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HowEgypt'sGeneralsSidelinedWashington
BarelynoticedbytheAmericanmedia,Egypthasgonefromautocracy,todemocracy,toaregurgitatedformofmilitaryrule.
ByDilipHiro|MonJun.9,20141:25PMEDT

SocialTitle:
HowEgypt'sgeneralssidelinedUncleSam
Thisstory[1]firstappearedontheTomDispatch[2]website.
SinceSeptember11,2001,Washington'spoliciesintheMiddleEasthaveprovenagrimimperialcomedyoferrorsandincreasinglya
spectacleofhowasuperpowerissidelined.Inthisdrama,barelynoticedbytheAmericanmedia,UncleSam'skeystoneallyintheArab
world,Egypt,likeSaudiArabia,haslargelyturneditsbackontheObamaadministration.AswithsomanyofAmerica'sformerclient
statesacrosstheaptlynamed"arcofinstability,"Egypthasundergoneatumultuousjourneyfromautocracytodemocracytoa
regurgitatedformofmilitaryruleandrepression,makingitsallyoffourdecadesappearclueless.
Egyptremainsoneofthetoprecipients[3]ofUSforeignaid,withthePentagoncontinuingtopampertheEgyptianmilitarywith
advancedjetfighters,helicopters,missiles,andtanks.BetweenJanuary2011andMay2014,Egyptunderwentademocraticrevolution,
poweredbyapopularmovement,whichtoppledPresidentHosniMubarak'sregime.Itenjoyedabrieftrystwithdemocracybefore
sufferinganantidemocraticcounterrevolutionbyitsgenerals.Inallofthis,whathasbeentheinputoftheplanet'slastsuperpowerin
shapingthehistoryofthemostpopulouscountryinthestrategicMiddleEast?Zilch.Its"generosity"towardCaironotwithstanding,
Washingtonhasbeenreducedtotheroleofahelplessbystander.
GivenhowlongtheUnitedStateshasbeenEgypt'scriticalsupporter,theStateDepartmentandPentagonbureaucraciesshouldhavebuilt
upastorehouseofunderstandingastowhatmakestheLandofthePharaohstick.Theirfailuretodoso,coupledwithastrikinglackof
familiaritybytwoadministrationswiththecountry'srecenthistory,hasledtoAmerica'shumiliatingsidelininginEgypt.It'sastorythat
hasyettobepiecedtogether,althoughit'sindicativeofhowfromKabultoBonn,BaghdadtoRiodeJaneirosomanyrulingelitesno
longerfeelthatlisteningtoWashingtonisamust.
AnArmyasImmovableasthePyramids
Eversince1952,whenagroupofnationalistmilitaryofficersendedtheproBritishmonarchy,Egypt'sarmyhasbeeninthedriver'sseat.
FromGamalAbdulNassertoHosniMubarak,itsrulersweremilitarycommanders.Andif,inFebruary2011,amajorityofthemembers
oftheSupremeCounciloftheArmedForces(SCAF)abandonedMubarak,itwasonlytostop[4]himfrompassingthepresidencyonto
hissonGamalonhis83rdbirthday.TheneoliberalpoliciespursuedbytheMubarakgovernmentatthebehestofthatbusinessmanson
from2004onwardmadeSCAFfearthatthemilitary'sstakeinthepublicsectoroftheeconomyanditsextensivepublicprivate
partnershipswouldbedoomed.
Fattenedonthepatronageofsuccessivemilitarypresidents,Egypt'smilitaryindustrialcomplexhadgrownenormously.Itscontribution
tothegrossdomesticproduct(GDP),thoughastatesecret,couldbeashighas40percent[5],unparalleledintheregion.Thechief
executivesof55ofEgypt'slargestcompanies,contributingathirdofthatGDP,areformergenerals[6].
