EEU104 01 One Phase AC Circuit

EEU104/3: Electrical Technology
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Semester 2, 2010/2011 Session
Main Reference
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
-- Sinusoidal waveform
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
-- Power calculation
Circuit Analysis
Edward Hughes, Hughes Electrical and

Electronic Technology, 10th Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008
Chapter 9: Alternating Voltage and Current

Chapter 10: Single-phase Series Circuits
Chapter 11: Single-phase Parallel Networks
Chapter 12: Power in AC Circuits
Chapter 13: Complex Notation
Chapter 14: Resonance in AC Circuits
Chapter 15: Network Theorem Applied to AC
Networks
Expected Outcomes
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
After this lesson, the students

should be able to analyze one-phase
AC circuit.
Using complex number and phasor
Sinusoidal and cosine waveform (i.e.
v(t), i(t), p(t))
Calculate the average and r.m.s values
Complex Number
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Complex number consists of real and

imaginary part.
a jb
Here, a presents the real part, and jb

presents the imaginary part.
j 1
j 1
2
Complex Number
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
If N=a+jb, its complex conjugate is:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
N* a jb
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Then,
NN* a 2 b 2
Complex Number
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
If N1=a+jb, and N2=c+jd

Addition:
N1 N2 a jb c jd a c j b d
Subtraction:
N1 N2 a jb c jd a c j b d
Multiplication:
N1N2 a jb c jd ac bd j bc ad
Division:
N1 N1 N*2 ac bd j bc ad
*
N2 N2 N2
c2 d 2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.1:
If N1= -0.6753 + j0.3425, and
N2= 1.4322 - j0.2155, in within 3
minutes, find the followings:
a)
b)
c)
d)
N1+N2
N1-N2
N1N2
N1/N2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
TIPS: Casio fx-570MS
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
STEP 1: Set the calculator into CMPLX mode

ON
MODE
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
STEP 2: Store N1 into memory A
(-)
SHIFT
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
STO
STEP 3: Store N2 into memory B

1
SHIFT
4
STO
2
B
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
STEP 4: Solve N1 + N2
ALPHA
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Use
A
SHIFT
ALPHA
ReIm
to toggle between real and imaginary.
STEP 5: Use similar operation as STEP 4 to solve N1 - N2, N1 N2,

and N1 /N2.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.1:
If N1= -0.6753 + j0.3425, and
N2= 1.4322 - j0.2155, in within 3
minutes, find the followings:
a)
b)
c)
d)
N1+N2 = 0.7569+j0.1270
N1-N2 = -2.1075+j0.5580
N1N2 = -0.8934+j0.6361
N1/N2 = -0.4963+j0.1645
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
There are three common ways of

representing complex number:
1. Rectangular or Cartesian notation
A a jb
2. Polar notation
A A
3. Trigonometric notation
A Acos j sin
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
If given: A a jb, in Cartesian

space:
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Im
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Re
Circuit Analysis
Horizontal axis for real part, vertical axis for imaginary part
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim

space:
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Im
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
A a jb
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
aa
Circuit Analysis
Treating as vector
b jb
Re
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim

space:
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Im
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
A a jb
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
aa
Circuit Analysis
Treating as vector
b jb
Re
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Using Pythagoras theorem:

A a 2 b2
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
A ab
Aa
Ab
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Using trigonometry theories:

b
arctan
a
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Therefore, rectangular notation can

be changed into polar form:
a jb A
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Using trigonometry theories:

a A cos
b A sin
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Thus, polar notation can be changed

into trigonometric or rectangular
notation.
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.2:
If A= -3- j4, presents it in polar
notation and trigonometric notation.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
STEP 1: Set the calculator into CMPLX and Deg mode

ON
MODE
MODE
MODE
MODE
MODE
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
STEP2: Input the rectangular notation

(-)
STEP 3: Convert to polar notation

SHIFT
Use to
SHIFT
ReIm
toggle between magnitude and angle
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Exercise 1.2:
If A= -3- j4, presents it in polar
notation and trigonometric notation.
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
In polar notation:
A 5 126.8699
In trigonometric notation:
A 5 cos 126.8699 j sin 126.8699
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.3:
If A= -3- j4, and B= 7 5 calculate
C=A+B.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

