Methods TI-nspire CAS Calculater Companion

VCE M AT H EM AT I CS U N I T S 3 & 4
MATHS QUEST 12
Mathematical
Methods CAS
RAYMOND ROZEN | BRIAN HODGSON | NICOLAOS KARANIKOLAS
BEVERLY LANGSFORD-WILLING | MARK DUNCAN | TRACY HERFT
LIBBY KEMPTON | JENNIFER NOLAN | GEOFF PHILLIPS
2ND EDITION
TI-NSPIRE C AS C ALCULATOR COMPANION
First published 2013 by

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
42 McDougall Street, Milton, Qld 4064
Typeset in 10/12 pt Times LT Std
John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2013
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ISBN: 978 1 118 31077 9
978 1 118 31083 0 (flexisaver)
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Contents
Introduction
iv
CHAPTER 7
Differentiation
CHAPTER 1
Graphs and polynomials
CHAPTER 8
Applications of differentiation
CHAPTER 2
Functions and transformations
19
CHAPTER 9
Integration
CHAPTER 3
Exponential and logarithmic equations
27
75
CHAPTER 10
Discrete random variables
CHAPTER 4
Exponential and logarithmic graphs
35
45
85
CHAPTER 12
Continuous distributions
CHAPTER 6
Circular (trigonometric) functions
83
CHAPTER 11
The binomial distribution
CHAPTER 5
Inverse functions
63
49
95
69
Introduction
This booklet is designed as a companion to Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition.
It contains worked examples from the student text that have been re-worked using the TI-Nspire CX
CAS calculator with Operating System v3.
The content of this booklet will be updated online as new operating systems are released by Texas
Instruments.
The companion is designed to assist students and teachers in making decisions about the judicious use of
CAS technology in answering mathematical questions.
The calculator companion booklet is also available as a PDF file on the eBookPLUS under the
preliminary section of Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS Second Edition.
iv
Introduction
ChapTer 1
Graphs and polynomials

Worked example 1
Use the binomial theorem to expand (2 x 3)4.

Think
1
On a Calculator page, press:

Menu b
3: Algebra 3
3: expand 3
Complete the entry line as:
expand((2x 3)4)
Then press enTeR .
Write the result.
WriTe
(2x 3)4 = 16x4 96x3 + 216x2 216x + 81
ChapTer 1 Graphs and polynomials
Worked Example 8
Given that P ( x ) = 6 2 x + 3 x 2 + x 4 , Q( x ) = x 5 2 x 4 + x 2 5 x 2and R( x ) = x 2 4, find:

a P ( x ) + Q( x )
b P ( x ) R( x ).
Think
On a Calculator page, define the

polynomials P(x), Q(x) and R(x). To
do this, press:
Menu b
1: Actions 1
1: Define 1
Complete the entry lines as:
Define p(x) = 6 2x + 3x2 + x4
Define q(x) = x5 2x4 + x2 5x 2
Define r(x) = x2 4
Press ENTER after each entry.
To calculate P(x) + Q(x), complete

the entry line as:
p(x) + q(x)
Press ENTER
b To calculate P(x) R(x), complete the entry
line as:
p(x) r(x)
Press ENTER .
2 Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS
Write/display
Worked Example 10
If p( x ) = ax 5 + x 4 3 x 3 + bx 5, p( 1) = 5 and p(2) = 65 , find the values of a and b.

Think
1

polynomial P(x) by completing the entry
line as:
Define p(x) = a x5 + x4 3x3 + b x 5
Then press ENTER .
To calculate the values of a and b,
complete the entry line as:
solve(p(1) = 5 and p(2) = 65, a)
Then press ENTER .
Write the answer.
Write/display
Given p(x) = ax5 + x4 3x3 + bx 5 and solving

p(1) = 5 and p(2) = 65 gives a = 2 and b = 6.
Worked Example 11
Find the quotient, Q(x), and the remainder, R(x), when x 4 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 8 is divided by the linear
expression x + 2.
Think
1

Menu b
2: Number 2
7: Fraction Tools 7
1: Proper Fraction 1
4
3
2
propFrac x 3 x + 2 x 8
x+2
Then press ENTER .
Write the answer.
Write
Dividing x4 3x3 + 2x2 8 by x + 2 gives

a quotient, Q(x), of x 3 5 x 2 + 12 x 24 and a
remainder, R(x), of 40.
Chapter 1 Graphs and polynomials 3
Worked Example 12
Determine whether or not D( x ) = ( x 3) is a factor of P(x) = 2x3 4x2 3x 8.

