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1.1 Describe the strong form of the problem in the reduced domain.
The formulation could be obtained from the equilibrium in a differential square element,
And applying static equilibrium of forces on the solid and in each direction, the following
equation is obtained,
Using the constitutive equation which relates the stress tensor and the strains,
Where,
With,
Samuel Canadell
And the strain field vector,
in
on D
on N
Samuel Canadell
Samuel Canadell
2. Describe the mesh by giving the arrays of nodal coordinates X and the
connectivity matrix T.
According to the reference system took before, the nodal coordinates are the following ones,
X
Node
1
2
3
4
5
6
Global Coordinates
x
y
0
0
1,5
0
3
0
1,5
1,5
3
1,5
3
3
As a linear system of equations will be solved, the nodal coordinates are chosen from the right
angle and in a counter-clockwise angle to optimize the zero components in the LSE. The local
nodal numbering is used for compute systematically the equations. The next figure shows the
local numbering chosen.
The next table shows the coordinates on the local numbering of nodes, for each element.
Coordinates on the local numbering of
nodes
Element 1
x
y
1
2
3
1,5
1,5
0
0
1,5
0
1
2
1,5
1,5
1,5
0
1,5
3
3
1,5
0
1,5
0
3
3
1,5
1,5
3
1,5
Element 2
Element 3
1
2
3
Element 4
1
2
3
Samuel Canadell
The connectivity matrix is used to relate the local and global numbering, and will be used later
for assembling the nodal contributions.
T
Global Node
Element
1
Local (1)
2
Local (2)
4
Local (3)
1
2
3
4
4
3
5
2
5
6
5
2
4
For solving the problem, the domain is discretitzed by lineal triangle elements, and the solution
inside the element approximated by the following way,
The shape functions are in function of the geometrical coordinates, and in case of triangular
lineal elements the coefficients are,
Samuel Canadell
Applying this in at the elements, the following shape functions are obtained,
Coefficeint for Ni=(ai+bix+ciy)/2A
Element 1
Shape Function
1
2
3
0
0
2,25
1,5
0
-1,5
-1,5
1,5
0
1
2
2,25
2,25
-1,5
0
1,5
-1,5
-2,25
1,5
-2,25
0
4,5
1,5
0
-1,5
-1,5
1,5
0
0
-2,25
4,5
1,5
0
-1,5
-1,5
1,5
0
Element 2
Element 3
1
2
3
Element 4
1
2
3
0,667
0,667
Element 1
B(e1)
1
0
-1
Element 2
B(e2)
-1
0
1
Element 3
B(e3)
0
-1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
1
-1
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
Samuel Canadell
1
0
-1
0
-1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
Element 4
B(e4)
1
0
-1
0
-1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0,667
0,667
Ke1=Ke3=Ke4
1
0
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