ON
MODE
MODE
MODE
MODE
MODE
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
STEP2:
(-)
Addition
+
7
=
Input A in rectangular form
SHIFT
Input B in polar form

Result
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Exercise 1.3:
C=A+B.
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
C 3.9734 j3.3899
5.2229 40.4694
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.4:
C=A+B.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
STEP 1: Set the calculator into CMPLX and Rad mode

ON
MODE
MODE
MODE
MODE
MODE
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
STEP2:
(-)
Addition
+
7
=
Input A in rectangular form
SHIFT
Input B in polar form

Result
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Exercise 1.4:
C=A+B.
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
C 1.0144 j10.7125
10.7604 1.6652
Circuit Analysis
* Unit is important!!!
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.5:
If A= 3 4, and B= 5 6 calculate
C=A+B.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

ON
MODE
MODE
MODE
MODE
MODE
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
STEP2:
3
SHIFT
Input A in polar form (degree)

Addition
+
5
=
SHIFT
SHIFT
DRG
Result
Convert B to degree
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Exercise 1.5:
C=A+B.
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
C 7.7935 j1.1878
7.8835 8.6657
7.8835 0.1512
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.6:
C=AB.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Exercise 1.6:
C=AB.
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
C 44 2176
(4 2) 4 176
8180
8
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.7:
C=A/B.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Exercise 1.7:
C=A/B.
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
(4 / 2)4
176
C 44 / 2176
2 172
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.8:
If A= 4 4, and B= -5 184
calculate C=A+B.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Exercise 1.8:
If A= 4 4, and B= -5 184
calculate C=A+B.
C 44 (5)184
44 (1)5184
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
44 1 180 5184
Circuit Analysis
94
44 54
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.9:
If A= 4 4, and B= -5 184
calculate C=(A-1+B-1)-1.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.9:
If A= 4 4, and B= -5 184
calculate C=(A-1+B-1)-1.
1

44 (5)184
1
1

44 5184
using calculator
2.22224
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.20:
If A= 4+3j, and B= 11-12j calculate
C=(A-1+B-1)-1.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Exercise 1.20:
If A= 4+3j, and B= 11-12j calculate
C=(A-1+B-1)-1.
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
1
4 j 3 11 j12
using calculator
4.653020.3441
Sinusoidal Waveform
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
The cosine or sinusoidal waveform is a

common type of alternating current (ac)
and alternating voltage.
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
1.5
1
0.5
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
-0.5
Circuit Analysis
-1.5
-1
Sinusoidal Waveform
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
The cosine waveform is expressed

as:
i (t ) I p cos(t )
v(t ) V p cos(t )
p (t ) Pp cos(t )
Ip, Vp, and Pp are the peak values

(capital letters present constant)
Small letters present values that
change over time
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Angular velocity, , is given as:
2f 360 f
Frequency, f, is given as 1/T, where T

is a period of one cycle.
Peak value
1.5
1
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
0.5
0
-0.5
Circuit Analysis
-1
-1.5
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Phase angle, , can be in radian or

degree (thus, unit is important)
Similarly, unit is important to the
angular velocity too.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.11
Find the voltage at t=0.1s, if this ac
voltage is given by:
v(t ) 0.75 cos(34t 34 )V
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Exercise 1.11
Find the voltage at t=0.1s, if this ac
voltage is given by:
v(t ) 0.75 cos(34t 34 )V
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
v(0.1s) 0.4940V
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.12
Find the current at t=1s, if this ac
current is given by:
i(t ) cos(34 t 56 )A
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Exercise 1.12
Find the current at t=1s, if this ac
current is given by:
i(t ) cos(34 t 56 )A
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
i(1s) 0A
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.13
Find the power at t=1s, t=1.1s and
t=2s if this ac power is given by:
p(t ) 10 cos(t 3) W
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Exercise 1.13
Find the power at t=1s, t=1.1s and
t=2s if this ac power is given by:
p(t ) 10 cos(t 3) W
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
p(1s) -6.5364W
p(1.1s) -5.7482W
p(2s) 2.8366W
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.14
For the following waveform,
determine its peak value, angular
velocity, frequency, period, and
phase angle.
p(t ) 10 cos(t 3) W
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
p(t ) 10 cos(t 3)W
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Peak value, Pp = 10W