Workingwiththeinteriorministry,whichcontrolsthenationalpoliceforce,paramilitaryunits,andthecivilianintelligenceagencies,
SCAF(headedbyGeneralAbdelFattahelSisi,doublingasthedefenseminister)wouldlaterorchestratetheprotestmovementagainst
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popularlyelectedPresidentMuhammadMorsioftheMuslimBrotherhood.ThatcampaignreacheditscrescendoonJune30,2013.Three
dayslater,SCAFtoppledMorsiandhasheldhiminprisoneversince.
Thegeneralscarriedouttheircoupatamomentwhen,accordingto[7]theWashingtonbasedPewResearchCenter,63percentof
EgyptianshadafavorableviewoftheMuslimBrotherhood,52percentapprovedoftheBrotherhoodaffiliatedFreedomandJustice
Party,and53percentbackedMorsi,whohadwon[8]thepresidencyayearearlierwith52percentofthevote.
WashingtonMissesthePlot
Remarkably,Obamaadministrationofficialsfailedtograspthatthegenerals,inconjunctionwithInteriorMinisterMuhammadIbrahim,
weretheprimemoversbehindtheTamarod(Arabicfor"rebellion")campaignlaunchedonApril22,2013.Egyptianswereurgedtosign
apetitionaddressedtoMorsithatwasbothsimplisticandpopulist."Becausesecurityhasnotreturned,becausethepoorhavenoplace,
becauseIhavenodignityinmyowncountry,"read[9]thetextinpart,"wedon'twantyouanymore,"anditcalledforanearly
presidentialelection.Inlittleovertwomonths,theorganizersclaimedthattheyhadamassed22.1millionsignatures,amountingto85
percent[10]ofthosewhohadparticipatedinthepresidentialelectionof2012.Wherethosemillionsofindividuallysignedpetitionswere
beingstoredwasnevermadepublic,nordidanyindependentorganizationverifytheirexistenceornumbers.
[11]AstheTamarodcampaigngainedmomentum,theinteriorministry'ssecretpoliceinfiltratedit,asdid
formerMubaraksupporters,whileelementsofthepolicestateoftheMubarakerawererevived.Reports
thatcroniesofthetoppledpresidentwereprovidingthefundingforthecampaignbegantocirculate[12].
ThenationwideofficesoftheFreeEgyptiansapartyfoundedbyNaguibSawiria,abusinessmancloseto
Mubarakandworth$2.5billionwereopened[13]toTamarodorganizers.Sawiriaalsopaidfora
promotionalmusicvideothatwasplayedrepeatedlyonOnTV,atelevisionchannelhehadfounded.In
addition,helethisnewspaper[13],AlMasryalYoum,beusedasavehicleforthecampaign.
IntherunuptothemassdemonstrationinCairo'siconicTahrirSquareonJune30th,thefirstanniversary
ofMorsi'srule,powercutsbecamemorefrequentandfuelshortagesacute.Aspolicemenmysteriously
disappearedfromthestreets,thecrimeratesoared.AllofthisstokedantiMorsifeelingsandwas
apparentlyorchestratedwithmilitaryprecisionbythosewhoplottedthecoup.
BenHubbardandDavidD.KirkpatrickoftheNewYorkTimesprovidedevidenceofmeticulousplanning,especiallybytheInterior
Ministry,inareportheadlined[13]"SuddenImprovementsinEgyptSuggestaCampaigntoUndermineMorsi."TheyquotedAhmad
Nabawi,aCairogasstationmanager,sayingthathehadheardseveralexplanationsforthegascrisis:technicalglitchesatthestorage
facilities,thearrivaloflowqualitygasfromabroad,andexcessivestockpilingbythepublic.Butheputwhathappenedincontextthis
way:"Wewenttosleeponenight,wokeupthenextday,andthecrisiswasgone"andsowasMorsi.Unsurprisingly,ofallthe
ministersintheMorsigovernment,InteriorMinisterIbrahimwastheonlyoneretainedintheinterimcabinetappointedbythegenerals.