0
1
0
0
Ke1
2
Ke1= 1/2
4
1
Ke2= 1/2
5
2
d11 d12 0
d21 d22 0
0 0 d33
2
d11+d33
-d21-d33
-d33
d21
-d11
d33
Ke3
3
-1
1
1
0
0
-1
4
-d12-d33
d22+d33
d33
-d22
d12
-d33
-d33
d33
d33
0
0
-d33
3
d11+d33
-d21-d33
-d33
d21
-d11
d33
-1 0 0 0 -1 0 t dA
0 -1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 -1
1
d12
-d22
0
d22
-d12
0
-d11
d21
0
-d21
d11
0
5
-d12-d33
d22+d33
d33
-d22
d12
-d33
-d33
d33
d33
0
0
-d33
d33
-d33
-d33
0
0
d33
2
d12
-d22
0
d22
-d12
0
-d11
d21
0
-d21
d11
0
d33
-d33
-d33
0
0
d33
Samuel Canadell
Ke4
5
d11+d33
-d21-d33
-d33
d21
-d11
d33
5
Ke4= 1/2
6
4
6
-d12-d33
d22+d33
d33
-d22
d12
-d33
-d33
d33
d33
0
0
-d33
d12
-d22
0
d22
-d12
0
-d11
d21
0
-d21
d11
0
d33
-d33
-d33
0
0
d33
And Ke2
-1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
-1
0
0
1
-1
-1
0
0
1
Ke2
1 0 0 0 1 0 t dA
0 1 0 -1 0 0
-1 -1 -1 0 0 1
4
d11+d33
-d21-d33
-d33
d21
-d11
d33
4
Ke2= 1/2
d11 d12 0
d21 d22 0
0 0 d33
2
5
2
-d12-d33
d22+d33
d33
-d22
d12
-d33
-d33
d33
d33
0
0
-d33
d12
-d22
0
d22
-d12
0
-d11
d21
0
-d21
d11
0
d33
-d33
-d33
0
0
d33
(1)
33
(1)
K 13
(1)
31
(1)
(2)
(3)
K 11 +K 22 +K 33
(3)
K 13
(1)
(2)
K 21+ K 12
(2)
(5)
K 32 + K 23
0
(1)
23
(3)
K 31
(3)
K 11
0
(3)
23
(1)
32
(2)
(3)
K 23+ K 33
(3)
K 12
(2)
(4)
K 13+ K 31
(2)
(3)
(4)
K 33+ K 22+ K 11
(4)
K 21
K
(1)
K 12
+K
(2)
21
0
(1)
(2)
(1)
22+ K 11+ K 23
(2)
(4)
K 31 +K 13
(4)
K 23
0
(4)
32
(4)
K 12
(4)
K 22
Samuel Canadell
Bx1 By1 Bx2 By2 Bx3 By3 Bx4 By4 Bx5 By5 Bx6 By6
And as the node 2, 3, 4 have 3 elements around, and the node 1, and 6 just one, the body force
vectors looks,
T
-375
-1125
RV3
0 -1125 0 -1125 0
-375
About the reactions, they appear in the direction which the node cannot move freely,
T
=
=
RH1 RV1 RH2 RV2 RH3 RV3 RH4 RV4 RH5 RV5 RH6 RV6
RH1 RV1 RH2 RV2 RH3 RV3 0
0 RH5 0 RH6 RV6
About the displacement vector, which the boundary conditions are applied as in exercise 1, but
in the discrete form,
UT=
u1
v1
u2
v2
u2
v2
u3
v3
u3
v3
u4
v4
u5
v5
u6
v6
u4
v4
v5
-d11
d12
-d12
RH1
d33
d33
-d33
-d33
RV1
-375
-d11
d33
2d11+2d33
-d12-d33
-d11
d12
-2d33
d12+d33
-d33-d12
RH2
d21
-d33
-d21-d33
2d22+2d33
d33
-d33
d21+d33
-2d22
-d21-d33
RV2
-1125
-d11
d33
d11+d33
-d12-d33
-d33
d12
RH3
d21
-d33
-d21-d33
d22+d33
d33
-d22
-d33
-2d33
d12+d33
2d11+2d33
-d12-d33
-2d11
d12+d35
-d12
u4
-d12
d21+d33
-2d22
-d21-d33
2d22+2d33
d12+d33
-2d33
-d33
-d12-d33
-d33
d33
-2d11
d12+d33
-2d21-d33
-d12-d33
-d33
d12
-d21-d33
d21
-d22
d21+d33
-2d33
-d21-d33
2d22+2d33
d33
-d22
-d33
-d33
d33
d33
-d21
d21
-d22
d22
RV3
-375
v4
-1125
RH5
v5
-1125
RH6
-0,01
RV6
-375
This LSE is a system with 12 equations, but with just 3 unknowns (degrees of freedom), the
displacements on u4, v4 and v5.
