--'

PROPT]LSION
GAS DYNAMICS AND JPT

whM k

th

andincompressjblefluidflow?
basic difference between compressible
IrrcomPresible

Compressible

Ffuid velocities are appreciable

of
compared with the velocitY

@smalt
comPared

with the velocitY of

sound

so{md

Deosity is not constant

greater
Compressibility factor is

2. DensitY is constant
3. ComPressibilitY factor is one'

rhan one.
1.

ow of air"
rr-rile ee--stady flow energy equauon:
energy equation becomes'
ln an adiabatic flow q = 0' Therefore

cl
ot-+*

-1,.

^2

BZr

=h*Tn

gZi*W,

is hs= h+Yz&
Adiabatic ener5/ equation
modulus of'elasticity'
rnech number in terms of bulk

Defrm

1fts

}tachnumberisanon-dimensionalnumberandisusedfortheanalysisof
:nmmessible fluid flows'

L{=

l'nteiw|orc"

elosticforce

1r<a
rvhere

K P a2
t( = Bulk modulus of elasticity =

...ffi=
4.

lrT

\@=;

state with example'

Explain the meaning of stagnation

ThestateofafluidattainedbyisentropicallydeceleratingittozerovelocityatTefo
state'
elevation is referred as stagnation
settling chamber'
in a reservoir (or) in a
(e.g.) Fluid

prcssures
static and stagnatien
5. Distinguish between

Instagnationpressurestate,thevelocityoftheflowingfluidiszerowhereasinthe
to zero'
fluid velocity is not equal
static pressure state, the
6.

temperatures'
static and stagnation
Difterentiate between the

Gr

The actual temperature

of the

fluid in a particular state is known

as ((static
temperatureD whereas
the temperature of the
fluid when the fluid velocity
is zero at zero
elevation is known as .ttagnation
temperafurerr.

T6 =T* **hrr.
2co
T = shtic temperature
Ts = stagnation temperahue
c2

= v.elocity temperature
P

7. What is the use of

mach number?

Mach number is defined as

the ratio between the local
fluid velocity to the velocity of
sound.
i.e. Mach

number *-

IacaWuidvelocity c

ia"W=i

It is used for the analysis of compressible

fluid flow problems. critical mach
number
is a dimensionress number at
which the fluid velociry ; ;;r,

to its sound velociry.

Therefore,
M

"ri*rt =

l-^* = 1
A*

[ .'.c* -

n*

Crocco number is a non _

dimensional fluid velocity which
is defined as the ratio of
fluid velocity to its maximum
fluid velocity.

i.".C,= c _ Fluidvelocity
c.^' Maximumfluidvetocity
8' write down the relationship
between stagnation and static
temperature interrns of
the flow, mach number for
the case of isentropic flow.

=gZaillz where,
!Tz
Tq
T
M

= stagnation temperature
= Static temperature

=Machnumhr.

9' Give the expression of

The expression

of

rr.

isentropic'flow through a ducL

, T-l M2,but we know that,

T2-,

To

ro

T=[l."J

rhererore

, .|

-f-l

Po)'

Po=

@',3=[?J=1,.

*')h

<o,>

P l1*ry-t,,]r-t
L2l
four reference velocities that are used in expressing the fluid velocities in
non-dimensional form?
10. Name the

i.
ii.
iii.

Local velocity of sound

a=

^hRT

Stagnationvelocityofsound oo=

^|ffi

Maximum velocity of sound C^* =

ao

y-l

iv.

Critical velocity of sound / fluid a* = c* =

^hRT*
11. What are the different regions of compressible flow.
The adiabatic energy equation for a perfect gas is derived in terms of fluid velocity

and sound velocity (a). This is then plotted graphically on the c- a co-ordinates, a steady flow

ellipse is obtained.

The various regions of flow are:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

0)
Subsonic region (M < 1)
Transonic region (0.8 - 1.2)
Incompressible region(M = 0)

region
Hypersonic region
Supersonic

L2. Define

lrr

h{

u
,\*

a
a

(M > I and M < 5)

:\

(M > 5)

M* and give the relation between M

C--->

= C-ut

andM*.

