Hindu Views On Evolution

Hindu views on evolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hindu views on evolution

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hinduism includes a range of viewpoints about the origin of life, creationism and evolution.
Rigveda, the earliest Hindu text mentions the Hiranyagarbha ("golden embryo") as the source of the creation
of the Universe, similar to the world egg motif found in the creation myths of many other civilizations. It also
contains a myth of the proto-Indo-European origin, in which the creation arises out of the dismemberment of
a cosmic being (the Purusha) who is sacrificed by the gods.[1] As for the creation of the primordial gods
themselves, the Nasadiya Sukta of Rigveda takes a near-agnostic stand, stating that the Gods came into being
after the world's creation, and nobody knows when the world first came into being.[2] In the later Puranic
texts, the creator god Brahma is described as performing the act of 'creation', or more specifically of
'propagating life within the universe'. Some texts consider him equivalent to the Hiranyagarbha or the
Purusha, while others state that he arose out of these. Brahma is a part of the trinity of gods that also includes
Vishnu and Shiva, who are responsible for 'preservation' and 'destruction' (of the universe) respectively.
Many Hindu texts mention the cycle of creation and destruction. The Shatapatha Brahmana states that the
current human generation descends from Manu, the only man who survived a great deluge after being warned
by the God. This legend is comparable to the other flood legends, such as the story of the Noah's Ark
mentioned in the Bible and the Quran.[3]
Some Hindu schools do not regard the scriptural creation myth as a literal truth, and often the creation stories
themselves do not go into specific detail, thus leaving open the possibility of incorporating at least some
theories in support of evolution. Some Hindus find support for, or foreshadowing of evolutionary ideas in
scriptures.[4] For example, the concept of Dashavataras (see below) can be seen as having some similarities
to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.[5][6][7][8]
In a survey of 909 people, 77% of its respondents in India agreed that enough scientific evidence exists to
support Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution, and 85% of God-believing people said they agree with
evolution as well.[9][10] According to the survey conducted by Pew Forum in the United States, 80% of
Hindus agree that evolution is the best explanation for the origin of human life on earth.[11] However, in
India, there were minimal references to Darwinism in the 1800s. Elements of Victorian England opposed the
idea of Darwinism. Hindus already had present notion of common ancestry between humans and animals.
The Hindu dharma believes that the gods have animal features, showing a theory that humans can be reborn
again as animals or with their features.[12]
Contents
1 Hindu creationism
1.1 Creation myths
1.1.1 Rigveda
1.1.2 Brahmanas
1.1.3 Upanishads
1.1.4 Later texts
1.2 Hindu cosmological view of creation
2 Attempts to reconcile evolution
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2.1 Day and Night of Brahma

2.2 Dashvatras and evolution
2.3 Vanaras
3 ISKCON and evolution
3.1 Devolution
3.2 Intelligent design
4 Hindu opposition to Christian creationism
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Hindu creationism
According to Hindu creationism all species on earth including humans have "devolved" or come down from a
high state of pure consciousness. Hindu creationists claim that species of plants and animals are material
forms adopted by pure consciousness which live an endless cycle of births and rebirths.[13] Ronald Numbers
says that: "Hindu Creationists have insisted on the antiquity of humans, who they believe appeared fully
formed as long, perhaps, as trillions of years ago."[14] Hindu creationism is a form of old earth creationism.
According to Hindu creationists the universe may even be older than billions of years. These views are based
on the Vedas which depict an extreme antiquity of the universe and history of the earth.[15][16]
Creation myths
Hinduism is a conglomeration of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid
common set of beliefs.[17] As a result, the Hindu texts do not provide a single canonical account of the
creation; they mention a range of theories of the creation of the world, some of which are contradictory.[18]
Many Hindus regard these scriptural legends as allegories or metaphors rather than literal truth.
Rigveda
The Purusha sukta of the earliest Hindu text Rig Veda mentions purusha, the primeval cosmic being.[19] The
Purusha is described as all that has ever existed and will ever exist.[20] Viraj, variously interpreted as the
mundane egg[19] (see Hiranyagarbha) or the twofold male-female energy, was born from Purusha, and the
Purusha was born again from Viraj. The gods then performed a sacrifice with the Purusha, leading to the
creation of the other things in the manifested world from his various body parts and his mind. These things
included the animals, the Vedas, the Varnas, the celestial bodies, the air, the sky, the heavens, the earth, the
directions, and even Indra and Agni. It is likely that this myth has proto-Indo-European origins, as it is similar
to other myths found in the Indo-European cultures, in which the creation arises out of the dismemberment of
a divine being (cf. Ymir of the Norse mythology).[1]
The concept of Purusha is similar to the concept of Brahman described in the later texts.[21]:318 As for the
creation of the primordial beings (such as the gods who performed the sacrifice of the Purusha), the Nasadiya
Sukta states:[22]
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Who really knows, and who can swear,

