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AgricultureandWaterScarcity

FacultyofEngineeringGadjah Mada University

3/23/2008

World Water Use

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PercentageofSectorialWater
Withdrawals

Industry (22%)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

In d u s t ri a l

si
a

do

ne

nk

na
ie
t
V

In

La

ne
pi

op
ur
E

D o m e s t ic

Towns and
Municipalities (8%)

A g ric u lt u re

hi
l ip

Agriculture (70%)

pa

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Ja

3/23/2008

ri

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Agriculture is the largest user of freshwater. At present,

70% of the total fresh water in the world is used to
provide food, natural fibers and employment to billions
of rural dwellers
At the end of 20th century,
century an estimated 26 countries
with a population of more than 300 million people suffer
from water scarcity. Projections for the year 2050 show
that 66 countries with about two thirds of the world
population will face moderate to severe water scarcity
The finite supply of water can be augmented by
reducing consumption, and recycling and reusing waste
water

IrrigationandWaterScarcity

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2001

3/23/2008

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SURFACEWATERDEMANDBY
ISLANDININDONESIA

DrySeasonWaterBalance
No

1.

Island

Sumatera

Availability
(Billion m3)

Need (Billion m3)

2003

Balance

2020

Balance

96,2

11,6 Surplus

13,3 Surplus

38,4 Deficit

44,1 Deficit

2.

Jawa-bali
Jawa
bali

25,3

3.

Kalimantan

167,0

4.

Nusa Tenggara

5.

Sulawesi

6.

Maluku

12,4

0,1 Surplus

0,1 Surplus

7.

Papua

163,6

0,1 Surplus

0,2 Surplus

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2,9 Surplus

3,5 Surplus

4,2

4,3 Deficit

4,7 Deficit

14,4

9,0 Surplus

9,7 Surplus

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3/24/2008

Nineofthetoptenriceproducing
countriesareinAsia

Riceisthestaplefood
Rice(Oryza sativaL.)isthestaplefoodformorethanthreebillionpeople,
overhalftheworldspopulation.Itprovides27%ofdietaryenergyand
20%ofdietaryproteininthedevelopingworld.
Riceiscultivatedinatleast114,mostlydeveloping,countriesandisthe
primarysourceofincomeandemploymentformorethan100million
householdsinAsiaandAfrica(FAO,2004).Ofthe840millionpeople
sufferingfromchronichunger,over50%liveinareasdependentonrice
ff i f
h i h
50% li i
d
d t
i
production.
About80%oftheworldsriceisproducedonsmallfarms,primarilyto
meetfamilyneeds,andpoorruralfarmersaccountfor80%ofallrice
producers(FAO,2004).
Lessthan7%oftheworldsriceproductionistradedinternationally
(Macleanetal.,2002)andwiththissmallmarketablesurplus,prices
fluctuatewidelywithdroughts,floods,andtyphoons(Hossain,1997).

RiceisthedominantcropinAsiawhere,inmanycountries,itcovers
halfofthearablelandusedforagriculture(CantrellandHettel,
2004).
TheAsiancontinent,hostto56%ofhumanityincluding70%ofthe
worlds1.3billionpoorpeople,producesandconsumesaround
92% of the worldssrice(Papademetriou,1999).
92%oftheworld
rice (Papademetriou, 1999).
Nineofthetoptenriceproducingcountriesin2003,namely,China,
India,Indonesia,Bangladesh,Vietnam,Thailand,Myanmar,the
Philippines,andJapanareinAsia.
ChinaandIndiacombinedaccountformorethanhalfoftheworlds
ricearea,and,alongwithIndonesia,consumemorethanthree
fourthsoftheglobalrice production(Hossain,1997;Macleanetal.,
2002).

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IrrigationWaterisimportant

RiceCultivationisatradition

Farmer
Welfare

Inadditiontobeingtheworldsmostpopularstaple
cultivatedformorethan10,000yearsriceprovidesasymbol
ofglobalunityandculturalidentityformanycountrieswhere
itscultivationisintertwinedwithreligiousobservances,
,
,
,
festivals,customs,folklore,andothertraditions.
TheUnitedNationslaunchedtheInternationalYearofRicein
2004withthethemeRiceisLife,thefirsttimeayearhasbeen
dedicatedtoasinglecrop,tounderscoretheenormous
implicationsofriceforhumannutrition,globalfoodsecurity,
andalleviationofpoverty(FAO,2004).

Employment

Agriculture

Food
Security

Irrigation
Water

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HarvestedArea,YieldRateand
ProductionofPaddyinIndonesia
Year

Harvested Area
(Ha)

Yield Rate
(Qu/Ha)

Production
(Ton)

Production
Growth
(%)

2000

11 793 475
11,793,475

44 01
44.01

51 898 852
51,898,852

2 03
2.03

2001

11,499,997

43.88

50,460,782

-2.77

2002

11,521,166

44.69

51,489,694

2.04

2003

11,488,034

45.38

52,137,604

1.26

2004

11,970,038

45.40

54,341,303

4.23

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Poor people in Asia can live without

many things in life,
but they cannot live without rice
rice.

Professor M. Yunus
Managing Director,
Grammen Bank, Bangladesh

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3/24/2008

RicecultivationandWaterScarcity
Increased rice production
also led to substantial
savings in foreign
exchange that
governments would have
otherwise spent on food
imports.

