BIO T 4 7.

3 (STRUCTURE) (R)(S)(T)SM
1. Diagram below shows the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
lungs and surrounding blood capillaries./ Rajah dibawah menunjukkan pertukaran gas
oksigen dan karbon dioksida diantara peparu dan saluran darah.

Name V , W , X , Y , and Z shows in the diagram above.//Namakan V , W , X , Y , dan Z yang

ditunjukkan pada rajah diatas.
V : ________________________

W : _______________________

X : ________________________

Y : _______________________

Z : ______________________
BIO T 4 7.3 (ESEI) (R)
1. The gaseous exchange occurs at two parts : between the surface of alveolus and blood
capillaries [R] and between the blood capillaries and body cell [S].

[R] Between the surface of alveolus and blood capillaries

{ Note : Po2 = partial pressure of oxygen , Pco2 = partial pressure of Carbon dioxide }

A gas diffuses from a region of h_______ partial pressure to a region of l_______

partial pressure.
Po2 in alveoli is higher than Po2 in blood capillary, so, Oxygen diffuses from the
alveoli into the b_______ c________.

Pco2 in alveoli lower than Pco2 in blood capillary, so, Carbon dioxide diffuse from the
blood capillaries into the a________.
When oxygen enter the blood capillaries, oxygen combines with haemoglobin in RBC
to form o_______ and carried to all parts of the body.
in lungs

Haemoglobin + oxygen

oxyhaemoglobin

[S] Between the blood capillaries and body cells

As the low partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) in body cell, oxyhaemoglobin releases
o_______ which then diffuses through the capillaries walls into the b_______
cells/tissues
Oxyhaemoglobin

haemoglobin + oxygen

Oxygen is used in cellular respiration to produce energy, water and c_______

d________
Glucose + oxygen

in tissue

energy + water + carbon dioxide

C_______ respiration produce carbon dioxide. Pco2 in body cells / tissues is higher
than Pco2 in capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the body cells into the blood
c_______ and is carried to the l________ by three ways:
a) Most dissolved in the blood plasma as b________ ions (HCO3-) : 70%
b) Combines with haemoglobin in the form of c__________ : (HbCO2) : 23%
c) Dissolved in the blood plasma as d________ CO2 molecules : 7%

2. The composition of inhaled and exhaled air

Content

Inhaled air

Exhaled air

Oxygen

21.09 %

___________%

Carbon dioxide

___________%

4.1%

Nitrogen

79.0%

79.0%

Water vapour

Varies and is never saturated

Saturated

Temperature

Room temperature

Body temperature

BIO T 4 7.3 (ESEI) (T)

1. The following information shows the results of an experiment to determine the oxygen
content in exhaled air using a J-tube .

Length of exhaled air column

(x) = 10.0 cm

Length of exhaled air column

after treatment with potassium hydroxide

(y) = 9.6 cm

Length of exhaled air column

after treatment with potassium pyrogallate

(z) = 8.0 cm

calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide and oxygen content in the exhaled air
% of carbon dioxide = ( x y ) x 100
x

% of oxygen = (y z) x 100
x

2. Breathing mechanism in human / mekanisma pernafasan manusia

Inhalation / menarik nafas
Outer intercostals muscle contract / otot
luar intercosta mengecut
Inner intercostals muscle relax / otot dalam
intercosta mengendur
Rib cage moves upwards and outwards /
sangkar rusuk dinaikkan ke atas dan ke
depan

Exhalation / penghembusan nafas

Diaphragm muscle relax / otot diafragma

mengendur
Diaphragm flattens / diafragma mendatar
Volume of thorax decreases / isipadu rongga
toraks berkurangan
Pressure of thorax increase / tekanan
rongga toraks bertambah
Air moves into the lungs / udara masuk ke
dalam peparu.