How creation came, when or where!
Even gods came after creations day,
Who really knows, who can truly say
When and how did creation start?
Did He do it? Or did He not?
Only He, up there, knows, maybe;
Or perhaps, not even He.
Rig Veda 10.129.1-7
Rigveda (10.121) also mentions the Hiranyagarbha (literally, golden embryo/womb/egg) that existed before
the creation. This metaphor has been interpreted differently by the various later texts. The Samkhya texts
state that Purusha and the Prakriti made the embryo, from which the world emerged. In another tradition, the
creator god Brahma emerged from the egg and created the world, while in yet another tradition the Brahma
himself is the Hiranyagarbha.[23] The nature of the Purusha, the creation of the gods and other details of the
embryo creation myth have been described variously by the later Hindu texts.
The early hymns of Rigveda also mention Tvastar as the first born creator of the human world.[24]
Brahmanas
The Shatapatha Brahmana mentions a story of creation, in which the
Prajapati performs tapas to reproduce himself. He releases the waters
and enters them in the form of an egg that evolves into the
cosmos.[25] The Prajapati emerged from the golden egg, and created
the earth, the middle regions and the sky. With further tapas, he
created the devas. He also created the asuras, and the darkness came
into the being.[21]:102103 It also contains a story similar to the other
great flood stories, such as the one mentioned in the Bible. After the
great flood, Manu the only surviving human, offers a sacrifice from
which Ida is born. From her, the existing human race comes into the
being.[21]:102103
The fish avatara of Vishnu saves

Manu, the progenitor of the existing
human race, during the great deluge.
Upanishads
The Aitareya Upanishad (3.4.1) mentions that only the "Atman" (the Self) existed in the beginning. The
Self-created the heaven (Ambhas), the sky (Marikis), the earth (Mara) and the underworld (Ap). He then
formed the Purusha from the water. He also created the speech, the fire, the prana (breath of life), the air and
the various senses, the directions, the trees, the mind, the moon and other things.[26]
The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (1.4) mentions that in the beginning, only the Atman existed as the Purusha.
Feeling lonely, the Purusha divided itself into two parts: male ("pati") and female ("patni"). The men were
born when the male embraced the female. The female thought "how can he embrace me, after having
produced me from himself? I shall hide myself." She then became a cow to hide herself, but the male became
a bull and embraced her. Thus the cows were born. Similarly, everything that exists in pairs, was created.
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Next, the Purusha created the fire, the soma and the immortal gods (the devas) from his better part. He also
created the various powers of the gods, the different classes, the dharma (law or duty) and so on.[27] The
Taittiriya Upanishad states that the being (sat) was created from the non-being. The Being later became the
Atman (2.7.1), and then created the worlds (1.1.1).[21]:103 The Chhandogya states that the Brahma creates,
sustains and destroys the world.[28]
Later texts
An attempt to depict the creative activities of Prajapati; a steel

