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Most motion-control applications are of a critical nature they must meet accuracy, bandwidth, or
some other performance demand. The most sensible and expedient way to design such systems is to
use performance requirements as the design goals at the very outset of the design process. The
techniques are analytical in nature, so they require mathematical descriptions of all elements of the
system. Only then can synthesis and simulation methods be applied to direct the design process
toward the end result without undue trial-and-error techniques. This is how motion-control and
mathematical models complement and enhance one another.
The nature of the mathematical model is dictated as much by the intended use as it is by the nature
of the device being modeled. Individual modelers beliefs and biases have been known to influence
models, too. However, most designers would agree that models fall into two broad categories: steady
state and dynamic. A hydraulic motor will be modeled in steady state and analyzed through some
examples of how the models can be used.
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An application scenario
Imagine a hydraulic motor has been tested at a load torque of 823 lb-in. at 2,400 rpm. The inlet
supply pressure was 3,000 psi while the motor outlet and case drain were essentially at 0 psig. The
case-drain flow was measured at 3.39 in.3/sec and the motor inlet flow was 82.9 in.3/sec. If the
motor has a displacement of 1.88 in.3/rev, determine the values for R1 and Rfw.
With outlet and case-drain ports at zero pressure, the full 3,000 psi is impressed across R1, Rpp, and
the ideal displacement element of the motor. First, we need to find the ideal flow, QI, using the wellknown relationship:
To find the friction resistance, we must first calculate the ideal torque using the well-known
relationship between inlet differential pressure and output torque in the ideal motor:
The measured torque was given as 823 lb-in. Therefore, the total friction torque loss is:
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Because we assume that this is all viscous friction loss, and that the loss is directly proportional to
speed, then:
Now the coefficients for the motor model have been evaluated. Formulas for calculating leakage
resistance directly from motor efficiencies exist, but space prevents their inclusion here. Most
technical data sheets on motors lack a specific value of case-drain leakage, which is necessary to
evaluate port-to-case-drain resistance. The motor manufacturer must be consulted for that
information.
The motor differential pressure is impressed across the port-to-port leakage resistance:
The operating speed is given as 1,722 rpm, therefore, the ideal flow can be found:
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The total inlet flow is found using the summation of flows at the A-port node:
The load torque can be found by first calculating the ideal torque:
The load torque is the ideal torque less the loss due to viscous friction:
Now:
Summarizing, then, case-drain flow (Qcd) is 3.475 in.3/sec; motor-inlet flow (QaMi) is 58.19 in.3/sec;
motor-outlet flow (QaMo) is 54.72 in.3/sec; and load torque (ToM) is 144.45 lb-in.
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imperfect because of finite internal leakage resistances. The accompanying box illustrates a practical
use of a mathematical model to quantify the degree of this nonequality of the two motor speeds.
Connecting two hydraulic motors in series in an attempt to synchronize their speeds is a sound idea.
In reality, though, the synchronization is imperfect because of internal leakage resistances. Well now
examine a scenario using a mathematical model to quantify the inequality of the two motor speeds.
Assume two hydraulic motors each
identical to that described previously
are to be connected in series and
powered by a 60-in.3/sec constant-flow
source. As shown in Figure 3, the outlet
port of the low-pressure motor is
connected directly to tank, as are both
case-drain ports. The high-pressure
motor is connected to a 650-lb-in. load,
but the shaft of the low-pressure motor
is completely free. Both motors have a
displacement of 1.88 in.3/rev; leakage resistance from each motor port to case of 885 psi/(in.3/sec);
port-to-port leakage resistance of 696 psi/(in.3/sec); and torque loss from friction and windage of
0.031 lb-in./rpm.
There are four unknowns: P1, P2, N1, and N2, so four equations will be written and solved
simultaneously. Note from the illustration that P4 and P3 equal 0. Two node equations represent the
summation of flows (P1 and P2 nodes) and two torque summation equations (N1 and N2).
Flow summation at P1:
Substitution and linear algebra matrix are two common methods of solving four equations with four
unknowns. However, the most practical method is by computer, and all popular spreadsheet
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programs have a simultaneous equation-solving capability. I solved these equations using the
eQsolver capability in IDAS Engineering software. The results are:
P1 = 2,537 psig,
P2 = 186.6 psig,
N1 = 1,716 rpm, and
N2 = 1,802 rpm.
The solution to this problem demonstrates that there is nearly a 100-rpm difference between the two
motor speeds. If we now solve the problem with the loads reversed (the upper motor is unloaded and
the lower motor is loaded) we find that:
P1 = 2,521 psig,
P2 = 2,333 psig,
N1 = 1,815 rpm, and
N2 = 1,549 rpm.
This solution shows that there is nearly a 300-rpm change in the speed of the lower motor a
condition that certainly is less than ideal for the application, but without more specific information,
judgments cannot be passed.
The point of this analysis is not to provide a means for achieving perfect motor speed
synchronization. Rather, there is a more limited goal. First, using reasonable models of hydraulic
machinery, it is possible to evaluate the consequences of implementing a given circuit concept before
any hardware is even assembled. Second, circuit developers and designers can explore the endless
what ifs that always occur at circuit design time.
The broader issue of perfect motor-speed synchronization requires closed-loop speed-control
systems and will have to wait for some later discussion. Additionally, closed-loop control modeling
must expand to include dynamic response because of the possibility of hunting and sustained
oscillations.
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