World Applied Programming, Vol (3), Issue (7), July 2013.

309-313
ISSN: 2222-2510
2013 WAP journal. www.tijournals.com

Regular Model for a Quark Star with Van der Waals

Modified Equation of State
Manuel Malaver
Universidad Martima del Caribe,
Catia la Mar, Venezuela
mmf.umc@gmail.com
Abstract: We extend the work of Feroze and Siddiqui (2011) by considering Van der Waals modified equation
of state for anisotropic matter distribution in the study of a compact relativistic objects. The new solutions to the
Einstein-Maxwell system of equations are found in term of elementary functions. A physical analysis of
electromagnetic field indicates that it is regular and well behaved. In this particular case there is singularity in
the charge density.
Keywords: Compact relativistic objects, Van der Waals modified equation of state, Charge density,
Electromagnetic field
I.

INTRODUCTION

One of the fundamental problems in the general theory of relativity is finding exact solutions of the Einstein field
equations [1,2]. The resolution of Einstein's field equations has allowed to obtain exact solutions for relativistic stars and
find mathematical appropriate models which allow to explain the nature of a neutron stars and the quasars [3]. The exact
solutions of the system of Einstein-Maxwell's equations for gravitational fields with spherical symmetry are necessary to
describe the physical properties of charged spheres and generated a great quantity of applications in stellar systems
[4,5].
Many investigators have used a great variety of mathematical techniques to try to obtain exact solutions for relativistic
stars, since it has been demonstrated by Komathiraj and Maharaj [4], Sharma et al. [5], Patel and Koppar [6], Patel et al.
[7], Tikekar and Singh [8] and Feroze and Siddiqui [9]. These analyses indicate that the system of equations EinsteinMaxwell is important in the description of astronomic dense objects.
Komathiraj and Maharaj [10], Malaver [11], Bombaci [12], Thirukkanesh and Maharaj [13], Dey et al [14] and Usov
[15] assume linear equation of state for quark stars. Feroze and Siddiqui [9] consider a quadratic equation of state for the
matter distribution and specify particular forms for the gravitational potential and electric field intensity.
Considering the supposition of spherical symmetry and the existence of a conformal Killing vector, Mak and Harko [16]
found a relativistic model of strange quark star. Esculpi and Alom [17] for anisotropic relativistic charged matter by
assuming the existence of a conformal Killing vector in static spherically symmetric spacetime.
In this paper we extend the work of Feroze and Siddiqui [9] by considering of Van der Waals modified (VDWM)
equation of state for the matter distribution where the gravitational potential and the electrical field are different to
supposed as they assume and depend on adjustable parameters. The interest of considering an equation of state of this
class is for that we want to propose a mathematical generalization of the results given by [9] in the study of compact
relativistic objects. We have obtained new classes of spherical models of relativistic stars.
This article is organized as follows, in Section 2, we present Einsteins field equations and VDWM equation of state. In
Section 3, the physical properties of these new solutions are examined. Finally in Section 4, we conclude.
II.

THE FIELD EQUATIONS

Consider a spherically symmetric four dimensional spacetime whose line element is given in Schwarzschild coordinates
by

ds 2 e 2 ( r ) dt 2 e 2 ( r ) dr 2 r 2 ( d 2 sin 2 d 2 )

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Manuel Malaver. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (7), July 2013.

where (r ) and (r ) are the two arbitrary functions. For charged perfect fluids the Einstein-Maxwell system of field
equations are obtained as

1
2 2
1
2
1

e E2
2
r
2
r
1
2
1
2 1 e2 e2 p E2
r
2
r

e 2 2 p E 2

1
e
r2

(2)

r 2E

(3)

(4)

(5)
2(r)

Using the transformations x cr , z(x) e

and
constants, the Einstein-Maxwell system has the equivalent form

A 2 y 2 ( x) e 2 ( r )

1 z
1 2
2 z
E
x
c 2c

where A and c are arbitrary

(6)

y 1 z p r 1 2

E
y
x
c 2c
y
p
y
1
4 xz (4 z 2 xz ) z t E 2
y
y
c 2c
4z

(7)

(8)

2
4cz

xE E
x

(9)

p r , pt , , E and are radial pressure, tangential pressure, energy density, electric field intensity and charge density,
respectively and dots denote differentiation with respect to x. In this paper, we assume the following Van der Waals
modified equation of state

p r 2
where

(10)

, and are arbitrary constants.