"SeeNoEvil"
Initially,PresidentObamarefusedtocallwhathadoccurredinEgyptamilitary"coup."Instead,hespokevaguelyof"militaryactions"in
ordertostayontherightsideoftheForeignAssistanceActinwhichCongressforbadeforeignaidto"anycountrywhosedulyelected
headofgovernmentisdeposedbymilitarycoupordecree."
Withinaweekofthecoup,withMorsiandthefirstofthousandsofMuslimBrotherhoodfollowersthrownbehindbars,SCAFsidelined
theTamarodcampaigners.Theywereleftcomplaining[14]thatthegenerals,violatingtheirpromise,hadnotconsultedthemontheroad
maptonormalization.HavingriddentheTamarodhorsetototalpower,SCAFhadnomoreuseforit.
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WhenMorsisupportersstagedpeacefulsitinsattwosquaresinCairo,themilitaryjuntacouldnotbearthesightoftensofthousandsof
Egyptiansquietlydefyingitsarbitrarywill.WaitinguntiltheholyfastingmonthofRamadanandthethreedayfestivalofEidulFitrhad
passed,theymadetheirmove.OnAugust14th,InteriorMinistrytroopsmassacrednearly1,000protestersastheyclearedthetwosites.
"Ourtraditionalcooperationcannotcontinueasusualwhenciviliansarebeingkilledinthestreetsandrightsarebeingrolledback,"said
Obama.However,intheendallhedidwascancel[15]annualjointmilitaryexerciseswithEgyptscheduledforSeptemberandsuspend
theshipmentoffourF16fighterjetstotheEgyptianairforce.Thismatteredlittle,ifatall,tothegenerals.
ThehelplessnessofWashingtonbeforeaclientstatewithaneconomyinfreefallwaslittleshortofstunning.Pentagonofficials,for
instance,revealedthatsincethe"ousterofMr.Morsi,"DefenseSecretaryChuckHagelhadhad15telephoneconversations[16]with
coupleaderGeneralSisi,pleadingwithhimto"changecourse"allinvain.
Fiveweekslater,thedisjuncturebetweenWashingtonandCairobecameembarrassinglyovert.OnSeptember23rd,theCairoCourtfor
UrgentMattersordered[17]the85yearoldMuslimBrotherhooddisbanded.InaspeechattheU.N.GeneralAssemblythenextday,
PresidentObamastatedthat,indeposingMorsi,theEgyptianmilitaryhad"respondedtothedesiresofmillionsofEgyptianswho
believedtherevolutionhadtakenawrongturn."Hethenofferedonlytokencriticism,claiming[15]thatthenewmilitarygovernment
had"madedecisionsinconsistentwithinclusivedemocracy"andthatfutureAmericansupportwould"dependuponEgypt'sprogressin
pursuingamoredemocraticpath."
GeneralSisiwashavingnoneofthis.InanewspaperinterviewonOctober9th,hewarned[15]thathewouldnottoleratepressurefrom
Washington"whetherthroughactionsorhints."Already,therehadbeenasignthatUncleSam'smildcriticismwasbeingdiluted.Aday
earlier,NationalSecurityCouncilspokeswomanCaitlinHaydenstatedthatreportsthatallmilitaryassistancetoEgyptwouldbehalted
were"false."
InearlyNovember,unmistakablypliantwordscamefromSecretaryofStateJohnKerry."Theroadmap[todemocracy]isbeingcarried
outtothebestofourperception,"hesaid[18]atapressconference,whilestandingalongsidehisEgyptiancounterpartNabilFahmy
duringasurprisestopoverinCairo."Therearequestionswehavehereandthereaboutonethingoranother,butForeignMinisterFahmy
hasreemphasizedtomeagainandagainthattheyhaveeveryintentandtheyaredeterminedtofulfillthatparticulardecisionandthat
[democratic]track."
