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Composite

Columns

J Y Richard Liew
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
National University of Singapore
Tel: +65 6516 2154
Fax: +65 6779 1635
Email: cveljy@nus.edu.sg

Concrete filled Tubular Column

Applications of CFTs

Types of composite columns

Partially encased

Encased

Infilled

General comments on
composite columns
Can be complex
p
in fabrication and/or construction,,
but
Can be very strong - range of capacities for the
same external dimensions. It may be possible to
keep columns externally similar over all storeys of
a building.
M
Mostt types
t
have
h
high
hi h iinherent
h
t fifire resistance
i t
without additional protection.

Concrete-encased sections
bc
Completely Encased
Steel Section

b
cy

cy

Concrete usually provides


all necessary fire
resistance

cz

y
tw

hc

t
f

cz
z

Concrete-encased sections
Partially Encased Steel
Section

b = bc

Concrete is poured in 2
stages with section
horizontal.
Needs additional
reinforcement for fire
resistance.

h = hc

May need additional fire


protection material.

tw

t
f

May need studs or rebars


welded to section for force
transfer.

Concrete-encased sections
Fabricated Steel Section

b = bc
b

Concrete may be pumped


into voids during
construction.

h = hc

y
tw

t
f

Concrete-filled hollow sections


Concrete-Filled Rectangular
Hollow Section

b
t

Concrete may be pumped


into hollow section during
construction.
Confined concrete has
higher strength than in
normal use.

y
t

Needs additional
reinforcement for fire
resistance.
May need additional fire
protection material.

z
9

Concrete-filled hollow
sections
Concrete-Filled Circular
Hollow Section

Concrete may be pumped


into hollow section during
construction.
Confined concrete under
hoop tension has much
g
strength
g than in
higher
normal use.
Needs additional
reinforcement for fire
resistance.
May need additional fire
protection material.

z
10

sections
Concrete-Filled Circular Hollow
Section encasing an open section

The internal steel section


can enhance strength to a
very high level.
t

z
11

Avoiding local buckling fully encased sections


Concrete cover to section (cy) :

cy

must be reinforced laterally,

> 40mm

> b/6

cy

12

Avoiding local buckling - partially


encased/concrete filled sections
where fy.k is characteristic strength of section

235 / fy.k

tf

d / t 90 2

d / t 52

Bare steel 802

Bare steel 40

b / t f 44
Bare steel 15 13

Behaviour of Short Composite Column under compression

S355 Steel
355

40

C40 concrete

0.00175

0.0035

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Local Buckling of Steel


Both concrete and steel attain same strain under
compression
Steel yield first before concrete reaches its peak
compression stress.
The steel must have sufficient ductility to
undergo further strain without local buckling.
Therefore it must be at least a compact
p
section.
However, concrete prevents the steel plate from
buckling. Therefore d/t ratio of composite
section can be larger than that of the bare steel.
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Material Properties of Concrete


fck/fcu
fck
(N/mm2)
Ecm

20/25 25/30 30/37 35/45 40/50 45/55 50/60


20

25

30

35

40

45

50

29000

30500

32000

33500

35000

36000

37000

(N/mm2)

fck = characteristic cylinder strength


fcu = characteristic cube strength
Ecm =Secant modulus of concrete under short term loading.
For light weight concrete the value Ecm is modified by

2400

2
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Design Methods

BS5400: Part 5: Code of practice for the design of composite


bridges published by BSI in 1979

BS5950: Part1:2000, Code of practice for structural steel design


published by BSI in 2000: . conservative but simple "cased strut"
method

Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures


Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings published by CEN,
1992

Reading list: Assessment of current methods for the design of


composite columns in buildings by J Y R Liew - IVLE
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General and Simplified Design Methods


in EC4
General Method
Second-order
Second order effects and imperfections taken into account in calculation
calculation,
Can be used for asymmetric sections,
Needs suitable software for numerical calculation.