Think
1
On a Calculator page, define P(x) by

completing the entry lines as:
Define p(x) = 2x3 4x2 3x 8
p(3)
Since p(3) = 1, (x 3) is not a factor

of P(x).
Write
p(3) 0 so ( x 3) is not a factor of P(x).
Worked Example 13
aFactorise P(x) = 2x3 x2 13x 6.b Solve 2x3 x2 13x 6 = 0.

Think

polynomial P(x) by completing the
entry line as:
Define p(x) = 2x3 x2 13x 6
Then press ENTER .
To factorise P(x), complete the entry
line as:
factor (p(x))
Then press ENTER .
Write the answer.
To solve P(x) = 0, complete the entry

line as:
solve( p( x ) = 0, x )
Then press ENTER .
Write the answer.
Write
Factorising p(x) = 2x3 x2 13x 6 gives

P(x) = (x 3)(x + 2)(2x + 1)
b
Solving 2x3 x2 13x 6 = 0 gives
1
x = 2, x = , or x = 3
2
Worked example 16
Sketch the graph of each of the following functions, stating the domain and range of each.
a 4 x 2 y = 8, x [ 3, 3]
b f ( x ) = 1 2 x, x ( , 1)
Think
WriTe/draW/display
When x = 3,
12 2y = 8
Substitute the smallest value of x into

the equation.
Solve the equation for y, to find an

end point of the straight line.
State the coordinates of the end point.
(3, 10) is a closed end of the line.
Substitute the largest value of x into

the equation.
When x = 3,
12 2y = 8
Solve the equation for y, to find the

other end point of the line.
2y
State the coordinates of the 2nd end

point.
Plot the two points on a set of axes
with closed circles (since both points
are included).
2y
= 20
y = 10
= 4
y=2
(3, 2) is the other closed end of the line.
y
2
3
0
4
(3, 10)
8
9
10
11
Draw a straight line between the two

points.
Find the intercepts and mark them on
the graph.
Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS
2 3
4x 2y = 8,
x [3, 3]
When x = 0, y = 4
When y = 0, x = 2
The x-intercept is 2 and the y-intercept is 4.
The domain is [3, 3].
State the domain, which is given

with the rule.
State the range from the graph.
On a Graphs page, complete the
function entry line as:
f 1( x ) = 1 2 x | < x < 1
Then press enTeR .
10
(3, 2)
The range is [10, 2].

b
Sketch the graph.
f(x) = 1 2x,
x (, 1)
(2, 5)
(1, 3)
2 1 0
3
State the domain and range.
The domain is (, 1).

The range is (3, ).
Worked Example 22
Sketch the graph of y = 3 + 8 x 2 x 2, showing the turning point and all intercepts, rounding
answers to 2 decimal places where appropriate.
Think
1
On a Graphs page, complete the function

entry line as:
f(x) = 3 + 8x 2x2
Then press ENTER .
To label the coordinates of the intercepts
and turning point, press:
Menu b
6: Analyze Graph 6
Select the appropriate action.
Sketch a parabola through these points.
Write/draw
y
12
(2, 11)
9
f(x) = 3 + 8x
2x2
3 (0, 3)
(0.35, 0)
(4.35, 0)
x
0
1
4 5
Worked Example 25
Sketch the graph of y = x 3 x 2 10 x 8, showing all intercepts.

Think
1
Use a CAS calculator to solve for x.
State the x-intercepts.
Sketch the graph of the cubic.
Write/draw
The x-intercepts are 2, 1 and 4.

y
2 1 0
y = x3 x2 10x 8
4
Worked Example 27
Sketch the graph of y = x 4 x 3 7 x 2 + 5 x + 10 , showing all intercepts.

Think
1

polynomial P(x) by completing the entry
line as:
Define p( x ) = x 4 x 3 7 x 2 + 5 x + 10
Then press ENTER .
To find the y-intercept, complete the entry
line as: p(0)
Then press ENTER .
To find the x-intercepts, complete the
entry line as: solve( p( x ) = 0, x )
Then press ENTER .
To sketch the graph of P(x), open a