Angular velocity, = 1 rad/s
Frequency,
f = (1 rad/s)/(2 rad) = (1/2)Hz
Period, T = 1/f = 2 s
Phase angle, = 3 rad
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.15
phase angle.
v(t ) sin(45 t )V
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
v(t ) sin(45 t )V
cos(45 t 90 )V
Peak value, Vp = 1V
Angular velocity, = 45o/s
Frequency,
f = (45o/s)/(360o) = 0.125Hz
Period, T = 1/f = 8 s
Phase angle, = -90o
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.16
phase angle.
v(t ) 0.754 cos( t )V
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
v(t ) 0.754 cos( t )V

Peak value, Vp = 0.754V
Angular velocity, = o/s
Frequency,
f = ( o/s)/(360o) = 8.7266mHz
Period, T = 1/f = 114.5916 s
Phase angle, = rad
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.17
phase angle.
i(t ) 0.754 cos( ) A
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
i (t ) 0.754 cos( ) A
0.754(-1.00) A
-0.754A
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
This is not an ac waveform, but a dc

supply
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
If angular velocity, , decreases:

Frequency, f, decreases, while period,
T, increases
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
1.5
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
0.5
cos(0.5t)
0
0
90
180
270
360
450
-0.5
-1
Circuit Analysis
-1.5
t(degree)
540
630
720
cos(t)
cos(2t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
If angular velocity, , decreases:

Frequency, f, decreases, while period,
T, increases
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
1.5
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
0.5
cos(0.5t)
0
0
90
180
270
360
450
-0.5
-1
Circuit Analysis
-1.5
t(degree)
540
630
720
cos(t)
cos(2t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
If angular velocity, , increases:

Frequency, f, increases, while period, T,
decreases
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
1.5
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
0.5
cos(0.5t)
0
0
90
180
270
360
450
-0.5
-1
Circuit Analysis
-1.5
t(degree)
540
630
720
cos(t)
cos(2t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
If angular velocity, , increases:

Frequency, f, increases, while period, T,
decreases
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
1.5
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
0.5
cos(0.5t)
0
0
90
180
270
360
450
-0.5
-1
Circuit Analysis
-1.5
t(degree)
540
630
720
cos(t)
cos(2t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Peak value, (e.g. Vp, Ip, Pp), is

proportional to the amplitude of the
waveform.
1.5
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
0.5
0.5cos(t)
0
90
180
270
360
450
-0.5
-1
-1.5
t(degree)
540
630
720
cos(t)
1.5cos(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Negative phase angle : waveform

shifted to the right (i.e. lagging).
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
1.5
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
0.5
cos(t-90o)
0
90
180
270
360
450
-0.5
-1
-1.5
t(degree)
540
630
720
cos(t)
cos(t+90o)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Negative phase angle : waveform

shifted to the right (i.e. lagging).
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
1.5
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
0.5
cos(t-90o)
0
90
180
270
360
450
-0.5
-1
-1.5
t(degree)
540
630
720
cos(t)
cos(t+90o)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Positive phase angle : waveform

shifted to the left (i.e. leading).
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
1.5
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
0.5
cos(t-90o)
0
90
180
270
360
450
-0.5
-1
-1.5
t(degree)
540
630
720
cos(t)
cos(t+90o)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Positive phase angle : waveform

shifted to the left (i.e. leading).
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
1.5
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
0.5
cos(t-90o)
0
90
180
270
360
450
-0.5
-1
-1.5
t(degree)
540
630
720
cos(t)
cos(t+90o)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
1.5
1
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
0.5
cos(t-90o)
0
0
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
-0.5
90
tphase
180
270
360
450
540
-1
-1.5
tphase
t(degree)
T
2 360
t phase
630
720
cos(t)
cos(t+90o)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Exercise 1.18:
Find the expression to present the
following voltage waveform. Then,
find the value of x.
6
4
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
-2 0
Circuit Analysis
-4
-6
t(seconds)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
TIPS: Strategy
STEP 1: Find the expression
What are needed? :
1) Peak values
2) Angular velocity
3) Phase angle
STEP 2: Find the value of x
x = v(0)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Peak value, Vp = 4V
Time for half cycle = 4s
Thus, period T = 8s
Frequency, f = 1/T = 1/(8s) = 0.125Hz
Angular frequency, = 2f = 0.25
From figure, tphase = 7s

tphase
tphase
7
2 2 1.75

2
T
8
T
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Therefore, the expression is:

v(t ) V p cos(t )V
4cos(0.25t 1.75 )V
The value of x:
x v(0)
4cos(0.25 (0) 1.75 )V
4cos(0 1.75 )V
2.8284V
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Positive or negative phase angle?