Simplified Method
Full interaction between the steel and concrete sections until failure
failure,
Geometric imperfections and residual stresses taken into account in
calculation, using Eurocode buckling curves,
Plane sections remain plane.
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Limitation of the simplified method

bc
b

c
y

c
z

6%

y
t
w

hc

t
f

c
z

5,0 > (depth/width) > 0,2,

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Simplified design method


Concrete-encased sections
bc

Longitudinal reinforcement area


> 0,3% of concrete cross-section
area.

cy

cy

cz

Concrete cover :
y-direction: 40 mm < cy < 0,4 bc
z-direction: 40 mm < cz < 0,3 hc

hc

Only include area of longitudinal


reinforcement in calculating
cross-sectional resistance up to
6% of the area of the concrete.

cz
z
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Axial Compression - Crosssection Resistance


Cross-section resistance to axial compression is the sum of the plastic
compression resistances of each of its elements:

Concrete-encased sections
N pl . Rd Aa

fy

Ac .0,85

f ck

As

f sk

Section
Concrete
Reinforcement
a = 1.0; c = 1.5; s = 1.15 are material factor of safety

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Axial Compression - Crosssection Resistance


Cross-section resistance to axial compression is the sum of the plastic
compression resistances of each of its elements:

Concrete-filled hollow sections

Npl.Rd A a

fy
Ma

Ac

fck
f
A s sk
c
s

S ti
Section
Concrete
Confinement causes increased
concrete resistance from 0,85fck to fck.

Reinforcement

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Axial Compression - Crosssection Resistance


Concrete-filled circular hollow sections
d

More concrete compressive resistance is


caused by hoop stress in the steel section.
Only happens when most of the lateral
expansion of concrete is prevented.
t
U d in
Used
i design
d i if:
if
0,5

Relative slenderness

Maximum bending moment

Mmax.Sd 0,1NSdd
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Axial Compression - Cross-section


Resistance
Concrete-filled circular hollow sections
Plastic compression resistance is:

N pl.Rd A a 1

fy
a

Ac

f ck
f sk
t fy
1 2
As
c
s
d f ck

If equivalent eccentricity e=Mmax.Sd /NSd


Section
Reinforcement
then for 0
0<e
e < d/10
Concrete
e
e
2 20 (1 10 )

1 1 0 (1 1 0 ) 1 0

d
d

2
1 0 0 , 2 5 ( 3 2 ) 1, 0
20 4,9 18,5 17 0
Eccentricity effect
Slenderness effect
For e > d/10 use 10 = 1 and 20 = 0

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12

Effect of concrete confinement

1
2

25

Length Effect
Basic values 10 and 20 to allow for the effect
of triaxial confinement in concrete filled circular
hollow sections

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

20

4.9

3.22

1.88

0.88

0.22

0.0

10

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

e.g., if eccentricity e = 0 and


for very short column, 0 N
1 = 10 = 0.75

2 = 20 = 4.9

fsk
t fy
1 2
As
a
d f ck
s

t y
0.75A a f y 0.67A c f ck 1 4.9
26 s f sk
0.87A
d f ck

pl.Rd

A a 1

fy

Ac

f ck
c

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Summary
Concrete-encased sections
N pl.Rd A a f y 0.57A c f ck 0.87A s f sk

Concrete-filled rectangular hollow sections

N pl.Rd A a f y 0.67A c f ck 0.87A s f sk

C
Concrete-filled
t fill d circular
i
l hollow
h ll
sections
ti

t fy
N pl.Rd A a f y 1 0.67A c f ck 1 2
0.87A s f sk
d f ck

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Advantages of CFSTs

2>1+1

>

High strength and fire resistance


High stiffness and ductility

Circular

Restraint to local buckling by


concrete
Omission of formwork, reducing
construction cost and time

>

OR

Square and rectangular

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Questions
Q1 Why concrete filled tube is more efficient
than encased steel column to resist axial
load?
Q2 Why is it important to use compact
section for composite columns?
Q3 What are the key advantages of
concrete filled composite columns
compared to encased columns?
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Column buckling resistance

N sd N pl , Rd

but 1.0

2
1
1 0.2
2

is the imperfection factor which allows for different levels of


imperfections in the columns
=
=
=

0.21
0.34
0.49

for buckling curve a


for buckling curve b
for buckling curve c

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Buckling resistance of a composite column Strength reduction factor


Buckling reduced
from critical by
factor

1 in which 0,5[1 ( 0,2) 2 ]

[ ]1/ 2

Buckling curves for composite columns:

Nb.Rd / Npl.Rd

Impf. Column Type

Plastic resistance

(a) 0,21 L/300 Concrete-filled sections,


1,0
reinf < 3%, no steel
section.