Graphs page.
Complete the function entry line as:
f 1( x ) = p( x )
Then press ENTER .
Sketch the graph of the quartic.
Write/draw
y
(0, 10)
(1, 0)
( 5, 0)
3 2 1 0
(2, 0)
1
( 5, 0)
x
2 3
Worked Example 28
Sketch the graphs of each of the following equations, showing the coordinates of all intercepts.
Use a CAS calculator to find the coordinates of the turning points, rounding to 2 decimal places as
appropriate.
a y = x2(x 1)(x + 2)b y = (x + 3)2(x 1)2
Think
To find the x and y intercepts, on a

a
Calculator page, complete the entry
lines as:
solve(y = x2 (x 1) (x + 2), y) | x = 0
solve(y = x2 (x 1) (x + 2), x) | y = 0
State the intercepts and their nature.
To find the coordinates of the turning

points, open a Graphs page.
f1(x) = x2(x 1)(x + 2)
Then press ENTER .
Write/draw
The graph touches the x-axis at x = 0 and crosses

the x-axis at x = 2 and x = 1.
The y-intercept is at y = 0.
Then press:
MENU
6: Analyze graph 6
2: Minimum 2
Move the upper and lower bounds
into the correct position to locate the
stationary points. Similarly for the
local maximum at (0, 0).
(2, 0)
(0, 0)
0
(1.44, 2.83)
(1, 0)
(0.69, 0.40)
To find the x and y intercepts, on a

lines as:
solve(y = (x + 3)2 (x 1)2, y) | x = 0
solve(y = (x + 3)2 (x 1)2, x) | y = 0
State the intercepts and their nature.
To find the coordinates of the turning

points, open a Graphs page.
f1(x) = (x + 3)2(x 1)2
Then press ENTER .
The graph touches the x-axis at x = 3 and at x = 1.

The y-intercept is at y = 9.
Then press:
MENU
6: Analyze graph 6
2: Minimum 2
Move the upper and lower bounds
into the correct position to locate the
stationary points. Similarly for the
local maximums.
y
(3, 0)
(1, 0)
0
(0, 9)
(1, 16)
Worked Example 29
Determine the equation of the graph shown.

y
3
3
1 0
Think
1
On a Calculator page, complete the entry

line as:
a ( x + 3) ( x + 1) ( x 1) ( x 2) y
Then press ENTER .
To calculate the value of a, complete the
entry line as:
solve(y = 3, a) | x = 0
Then press ENTER .
To find the equation of y, complete the
entry line as:
1
y|a =
2
Then press ENTER .
Write the equation.
1 2
Write/display
y=
( x 2)( x 1)( x + 1)( x + 3)

2
Worked Example 31
ax 7y = 0
2x + (a 9)y = 0
Find the value(s) of a, where a is a real constant. Consider a set of simultaneous equations that
have a unique solution.
Think
1
On a Calculator page, to create the matrix

of coefficients, press:
Press:
MENU b
7: Matrix & Vector 7
1: Create 1
1: Matrix 1
Choose 2 and 2 as the number of rows
and columns, complete as shown, and
press ENTER .
Press:
MENU b
3: Determinant 3
to find the determinant in terms of a.
Then complete the entry line as
solve(a2 9a + 14 = 0, a), and press
ENTER .
Write the answer.
Write
There is a unique solution when the determinant

is non-zero, so for a unique solution a R/{2, 7}
Worked Example 32
For the linear simultaneous equations give below:

a determine the values of t for which there are i infinitely many solutions and ii no solutions
b determine the unique solution for the equations in terms of t, specifying the restrictions on t.
tx 3y = 6
2x + (t 5)y = 3t
Think
1
Write

line as:
t 3
= 0, t
solve det
2 t 5
Press:
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
7: Solve System of Equations 7
2: Solve System of Linear Equations 2
Choose 2 as the number of equations, and x,
and y as the variables.

tx 3 y = 6
,{x , y} | t = 3
linsolve
2 x + (t 5) y = 3t
tx 3 y = 6
linsolve
,{x , y} | t = 2
2 x + (t 5) y = 3t
and press ENTER after each entry.
State the solution.
There is a unique solution

15
3t + 6
x=
and y =
when t R/{2, 3}
t3
t=3
There is no solution when t = 3.
There is an infinite number of solutions when
t = 2.
Worked Example 33
Solve the following simultaneous linear equations.

x + 2y 3z = 11
4x 3y + z = 12
3x y z = 14
Think
1
Write

MENU b
3: Algebra 3
Choose 3 as the number of equations, and x,
y and z as the variables. Complete the entry
line as:
x + 2 y 3z = 11
linsolve 4 x 3 y + z = 12,{x , y, z}
3 x y z = 14
and press ENTER .
State the solution.
There is a unique solution x = 2, y = 3 and z = 5
Worked Example 34
Consider the following system of simultaneous equations.

