Building Structural System

Building Structural Systems
Functions of Building Structural System

Building Structure system (BSS) refers to a system of
connected parts, the primary function of which is to
support loads acting on the building during its service
life.
A structural system consists only of the members
designed to carry the loads, all other members are
referred to as non-structural.
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Functions of BSS
Basically, the BSS has to support loads for strength and
serviceability under:
normal use (service) conditions
maximum considered use conditions
various environmental conditions such as wind and
earthquake
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Loads on BSS
Types of loading to be resisted by a building structural
system:
Gravity Load
Dead
Live
Snow
Rain / Flood
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Lateral Load
Wind
Earthquake
Lateral soil
pressure
Others
Temperature
Blast
Impact
Centrifugal
Design Requirements
Safety
Serviceability
Aesthetics
Economy
Environmental conditions
Several possibilities should be considered for a structure

before selecting a final design based on several
performance criteria.
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Design Requirements
Design are aimed to be creative and technical
Design Process requires:
a fundamental knowledge of material properties and
mechanics
knowledge of various types of structural forms and
configurations
calculation of loads and load effects acting on the
structure
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Design Requirements
knowledge of structural analysis to calculate design
forces
knowledge to design structural members and
connections
ability to evaluate designs and consider various
options
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Subsystems or Components of
Building Structural System
Building Structural Systems Compose of:
Floor systems
Vertical load resisting systems
Lateral load resisting systems
Connections
Energy dissipation (vibration damping) systems
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Floor Systems
The floor system carries the gravity loads during and
after construction. It should be able to accommodate the
heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems, and
have built in fire resistance properties.
Floor systems can usually be classified as one-way
systems and two-way systems.
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Floor Systems
One-way systems include:
Slabs of constant thickness
Slabs supported by closely spaced joists - lattice
floor joists and girders are convenient for the
installation of ductworks.
Beam and slab systems
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Floor Systems
Two-way systems include:
Beam and slab systems
Flat plates supported by columns
Flat slabs supported by columns with capitals and/or
drop panels
Slabs supported by two-way joists
Slabs can be of constant thickness or with waffles
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Floor Systems
Flat plate (slab) system
Advantages:
Simple in construction
Flat ceiling (lower finishing costs)
Lower story heights due to shallower floors
Applications:
Short-to-medium spans with light loading
Maximum span ranges from 5m to 10m depending on
loading
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Floor Systems
Flat plate with spandrel beam floor system
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Floor Systems
Flat plate with spandrel beam floor system
Advantages:
Same as flat plate system, plus
Increased gravity and lateral load resistance
Increased torsional resistance
Decreased slab edge displacements
Typical Applications:
Same as flat plate systems
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Floor Systems
Flat plate with beams floor system
Advantages:
Increased gravity and lateral load resistance
Simple construction
Medium spans with light loading
loading
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Floor Systems
Flat slab floor system
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Floor Systems
Flat slab floor system
Advantages:
Reduced slab displacements
Increased slab shear resistance
Relatively flat ceiling (reduced finishing costs)
Low story heights due to shallow floors
Medium spans with moderate to heavy loading
loading
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Floor Systems
One-Way joist floor system
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Floor Systems
One-Way joist floor system
Advantages:
Longer spans with heavy loads
Reduced dead load due to voids
Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed between
voids
Good vibration resistance
Medium-to-long spans with heavy loading
Maximum span can be up to 15m
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Floor Systems
Two-way Waffle Floor System
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High-rise Building Structural Systems

Structural members in a high-rise building structural system
are usually designed to resist both gravity (vertical) and
lateral (horizontal) loads simultaneously.
There are many types of building structural systems.
The commonly used systems are:
Braced Frame (Vertical Truss) Systems
Moment Resisting Frame Systems
Shear Wall Systems
Shear Wall and Frame (Dual) Systems
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The Lateral Force Resisting System is used to resist

forces resulting from wind or seismic activity.
Buildings are basically big cantilever beams. They are
supported on one end only and the loads are
perpendicular to the beam.
As in a beam, buildings are designed for strength
(shear and flexure) and serviceability (deflection).
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Braced Frame (Vertical Truss) System

Braced Frames are basically vertical
truss systems.
Almost exclusively steel or timber.
Highly efficient use of material since
forces are primarily axial. Creates a
laterally stiff building with relatively
little additional material.
Has little or no effect on the design of
the horizontal floor system.
Good for buildings of any height.
Bracing may intrude on the spatial
constraints.
Frame may be internal or external.
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Braced Frame (Vertical Truss) System