It is a rton-dimensional

mach nurnber and'is defined by the ratio between the local

fluid velocity to its critical velocity of sound / fluid.

14x= x = c
c* a*

t__

lt is also called a characteristic Mach number.

M'(y-t)

M*=

13.

If

2+ tttz 1y -t1
an aeroplane goes to higher altitudes maintaining the same speed, the Mach

number will remain constant. Say true or false.

False.

W.K.T. M =

9
a

At higher altitude, the sound velocity 'a' will

decrease and hence

M will

increase.

Therefore, M is not constant.

14.Showh-Sdiagramfor the flow through a nozzle.

Show how the stagnation

properties get affected.

| -2' = Isentropic expansion

| -2= Adiabatic expansion

It is assumed that, the exit pressure is same for

both cases. But stagnation pressure at the exit of the
adiabatic process

(Po, )

will be

pressure(Po,'). This

less than isentropic

is due to

friction

and

irresversibilities. But stagnation temperature remains constant.

15.

A plane travels at a speed of 2400 KM/h in an atmosphere of 5"C, find the mach

angIe.

2400

c= z=666.66667;T
3.6

=N\K

=-gg-=t.9947
xzlg

?.Rr

^h.qxzgl

a = sin'( -L) = 30.0876"

\M)

16. Define mach angle and maeh wedge.

-----a*,Smoqth
Change

Supersonici

M>1

Abrupt

Change /Hypersonic)

\M>>1

Mach angle is formed, when an object is moving with supersonic speed. The wave
propagation and changes are smooth. When an object is moving with hypersonic speed the

is shown in Fig. Hence for a supersonic flow over two

ttnach
object
wedge" is used instead of ttnach cone,,.

changes are abrupt

17. How

will you illustrate the role of mach number

as a measure of

dimensional

compressillility?

If the flow is assumed to be incompressible, the value of pressure

co-efficient (or)

compressibility factor obtained by Bernoulli equation is unity.

.
i.e.,

P"_P . M2 M4 *.......
--r=11--*-::
[for T=1.47
N"440
2

By substituting different values of M, we can get different values of compressibility

factor and is given in the table.

Compressibility
factor (Vo)

0.1

0.3

0.5

6.4

0.9

22

0.2

1.0

0.6

9.3

10

27.5

0.3

2.3

0.7

t2.9

0.4

4.1

0.8

t7.o

Compressibility

factor(Vo)

Compressibility
factor(7o)

In the above table, when M increases, the corhpressibility factor also increases from
the initial value 1. Thus the role of mach number
18. What is meant by isentropic

is

a measure of compressibility.

flow with variallle area?

steady one dimensional isentropic

flow in a variable area passages is called

"variable area flow". The heat transfer is negligible and there are no other irreversibilities
due to

fluid friction, etc.

19. Define zone of action and zone of silence

20. Find the sonic velocity in oxygen when

a=

"[?RT

= Jt.4*z5g.Bt2s*383

with neat sketch.

it is at

110o

=373.244mt s

C,yl.4

and molecular weight 32.

L-

Unit - II
21. Give the expression

to, &
T

urrd

afo,
T*

isentropic flow through variable area

terps of Mach number.

T1
To r+T-r M,
2

r - g-t)
T*

t+T-t M,
2

22. Sketch the isentropic and adiabatic expansion process in P-V and T-S diagram).

Reservoir

(o)
P! = consts!'t
To= constant

Flow

Co=o

-;-5*gxhaust
ic,I-Fchamber

1i0

P
Po

Distance

Pl = ChamberPressule

Pe =

Nozde exitPregsu

lsentropic tlow through a conuergent nozzle

23. Represent the adiabatic

states, the

flow through a diffuser on T-S diagram. Label the different

initial and final points.

,1

I
p

\I -.-_r
\I-.-_>

B -'---'----lr-

24. Air from a reservoir is discharged through a nouf,e. Show the variation of pressure
along the axis of the nozzle.

t
h
P

25.
will

What

happen

if the air

V-------->-

flowing through anozzle is heated?

When the flowing air is heated inanozzle, the following changes

Velocity of air will increase.

will occur.