kx y + z = 8
3x + ky + 2z = 2
x + 3y + z = 6
For what values of k, is there:
i a unique solution?
ii no solution?
iii an infinite number of solutions?
Think
1
On a Calculator page, to create the matrix of

coefficients, press:
Press:
MENU b
1: Create 1
1: Matrix 1
Choose 3 and 3 as the number of rows and
columns, complete as shown, and press
ENTER .
Press:
MENU b
3: Determinant 3
to find the determinant in terms of k. Then
complete the entry line as
solve(k2 7k + 10 = 0, k),
and press ENTER .
Now press:
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
Choose 3 as the number of equations, and
x, y and z as the variables. Complete the
entry lines as:
k y + z = 8
linsolve 3 x + ky + 2 z = 2,{x , y, z}
x 3 y + z = 6
and press ENTER .
Write
Then complete the entry lines as:

k y + z = 8
linsolve 3 x + ky + 2 z = 2,{x , y, z} | k = 2
x + 3 y + z = 6
k y + z = 8
3 x + ky + 2 z = 2,{x , y, z}
linsolve
|k =5
x + 3 y + z = 6
State the solution.
i There is a unique solution when k 5 or k 2.

ii There is no solution when k = 5.
iii
There is an infinite number of solutions when
k = 2.
Worked Example 35
The cubic function with the general equation y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 8 passes through the points (1, 2)
(2, 4) and (4, 8). Find the values of a, b and c.
Think
1
Write
On a Calculator page,
Define f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 8
Now press:
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
Choose 3 as the number of equations, and
a, b and c as the variables. Complete the
entry line as:
f (1) = 2
linsolve f ( 2) = 4,{a, b, c}
f (4) = 8
and press ENTER .

State the solution.
a = 1, b = 3 and c = 4, the cubic is

y = x3 3x2 4x + 8
Worked Example 36
Solve these five linear simultaneous equations using matrices and a CAS calculator.
2v + w 3x + 2y z = 12
v + 3w + 4x y + 2z = 13
v 2w + 5x 2y 3z = 32
3v w + 2x y 3z = 18
3v + 3w 4x + 3y 2z = 9
Think
1
On a Calculator page, create the matrix of

coefficients, press:
MENU b
1: Create 1
1: Matrix 1
Choose 5 and 5 as the number of rows and
columns, complete as shown, and store the
matrix as a, then press ENTER .
Repeat, choosing 5 and 1 as the number of

rows and columns, and store the matrix as b,
then press ENTER .
To find the solution, complete as shown
a 1b
State the solution.
Write
v = 2, w = 4, x = 1, y = 3 and z = 5.
ChapTer 2
Functions and transformations

Worked example 3
Given the equation y = kx2, determine the effect on the graph y = x2, when k = {2, 3, 4}. Sketch the
graphs.
Think
1

entry line as:
f 1(x) = x2
Then press ENTER .
Complete the function entry lines as:

f 2(x) = 2x2
f 3(x) = 3x2
f 4(x) = 4x2
Answer the question by describing the

changes in words.
WriTe/display
As the value of k increases the graph becomes

thinner and stretches away from the x-axis.
ChapTer 2 Functions and transformations
19
Worked example 6
Find the equation of the curve, if it is of the form y = a(x b)3 + c.
y
5
3
Think
Write the general equation of the cubic

function.
Write the coordinates of the stationary
point of inflection (b, c) and hence state
the values of b and c.
Substitute the values of b and c into the
general formula.
The graph passes through the point (0, 5)
(y-intercept). Substitute the coordinates
of this point into the equation.
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(5 = a (0 1)3 + 3,a)
Then press ENTER .
y = a(x b)3 + c
Write the solution for the equation.
a = 2
Substitute the value of a into

y = a(x 1)3 + 3.
y = 2(x 1)3 + 3
1
2
3
4
20
WriTe/display
The stationary point of inflection is (1, 3).

