How is manmohan doctrine different from gujral doctrine?

In the light of Indias soft power status, evaluate the principles of Multi
Alignment and Non Alignment.2.0 put forward by some intellectual in recent
years.

Power is the ability to influence the behaviour of others. In international relations, as the
Harvard academic, Joseph Nye, reminds us, power can be exercised in three ways: by threatening
or actually using military force, by offering economic incentives or imposing economic sanctions,
or by building what Nye famously dubbed soft power.
That is, the soft power of nations to persuade others based on the attractiveness of their
technology, politics, culture, ideas or ideals.
A thoughtful understanding of the importance of what Nye terms smart power: a clever
combination of the tools of conventional hard, or military and economic, power and soft power. It
is this integrated approach that will best serve India in a complex, interdependent world, which is
defined as much by conflict and competition as it is by cooperation and the need for greater
coordination in confronting common global threats.
Modis doctrine
India will help to build and strengthen a democratic, peaceful, stable and economically
interlinked neighbourhood. This, of course, is not particularly new thinking. In the past, the
Gujral Doctrine was perhaps the strongest articulation of a policy of reaching out to the
neighbourhood, even through gestures that did not demand reciprocity. What was both novel and
encouraging, however, was the presence of heads of government or senior representatives from
all the South Asian countries at the swearing-in of Mr. Modi and his cabinet, effectively turning
the ceremony into a regional celebration of democracy.
A strong, self-reliant and self-confident India will pursue a foreign policy of enlightened
national interest. Enlightened national interest will demand that India considers making
unilateral gestures to serve longer-term self-interest. For instance, arriving at an accord on the
sharing of the Teesta river with a stridently India-friendly regime in Bangladesh would clearly be
an important step that should not be undermined by the capricious behaviour of one leader from
West Bengal.
Emphasis on soft power explained though yet another Modi alliteration of 5Ts: trade,
tourism, talent, technology and tradition. For this to translate into reality will require real
effort. For a start, the Ministry of External Affairs will need to be restructured and every major
mission abroad would need to include a trade, scientific and cultural counsellor knowledgeable in
the relevant domains. In addition, the role of the diaspora in the future development of India has

been emphasised. One clear step that would ensure deeper engagement between India and the
diaspora would be to allow non-resident Indians (NRI) to carry dual passports. For many
Indians, continuing to hold an Indian passport is a badge of honour which they will not give up
for any convenience, glory or money. Allowing dual citizenship for NRIs carries virtually no
additional risk; and indeed most countries in the world allow their citizens this privilege.
Fourth, the incipient Modi doctrine moves beyond the former delineation between nonalignment, non-alignment 2.0, and alignment to suggest that India could follow a policy of
what Mr. Shashi Tharoor may describe as multi-alignment with all the great powers. This
was emphasised in the Presidents address that explicitly stated that the government will work
with China to develop a strategic and cooperative partnership, work with Japan to build modern
infrastructure, build on the firm foundations of the relations with Russia, pursue the relationship
with the United States with renewed vigour and make concerted efforts to achieve progress in key
areas with the European Union.