(i.e. leading, or lagging?)
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
v(t ) V p cos(t )V
V p cos t 2 V
V p cos t 360 V
o
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
v(t ) 2 cos(t )V
i(t ) cos(t 0.75 )A
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
-1 0
i(t)
1
-2
-3
t(second)
v(t) leads i(t) by 0.75 radians, or 135o

i(t) lags v(t) by 0.75 radians, or 135o
v(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
v(t ) 2 cos(t )V
i (t ) cos(t 0.75 2 )A
i (t ) cos(t 1.25 )A
1
-1 0
i(t)
1
-2
-3
t(second)
v(t) lags i(t) by 1.25 radians, or 225o

i(t) leads v(t) by 1.25 radians, or 225o
v(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Several ways to present waveform

numerically:
Peak value
Peak-to-peak value
Average value
Root mean square value
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Peak value:
15
10
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Circuit Analysis
Peak value = 10
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Peak value: (disadvantage)

20
15
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
10
5
0
-5
-10
Circuit Analysis
Peak value = 15 or 5?!
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Peak-to-peak value:
15
10
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Circuit Analysis
Peak-to-peak value = 10-(-10) = 20
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Peak-to-peak value:
20
15
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
10
5
0
-5
-10
Circuit Analysis
Peak-to-peak value = 15-(-5) = 20
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Peak-to-peak value: (disadvantage)

20
15
15
10
10
-5
-5
-10
-10
-15
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Both have peak-to-peak value = 20
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Average value:
If given the following sample:
v {8,4,9}
The average is:
Vavg
8 4 (9)
3
3/ 3
1
Circuit Analysis
*note the notation
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
v {8,4,9,8,4 9}
The average is:
8 4 (9) 8 4 (9)
Vavg
6
28 4 (9)
2(3)
3/ 3
1
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
v(t ) 8,4,9,...
The average is:
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Vavg
8 4 (9)
3
3/ 3
1
(Repeated)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
In general:
T
1
Vavg v(t )dt
T 0
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Integration = area under the graph
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Average value:
15
10
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Circuit Analysis
Average =0
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Average value:
20
15
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
10
5
0
-5
-10
Circuit Analysis
Average =5
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Average value: (disadvantage)

15
10
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Circuit Analysis
0 = No current or voltage?
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Therefore,
the average
value of a
sine or
cosine is
defined
over a half
cycle rather
than over a
full cycle.
Vavg
T /2
T /2
v(t )dt
0
T /2
V p sin( 2ft )dt
T /2 0
1 V p cos(2ft )
T /2
2f
0
Vp
cos( ) ( cos(0))
T /2
2V p
0.637V p
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Root mean square (rms) value:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Vrms
1 2
v (t )dt
T 0
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
For a full cycle sinusoidal or cosine

waveform:
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Vrms
p sin( 2ft ) dt
2
0
T
Vrms
1
2
2
V
sin
(2ft )dt
p
T 0
Vrms
1
2 1 cos( 4ft )
Vp
dt
T 0
2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
1
2 1 cos( 4ft )
Vp
dt
T 0
2
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Vrms
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Vrms 2
V p2
1 cos(4ft ) dt
2T
0
Vrms 2
Vrms
V p2
2T
Vp
2
[T 0]
0.7071V p
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
RMS value:
15
10
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Circuit Analysis
RMS value = 0.7071(10)=7.071
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
RMS value:
Irms is normally written as I
Vrms is normally written as V
Power Sources
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
-- Sinusoidal waveforms
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Power source in ac circuits (i.e.

voltage supply or current supply)
Normally, this power source supplies
cosine or sinusoidal waveforms.
For time domain expression:
v(t ) Vp cos(t )
In complex number notation:

V Vrms cos j sin
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
In polar form:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
V Vrms
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
The symbols:
+
V Vrms
-
Positive cycle is indicated by symbol +
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
In polar form:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
V Vrms
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
The symbols:
+
v(t ) Vp cos(t )
-
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
In polar form:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
V Vrms
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
The symbols:
+
I I rms
-
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
In polar form:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
V Vrms
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
The symbols:
+
i(t ) I p cos(t )
-
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
i(t ) 14.1421cos(5t 1.32)
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
i(t ) 14.1421cos(5t 1.32)
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Is equivalent to:
+
I 101.32
-
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
V 2 2 32
Main reference
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
V 2 2 32
Main reference
Is equivalent to:
+
v(t ) 4 cos(t 32 )
-
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
V 2 2 32
Main reference
Is equivalent to:
+
v(t ) 4 cos(t 32 )
-
Circuit Analysis
In case of not given value
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Example:
+
v(t ) 4 cos(7t 32 )
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Example:
+
v(t ) 4 cos(7t 32 )
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
V 2 2 32
-
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Example:
+
v(t ) 4 cos(7t 32 )
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
V 2 2 32
-
Circuit Analysis
v(t ) 4 cos(7t 32 )
-
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Example:
+
v(t ) 4 cos(7t 32 )
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
V 2 2 32
-
Circuit Analysis
v(t ) 4 cos(7t 32 )
-
Resistance
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
In ac circuit, the resistance of a

resistor is treated as a real number.
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Unit is ohm,
Reactance
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
In ac circuit, the capacitor and

inductor are treated as imaginary
number.
Reactance X, which is similar to
resistance for resistor, is associated
with inductor and capacitor.
Unit for reactance is ohm,
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
For inductor:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
X L jX L
j L
j 2fL
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
L 4H
2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
L 4H
2
X L jX L
j L
j (2)(4)
j8
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
For capacitor:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
X C jX C
1
j
C
1
j
2fC
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
C 4F
2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
C 4F
2
X C jX C
1
j
C
1
j
(2)(4)
j 0.125
Impedance
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Impedance, Z, is a complex number,

normally presented in rectangular or
polar form.
Impedance
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis

polar form.
Impedance = Resistance + Reactance
Impedance
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes

polar form.
Impedance = Resistance + Reactance
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Impedance triangle
Z
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
XL
Main reference
j8
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
XC
j 4
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
XL
Main reference
j8
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
XC
j 4
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Z R X L XC
3 j8 j 4
3 j 4
50.9273
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
XL
Main reference
j8
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
XC
Z R X L XC
3 j8 j 4
3 j 4
50.9273
j 4
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Z 5
0.9273
R 3
X 4
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
X L 890
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
XC1 5 90
Z
R
3
XC 2 j 4
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
1
1
Z X L XC1
R XC 2
X L 890
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
XC1 5 90
Z
R
3
XC 2 j 4
Z 1.92 j 4.44
4.837466.6148
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Example:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
1
1
Z X L XC1
R XC 2
X L 890
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
XC1 5 90
Z
R
3
Z 1.92 j 4.44
4.837466.6148
XC 2 j 4 Z 4.8374
X 4.44
66.6148
R 1.92
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Units:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Quantity
Resistance
Reactance
Impedance
Conductance (1/R)
Admittance (1/Z)
Symbol
Unit
X
Z
G
Y
S
S
Power
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
In resistive circuit:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
vS (t )
iR (t )
vR (t )
The current and voltage across resistor,

(i.e. iR(t) and vR(t)) are at the same
phase (i.e. in phase)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
In resistive circuit:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
vS (t )
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
If
iR (t )
vR (t )
vS (t ) Vp sin(2ft )V
Then,
vR (t ) Vp sin(2ft )V
iR (t ) V p sin(2ft )
A
iR (t )