TheGeneralsAxetheSecular,ProDemocracyMovement
FahmyandKerrywerelookingatthatdemocratic"track"fromoppositeperspectives.Threeweekslater,themilitaryappointed
president,AdlyMansour,approved[19]anewlawthatvirtuallyoutlawedtherighttoprotest.Thislawgavetheinteriorministeror
seniorpoliceofficialsapowerthatonlythejudiciaryhadpreviouslypossessed.Theministerorhisminionscouldnowcancel,postpone,
orchangethelocationofprotestsforwhichorganizershadearlierreceivedthepermissionoflocalpolice.HumanRightsgroupsand
secularorganizationsarguedthatthe2013ProtestLawwasreminiscentofMubarak'srepressivepolicies.Washingtonkeptquiet.
Twodayslater,criticsofthelawheldademonstrationinCairothatwasviolentlydispersedbythepolice.Dozensofactivists,including
thecofoundersoftheApril6YouthMovement,AhmedMaherandMuhammadAdel,seminalactorsintheTahrirSquareprotests
againstMubarak,werearrested.MaherandAdelwereeachsentencedtothreeyearsimprisonment.
Followingthecoup,thenumberofprisonersroseexponentially,reachingatleast16,000[20]withineightmonths,includingnearly3,000
topormidlevelmembersoftheBrotherhood.(Unofficialestimatesputthetotalfigureat22,000.)When40inmatesherdedintoatypical
cellincustombuiltjailsprovedinsufficient,manyBrotherhoodmembersweredetainedwithoutchargesformonthsinpolicestation
lockupsorimpromptuprisonssetupinpolicetrainingcampswherebeatingswereroutine.
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The846EgyptianswholosttheirlivesintheprodemocracyrevolutionthatendedMubarak'sauthoritarianregimeweredwarfedbythe
nearly3,000people[6]killedinabrutalseriesofcrackdownsthatfollowedthecoup,accordingtohumanrightsgroups.
ThesentencingofthefoundersoftheApril6YouthMovementwhichthroughitssocialmediacampaignhadplayedsuchacrucialrole
insparkingantiMubarakdemonstrationsforeshadowedsomethingfarworse.OnApril28,2014,theCairoCourtforUrgentMatters
outlawed[21]thatsecular,prodemocracymovementbasedonacomplaintbyalawyerthatithad"tarnishedtheimage"ofEgyptand
colludedwithforeignparties.
Withthissetofacts,thepostcoupregimeturnedtheclockbacktoMubarakismwithoutMubarak.
SettingtheWorld'sMassDeathPenaltyRecord
OnthatsameAprildayinthesouthernEgyptiantownofMinya,JudgeSaeedElgazarbroke[21]hisownmontholdworlddeathpenalty
recordof529[22](inatrialthatlastinglessthananhour)byrecommendingthedeathpenaltyfor683Egyptians,includingMuslim
BrotherhoodleaderMohammedBadie.ThedefendantswerechargedinanAugust2013attackonapolicestationinMinya,whichledto
thedeathofapoliceman.Oftheaccused,60percenthadnotbeeninMinyaonthedayoftheassault.Defenselawyerswereprevented
frompresentingtheircaseduringthetwodaytrial.
ElgazarwasagrotesquelyexaggeratedexampleofajudiciaryfromtheMubarakerathatremainedunreconciledtotheonsetof
democracy.Itprovedonlytoowillingtobackthemilitaryjuntainterrorizingthoseeventhinkingofprotestingthegenerals'rule.AUS
StateDepartmentspokespersoncalledthejudge'sfirsttrial"unconscionable."Butasbefore,themilitarybackedgovernmentinCairo
remainedunmoved.TheEgyptianJusticeDepartmentwarned[23]that"commentsonjudicialverdictsareunacceptable,betheyfrom
externalorinternalpartiesastheyrepresentaserioustransgressionagainsttheindependenceofthejudiciary."