Riceisamoisturehungrycrop.
Itconsumestwicethewaterneededtogrowcornorwheat.
Producing1kgofricerequiresfrom3,000to5,000Lofwater(Cantrelland
Hettel,2004).
InAsia,90%ofthetotaldivertedfreshwaterisusedforirrigated
g
,
,
g
(
,
)
agricultureand,ofthis,50%isusedtogrowrice(IRRI,2001).
By2025,however,aphysicalwaterscarcityisexpectedinAsiasmore
than2millionhectares(Mha)ofirrigateddryseasonriceand13Mha of
irrigatedwetseasonrice,andmostofAsias22Mha ofirrigateddry
seasonricewillbehamperedbyeconomicwaterscarcity(Tuong and
Bouman,2002).
Asdroughtisoneofthemainconstraintstohighyieldsalsoinrainfed
productionsystemsinboththelowlandsandtheuplands,thereisaneed
toincreasewaterproductivityofrice(CantrellandHettel,2004).

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WaterRequirement
RiceFieldandDomesticUse

Future:RiceFarmersConcerns

Decliningprofit duetofallingricepriceandrising
cost(inputs,wages,credit)
Lessland&water
Cropfailures duetoadverseweather
Inefficientoroveruseofinputs
Drudgeryinfarming
Inadequateaccesstoinformation
Mountingdebtburden,lackofcredit
CompetitionamongWaterUser(Agriculture,
DomesticUseandIndustry)

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WaterManagement:Critical
Farmerparticipatorywatersaving
irrigation

1liter/sec/haforricefields
1liter/secfordomesticuseof1000peoples.
/
p p
(100liter/kapita/day)

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GlobalWarming&ClimateChange
1. New rice varieties tolerant to higher night temp.
2. Salinity-tolerant rice varieties

Rainwaterharvesting

3 Alternate
3.
Al
crops ffor drought
d
h conditions
di i

Riverwatersharingandrationaluse
Wastewatermanagement
Biosalineagriculture:useofsaline
waterforagriculture(MiddleEast)
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3/24/2008

Water, Crops, and Diets

Salinitytolerantrice
InBangladesh,coastalareasconstituteabout2.5millionhectareswhich
amounttoabout25percentofthetotalcroplandofthecountry.Ofthis,
nearly0.84millionhectaresareaffectedbyvaryingintensitiesofsalinity,
resultinginverypoorlandutilization(Karimetal,1990).
Mostofthesoutherndistrictsofthecountryareundersalinezones,which
cover an area of 2530
coveranareaof25
30percentofthetotalarableland(Quazietal,1996).
percent of the total arable land (Quazi et al 1996)
Theaveragecropyieldisverylowintheregion,whichisobviouslydueto
salinityproblems,lowsoilfertilityanddroughtinthedryseason.The
dominantcropinthecoastalareaisthelocalTAmanrice.
Thepeopleofthatareahavebeencultivatingsalinetolerantricevarieties
formorethan100years.Thefarmersofthecoastalregionusually
cultivatetraditionalvarietiesandharvestabout2.02.5t/ha/year.

3/23/2008

Must raise productivity of agricultural water use

to meet growing food needs as water stress
deepens and spreads
Three Challenges:
Delivering and applying water to crops more
efficiently
Increasing yields per liter of water consumed
Shifting diets to satisfy nutritional needs with less
water

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Crop Water Requirement

Water Footprint

Dietary Choices

(volumeofwaterused)

1cupofcoffeeneeds140litresofwater.
1litreofmilkneeds800litresofwater.
1 kg of wheat needs 1100 litres of water
1kgofwheatneeds1100litresofwater.
1kgofriceneeds2300litresofwater.
1kgmaizeneeds900litresofwater.

Lite
ers of Water

4902

Water consumed to supply 10g of protein

5000

Water consumed to supply 500 calories

4000
3000

1515

2000

421

89

1000
0

Source: UNESCO-IHE - Water Footprint

67

potatoes

132

beans

251

219
135

wheat

204

rice

1000
1000
303

poultry

beef

Based on California crop yields and water productivity. Source: Renault and Wallender (2000)

WaterEfficientIrrigation
(Chinacase)
Combiningshallowwaterdepthwithwettingand
drying(SWD), Shallowwaterdepth:1060mmwaterdepthonthe
surfaceofsoil.Wet:theupperlimitoffieldwateris10mmwaterdepthandthe
lowerlimitisthatthesoilmoisturecontentinrootzoneisequalto80%ofthe
saturatedmoisturecontent(SMC).Dry: Thesoilmoisturecontentinrootzoneis
lowerthen80%ofSMC.

Netirrigationwaterusesunderdifferent
irrigationregimesin1998(Zhejiang)
TRI=TraditionalIrrigation
SWD=Shallowwaterdepthwithwettinganddrying
SDC=Semidrycultivation

Alternatewettinganddrying(AWD),thatpaddyfieldis
intermittentlysubmergedandnowaterdepthduringthebeginningoftilleringto
theendofmilkripeningstageandthestandardsofwatercontrolaresimilarto
SWDforotherstages.

Semidrycultivation(SDC),thewaterdepthismaintainedonlyin
therevivalofgreenorrevivalofgreentothemiddlestageoftillering.Thereisno
waterdepthonpaddyfieldintheotherstagesinentiregrowingseason.SDChave
beenadoptedinsomeirrigationdistrictsintheEastandSouthChina.
3/23/2008

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3/24/2008

ThankYou

3/23/2008

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3/23/2008

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