Perfect critical
loads

(b) 0,34
0 34 L/210 E
Encased
dH
H-sections
ti
i
in
major axis buckling,
Concrete-filled sections,
3%<reinf<6%, or withsteel
section.
(c) 0,49 L/170 Encased H-sections in
minor axis buckling.

Cross-section

1,0

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Relative Slenderness

Axis of
buckling

Buckling
curve

Member
imperfection

x-x

L/200

y-y

L/150

x-x

L/200

y-y

L/150

s 3%

any

L/300

3% < s 6%

any

L/200

x-x

L/200

y-y

L/200

any

L/200

Limits

Fully encased H section

Partially encased H section

Buckling
curves and
member
imperfections
for composite
columns

Infilled circular and rectangular


hollow sections
xx

x
y

y
y

Infilled circular hollow section with


additional H section
x
y

Partially encased H section with


crossed H section
x

32
y

16

Non-dimensional Slenderness
Characteristic strength

(Npl.Rk is Npl.Rd calculated using a = c = y = 1,0)

N pl . Rk Aa f y Ac .0,85 f ck As f sk

= (Npl.Rk /

Npl,R = Cross section compression resistance


without material factor of safety

Ncr)

Ncr = Elastic critical load calculated based


on effective stiffness (EI)e

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Elastic critical load of a composite


column for short term loading
Elastic critical load

Ncr

2 (EI)e
L2fl

For short-term loading


Effective stiffness

(EI)e EaIa 0,8

Ecm
Ic E sIs
c
0.6

Ecm secant modulus of


concrete

Partial safety factor


for concrete stiffness
(=1,35) to account
for concrete cracking
under moment

0,8 Reduction factor for


cracking

Lfl is effective buckling length of column


(may be taken as system length for rigid frame).

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Elastic critical load of a composite


column for long term loading
Elastic critical load

Ncr

2 (EI)e
L2fl
E c E cm

For long-term loading


(EI)e EaIa 0,8EcIc E sIs

Effective stiffness

1
N G.Sd
t
1
NSd

NG.Sd is permanent
part of the axial
p
design load NSd
t

is EC2 creep
coefficient = 0.5

See next slide


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Lfl is buckling length of column (may be taken as system length for rigid frame).

Effect of Long Term Load


For slender column under long term load, creep and shrinkage will cause a
reduction in flexural stiffness.
No need to consider if e > 2d and is smaller than the following limit:

Section Types

Nonsway column

Sway Column

Concrete encased

0.8

0.5

Concrete filled

0.8(1-)

0.5(1-)

where

Aa f y
a N pl.Rd

is the relative contribution of the


steel section to overall axial plastic
resistance.

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Buckling Resistance - EC 4
Design Procedure
Determine
(EI)e flexural stiffness of the cross section
Plastic resistance Npl,Rk and elastic critical
buckling load Ncr
N pl.Rk
Non-dimensional slenderness ratio
N cr
Reduction ratio x
Buckling resistance x Npl,Rd
Check NSd Npl.Rd
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Homework
Q1 Determine the cross-section compression resistance
(Length = 0) of the CHS columns without infilled concrete.
Design a smaller infilled concrete section that can resist
the same axial load as the pure steel CHS section.
(a)

CHS 219.1 x 6.3 S355


Unfilled
= 1460 kN
Filled (40/50 concrete) = 2280 kN ( + 56% )
or CHS 168.3 x 6.3 S355J + 40/50 Conc.

(b)

CHS 406.4 x 8.0 S355


Unfilled
= 3550 kN
Filled (40/50 concrete) = 7000 kN ( + 100% )
or CHS 273 x 6.3 S355 + 40/50 Conc

Q2 Repeat the above examples with column length = 5m


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Q3 (a) Design a UC steel column S355 of 4m length to resist a


factored compression force of 2800kN acting at the centroid of
the cross section.
(b) Redesign it using a fully encased UC section as shown below.

UC S355 steel

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Q4
1

6000

3000

5
6000

6
6000

3000

Column C

80
00

4
6000

6000

80
00

Column A

3350

4
A

3350

3350

1
3750

Columns to
be
designed
G
8000

8000

Fig. Q4b Section View of a 25-Storey continuous frame

40

20

Q5 Simple Construction

12m

Column A

6m

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Q6
Determine the cross section axial capacity
CHS 219 x 6.3 S355
CHS 168 x 6.3 S355

C35/45 Concrete
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