Increase in temperature and enthalpy

Pressure increases
Increase in entropy
26.

Write the Fliegner's formula.

.

TlL

ffi* u^lr, _ lr( z \*

A* ^T- 1ot,/.J
For

airy=

1.4 and R

287 J / Kgo K [SI units]

YY&=o.o4o4 =
A* Po
27.

Fliegner's formula

Write the equation for efficiency of the diffuser.

Diffuser

efficiency

= static pressure rise in the actual process

rtrtt"T."rt*"t@
Pr-

P,

Pr'-P,
28. What is impulse

function and give its

uses?

Impulse function is defined as the sum of pressure force and intertia force. Impulse
function F = Pressure force pA + intertia force pAc2
Since the unit of both the quantities are same as unit of force,

it is very convenient for

solving jet propulsion problems. The thrust exerted by the flowing fluid between two
sections can be obtained by using change in impulse function.

29. What is chocked

flow?

State the necessary conditions

for this flow to occur in a

nozzle.
When the back pressure is reduced in a nozzle, the mass flow rate

will increase. The

maximum mass flow conditions are reached when the back pressure is equal to the critical
pressure. When the back pressure is reduced further, the mass flow rate will not change and

is constant. The condition of flow is called "chocked flow". The necessary conditions for
this flow to occur in

a nozzle is

* The nozzle exit pressure ratio must be equal to the critical pressure iatio where
mach numberM = 1.

the

30. Draw the variation

of

along the length of a convergent divergent device when

it

functions as (a) diffuser, O) nozzleand (c) venturi.

Yalve
Pb

Po= contt"antl

-+

To= constatrtl

Flow'

co= 0

-*---

E:fieus't
chamber
Pb

M<1
p+

T;
M=1,
pn 'M>i
M>1

Distance alougthe nozzle

----+

Curves

a,b,c+venture

= diffuser
g= nozzle

d, e

31. Give the expression

for nozde efticiency and diffuser efficiency with h - s diagram.

Nozzte efficiency qN

= l'-?,
= l":tul"1:h4pv9top
idealenthalpydrop Tr-Tr'

Diffuser efficiencylD

= actual enthalpy rise= T,Tia

-7,

idiufntutpv,ti:t

32. Give the

important differenee between nozzle and venturi.

VENTURI

NOZZLE.

t.

1. The flow is accelerated continuously

i.e., Mach number and velocity

2. Used for flow

3.

Convergent and divergent portions

are equal.

Generally convergent portion is short.

33. What is the

measurement

(discharge)

Used to increase velocity and Mach

number.

3.

and then Mach number is decreased'

increases continuouslY.

2.

'ffre now is accelerated upto M =

normal shock?

When the shock waves are right angles to the direction of flow and the rise in pressure
is abrupt are called normal shock waves.
34. What is meant by normal shock as applied to compressible flow?

Compression wave front being normal to the direction of compressible fluid

occurs when the flow is decelerating from supersonic

flow.

flow' It

The fluid properties jump across

the normal shock.

35. Shock wayes cannot develop in subsonic

flow? state the reason.

it is a deceleration process'
the fluid velocity is maximum' In a subsonic flow'

Shocks are introduced to increase the pressure and hence

Therefore, shocks are possible only when

possible'
the velocity of fluid is iess then the critical velocity and hence deceleration is not
Thus, shock waves cannot develop in subsonic flow.
36. Define strength of a shock waYe.

Strength

of a shock wave is defined as the ratio of increase in static

pressure across

the shock to the inlet static pressure.

Strength of shock

PY

- P'

P*

37. Calculate the strength of shock wave when normal shock appears

From normal shock table M =2,T =

.'.Strength of shock =

!'-.t=
P,

4.5

1.4.

-1=

L
P,

3.5

= 4.5

at}'.{=2'

38. Define oblique shock where

it occurs.

The shock wave which is inclined at an angle to the two dimensional flow direction is
called as oblique shock. When the flow is supersonic, the oblique shock occurs at the cornqr
due to the turning of supersonic

flow.

39. Give the difference between nonnal and oblique shock.

OBLIQI'E SHOCK

NORMAL SHOCK

(a)

The shock waves are right angles

to the direction of

(b)

angle to the direction of flow.

flow.

