Mint - = 0.65Mo; M int + = 0.35Mo)
Find lateral Distribution of each longitudinal moment:

z
100 % of Mext goes to column strip
60 % of Mext + and Mint+ goes to column strip
75 % of Mint goes to column strip
The remaining moments goes to middle strips
Design and apply reinforcement requirements (smax = 2hf)
CE 5115
76
38
Design of Two Way Slab Systems for

Shear
(Flat Plate and Flat Slabs)
CE 5115
77
Topics
y Shear in Slabs Without Beams
y Two-way
o ay sshear
ea (pu
(punch
c out sshear)
ea )
y Shear strength of slab in punching shear
y Various Design Options for Shear
y Example
CE 5115
78
39
Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z
Two way shear (Punch out shear)

z
In addition to flexure, flat plates shall also be designed for two way shear
(punch out shear) stresses.
CE 5115
79

z
Two way shear (Punch out shear): Critical section

z
In shear design of beams, the critical section is taken at a

distance d from the face of the support.
Shear
crack
Beam
d
CE 5115
80
40

z

z
In shear design of flat plates, the critical section is an area

taken at a distance d/2 from all face of the support.
Critical perimeter
Column
Slab
Tributary Area, At
CE 5115
d/2
d/2
Slab thickness (h)

d = h cover
81

z
CE 5115
82
41

z
Two way shear (Punch out shear): Critical perimeter, bo
bo = 2(c1+d)+2(c2+d)
CE 5115
83

z
Two way shear (Punch out shear): Critical perimeter, bo
bo = 2(c1+d/2)+ (c2+d)
CE 5115
84
42

z
Shear Strength of Slab in punching shear:

z
Vn = Vc + Vs
Vc is least of:
z
4 (fc)bod
(2 + 4/c) (fc)bod
{(sd/bo +2}
2} (fc)b
)bod
c = longer side of column/shorter side of column

s = 40 for interior column, 30 for edge column, 20 for corner columns
CE 5115
85

z
Shear Strength of Slab:

z
When Vc Vu ( = 0.75) O.K, Nothing required.
When Vc < Vu, then either increase Vc = 4 (fc)bod by:

z
Increasing d ,depth of slab: This can be done by increasing the slab depth
as a whole or in the vicinity of column (Drop Panel)
Increasing bo, critical shear perimeter: This can be done by increasing

column size as a whole or by increasing size of column head (Column
capital)
Increasing fc (high Strength Concrete)
CE 5115
86
43

z
Shear Strength of Slab:

z
And/ or provide shear reinforcement (Vs) in the form of:

z
Integral beams
Bent Bars
Shear heads
Shear studs
CE 5115
87

z
Drop Panels (ACI 9.5.3.2 and 13.3.7.1):
CE 5115
88
44

z
Column Capital:
CE 5115
89

z
Minimum depth of slab in case of shear reinforcement to be

provided as integral beams or bent bars:
z
ACI 11.12.3 requires the slab effective depth d to be at least

6 in., but not less than 16 times the diameter of the shear
reinforcement.
When bent bars and integral beams are to be used, ACI

11.12.3.1 reduces Vc by 2
CE 5115
90
45

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14 column C1
of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
y Calculation of Punching shear demand (Vu):
Critical perimeter:
d = h 1 = 9
bo = 4(c+d)
= 4(14+9) = 92
Tributary
y area ((excluding
g area
of bo):
At = (2520) (14+9)2/144
= 496.3 ft2
wu = 0.3804 kip/ft2
Vu = wu At = 189 kip
CE 5115
91

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
y Calculation of Punching shear capacity (Vc):
(fc)bod=(4000)929/1000=52
k
Vc is least of:
4 (fc)bod = 156 k
(2 + 4/c) (fc)b
)bod = 234 k
{(sd/bo +2} (fc)bod = 230 k
Therefore,
Vc = 156 k < Vu (190 k) , N.G
CE 5115
92
46

