DC Load Flow

DC Short
Short-Circuit
Circuit

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Why DC System Studies?

DC systems play an ever increasing role in:
S
Substation
b t ti and
d generating
ti station
t ti iinstrumentation
t
t ti
and control systems (IEEE Std 946)
Class 1E power system for nuclear power
generation station providing power to reactor trip
system and engineered safety features
(IEEE Std 308)
Provide back-up
back up energy for emergencies in
hospital, generation station, production line, data
processing
p
g and communication, etc.
(IEEE Std 446 Orange Book)
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 2

Why DC System Studies?

Due to the importance of DC systems,
it must be:
Reliable Having redundant sources and
can operate under single failure in the
system
Adequate Capable of providing sufficient
power at required system voltage in
specified time duration

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 3

Type of Studies
Load Flow Determine system operating
conditions and verify equipment continuous ratings
Short-Circuit Calculation Determine system SC
c rrent and verify
current
erif eq
equipment
ipment SC capabilit
capability
Battery Sizing and Discharge Calculation (IEEE
Std 485) Determine sufficient battery size to
provide required power in specified time duration
Control System Diagram, Vd Calc Determine
and verifyy sufficient voltage
g for control circuit
operation
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 4

DC System Elements
DC System Source
Charger/Converter
Ch
/C
t and
dB
Battery
tt

DC System Loads
Static Load, DC Motor, Lump Load , and DC Elementary
Diagram

DC System Branch
Cable and Impedance

DC System Other Elements

Bus and Node
Node, DC Converter
Converter, DC Composite Motor
Motor, and
Inverter
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 5

Purpose of DC LF Study
To determine system operating conditions -bus voltages,
voltages branch flows
flows, and power
provided by various sources
To verify equipment continuous ratings

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 6

LF -- Battery Model
Constant voltage source behind battery
resistance .
Active
A ti voltage
lt
source if Vbus
Vb < V
Vrate
t
Inactive voltage source if Vbus > Vrate

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 7

LF -- Charger Model
Constant voltage source, if I < Imax
Constant current source, if I > Imax,
i j ti IImax iinto
injecting
t system
t
Inactive if Vout < Vbus
Constant power load to AC system

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 8

LF -- Inverter Model
Constant voltage source to AC system
Constant power load to DC system

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 9

LF -- UPS Model
If auction diode option is checked, then DC
system provides power to UPS AC load if
Vdc > Vac.
If auction diode option is not checked
checked
and UPS AC input bus is energized, then UPS
becomes a source to DC system
system, similar to a
charger.
and UPS AC input bus is not energized
energized, then DC
system provides power to UPS AC load.

Constant power load to DC system

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 10

LF -- DC Converter Model
Constant voltage source to output bus, if
I<Imax
Constant current source to output bus
bus, if
I>Imax, injecting Imax into the bus
Constant current load to the input bus
Inactive if Vout < Vbus

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 11

LF -- Load Model
Motor
Constant
C
t t P load,
l d if V
Vmin
i <V<V
<V<Vmax;
Constant Z load, otherwise

Static Load
Constant resistance load

Lumped Load
Constant power,
power resistance,
resistance current load

Elementary Diagram Load

Constant
C
resistance
i
lload
d
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 12

Constant Power Loads

DC Motor
DC Lumped Load (motor
load part)
Inverter
I
t
UPS

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 13

Constant Impedance Loads

Static Load
DC Elementary
Diagram Editor
DC L
Lumped
dL
Load
d
(static load part)

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 14

Constant Current Loads

The current remains constant even if
the voltage changes.
DC Constant current loads are used
to test Battery discharge capacity.
DC Lump load can be used to
represent constant current load
load.

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 15

LF -- Branch Model
Cable
Constant resistance at maximum operating
temperature

Impedance
Constant resistance

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 16

LF- Adjustments
Cable Length Tolerance
Positive adjustment for DCLF & DCBS
Negative
g
adjustment
j
for DCSC

Cable Resistance based on Temperature

Copper / Aluminum
Use Maximum Temperature
p
for DCLF & DCBS
Use Minimum Temperature for DCSC

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 17

Purpose of DC SC Study
To determine short-circuit fault currents and
fault contributions from different sources
sources.
Maximum fault current
System equivalent impedance at fault location
Time constant for SC current rise

To verify protective equipment capability.

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 18

SC -- Battery Model
Constant voltage source -- (Voc) behind
battery resistance
Voc may be calculated based on battery specific
gravity (SG)
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) from library
User-Defined value (% Vpc)

Constant current source

Ksc * One_Min_Discharge_Current
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 19

SC -- Charger Model
Constant voltage source behind AC system
impedance (converted to DC side)
Constant
C
t t currentt source, Ksc
K * Ifl

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 20

SC -- UPS & Inverter Model

UPS -- Constant current source
Ksc * Ifl

Inverter -- Not considered in DC short

short-circuit
circuit
study

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 21

SC -- DC Converter Model
Constant current source, Ksc * Ifl, to faults
on output side of the system
Sh
Short-circuit
t i it contribution
t ib ti calculation
l l ti stops
t
att
DC converters

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 22

SC -- Load Model
Motor constant voltage behind transient
impedance
St
Static
ti load
l d and
d ED lload
d are considered
id d iin
calculation

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 23

SC -- Branch Model
Cable
Constant resistance at minimum operating
temperature

Impedance
Constant resistance

1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: DC Load Flow/DC Short-Circuit

Slide 24