May be treated as one dimensional

analysis.

40. What is

(a) The shock waves are inclined at an

(b) Oblique shock is two dimensional

analysis.

Prandtl-Meyer relation? What its signiflrcance?

The fundamental relation between gas velocities before and after the normal shock
and the critical velocity

of sound is known

i.e., (i) cx x cy = a*2 and (ii)

it

as Prandtl-Meyer

relation.

M*' x Mt , = |

signifies the velocities (before and after the shock) with the critical velocity of

sound and the product of mach numbers before and after the shock is unity.

4L. Shown a normal shock in h-s diagram with the help of Rayleigh line and Fanno line.

6 :5--F

42. Define the

term'Tanno flow".

A steady one-dimensional flow in a constant area duct with friction in the absence of
work and heat transfer is known as 'fanno flow".

43. Define Fanno line.

The locus of the state which satisfy the continuity and energy equation for a frictional

flow is known as ttanno line".

44. Give fanno line

in h

s diagram with isentropic stagnation line and show various

mach number regiors.

FtoA -

heating process

BtoF
FroB

heatingnro""rr

cooling process

A to F

II
coolingprocess
I

M<1

M>

_l

Point F is critical point where mach number

M =1.

hot'h

GT

"w

$
The equation which yields the fanno line for the given values of tro and G is called
"fanno flow equation'.
n2
i.e..h=hn- u = +Fannoequation
2lf (h,s)')

45. Explain briefly the chocking in fanno flow.

In a fanno line, any heating process (both subsonic and supersonic) will increase the
enthalpy, entropy and mass flow rate. This will go upto the limiting state wlere mach

M* = 1. Further heating is not possible, because the entropy change will be negative
which violates the second law of thermodynamics. Hence the mass flow rate is maximum at

number

the critical state and is constant afterwards, then the flow is said to be "chocked

flow".

46. Give two practical examples where the fanno flow occurs.

Flow occurs in gas ducts of aircraft propulsion engines, flow in air-conditioning ducts
and

flow of oil in long pipes. etc.

47. Give the effect of increasing the flow length after reaching critical condition in a
fanno flow.

The mass flow rate will increase only upto the critical condition and is constant
afterwards. Therefore, if the length of pipe is increased afterwards will not give any effect'
48. Write down the expression for the length of duct in terms of the two mach numbers

Ml

and M2 for a flow through a constant area duct with the influence of friction.

4fL (4ft^ )

(+fz** )

D=\ o ),,-\ o

).2
49. Define isothermal flow with friction. Give the applications.
A

steady one dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer in a constant area duct

is called isothermal flow with friction. Such a flow occurs in long ducts where sufficient
time is available for the heat transfer to occur and therefore the temperature may remains

constant. Hence the friction factor may be assumed constant along the duct.

The

applications of isothermal flow are oil or water flow in buried pipe'

50. State assumptions made to derive the equations for isothermal flow.

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

One dimensional flow with friction and heat transfer.

Constant area duct
Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weights
Isothermal flow i.e., the temperature is constant

On account of constant temperatwe the friction factor may be assumed constant along
the duct.

51. Differentiate between isothermal flow and fanno flow.

ISOTIMRMAL

a)

Static temperature is constant

FANNO FLOW
a) Static temperature is not
constant

b) With heat transfer.

c). Flow occurs in a long ducts where
sufficient time is required for heat

b) Without

c)

heat transfer.

Iong ducts are

not

required.

transfer.

d) On account of constant temperature,

the friction factor is assumed as
constant.

d) Friction factor is constant.

52. Define the

term'T,ayleigh flow".

The one-dimensional flow in a constant area duct with heat transfer and without
friction is called'T.ayleigh

flow".

55. Define Rayleigh line.

The locus of the points of properties during a constant area frictionless flow with heat
exchange is called "Rayleigh
54. What is diabatic

line".

flow?

It is the flow which deals with the exchange of heat from the system in the absence of
friction (Rayleigh flow).
55. Give the assumptions made in Rayleigh flow.

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Perfect gas with constant specific heats and molecular weight.