R
R
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
The instantaneous power dissipated by

resistor:
pR (t ) iR (t )vR (t )
Vp
pR (t ) sin 2ft V p sin 2ft

R
pR (t ) I p sin 2ft V p sin 2ft

pR (t ) I pV p sin 2ft
2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
2.5
2
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
1.5
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
v_R(t)
i_R(t)
p_R(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
2.5
2
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
1.5
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
v_R(t)
i_R(t)
p_R(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
2.5
2
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
1.5
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
v_R(t)
i_R(t)
p_R(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
The average power dissipated by

resistor:
T
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Pavg
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
p (t )dt
T 0
T
Pavg
1
I pV p sin 2 (2ft )dt
T 0
Pavg
1
1 cos(4ft )
I pV p
dt
T 0
2
T
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Pavg
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1
1 cos(4ft )
I pV p
dt
T 0
2
T
Pavg
Pavg
Pavg
I pV p
2T
I pV p
2T
I pV p
1 cos(4ft )dt
0
(T ) (0)
I p V p
I rmsVrms

2
2 2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
In inductive circuit:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
vS (t )
iL (t )
vL (t )
The current and voltage across

inductor, (i.e. iL(t) and vL(t)) are NOT at
the same phase (i.e. out of phase)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
In inductive circuit:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
vS (t )
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
If
iL (t )
vL (t )
vS (t ) Vp cos(2ft )V
Then,
VS Vrms 0V
X L L90
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
vS (t )
iL (t )
vL (t )
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
VL VS Vrms 0V
Vrms 0V
VL
IL
X L L90
Vrms
90 I rms 90
L
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Im
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
VL
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
IL
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
If seen clockwise, VL leads IL by 90o.
Re
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
VL Vrms 0V
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
I L I rms 90
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
vL (t ) Vp cos(2ft )V
iL (t ) I p cos(2ft 90 )A
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis

inductor:
pL (t ) iL (t )vL (t )
pL (t ) I pV p cos 2ft 90 cos 2ft
pL (t ) I pV p cos 2ft cos 90 sin 2ft sin 90 cos 2ft

pL (t ) I pV p sin 2ft cos 2ft
I pV p
sin 4ft
pL (t )
2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
v_L(t)
i_L(t)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
p_L(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
v_L(t)
i_L(t)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
p_L(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
v_L(t)
i_L(t)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
p_L(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
The average power dissipated by inductor:

T
Pavg
1
p (t )dt
T 0
Pavg
T
1 I pV p

sin( 4ft )dt 0
T 0 2
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
The inductor takes energy from the

source, and at the other time, return back
the energy. The inductor does not
dissipate power.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
In capacitive circuit:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
vS (t )
iC (t )
vC (t )
The current and voltage across

capacitor, (i.e. iC(t) and vC(t)) are NOT
at the same phase (i.e. out of phase)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
In capacitive circuit:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
vS (t )
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
If
iC (t )
vC (t )
vS (t ) Vp cos(2ft )V
Then,
VS Vrms 0V
1
XC
90
C
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
vS (t )
iC (t )
vC (t )
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
VC VS Vrms 0V
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
VC
Vrms 0V
IC
XC (1 / C ) 90
Vrms C90 I rms 90
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Im
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
IC
VC
Re
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
If seen clockwise, VC lags IC by 90o.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
VC Vrms 0V
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
I C I rms 90
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
vC (t ) Vp cos(2ft )V
iC (t ) I p cos(2ft 90 )A
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis

capacitor:
pC (t ) iC (t )vC (t )
pC (t ) I pV p cos 2ft 90 cos 2ft
pC (t ) I pV p cos 2ft cos 90 sin 2ft sin 90 cos 2ft

pC (t ) I pV p sin 2ft cos 2ft
I pV p
sin 4ft
pC (t )
2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
2.5
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1.5
1
0.5
v_L(t)
i_L(t)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
p_L(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
2.5
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1.5
1
0.5
v_L(t)
i_L(t)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
p_L(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
2.5
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
1.5
1
0.5
v_L(t)
i_L(t)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
p_L(t)
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
The average power dissipated by

capacitor:
T
Pavg
1
p (t )dt
T 0
Pavg
T
1 I pV p

sin( 4ft )dt 0
T 0 2
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
The capacitor takes energy from the

source, and at the other time, return back
the energy. The capacitor does not
dissipate power.
Power in AC Circuit
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Average power:
Resistor = Pavg I rmsVrms (across resistor)
Inductor = 0W
Capacitor = 0W
In AC circuit, there are three kind of

powers, related by:
S P jQ
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Power triangle
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Related to power triangle!