Whenthesecondmasssentencecamedown,Kerrymurmuredthat"therehavebeendisturbingdecisionswithinthejudicialprocess,the
courtsystem,thathaveraisedseriouschallengesforallofus.It'sactions,notwordsthatwillmakethedifference."AdefiantNabil
Fahmyresponded[24]bydefendingtheverdictsashavingbeenrenderedbyanindependentjudiciary"completelyindependentfromthe
government."
Onepredictableresponsetothemilitaryjunta'sbrutalsquashingoftheBrotherhood,whichoverthepreviousfewdecadeshadcommitted
itselftoparticipatinginamultipartydemocracy,wastheswellingoftheranksofmilitantjihadistgroups.OftheseAnsarBaitalMuqdus
("HelpersofJerusalem"),basedintheSinaiPeninsulaandlinkedtoalQaeda,wasthelargest.Afterthecoup,itgainednewmembersand
itsterrorattacksspreadtothebulkofEgyptwestoftheSuezCanal.
InlateDecember,acarbombdetonatedbyitsoperativesoutsidepoliceheadquartersintheNileDeltatownofMansourakilled16police
officers.BlamingthebombingontheMuslimBrotherhoodinstead,theinterimgovernmentclassifieditasa"terroristorganization,"even
thoughAnsarhadclaimedresponsibilityfortheattack.BypinningtheterroristlabelontheBrotherhood,thegeneralsgavethemselves
carteblanchetofurtherintensifytheirruthlesssuppressionofit.
WhileSCAFpursueditsrelentlessantiBrotherhoodcrusadeandreestablisheditselfastherulingpowerinEgypt,itthrewasoptothe
Obamaadministration.Itintroducedanewconstitution,havingsuspendedthepreviousonedraftedbyapopularlyelectedconstituent
assembly.Thegeneralsappointedahandpickedcommitteeof50toamendthesuspendeddocument.Theyincludedonlytwomembersof
theIslamistgroupsthathadjointlygainedtwothirdsofthepopularvoteinEgypt'sfirstfreeelections.
Predictably,theresultingdocumentwasmilitaryfriendly.Itstipulated[25]thatthedefenseministermustbeaservingmilitaryofficer
andthatcivilianswouldbesubjecttotrialinmilitarycourtsforcertainoffenses.Bannedwastheformationofpoliticalpartiesbasedon
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religion,race,gender,orgeography,andnonewasallowedtohaveaparamilitarywing.Thedocumentwassignedbytheinterim
presidentinearlyDecember.AnationalreferendumonitwasheldinmidJanuaryundertightsecurity,with160,000soldiersandmore
than200,000policemendeployednationwide.Theresult:avoteof98.1percentinfavor.(Areferendumonthe2012constitutionduring
Morsi'spresidencyhadgainedthebackingof64percentofvoters.)
ThecharadeofthisexerciseseemedtoescapepolicymakersinWashington.Kerryblithelyspoke[25]oftheSCAFappointed
governmentcommittingitselfto"atransitionprocessthatexpandsdemocraticrightsandleadstoacivilianled,inclusivegovernment
throughfreeandfairelections."
Bythistime,thediplomaticandfinancialsupportoftheoilrichGulfStatesruledbyautocraticmonarchswasprovingcrucialtothe
militaryregimeinCairo.Immediatelyafterthecoup,SaudiArabia,Kuwait,andtheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE)poured[26]$12billion
intoCairo'snearlyemptycoffers.InlateJanuary2014,SaudiArabiaandtheUAEcameupwithanadditional$5.8billion.Thishelped
SisibrushoffanypressurefromWashingtonandmonopolizepowerhisway.
TheStrongmanasSavior
Bythen,hugephotographsandportraitsofGeneralSisihadbecomeacommonfixtureonthestreetsinCairoandothermajorcities.On
January27th,interimpresidentMansourpromotedSisitofieldmarshal.Laterthatday,SCAFnominatedhimforthepresidency.Aslew
ofstoriesstartedappearinginthestaterunmediaaswellasmostofitsprivatelyownedcounterpartsbackingSisiandtoutingthebenefits
ofstrongmilitaryleadership.