Types of Bracing
Different types of bracing
Single Diagonal
Double Diagonal
Chevron Bracing
Story height knee bracing
(eccentricity braced frames)
May be single story and/or bay
or may span over multiple
stories and/or bays
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Moment Resisting Frame System
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Moment resisting frames are column and girder (beam)
plane frames with fixed or semi-rigid connections.
The strength and stiffness are proportional to the story
height and column spacing.
Concrete moment resisting frames, steel moment resisting
frames and composite moment resisting frames are the
commonly used types.
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Moment resisting frames could also be built with:
composite beams and composite columns
concrete encased steel columns
steel beams encased in concrete
steel beams connected to slabs by shear connections
columns connected to flat plates in concrete
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Advantages:
Relatively low in construction cost
Allow large windows to be installed
More sunlight and natural ventilation to living area
Greater flexibility in partitioning
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Disadvantages:
Sizes of beams and columns at lower stories increase
rapidly with building height.
Larger sizes of beams and columns reduce ceiling
height and usable space.
Uneconomical and low performance efficiency when
building height is more than 30 storeys.
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Shear Wall System
Typical shear wall building
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Shear Wall System
Typical shear wall building
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Shear Wall System

A shear wall is a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of
transferring lateral forces from exterior walls, floors, and
roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their
planes.
Shear walls are the main vertical structural elements with a
dual role of resisting both the gravity and lateral loads. A
shear wall system in a high-rise building usually consists of
reinforced concrete walls and reinforced concrete slabs.
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Shear Wall System

Shear wall buildings are usually regular in plan and in
elevation.
However, in some buildings, lower floors are used for
commercial purposes and the buildings are characterized
with larger plan dimensions at those floors. In other cases,
there are setbacks at higher floor levels.
Shear wall buildings are commonly used for residential
purposes.
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Shear Wall System

Lateral forces caused by wind and earthquake produces
large shear forces in structural members.
These lateral forces when combined with uneven

settlement at the foundation, and the unbalanced weight of
the structure and occupants, might create powerful twisting
(torsional) forces and hence further intensify the shear
forces.
Reinforcing a frame by attaching or placing a rigid wall
inside it could maintain the shape of the frame and prevent
rotation at the joints.
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Shear Wall System

Shear walls are especially important in high-rise buildings
subject to lateral wind and seismic forces.
Shear walls for earthquake resistance are designed to be
ductile.
Coupling beams between shear walls should have diagonal
reinforcement to provide adequate shear resistance.
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Shear Wall System

Advantages:
Very efficient in resisting lateral load due to wind and
earthquake
Low construction cost
Can provide fire separation for elevators (lifts) and exit
staircases
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Shear Wall System

Disadvantages:
Restriction on window opening sizes.
Low flexibility in partitioning.
Reduce interior open space on floor.
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Shear Wall and Frame (Dual) System

This is the most commonly used structural system in Hong
Kong to build high-rise residential buildings between 20 to
50 storeys high.
The combined shear wall and frame system has the
advantages of both the frame system and the shear wall
system.
However, for buildings more than 50 storeys, the
performance efficiency of the system decreases. Other
building structural systems have to be used.
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Other High-Rise Building

Structural Systems
Shear Truss-Outrigger Braced Systems
Framed-Tubes Systems
Tube-in-Tube Systems with Interior Columns

Bundled Tubes Systems
Truss Tubes without Interior Columns Systems
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Under Lateral Loads:

Columns on one side are
in tension
Columns on other side are

in compression
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Structuraldepthisincreased(i.e.themomentof
inertia of the structure is increased)
Shear strength is unchanged.
Utilizes a braced core with stiff outriggers to mobilized
outer columns in tension and compression.
4 to 5 outriggers appear to be the economical limit.
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The basic idea is to make a rectangular tube out at the

perimeter of the building.
The tube is made up of closely spaced columns connected by
stiff spandrel beams creating very stiff moment frames.
Frames parallel to direction of force act like webs to carry
the shear.
Frames perpendicular to the direction of force act as flanges.
Flange forces are not uniform.
Best applied to rectangular or circular plans.
Suitable for both steel and concrete.
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Use for buildings of 40 stories or

more.
Frames are repetitive and easily
constructed.
Gravity Loads taken by frames and
interior columns.
Aesthetically, the system gets mixed
reviews because of the small
windows and the repetition.
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Tube-in-Tube or Hull-Core
Inner tube is usually around an elevator or service core
and can be made very stiff with shear walls or braced
frames.
World Trade Centre, New York
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Bundled Tubes
Introducesadditionalwebframeswhichreducesshear
lag which makes flanges more efficient.
Allows for more architectural variation.

Burj Khalifa Building, Dubai
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Braced-Tube
Utilizes a large scaled braced frame in place of rigid
frames
Allows for wider column spacing
John Hancock Tower, Boston
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Building Structural System

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Building Structural Systems

Functions of Building Structural System