Constant area duct,
One dimensional, steady frictionless flow with heat transfer.
Absence

ofbody forces.
flow.

56. What do you understand by chocking in Rayleigh

When the

fluid is heated in a subsonic region, the entropy

increases and the mach

number and fluid properties move to the right unitil tho maximum enftopy is reached where

M* = 1. When the fluid is heated in a supersonic region, the entropy increases and the mach
number and the fluid properties move to the right until the maximum entropy is reached
where

M* = 1. Further heating

is not possible because, if it is heated the change in entropy is

negative which violates the second law of thermodynamics. Therefore, the type of flow when
the limiting condition

M* =

1 is called

"chocked flow".

57. Differentiate between Fanno flow and Rayleigh flow.

RAYLEIGH FLOW

FANNO FLOW

a) One dimensional steady

frictional

d)

Stagnation temperature is constant.

Because of considering
friction forces it is accurate.
Without heat transfer.

58. What is meant by a

'

steady frictionless

flow.

flow.

b)
c)

a) One aimensional

the

wall

b) Staguation temperature
c) lrss accurate.
d)

is not constant

With heat transfer.

jet propulsion system?

It is the propulsion of a jet'aircraft (or)other missiles by the reaction of jet coming out

with high velocity. The jet propulsion in used when the oxygen is obtained from
surrounding atmosphere.

the

59.

IIow will you classify propulsive engines?

The jet propulsion engines are classified'into

i.
ii.

Air breathing engines

and

Rocket engines which do not use atmospheric air.

60. What is the difference between shaft propulsion and

jet propulsion?
JET PROPU,SION

SHAFT PROPULSTON

a) The power

to the propeller is

a)

There is no reduction gear.

b)

Suitable

transmitted through a reduction gear

b) At higher

altitude, the performance is

poor. Hence it is suitable for lower

for

higher

altitudes.

altitudes.

c)

With increasing speeds and size of the

c)

Construction is simpler.

aircrafts, the shaft propulsion engine

becomes too complicated.

d)
61.

Propulsive efficiency is less.

d) More.

List the different types of jet engines.

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
62. Define the

Turbo-jet
Turpo-prop engine,
Ram jet engine,

Pulsejetengines.

principle of Ram jet engine.

The principle of jet engine is obtained from the application of Newton's law of

motion. We know that when a fluid is

accelerated, a force

is required to produce this

acceleration is the fluid and at the same time, there is an equal and opposite reaction force of
the fluid on the engine is known as the thrust, and therefore the principle of jet propulsion is
based on the reaction principle.

63. Give the components of a turbo

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

jet.

Diffuser
Mechanical compressor,
Combustionchamber,
Turbine and
Exhaust nozzle.

64. Give the difference between pulse

jet and ram jet engine.

PI]LSEJET

a) Mechanical valve
b)

RAM JET
arrangements

a) Works without the aid of

any

are used during combustion.

mechanical device and needs no

The stagnation temperature at the

moving parts.

diffuser exit is comparatively less.

b)

Since the mach number

jet

engine

is

in Ram

supersonic, the

stagnation temperature

is

very

high.
65. Give the difference between

turbojet and ram jet engine.

RAM JET

TTJR3O JET

a)

Compressor and turbine are

a)

Compressor and turbine are not

used but diffuser and nozzle are

used.

used.

Lower thrust and propulsive

b)

efficiency at lower speeds.

c) Construction cost is more.

b) It

provides high thrust Per unit

weight.

c) In the absence of
machines,

the

rotating

construction is

simple and cheap.

66. What is specific impulse?

Specific impulse is the thrust developed per unit weight flow rate through
propulsive device. It is a useful performance parameter in aerospace propulsion systems.

,F

'spe W

67. Give the difference between Jet propulsion and Rocket propulsion.

JET PROPTJLSION

a) Oxygen is obtained from the

surrounding atmosphere for

ROCKET PROPIJLSION

a)

its own oxygen supPlY for

combustion purposes.

combustion purposes.

b) The

jet

consists

of air plus

b)

Mechanical devices are also used.

Jet consists of the exhaust gases

only.

combustion products.

c)

The propulsion unit consists of

c)

Mechanical devices are not used.