engraving from the 1850s
Belief in evolution is among the Samkhya

philosophy. In the Samkhya philosophy, evolution
is symbolized by the Sanskrit term pariama. Many
Hindu reformers compare this term and
philosophy with Darwinism. The prominent
Vivekananda, based most of his cosmological and
biological ideas off of the Samkhya.[12] The
Samkhya texts state that there are two distinct
fundamental eternal entities: the Purusha and the
Prakriti. The Prakriti has three qualities: sattva
(purity or preservation), rajas (creation) and
tamas (darkness or destruction). When the
equilibrium between these qualties gets broken,
the act of creation starts. Rajas quality leads to
creation.[29]
The later texts such as the Puranas identify the Purusha with the God. In many Puranic notes, Brahma is the
creator god.[21]:103 However, some Puranas also identify Vishnu, Shiva or Devi as the creator.[21]:103
In Garuda Purana, there was nothing in the universe except the Brahman. The universe became an expanse
of water, and in that Vishnu was born in the golden egg. He created Brahma with four faces. Brahma then
created the devas, asuras, pitris and manushas. He also created the rakshasas, yakshas, gandharvas. Other
creatures came from the various parts of his body. (e.g. snakes from his hair, sheep from his chest, goats from
his mouth, cows from his stomach, others from feet) . His body hair became the herbs. The four varnas came
from his body parts and the four Vedas from his mouths. He created several sons from his mind, Daksha,
Daksha's wife, Manu Svaymbhuva, his wife Shatarupta and the rishi Kashypa. Kashypata married thirrteen of
Daksha's daughter and all the devas and the createures were born through them.[21]:103 Other Puranas and
the Manu Smriti mention several variations of this theory.
In Vishnu Purana, the Purusha is same as the creator deity Brahma, and is a part of Vishnu.[21]:319 The
Shaivite texts mention the Hiranyagarbha as a creation of Shiva.[23] According to the Devi-Bhagavata Purana
Purusha and Prakriti emerged together and formed the Brahman, the supreme universal spirit that is the origin
and support of the universe.[21]:319
The Advaita Vedanta states that the creation arises from Brahman, but it is illusory and has no reality.
(Vivarta)[21]:103
Hindu cosmological view of creation

Many of the Hindu philosophies mention that the creation is cyclic.[21]:104 According to the Upanishads, the
universe and the Earth, along with humans and other creatures undergo repeated cycles (pralaya) of creation
and destruction. A variety of myths exist regarding the specifics of the process, but in general the Hindu view
of the cosmos is as eternal and cyclic. The later puranic view also asserts that the universe is created,
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destroyed, and re-created in an eternally repetitive series of cycles. In Hindu cosmology, a universe endures
for about 4,320,000,000 years (one day of Brahma, the creator or kalpa)[30] and is then destroyed by fire or
water elements. At this point, Brahma rests for one night, just as long as the day. This process, named pralaya
(Cataclysm), repeats for 100 Brahma years (311 trillion, 40 billion human years) that represents Brahma's
lifespan.
Attempts to reconcile evolution

Most God-believing Hindus accept the theory of biological evolution.[9][10][11] They either regard the
scriptural creation theories as allegories and metaphors, or reconcile these legends with the modern theory of
evolution.
Day and Night of Brahma

Science writers Carl Sagan and Fritjof Capra have pointed out similarities between the latest scientific
understanding of the age of the universe, and the Hindu concept of a "day and night of Brahma", which is
much closer to the current known age of the universe than other creation views. The days and nights of
Brahma posit a view of the universe that is divinely created, and is not strictly evolutionary, but an ongoing
cycle of birth, death, and rebirth of the universe. According to Sagan:
The Hindu dharma is the only one of the world's great faiths dedicated to the idea that the
Cosmos itself undergoes an immense, indeed an infinite, number of deaths and rebirths. It is
the only dharma in which time scales correspond to those of modern scientific cosmology.
Its cycles run from our ordinary day and night to a day and night of Brahma, 8.64 billion
years long, longer than the age of the Earth or the Sun and about half the time since the Big
Bang.[31]
Capra, in his popular book The Tao of Physics, wrote that:
This idea of a periodically expanding and contracting universe, which involves a scale of
time and space of vast proportions, has arisen not only in modern cosmology, but also in
ancient Indian mythology. Experiencing the universe as an organic and rhythmically moving
cosmos, the Hindus were able to develop evolutionary cosmologies which come very close
to our modern scientific models.[32]
Dashvatras and evolution

British geneticist and evolutionary biologist, J B S Haldane, observed that the Dashavataras (ten principal
avatars of Lord Vishnu) are a true sequential depiction of the great unfolding of evolution. Like the
evolutionary process itself the first true manifestation of the god is a fish the Matsya, then comes the aquatic
reptile turtle, the Kurma, then an animal the boar Varaha, then narashimha, a humanoid being, Vamana, the
pigmy man then the rest five are humans. [33]
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Vanaras
The Sanskrit epics of the Hindus mention several exotic creatures
including ape-like humanoids.[34] Some Hindus see this as a proof of
the historicity of their mythological characters and as support for the
theory of evolution in their texts. The Ramayana speaks of the
Vanaras, an ape-like species with human intelligence, that existed
millions of years ago. However, according to the Ramayana alongside
these ape-men existed modern humans.[35] Thus, according to these
ancient writings, the status of such creatures was a state of
coexistence rather than evolution. This is in opposition to common
descent which is accepted by most scientists.[36]
The Hindu epics mention an ape-like