Samuel Canadell
D =
1 0 -1
0 -1 1
0 0 1
0 1 0
-1 0 0
0 0 -1
Ke1=Ke3=Ke4=Ke2 = 0,667
Ke1
2
4
1
5
2
6
4
Ke2
4
2
5
-2,083E+09
2,083E+09
2,083E+09
0
0
-2,083E+09
-3,125E+09
7,292E+09
2,083E+09
-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
-2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
2,083E+09
2,083E+09
0
0
-2,083E+09
0
-1
1
-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
0
-1,042E+09
5,208E+09
0
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
0
5,208E+09
-1,042E+09
0
-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
0
-1,042E+09
5,208E+09
0
2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
0
0
2,083E+09
2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
0,0
0
2,083E+09
4
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
0
5,208E+09
-1,042E+09
0
0
1
0
6
-2,083E+09
2,083E+09
2,083E+09
0
0
-2,083E+09
0
0
1
1
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
0
5,208E+09
-1,042E+09
0
-3,125E+09
7,292E+09
2,083E+09
-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
-2,083E+09
-1
0
1
4
-3,125E+09
7,292E+09
2,083E+09
-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
-2,083E+09
5
7,292E+09
-3,125E+09
-2,083E+09
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
2,083E+09
0
0
4,17E+09
1,04E+10 2,08E+09
0
2,08E+09 1,04E+10
0
0
0
4,17E+09
3
7,292E+09
-3,125E+09
-2,083E+09
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
2,083E+09
Ke4
5
2,08E+09
1,04E+10
0
2
7,292E+09
-3,125E+09
-2,083E+09
1,042E+09
-5,208E+09
2,083E+09
Ke3
3
1,04E+10
2,08E+09
0
-5,208E+09
1,042E+09
0
-1,042E+09
5,208E+09
0
2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
-2,083E+09
0
0
2,083E+09
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
Samuel Canadell
And the following global stiffness matrix is shown,
K
1
2
5,21E+09
-5,21E+09
1,04E+09
-1,04E+09
2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
-5,21E+09
2,08E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-5,21E+09
1,04E+09
-4,17E+09
3,13E+09
-3,13E+09
1,04E+09
-2,08E+09
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
-3,13E+09
-5,21E+09
2,08E+09
7,29E+09
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
1,04E+09
1,04E+09
-2,08E+09
-3,13E+09
7,29E+09
2,08E+09
-5,21E+09
-2,08E+09
-4,17E+09
3,13E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
3,13E+09
-1,04E+09
-1,04E+09
3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
3,13E+09
-4,17E+09
-2,08E+09
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-1,04E+10
3,13E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
1,04E+09
-3,13E+09
1,04E+09
-5,21E+09
3,13E+09
-4,17E+09
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
2,08E+09
-5,21E+09
-2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-1,04E+09
1,04E+09
-5,21E+09
5,21E+09
3
4
5
6
-1125
u4
v4
v5
-0.01
-375
RV3
0 -1125 0 -1125 0
The reactions,
T
RH5
RH6 RV6
-375
Samuel Canadell
Finally the matrix equation of the problem,
5,21E+09
-5,21E+09
1,04E+09
-1,04E+09
RH1
2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
RV1
-375
-5,21E+09
2,08E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-5,21E+09
1,04E+09
-4,17E+09
3,13E+09
-3,13E+09
RH2
1,04E+09
-2,08E+09
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
-3,13E+09
RV2
-1125
-5,21E+09
2,08E+09
7,29E+09
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
1,04E+09
RH3
1,04E+09
-2,08E+09
-3,13E+09
7,29E+09
2,08E+09
-5,21E+09
-2,08E+09
-4,17E+09
3,13E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
3,13E+09
-1,04E+09
u4
-1,04E+09
3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
3,13E+09
-4,17E+09
-2,08E+09
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-1,04E+10
3,13E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
1,04E+09
-3,13E+09
1,04E+09
-5,21E+09
3,13E+09
-4,17E+09
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
2,08E+09
-5,21E+09
-2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-1,04E+09
1,04E+09
-5,21E+09
5,21E+09
RV3
-375
v4
-1125
RH5
v5
-1125
RH6
-0,01
RV6
-375
The f vector has to be actualized in order to apply the boundary condition, and specially adding
the effect of the prescribed displacement on the top.