Sisi'soriginalplantoannouncehiscandidacyonFebruary11th,thethirdanniversaryofMubarak'sforcedresignation,hitanunexpected
speedbump.OnFebruary7th,AlWatan,anewspapersupportiveofthemilitaryregimewithlongstandingtiestothesecurity
establishment,printed[27]anembarrassingfrontpagestoryplacingSisi'sworthat30millionEgyptianpounds($4.2million).Within
minutesofitsbeingprinted,stateofficialscontactedthepaper'sowner,MagdyElGalad,demandingitsimmediateremoval.Heinstantly
complied.
Sisicontinuedtoplacehishenchmeninkeypositionsinthearmedforces,includingmilitaryintelligence.OnMarch26th,heresigned
fromthearmy,declaringhimselfanindependentcandidate.Nonetheless,asAlaaAlAswany,aprominentwriterandcommentator,
revealed[28],seniormilitarycommanderscontinuedtoperformimportanttasksforhim.Therewasnothingfaintlyfairaboutsuchan
election,Aswanypointedout.Mostotherpotentialcandidatesforthepresidencyhadreachedasimilarconclusionthatenteringtherace
wasfutile.HamdeenSabahi,asecularleftofcenterpolitician,wastheonlyexception.
DespiterelentlesspropagandabystateandprivatemediaportrayingSisiasthefuturesaviorofEgypt,thingswentbadlyforhim.Thathe
wouldbecrownedasalatterdayPharaohwasagiven.Theonlyunknownwas:HowmanyEgyptianswouldbothertoparticipateinthe
stagemanagedexercise?
TheturnoutprovedsopooronMay26th,thefirstdayofthetwodayelection,thatpanicstruckthegovernment,whichdeclaredthe
followingdayaholiday.Inaddition,theJusticeministrywarned[29]thatthosewhofailedtovotewouldbefined.Theauthorities
suspendedtrainfarestoencouragevoterstoheadforpollingstations.TVanchorsandmediacelebritiesscoldedandlambastedtheir
fellowcitizensfortheirapathy,whileurgingthemtorushtotheirlocalpollingbooths.Hugespeakersmountedonvanspatrollingcity
neighborhoodsalternatedraucousexhortationstovotewithsongsofpraiseforthemilitary.AlAzhar,thehighestIslamicauthorityinthe
land,declaredthattofailtovotewas"todisobeythenation."PopeTawadros,headofEgypt'sCopticChristianChurchwhosemembers
form10percentofthepopulation,appearedonstatetelevisiontourgevoterstocasttheirballots.
Theformerfieldmarshalhaddemandedan80percentturnoutfromthecountry's56millionvoters.Yetevenwithvotingextendedtoa
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thirddayandamultifacetedcampaigntoshoreupthenumbers,pollingstationswerereportedlyemptyacrossthecountry.The
announcedofficialturnoutof47.5percent[30]waswidelydisbelieved.Sabahidescribed[31]thefigureas"aninsulttotheintelligence
ofEgyptians."Sisiwasagainofficiallygiven96.1percentofthevote,Sabahi3percent.ThespokesmanfortheNationalAllianceforthe
DefenseofLegitimacyputvoterparticipationat10percent12percent[32].Theturnoutforthefirstfreeandfairtwodaypresidential
election,heldinJune2012withoutendlessexhortationsbyTVanchorsandreligiousleaders,hadbeen52percent[31].
Amongtheregionalandworldleaderswhotelephoned[33]SisitocongratulatehimonhislandslideelectoraltriumphwasRussian
PresidentVladimirPutin.NosuchcallhasyetcomeinfromPresidentObama.