68. What is the difference between

TT'RBO

turbo prop engine and turbo jet engine.

TT]RBO - IET

PROP

a) The specific fuel

consumption

a)

TSFC is comparativelV hiCher at

lower speeds and

based on thrust is low.

b) Propulsive efficiency within the

b)

altitudes.

Propulsive efficiencY is low.

range of operation is higher.

c)

On account of higher thrust at low

speeds the

c) Take - off role is longer and

requiring longer run way.

take-offrole is short and

requiring shorter runway.

d) Use

of

centrifugal

compressor

d)

Lower Frontal area.

e)

Lower weight Per unit thrust.

stages increases the frontal area.

e)
69.

Higher weight per unit thrust.

Write the formula for propulsive efficiency and define the same.
The force which propels the aircraft forward at a given speed is called thrust (or)

propulsive force.
Propulsive efficiency is defined as the ratio between propulsive power (or) thrust
power to the power output of the engine.

Thrust power (or) Propulsive power

-- =
,/r

Fxu

- r_*

2o

=-Whefe,
o-l
()

u
--4

cj

Effective speed ratio (or) flight to jet velocity

70. What is ram effect?

When an aircraft flies with high velocity, the incoming air is compressed to high
pressure without external work at the expense of velocity energy is known as 'tam effecf '.
71. Explain specific thrust as applied to

jet engines.

Specific tlnust is defined.as the tfirust producedper unit mass flow rate through the
propulsive device.
F,p"" =

LF

where,F= thrust and m = mass flow rate

72. Differentiate between pressure

Pressure thrust

thrust and momentum thrust.

is mainly depends on the difference in

pressure berween the nozzle

exit pressure and the ambient pressure and is given by

pressure thrust (pe _
=

pJ A

Momentum thrust depends on the difference in velocity between the aircraft velocity
and

jet velocity is given by

Momentum thrust = m (cj - u) where,

P"
P"
A
Ci
u

=tozzleexitpressure
= ambient pressure
= Area of cross section at the nozzle exit
=

jet velocity and

=forward speed ofaircraft

is'thrust augmentation"?
To achieve better take-off performance, higher rates of climb and

73. What

increased

performance at altitude during combat maneuvers, there has been a demand for increasing the
thrust output of aircraft for short intervals of time. This is achieved by during additional fuel

in the tail pipe between the turbine exhaust and entrance section of the exhaust nozzle. This
method of thrust increases the jet velocity is called "Thrust Augmentation".
74. Why after burners are used

in turbojet engine?

Exhaust gases from the turbine have large quantity of oxygen, which can support the
combustion of additional

fuel. Thus if

a suitable burner is installed between the turbine and

exhaust nozzle, a considerable amount

of fuel

can be bumed

in this section to

produce

temperatures entering the nozzle as high as 1900oC. The increased temperature greatly
augments the exhaust gas velocity, and hence provides the thrust increase.

jet engine does not require a compressor and a turbine?

In general, the speed of a ram jet engine is supersonic (the range of Mach number) is

75. Why a ram

very high. At this flight speed the contribution of the compressor to the total static pressure
rise is insignificant. Hence, arm jet engine does not require compressor and turbine.
76. Define Rocket propulsion

If

the propulsion unit contains its own oxygen supply for combustion purposes, the

system is known as "Rocket propulsion".

77. Define thrust

for a rocket engine and how it is produced.

t
The force that propels the rocket at a given velocity is known as thrust. This is
produced due to the change in momentum flux of the outgoing gases as well as the difference
between the nozzle exit pressure and the ambient

pressure.

78. What are the types of rocket engines?

Rocket engines are classified in the following manner.

a)

On the basis of source of energy employed

i. Chemical rockets,
ii. Solar rockets
iii. Nuclear rockets and
iv.
b)

Electrical rockets

On the basis of propellants used

i. Liquid propellant
ii. Solid propellant
iii. Hybrid propellant rockets.
79. Compare solid and

liquid propellant rockets.

SOLID PROPELLANT

a)

Solid fuels and oxidizers are used

LIQUID PROPELLANT

a) Liquid fuels and oxidizers

in rocket engines

b)

are

used.