i.e. takes the angle from the impedance
triangle.
Z
X
R
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Power triangle
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Related to power triangle!

i.e. takes the angle from the impedance
triangle.
Z
X
R
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Power triangle
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
The formulas:
S | I rms || Vrms |
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Power triangle
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
The formulas:
S | I rms || Vrms |
S | I rms || Vrms | cos j | I rms || Vrms | sin
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Power triangle
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
The formulas:
S | I rms || Vrms |
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Power triangle
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
The formulas:
S | I rms || Vrms |
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Power triangle
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
The formulas:
S | I rms || Vrms |
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
P: Active power
Power dissipated from the circuit (by resistors)
Power factor = cos
If is negative:
Leading power factor
Capacitive circuit: Current leads voltage
If is positive:
Lagging power factor
Inductive circuit: Current lags voltage
Unit: Watts [W]
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
P: Active power
Power dissipated from the circuit (by resistors)
Power factor = cos
If is negative:
Leading power factor
Capacitive circuit: Current leads voltage
If is positive:
Lagging power factor
Inductive circuit: Current lags voltage
Unit: Watts [W]
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Q: Reactive power
Not dissipated from circuit, but temporarily
stored by inductors or capacitors.
Imaginary part of S.
Written without j
Unit: Volt ampere reactive [VAR]
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Q: Reactive power
Not dissipated from circuit, but temporarily
stored by inductors or capacitors.
Imaginary part of S.
Written without j
Unit: Volt ampere reactive [VAR]
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
S: Apparent power
Unit: Volt ampere (VA)
Normally given by its magnitude:
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
P Q
2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
S: Apparent power
Unit: Volt ampere (VA)
Normally given by its magnitude:
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
P Q
2
Circuit Analysis
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
All calculation MUST be in polar or rectangular form

(i.e. complex number)
Steps:
1)See whether all power supplies in the circuit are
using the same frequency or not.
If yes, can solve the circuit with all the
supplies within.
If no, need to use superposition theorem.
2) Transform the supplies into polar form
3) Calculate the reactance for inductor and
capacitor
4) Then, can analyze the circuit similar to DC
circuit.
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Basic formulas:
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
DC
AC
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
ZRX
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
V IR
V IZ
P IV
S PQ
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.19
For the following circuit:
a) Draw the impedance
triangle
b) Find the phasor
current, I
c) Draw the phasor
diagram of I and V
d) Draw the power
triangle
e) Calculate the power
factor.
I
R
1k
5V 15o
5kHz
C
22nF
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
(a) Draw the impedance triangle:

R 1000
1
1
XC j
j
2fC
2 (5000Hz)(22 10 9 F)
j1446.8631
X L j 2fL j 0
Z R X R X L XC
Z 1000 0 ( j1446.8631)
1758.8101 55.3497 o
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
Z 1000 j1446.8631
1758.8101 55.3497 o
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
The impedance triangle:

R 1k
55.3497o
X 1446.8631
Z 1758.8101
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
(b) The phasor current, I

Z 1000 j1446.8631
1758.8101 55.3497 o
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
V
5V 15o
I
Z 1758.8101 55.3497 o
2.8428mA40.3497 o
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
(c) The phasor diagram for I and V
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
I 2.8428mA
40.3497o
15o
V 5V
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
(d) Draw the power triangle

S | I rms || Vrms |
S (2.8428mA)(5V) 55.3497o
Expected outcomes
S (14.2140mVA ) 55.3497o
Revisions:
-- Complex number
S 8.0816mW j (11.6930mVAR )
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
P 8.0816mW
Q 11.6930mVAR
Circuit Analysis
S 14.2140mVA
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
P 8.0816mW
55.3497o
Q 11.6930mVAR
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
S 14.2140mVA
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
(e) Power factor

55.3497o
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Negative angle, leading power factor
Power factor cos

cos(55.3497 o )
0.5686
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.20
In the following circuit, the current I is
120mA when the source is at
frequency 1kHz. When the frequency
of the source is 5kHz, I is 150mA. Find
the values of R and C.
I
V
50V0 o
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
V 50V0o
1
1
XC
C 2fC
Z R j XC
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Z Z R2 X C
V
I
V
1
R
2fC
R
V
50V0 o
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
V
I
R
2fC
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
When f=1kHz, |I|=120mA
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
0.12A
50V
R
2 (1000Hz)C
50V
1