ForWashington,stillsogenerousinitshandoutstotheArabRepublicofEgyptanditsmilitary,trailingbehindtheRussianBearin
embracingthelateststrongmanontheNileshouldbeconsideredanunqualifiedhumiliation.Withitsformersphereofinfluencein
tatters,thelastsuperpowerhasbeendecisivelysidelinedbyitskeyAraballyintheregion.
DilipHiro,aTomDispatchregular[34],haswritten34books,includingAfterEmpire:TheBirthofaMultipolarWorld.Hislatestbook
isAComprehensiveDictionaryoftheMiddleEast[35].Tostayontopofimportantarticleslikethese,signuptoreceivethelatest
updatesfromTomDispatch.comhere[36].

SourceURL:http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/06/howegyptsgeneralssidelinedwashington
Links:
[1]http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175852/
[2]http://www.tomdispatch.com/
[3]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid
[4]http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/25/world/middleeast/egyptsnewautocratsisiknowsbest.html
[5]http://www.merip.org/mer/mer262/egyptsgeneralstransnationalcapital
[6]http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/06/brutalitytorturerapeegyptmilitaryrule
[7]http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/05/16/egyptiansincreasinglyglum/
[8]http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/25/world/middleeast/mohamedmorsiofmuslimbrotherhooddeclaredasegyptspresident.html
[9]http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middleeast/2013/05/14/SignupforMursisousterurgesEgyptrebelliongroup.html
[10]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_presidential_election_2012
[11]http://www.amazon.com/dp/1608463869/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch20
[12]http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/08/mahmoudbadrtamarodprotestleaderegypt_n_3559487.html
[13]http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/11/world/middleeast/improvementsinegyptsuggestacampaignthatunderminedmorsi.html
[14]http://m.csmonitor.com/World/MiddleEast/2013/0711/Egyptsnewleaderstakeheatfromallsidesastheyplowaheadvideo
[15]http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldmiddleeast24457470
[16]http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/world/middleeast/obamastatementongypt.html
[17]http://m.ceip.org/2013/09/23/whatpathwillegyptsmuslimbrotherhoodchoose/gnx7
[18]http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/18/exclusivejohnkerrydefiesthewhitehouseonegyptpolicy.html
[19]http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/84106/Egypt/0/RightsgroupaddstocriticismofEgyptsdraftpro.aspx
[20]http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/abuseclaimsrifeasegyptadmitsjailing16000islamistsineightmonths
9195824.html
[21]http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldmiddleeast27186339
[22]http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/25/egyptlawyersboycottmasstrial
[23]http://www.equaltimes.org/egypthumanrightsgroupsrally
[24]http://bigstory.ap.org/article/kerryuswantsegyptsucceeddemocracy
[25]http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldmiddleeast25796110
[26]http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2014/04/24/imfinegyptacttwo/h90a
[27]http://www.buzzfeed.com/sheerafrenkel/storyofsisismillionsnotallowedonfrontpageof
egyptiapercent20andpercent20http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/22/abdelfatahalsisiegyptpresident
[28]https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/africa/11630egyptianwriterclaimsstateagenciesrunsisispresidentialcampaign
[29]http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/27/usegyptelectionidUSKBN0E70D720140527
[30]http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/03/abdelfatahalsisipresidentialelectionvoteegypt
[31]http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/29/usegyptelectionidUSKBN0E70D720140529
[32]http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/337069egyptoppositioncastdoubtonpresidentialpollresults
[33]http://eng.news.kremlin.ru/news/22413/print
[34]
http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175753/tomgrampercent3A_dilip_hiro,_the_mystery_of_washingtonpercent27s_waning_global_power/
[35]http://www.amazon.com/dp/1566569044/ref=nosim/?tag=tomdispatch20
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[36]http://tomdispatch.us2.listmanage.com/subscribe?u=6cb39ff0b1f670c349f828c73&ampid=1e41682ade

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