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1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 2
Cell Size
Rated capacity of a lead acid battery or number of
positive plates in a cell
Period
Time interval for which the load is assumed to be
constant
Vpc
Volts per cell (individual cell voltage)
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 3
Types of Loads
Constant Power
As battery voltage decreases, their current increases.
Constant Resistance
As battery voltage decreases, their current also
decreases.
Constant Current
Load current is invariant to battery voltage changes.
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 4
Non-Continuous
N
C ti
L
Load
d (Random
(R d
or N
Non-Random)
R d )
Emergency pumps
MOV operations
Critical ventilation system motors
Fire protection systems actuators
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 5
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 6
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 7
Slide 8
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 9
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 10
Battery Modeling
Battery voltage based on manufacturer
battery discharge characteristic curves
Enter battery
y characteristic curves in battery
y
library
IInterpolation
l i / extrapolation
l i iis performed
f
d to
obtain battery size and discharge voltage
profile
fil
Different interpolation methods to obtain Vpc
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 11
Characteristic Curves
Battery Characteristic Curves
1.5
1000.00
1.6
Tim e (min.)
1.67
1.75
100.00
1.78
1 81
1.81
10.00
1.84
1.88
1.92
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
1.96
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 12
Interpolation Methods
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 13
Slide 14
Correction factors
Battery minimum temperature
Aging compensation
Initial capacity
Design margin
Voltage Requirements
Maximum system voltage deviation (charging voltage)
Minimum system voltage deviation (depends on final
Vpc)
Battery minimum discharge voltage (final Vpc)
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 15
Correction Factors
Same as battery sizing (no design margin)
Slide 16
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 17
Displayed Results
Tabulated results for battery voltage, bus
voltage and power flows through the entire
system
One-line diagram displayed results (similar
to DC load flow)
Complete set of plots that include battery
voltage current,
voltage,
current discharged AH and system
flows
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 18
Things to Consider
Obtain as many battery characteristic curves
as possible
Obtain specific curves for battery model and
type
Understand limitations of interpolation
methods
Use most conservative approach for your
system (load flow method or load
summation)
1996-2010 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Battery Sizing & Discharge
Slide 19