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
y Design for shear (option 01): Drop panels
y
In drop panels, the slab thickness in the vicinity of the columns is increased
to increase the shear capacity (Vc = 4 (fc)bod) of concrete.
The increased thickness can be computed by equating Vu to Vc and

simplifying the resulting equation for d to calculate required h.
CE 5115
93

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
y Design for shear (option 01): Drop panels
Equate Vu to Vc:
Vu = Vc
189 = 0.75 4 (fc) 92 d
25/6 = 4.25
d = 10.82
Therefore, h = d+1 12
20/6 = 3.5
This gives 2 drop panel.

According to ACI, minimum
thickness of drop panel = h/4 =
10/4 = 2.5, which governs.
Drop Panel dimensions:
25/6 4.25; 20/6 3.5
CE 5115
94
47

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
y Design for shear (option 02): Column Capitals
y
Occasionally, the top of the columns will be flared outward, as shown in

figure. This is known as column capital.
This is done to provide a larger shear perimeter at the column and to

reduce the clear span, ln, used in computing moments.
ACI 6.4.6 requires that the capital concrete be placed at the same time as
the slab concrete. As a result, the floor forming becomes considerably
more complicated and expensive.
CE 5115
95

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
Equate Vu to Vc:
Vu = Vc
190 = 0.75 4 (fc) bo 9
bo = 111.26
Now,
bo = 4 (c + d)
111.26 = 4(c + 9)
Simplification gives,
c = 18.8 19
CE 5115
96
48

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
c = 19
2.5
According to ACI code, < 45o

y = 2.5/ tan
Let = 30o, then y 4.35

14
capital
For = 20o, y 7
column
CE 5115
97

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
y Design for shear (option 03): Integral Beams
Vertical stirrups
For 4 sides, total
Vertical stirrups are used in
stirrup area is 4
conjunction with supplementary

horizontal bars radiating outward
lv
times individual 2
legged stirrup area
in two perpendicular directions

from the support
pp to form what are
termed integral beams contained
entirely within the slab thickness.
In such a way, critical perimeter is
increased
CE 5115
Increased
Horizontal bars
critical
perimeter
98
49

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
bo = 4R + 4c
CE 5115
99

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
y
Vc = 156 kips
When integral beams are to be used, ACI 11.12.3 reduces Vc by 2.

Therefore Vc = 156/2 = 78 kips
Using 3/8 , 2 legged (0.22 in2), 4 (side) = 4 0.22 = 0.88 in2
Spacing (s) = Avfyd/ (Vu Vc)

s = 0.75 0.88 60 9/ (190 78) = 3.18 3
Maximum spacing allowed d/2 = 6/2 = 3 controls.
CE 5115
100
50

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
y
Four #5 bars are to be provided in each direction to hold the stirrups. We know minimum bo =
111.26
bo = 4R + 4c1 ........ (1)
R = (x2 + x2)
From figure, x = (3/4)(lv c1/2), therefore,
R = (2) x, and eqn. (1) becomes,
bo = 4 (2) x + 4c1
bo = 4 (2){(3/4)(lv c1/2)} + 4c1
Or bo = 4.24lv 2.12c1 + 4c1= 4.24lv + 1.88c1
Therefore lv 20
CE 5115
101

of the 10 flat p
plate shown.
y Design for shear (option 03): Integral Beams details.
lv = 20 24 or 2
CE 5115
102
51

z
Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams

z
DDM Limitations:
z
For slabs with beams between supports on all sides (ACI 13.6.1.6):
0.2 1l22/2l12 5.0