5,21E+09
-5,21E+09
1,04E+09
-1,04E+09
RH1
2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
RV1
-375
-5,21E+09
2,08E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-5,21E+09
1,04E+09
-4,17E+09
3,13E+09
-3,13E+09
RH2
1,04E+09
-2,08E+09
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
-3,13E+09
RV2
-1125
-5,21E+09
2,08E+09
7,29E+09
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
1,04E+09
1,04E+09
-2,08E+09
-3,13E+09
7,29E+09
2,08E+09
-5,21E+09
RH3
=
RV3
0
+
-375
0
+
-2,08E+09
-4,17E+09
3,13E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
3,13E+09
-1,04E+09
u4
-1,04E+07
-1,04E+09
3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
3,13E+09
-4,17E+09
-2,08E+09
v4
-1125
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-1,04E+10
3,13E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
1,04E+09
RH5
1,04E+07
-3,13E+09
1,04E+09
-5,21E+09
3,13E+09
-4,17E+09
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
2,08E+09
-5,21E+09
v5
-1125
-5,21E+07
-2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
2,08E+09
2,08E+09
RH6
5,21E+09
-0,01
RV6
-375
5,21E+07
-1,04E+09
1,04E+09
-5,21E+09
Currently, the system is not singular, and is possible to compute the displacements,
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
3,13E+09
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
-4,17E+09
3,13E+09
-4,17E+09
1,46E+10
u4
v4
v5
-1,04E+07
u4(m)= -1,282051E-04
-1,13E+03
v4(m)=
-1,132587E-03
-5,21E+07
v5(m)=
-3,867629E-03
These results allow computing the displacement at any point in the domain using the shape
functions which just in function of the point where the solution wants to be obtained.
Element 1
U1(x,y) =
U1(x,y) =
-8,55E-05y
-7,55E-04y
Samuel Canadell
Element 2
U2(x,y) =
V2(x,y) =
Element 3
U3(x,y) =
V3(x,y) =
Element 4
0
-2,58E-03y
U4(x,y) =
V4(x,y) =
-2,56E-04 +1,92E-04x
7,73E-03 +7,55E-04x -6,67E-03y
As a post process the reactions are computed by the product of the stiffness matrix for the
displacement vector, and subtracting the body forces on the f vector
Ftotal
5,21E+09
-5,21E+09
1,04E+09
-1,04E+09
1,180E+06
2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
2,671E+05
-5,21E+09
2,08E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-5,21E+09
1,04E+09
-4,17E+09
3,13E+09
-3,13E+09
9,081E+06
1,04E+09
-2,08E+09
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
-3,13E+09
1,140E+07
-5,21E+09
2,08E+09
7,29E+09
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
1,04E+09
1,04E+09
-2,08E+09
-3,13E+09
7,29E+09
2,08E+09
-5,21E+09
-2,08E+09
-4,17E+09
3,13E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
3,13E+09
-1,04E+09
-1,28E-04
-1,04E+09
3,13E+09
-1,04E+10
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
3,13E+09
-4,17E+09
-2,08E+09
-1,13E-03
-1,125E+03
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-1,04E+10
3,13E+09
1,46E+10
-3,13E+09
-2,08E+09
1,04E+09
-5,342E+05
-3,13E+09
1,04E+09
-5,21E+09
3,13E+09
-4,17E+09
-3,13E+09
1,46E+10
2,08E+09
-5,21E+09
-3,87E-03
-1,125E+03
-2,08E+09
-2,08E+09
2,08E+09
2,08E+09
-5,698E+06
-1,04E+09
1,04E+09
-5,21E+09
5,21E+09
-1,00E-02
-3,181E+07
ftotal
1,180E+06
2,671E+05
9,081E+06
1,140E+07
-4,029E+06
2,014E+07
0
-1,125E+03
-5,342E+05
-1,125E+03
-5,698E+06
-3,181E+07
Fb
0
-3,750E+02
0
-1,125E+03
0
-3,750E+02
0
-1,125E+03
0
-1,125E+03
0
-3,750E+02
H1
V1
H2
V2
H3
V3
H4
V4
H5
V5
H6
V6
Where the sign means that the force follow the x and y axis,
-4,029E+06
=
Reactions (kN)
1179,78
267,47
9081,20
11398,26
-4028,78
20144,28
0
0
-534,19
0
-5698,01
-31805,51
2,014E+07