Generally stored

in

combustion

b)

chamber (both oxidizer and fuel).

c) Buming in the

combustion

Separate oxidizer and fuel tanks

are used for storing purposes.

c)

Controlled rate.

chamber is uncontrolled rate.

80.

What are the types of liquid propellants used in rocket engines?

i. Mono propellants

ii. Bi - propellants
81. Give two liquid propellants.

fuels :

Liquid hydrogen,IIDMH, hydrazine

fuels :

Polymers, plastics and resin material

Liquid
Solid

82. What is mono-propellants? Give example.

A liquid propellant which ccrntains both

known as "mono propellant". e.g.,

i.
ii.

Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrazine

the luel.and oxidizer.

in a single chemical is

iii
iv
83. What is

Nitroglycerine and
Nitromethane, etc.

bi-propellant? Give Example.

84. Name some oxidizers used in rockets.

A liquid propellant which contains the fuel and oxidizer in separate units is known as
blpropellant. The commonly used bi-propellant combinations are:

O)(IDIZER

FTJEL

a) Liquidoxygen
b) Hydrogen peroxide
c) Nitrogen tetroxide
d) Nitric acid
85. Name few advantages of

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

a) Gasoline
b) Liquidbydrogen
c) UDMH
d) Alcohol, ethanol

liquid propellant rockets over solid propellant rockets.

Liquid propellant can be reused or recharged. Hence it is economical.

Increase or decrease of speed is possibre when it is in operation.

Storing and transportation is easy

as the

fuel and oxidizer are kept separately.

Specific impulse is very high.

86. What is inhibitors?

Inhibitors are used to regulate (or prevent) the buming of propellant at some sections.
87. Give the important requirements of rocket engine fuels.

i.

It must be able to produce a high chamber temperature. It should have a high calorific
value per unit of propellant.

ii.

It

should not chemically react with motor system including tanks, piping, valves and

injection nozzles.
88. What is meant by restricted

burning in rockets?

In this case, the inhibition material (or) restrictions prevent the propellant grain from
burning in all directions. The propellant grain bums only at some surfaces while other
surfaces are prevented from burning.

No of

Main sheet
Required

ME 23s1- cAS DYNAMTCS AND JET

PROPULSTON *; _f a

UNIT-1.
PART-A (2 Marks)
1) State the difference between compressible

fluid and incompressible fluid

{*tax

2) Define stagnation pressure?

3) Express the stagnation enthalpy in terms of static enthalpy and velocity
of flow?

4)ExplainMach cone and Mach angle?

5) Define adiabatic process?
6) Define Mach number?
7) Define zone of action and zone of silence ?
B)

Define closecl and open system?

9) what is the difference between intensive and extensive properties?

10) Distinguish between Mach wave and normal shock?
1) Differentiate Adiabatic and Isentropic process.

2)l
'3)

Terentiate nozzle and diffirser ?

What is Impulse function

4) Differentiate between adiabatic florv and adiabatic flow ?

5)

State the expression lbr

dA/A

as a function of Mach number ?

6) Give the expression fbr T/To and T/T* for isentropic flow through variable area interms
Iviach number

of

7) Draw the variation of Mach number along the length of a convergent divergent duct when

it

acts as a (a) Nozzle (b) Diffuser (c) Venturi

8) What is chocked

flowthroughanozzle?

9) What type of nozzle used for sonic flow and supersonic flow?

10) When does the maximum mass flow occur for an isentropic flow with variable area?
1)

'

.at are the consumption made for fanno flow?

2) Differentiate Fanno flow and Rayleigh flow?

,3) Explain chocking in Fanno

flow?

4) Explain the difference between Fanno flow and Isothermal flow?

5) Write down the ratio of velocities between any two sections in terms of their Mach number in a fanno flow ?

6) Write down the ratio of density between any two section in terms of their Mach number in a fanno flow?
7) What are the three equation goveming Fanno flow?
I

8) Give the expression to find increase in entropy for Fanno flow?

9) Give two practical examples where the Fanno flow occurs?
10) What is Rayleigh line and Fanno line?
1) What is mean by shock wave ?

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