= EcbIb / EcsIs
Where,
Ecb = Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete
Ecs = Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
Ib = Moment of inertia of beam section
Is = Moment of inertia of slab section
CE 5115
103

z

z
DDM Limitations:
z
Explanation of Ib and Is:
= EcbIb / EcsIs
CE 5115
104
52

z

z
Example on calculation
z
hf = 7, hw = 18, bw = 12
Effective flange width

z
bw + 2hw = 48, bw + 8hf = 68, 48 governs

in4
Ib = 33060
IT-section 2Irectangle section & IL-section 1.5Irectangle section
Ib = 2 12 243/12 = 27648 in4
Is = (10 + 10) 12 73/12 = 6860 in4
= Ib/Is = 33060/ 6860 = 4.82
20
20
25
OR,
CE 5115
105

z

z
Longitudinal Distribution of Static Moments
CE 5115
106
53

z

z
Longitudinal Distribution of Static Moments
CE 5115
107

z

z
Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments

z
Column Strip Moments

z
ACI tables 13.6.4.1, 13.6.4.2 and 13.6.4.4 of the ACI are used to
assign moments to column strip.
CE 5115
108
54

z

z

z

z
CE 5115
109

z

z

z

z
CE 5115
110
55

z

z

z
Middle Strip Moments

z
The remaining moments are assigned to middle strip in accordance

with ACI 13.6.6.
Beams between supports shall be proportioned to resist 85 percent of

column strip moments if 1l2/l1 {Where l2 shall be taken as full span
length irrespective of frame location (exterior or interior)} is equal to or
greater than 1.0 (ACI 13.6.5.1).
CE 5115
111

z

z

z
Graph A4
z
Lateral distribution of longitudinal moments can also be done using

Graph A.4 (Design of Concrete Structures, Nilson 13th Ed)
CE 5115
112
56

z
Additional
Requirements for
Slab with Beams
z
Lateral Distribution of
Longitudinal Moments
z
In graph A.4, l2 shall be

taken
as
full
span
length irrespective of
frame location (exterior
or interior).
CE 5115
113

z

z
Example on graph A4:

z
Find the lateral distribution to column strip of positive and

interior negative moments using graph A4. Take
l2/l1 = 1.3
l2/l1 > 1.
1
CE 5115
114
57

z
Additional
Requirements for
Slab with Beams
z
Example on graph A4
z
l2/l1 = 1.3
l2/l1 > 1
65 % of interior
positive
negative
longitudinal
longitudinal
moment
moment
will go towill
column
go to
column
strip
strip
CE 5115
115

z

z

z
Torsional Stiffness Factor (t)

z
In the presence of an exterior beam, all of the exterior negative

factored moment goes to the column strip, and none to the middle
strip, unless the beam torsional stiffness is high relative to the flexural
stiffness of the supported slab.
Torsional stiffness factor t is the parameter accounting for this effect.

t reflects the relative restraint provided by the torsional resistance of
the effective transverse edge beam.
CE 5115
116
58

z

z

z
For a considered frame, the

transverse edge beam
provides restraint through its
torsional resistance.
CE 5115
117

z

z

z
CE 5115
118
59

z

z

z
Determination of t:
z
Where walls are used as supports along column lines, they can be
regarded as very stiff beams with an 1l2/l1 value greater than one.
Where the exterior support consists of a wall perpendicular to the

direction in which moments are being determined,
determined t may be taken as
zero if the wall is of masonry without torsional resistance.
t may be taken as 2.5 for a concrete wall with great torsional

resistance that is monolithic with the slab.
CE 5115
119

z

z

z
Determination of t:
z
t can be calculated using the following formula:
CE 5115
120
60

z

z

z
Determination of t:
z
Where,
Ecb = Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete;
Ecs = Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
C = cross-sectional constant to define torsional properties
x = shorter overall dimension of rectangular part of cross section, in.
y = longer overall dimension of rectangular part of cross section, in.
Is = Moment of inertia of slab section spanning in direction l1 and having
width bounded by panel centerlines in l2 direction.
CE 5115
121

z

z

z
Determination of t:
z
C for t determination can be calculated using the following formula.
y2
y2
x2
x1
x1
y1
x2
y1
CE 5115
122
61

z

z

z
Determination of t (Example): For determination of E-W frame exterior

negative moment distribution to column strip, find t for beam marked. Take
slab depth = 7 and Ecb = Ecs.
Exterior edge beam