humanoid species called the vanaras.
ISKCON and evolution

Members of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) say that Charles Darwin's theory
of evolution by natural selection is wrong, but they do not necessarily reject evolution altogether. The views
of the founder of ISKCON, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, on Darwin and evolution are found in
his book Life comes from life.[37][38]
Devolution
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) take a literal reading of Puranas which teach that
time and space are cyclical, and that the earth goes through a cyclic model of yugas that says that life on
earth devolves through four stages, or cosmic epochs, with each one becoming increasingly dark, alienated
than the previous.[39][40][41]
History therefore to ISKCON is a succession of four epochs called yugas, the first being the best a Golden
age, then devolving to the present degenerate age, the Kali Yuga. After Kali Yuga, the process repeats itself,
with the earth entering a stage of sleep and then being reborn.[42] According to the teachings of ISKCON the
current age we are now in, which began approximately 5000 years ago, is called Kali yuga. Kali-yuga is a
432000 year-long devolution, a stage of degeneration on earth and for the human being.[43]
ISKCON also teach another process of devolution. Michael Cremo defines this process of devolution as "The
process by which conscious selves descend to the realm of the material energy, and are placed in material
bodily vehicles."[44] Cremo proposes that human beings have not evolved from other animals, but they have
devolved down from a spiritual world.[45] This process of devolution is rooted in the Hindu teaching of Sat
Desh, (translated "True Home") which teaches that a spiritual homeland exists eternally which is the location
where spirits dwell before they enter material bodies on earth.[46]
According to the Vedic texts the remedy to free oneself from the evil of devolution, is to cast off materialism,
and realize one's real spiritual nature, which is that of Sat Desh, the homeland of spirits.[47] Vishal
Mangalwadi describes Sat Desh as "The highest region, made purely of spirit substance and inhabited by pure
spirits pure because they are uncontaminated by matter or mind. There are countless spirits and they enjoy
the greatest conceivable happiness".[48]
Cremo is a member of ISKCON and the author of Human Devolution: A Vedic alternative to Darwin's
theory, published by ISKCON's Bhaktivedanta Book Publishing,[49] which holds that man has existed on the
earth in modern form far longer than that offered by the currently accepted fossil evidence and genetic
evidence. Cremo suggests that Darwinian evolution should be replaced with "devolution" from the original
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unity with Brahman. His books have been met with considerable skepticism by the scientific community
which charges that Cremo's theories are pseudoscience.[50][51] Author Meera Nanda has dubbed these beliefs
a form of "Vedic creationism."[52]
As the cosmological theory of Hinduism teaches the four successively declining 'ages' of the yugas,[53]
ISKCON teaches that we should expect to see evidence for devolution in biology and other sciences due to
the "reality of the past Vedic curse of decay and degeneration on the world of nature, as stated in the
Puranas", ISKCON members claim that genes are being lost in animals and humans and this is evidence for
devolution.[54]
Intelligent design
In 2010 the ISKCON Bhaktivedanta Book Trust published an intelligent design book titled Rethinking
Darwin: A Vedic Study of Darwinism and Intelligent Design chapters included contributions from Intelligent
design advocates William Dembski, Jonathan Wells and Michael Behe as well as from Hindu creationists Leif
A. Jansen and Michael Cremo.[55]
Hindu opposition to Christian creationism