R
2 (1000Hz)C 0.12A
2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
V
I
R
2fC
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
When f=5kHz, |I|=150mA
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
0.15A
50V
R
2 (5000Hz)C
50V
1

R
2 (5000Hz)C 0.15A
2
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
2
2
1
1
2 (1000Hz)C 2 (5000Hz)C
2
50V 50V
0.12A 0.15A
1 9.6 10 7
C
6.2376 10 7 F
2
62500
0.6238F
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
into
1
2
50V
1
2

R
2 (1000Hz)(0.6238F) 0.12A
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
R 2 108515.8277
R 329.4174
Therefore, R=329.4174 and C=0.6238F
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
Exercise 1.21
The following circuit dissipates power
as much as 97W. Find the value of L
and sketch the phasor diagram for the
source voltage and the current in the
circuit.
i (t )
R 25
339 sin(100t 30o )V
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
339
V30 240V30
2
The inductor does not dissipate power,

therefore:
P I 2R
97W I 2 (25)
I 1.97A
i (t )
R 25
339 sin(100t 35o )V
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
V
I
240V
122
1.97A
Z R 2 X 2 122
Z 252 X 2 122
X 119
L 119
100L 119
L 379mH
The phase angle: tan 1 119 78
25
EEU104/3:
Electrical
Technology
The phasor diagram for I and V
Dr Haidi Ibrahim
AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
V 240V
Main reference
Expected outcomes
Revisions:
-- Complex number
Basic AC component
-- Power sources
-- Resistance
-- Reactance
-- Impedance
Circuit Analysis
30o
48o
I 1.97A

EEU104 01 One Phase AC Circuit

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EEU104 01 One Phase AC Circuit

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EEU104/3: Electrical Technology

Edward Hughes, Hughes Electrical and

Chapter 9: Alternating Voltage and Current

After this lesson, the students

Complex number consists of real and

Here, a presents the real part, and jb

If N=a+jb, its complex conjugate is:

If N1=a+jb, and N2=c+jd

TIPS: Casio fx-570MS

STEP 1: Set the calculator into CMPLX mode

STEP 2: Store N1 into memory A

STEP 3: Store N2 into memory B

TIPS: Casio fx-570MS

to toggle between real and imaginary.

STEP 5: Use similar operation as STEP 4 to solve N1 - N2, N1 N2,

There are three common ways of

If given: A a jb, in Cartesian

If given: A a jb, in Cartesian

If given: A a jb, in Cartesian

Using Pythagoras theorem:

Using trigonometry theories:

Therefore, rectangular notation can

Using trigonometry theories:

Thus, polar notation can be changed

TIPS: Casio fx-570MS

STEP 1: Set the calculator into CMPLX and Deg mode

STEP2: Input the rectangular notation

STEP 3: Convert to polar notation

toggle between magnitude and angle

A 5 cos 126.8699 j sin 126.8699

TIPS: Casio fx-570MS

STEP 1: Set the calculator into CMPLX and Deg mode

Input A in rectangular form

Input B in polar form

TIPS: Casio fx-570MS

STEP 1: Set the calculator into CMPLX and Rad mode

Input A in rectangular form

Input B in polar form

TIPS: Casio fx-570MS

STEP 1: Set the calculator into CMPLX and Deg mode

Input A in polar form (degree)

The cosine or sinusoidal waveform is a

The cosine waveform is expressed

Ip, Vp, and Pp are the peak values

Angular velocity, , is given as:

Frequency, f, is given as 1/T, where T

Phase angle, , can be in radian or

p(t ) 10 cos(t 3)W

Peak value, Pp = 10W

v(t ) 0.754 cos( t )V

This is not an ac waveform, but a dc

If angular velocity, , decreases:

If angular velocity, , decreases:

If angular velocity, , increases:

If angular velocity, , increases:

Peak value, (e.g. Vp, Ip, Pp), is

Negative phase angle : waveform

Negative phase angle : waveform

Positive phase angle : waveform

Positive phase angle : waveform

From figure, tphase = 7s

Therefore, the expression is:

Positive or negative phase angle?

v(t) leads i(t) by 0.75 radians, or 135o