(12 24)
CE 5115
123

z

z

z
Determination of t (Example):
t = EcbC/(2EcsIs) = C/ (2Is)
z
hw 4hf = 17
Calculation of C:
7
24
12
CE 5115
124
62

z

z

z
z
Calculation of C:
C = {1 0.6312/24}{123 24/3} + {1 0.637/17}{73 17/3} = 10909 in4
y2 = 17
2
y1= 24
CE 5115
x2 = 7
1
x =12
1
Advance Design
of Reinforced Concrete Structures
125

z

z

z
z
Calculation of C:
C = {1 0.6312/17}{123 17/3} + {1 0.637/29}{73 29/3} = 8249 in4
y2 = 17 + 12 = 29
2
y1= 17
CE 5115
x2 = 7
1
x =12
1
Advance Design
of Reinforced Concrete Structures
126
63

z

z

z
z
Calculation of C:
Therefore, C = 10909 in4
CE 5115
127

z

z

z
Determination of t (Example): t = EcbC/(2EcsIs) = C/ (2Is)

z
Calculation of Is:
Is = bhf3/12 = (20 12) 73/12 = 6860 in4
CE 5115
128
64

z

z

z
z
t = C/ (2Is)
= 10909/ (2 6860) = 0.80
CE 5115
129

z
Additional
Requirements for
Slab with Beams
z
t = 0.8strip
90 % of exterior negative moment goes to column
Lateral Distribution of
Longitudinal Moments
z
Once t is known,
exterior negative
moment in column strip
can be found. For,
l2/l1 = 1.3
l2/l1 > 1 and t = 0.8

CE 5115
130
65

y Minimum thickness for two way slab:
z
For 0
0.2
2 m 2:
fy
ln 0.8 +
200,000
h=
36 + 5 ( m 0.2)
But not less than 5 in. fy in psi.

z
For m > 2:
fy
ln 0.8 +
200,000
h=
36 + 9
But not less than 3.5 in. fy in psi.

CE 5115
131

y Minimum thickness for two way Slab:
h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams.
ln = length of clear span in direction that moments are being
determined, measured face-to-face of supports.
= ratio of clear spans in long to short direction of two-way
slabs.
m = average value of for all beams on edges of a panel.
For m < 0.2, use the ACI table 9.5 (c).
CE 5115
132
66

y Special Reinforcement at exterior corner of Slab
z
The reinforcement at exterior ends of the slab shall be provided as per ACI
13.3.6 in top and bottom layers as shown.
The positive and negative reinforcement in any case, should be of a size and
spacing equivalent to that required for the maximum positive moment (per foot
of width) in the panel.
CE 5115
133
References
y ACI 318-02
y Design of Concrete Structures (Chapter 13)
13), 13th Ed.
Ed by
Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.
CE 5115
134
67
The End
CE 5115
135
68

Lecture 09 Analysis and Design of Flat Plate Slabs

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Two Way Slabs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Frame Analysis Steps for Flat Plates and Flat Slabs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Column and middle strips marking

Static moment calculation

Longitudinal distribution of static moment

Lateral distribution of longitudinal moment

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Two Way Slabs

A slab having bending in both directions is called two-way

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Two Way Slabs

y Short direction moments in two-way slab.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Two Way Slabs

y Long direction moments in two-way slab.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Two Way Slabs

central Strip = (5/384)wl4/EI

Thus, larger share of load (demand) is taken by the shorter direction.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Two Way Slabs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Two Way Slabs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Two Way Slabs

Applicable Analysis Methods

Strip Method for one-way slabs

Two-way slabs supported on stiff

Direct Design Method,

Two-way slabs with shallow

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Equivalent Frame Analysis Method

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Direct Design Method

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Direct Design Method

Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Direct Design Method