While the Creation-evolution controversy has seen much debate in the US and other countries, it has not
been a significant issue in India, with its majority-Hindu population.[56][57] Hindus are among many faiths
that have expressed apprehension about efforts to teach Christian creationism in public schools in the US.[58]
One objection to the teaching of creationism based on the religious texts of a particular faith is that in a
pluralistic society this can result in the imposition of one religion.[59]
See also
Ahmadiyya views on evolution
Creation myth
Evolution and the Roman Catholic Church
Jainism and non-creationism
Jewish views on evolution
Mormonism and evolution
Relationship between religion and science
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Vedic alternative to Darwin's theory.
Bhaktivedanta Book Publishing.
ISBN 0-89213-334-1.
50. ^ Forbidden Archaeologys Impact by Michael A
Cremo, Tom Morrow, Reports of the National
Center for Science Education, 19 (3): 14-17.
(http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/rncse_content
9 ofPrint
07-07-2014 18:54
/vol19
56. ^ Balaram, P (2004). "Editorial"
/3185_iforbidden_archaeologys_imp_12_30_1899.
(http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/may102004/1191.pdf).
asp)
Current Science 86 (9): 11911192.
51. ^ Forbidden Archaeology : Antievolutionism
57. ^ Coleman, Simon; Carlin, Leslie (2003). "The
Outside the Christian Arena, Wade Tarzia,
cultures of creationism: Shifting boundaries of
Creation/Evolution 34:13-25, 1994
belief, knowledge and nationhood". The Cultures of
(http://www.ramtops.co.uk/tarzia.html)
Creationism: Anti-evolutionism in English-
52. ^ Nanda, Meera, Vedic creationism in America
speaking Countries. Ashgate Publishing. p. 3.
(http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories
/20060127003309700.htm), Frontline, Vol 23, Issue
ISBN 0-7546-0912-X.
58. ^ "Christian agenda worries other faiths: push for
01, Jan. 14 - 27, 2006.
intelligent design seen by some as imposing
53. ^ Is the goddess a feminist?: the politics of South
Christianity on others", Jim Baker, Lawrence World
Asian goddesses, Alf Hiltebeitel, Kathleen M.
Journal, May 12, 2005. See article on LJ world
Erndl,Sheffield Academic Press, 2000, p. 58
(http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/may/12
54. ^ Symptoms of Devolution

(http://krishnascience.info/files
/christian_agenda_worries)
59. ^ White, Aaron. "The debate over evolution in
/Symptoms_Devolution.html)
55. ^ Rethinking Darwin (http://www.bbt.se
/publication_others_RD.html)
Kansas public schools" (http://www.pluralism.org

/research/reports/white/). The Pluralism Project at
Harvard University. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Further reading
Cavanaugh, Michael A. 1983. A Sociological Account of Scientific Creationism: Science, True Science,
Pseudoscience. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
Eve, Harold, "Creationist Movement in Modern America" (http://www.amazon.com/dp/0805797416), Twayne
Pub, 1990.
The Hidden History of the Human Race (The Condensed Edition of Forbidden Archeology), Michael A. Cremo,
Torchlight Publishing, May 15, 1999ISBN 0892133252
Forbidden Archeology: The Full Unabridged Edition, Michael A. Cremo and Richard L. Thompson, Torchlight
Publishing; 2Rev Ed edition, January 1998 ISBN 0-89213-294-9
Prophets Facing Backward: Postmodern Critiques of Science and the Making of Hindu Nationalism in India,
Meera Nanda, Rutgers University Press, 2003.
Explaining Hindu Dharma A Guide for Teachers, N. K. Prinja (ed), Vishwa Hindu Parishad (UK). pp. 204.
Chatham Printers Limited, Leicester, UK, 2001.
Forbidden Archeology's Impact: How a Controversial New Book Shocked the Scientific Community and
Became an Underground Classic, Michael A. Cremo, Torchlight Publishing, January 1998, ISBN
0-89213-283-3.
Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design (Routledge Hindu Studies Series), C.
Mackenzie Brown, Routledge, 2012, ISBN 0-41577-970-7
External links
Hinduism and Science
Humankind and evolution (http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip
Print
10 of
07-07-2014 18:54
/print.pl?file=2004042001741000.htm&date=2004/04/20/&prd=th&): Editorial in The Hindu, April 20,

2004.
Dharma vs. Darwin? Swami B.V. Tripurari (http://www.beliefnet.com/story/144/story_14456_1.html) :
Beliefnet article describing Hindu perspectives on evolution
The Perils of Vedic 'Science' , Meera Nanda (http://www.beliefnet.com/story/77/story_7776_1.html),
Beliefnet article on Hindu science and evolutionary theories.
The Secret Diary of Charles Darwin, Sivasiva Palani (http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives
/1991/05/1991-05-06.shtml): Discussion of contradictions between Hinduism and evolution in
Hinduism Today.
Hare Krishna
Michael Cremo Human Devolution (http://www.humandevolution.com/)
Bhakta Handbook "Evolution and Science" (http://www.harekrishnatemple.com/bhakta
/chapter22.html)
Hare Krishna on Science (http://www.krishnaisland.com/LCFL/Science.html)
"Life comes from Life" Hare Krishna on Biogenesis (http://www.krishnaisland.com/LCFL/LifeComes-From-Life.html)
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