III.

T HE MODEL

Motivated by Feroze and Siddiqui [9] and Thirukkanesh and Maharaj [13], we have chosen the form of the gravitational
potential z, which is well behaved and regular at the origin and the electric field intensity E is continuous, bounded and a
decreasing function from the origin to the boundary of the sphere. We make the specific choices

1 x
1 x
ck 3 x
E2
1 x 2
z

(11)
(12)

where a and k are arbitrary constants. On substituting (11) and (12) in (6) we obtain

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Manuel Malaver. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (7), July 2013.

c2 3 x k (3 x)
2
21 x

(13)

replacing (13) in (10) , we have for the radial pressure

c 2 2 3 x k 3 x
c2 3 x k 3 x

4
2
41 x
21 x c2 3 x k 3 x
2

pr

(14)
On substituting (11), (12) and (14) in (7) we obtain
2
y c2 3 x k3 x
2 3 x k3 x1 x

3
2
y 41x
41 x (1x)
41x 21 x c2 3 x k3 x
k 3 x

(15)
81 x 1 x

what is a linear equation in y.

Now, using (12) in (9), the expression for the charge density is

c 2 k 6 3x x 2 1 x
5
x 3 x 1 x

(16)

The tangential pressure can be obtained from (8) with the help of (11), (12) and (15) and can be written as

pt

2 3 x 2 x 2 y 2 c kc3 x
4 xc1 x y
2c

2
1 x y
1 x 2
21 x

(17)

The mass within a radius r of the star is

r

M (r )

1 2
x ( x) dx
2 0

(18)

The mass function is given for

1 2 2 1 2 1
x 3
x
2
2
4

( 2 1) 2 (1 )

3 ln(1 x)
2 4

M (r )

2 3
1 (4 1) (3 4 )
x
x

2
(1 x)
2 4

(19)
2

p r , p t and v sr that is the radial speed of sound with Van

der Waals modified equation of state for some values of , and . In figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 we generated the
The following figures represent the graphs of E , ,

plots for the radial pressure, electric field intensity , energy density, mass, charge density and radial speed of sound with
1 / 3 , 1 and 0. For this model, the metric this given for

ds 2 A 2 y 2 ( x)dt 2

1 x
x
dx 2 d 2 sin 2 d 2
1 x 4cx
c

where y is given by (15)

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Manuel Malaver. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (7), July 2013.

Figure 1. Radial pressure

Figure 2. Electric field intensity

Figure 3. Energy density

Figure 4. Mass

Figure 5. Charge density

Figure 6. Radial speed of sound

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Manuel Malaver. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (7), July 2013.

IV.

CONCLUSION

We have generalized the work of Feroze and Siddiqui [9] by taking Van der Waals modified equation of state. New
exact solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell system are found. In this new class of solutions, the energy density is a
finite, non-negative and decreases. The electric field intensity E takes an initial finite value and shows a decreasing
behavior. The charge density is singular at the origin and the radial pressure is decreasing with the radial coordinate.
2

The mass function is an increasing function, continuous and finite and the condition 0 v sr 1 is maintained inside
the stellar interior.
In this paper, we selected a Van der Walls modified equation of state relating the energy density to the radial pressure.
The solutions found in this paper may be used to model relativistic compact objects in astrophysics and to predict results
in charged relativistic strange and quark stars.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author gives him them thanks to Lucia Santeramo of the Maritime University of the Caribbean for his help in design
of the figures of this paper.
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[6]
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[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]

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