So b = 1, c = 3.
y = a(x 1)3 + 3
Using (0, 5):
5 = a(0 1)3 + 3
Worked example 18
Given f: [0, ) R, where f ( x ) = x and g(x) = af (x) + b, where a and b are positive real
constants, consider the effect on g(x) as a and b increase individually.
Think
1
WriTe

function entry line as:
f 1( x)
x ) = v1 x + v 2
Insert a slider by pressing:
MENU b
1: Actions 1
A: Insert Slider A
Then press ENTER .
Repeat to insert a second slider.
Grab the slider for each variable and
move it back and forth taking note of the
effect of each variable increasing.
Write your description in words.
As a increases, the graph is dilated away from

the x-axis, with the graph stretched further from
the x-axis.
As b increases, the graph is translated up
parallel to the y-axis.
21
Worked example 21
Express f (x) = |5x 4| as a hybrid function, defining the domain of each part and graphing the
function.
Think
1
2
Break the function into two parts: a

negative and positive part.
Simplify the domain and function for
each.
WriTe/draW
5 x 4, where 5 x 4 0
f ( x ) = | 5x 4 | =
(5 x 4), where 5 x 4 < 0
First function: 5x 4
First domain: 5x 4 0
x4
5
Second function: (5x 4) = 5x + 4

Second domain: 5 x 4 < 0 x <
Rewrite the function in hybrid form

with the two rules with their respective
domains.

entry line as:
f 1(x) = |5x 4|
Then press ENTER .
Graph the two functions for the specific

domains.
4
5 x 4, where x
5
f (x) =
5 x + 4, where x < 4
y
5
4 (0, 4)
3
2
1
2
22
4
5
f(x) = | 5x 4 |
1
( 45 , 0)
Worked example 22
Using matrices, find the location of the point (x, y) under the following transformations of the
point (1, 3):
dilation by a factor of 2 from the y-axis
reflection in the x-axis.
Think
1
Construct the correct matrix that

represents the transformations described.
x x 2 0 x
T =

=
y y 0 1 y
On a Calculator page, press the expression

template key: t
Select the appropriate matrix templates to
construct and solve the matrix equation
using the point (x, y) = (1, 3):
x x 2 0 1
T =

=
y y 0 1 3
Write the matrix equation and interpret

this to answer the question.
WriTe/display
0 1
=
1
3
The image of the point (1, 3) is at (2, 3).
23
Worked Example 31
Determine if g(x) = 10x satisfies the equation g(2x) = 2g(x).

Think
1

MENU b
1: Actions 1
1: Define 1
Define g(x) = 10x
Then press ENTER .
To calculate g(2x) and 2g(x), complete

the entry lines as:
g(2x)
2g(x)
Examine the solutions to determine if the
expressions are equal.
Check that the equation holds true for

all values of x by completing the entry
line as: g(2x) = 2g(x)
Then press ENTER .
As the statement is true the equation must
hold for all values of x.
Write the solutions for g(2x) and 2g(x)

and answer the question.
Write/display
LHS = g(2x) = 20xRHS = 2g(x) = 20x
g(2x) = 20x
2g(x) = 20x
g(2x) = 2g(x)
When g(x) = 10x it satisfies the equation
g(2x) = 2g(x).
Worked example 34
It is believed that, for the data in the table below, the relationship between x and y can be
modelled by y = aaxx 2 + bx + c .
x
y
0
4
1
5.3
2
8.6
a Plot the values of y against x.
3
14.8
On a Lists & Spreadsheet page, enter

x-values into column A and y-values
into column B. Label each column x
and y respectively.
On a Data & Statistics page, move

the pointer to the horizontal and
vertical axes and select the x-values
variable and y-values variable
respectively.
Return to the Lists & Spreadsheet

page, then press:
MENU b
4: Statistics 4
1: Stat Calculations 1
6: Quadratic Regression 6
Change the X List to x, and the
Y List to y.
Select OK and press ENTER
Interpret the variables given on the

screen.
5
34.4
b Calculate the values of a, b and c (correct to
3 decimal places) and write the equations.
Think
4
23
WriTe/display
a = 1.252
b = 0.222
c = 4.096
y = 1.252x2 0.222x + 4.096
Correct to 3 decimal places.
25
Chapter 3
Exponential and
logarithmic equations
Worked example 2
Write in simplest form:
0.4
a 64 3
b 32
c 125 3 .
think
Write/display
a , 1 On a Calculator page, complete the

entry lines as:
b
2
&
64 3
c
32
0.4
2
125 3
Then press ENTER .
Note: If the calculator is set to
Approximate or Auto, the answer
will be displayed as a decimal.
2
Write the answers.
64 3 = 16
32
0.4
2
c 125
1
4
1
25
Chapter 3 Exponential and logarithmic equations
27
Worked example 3
Simplify, leaving your answer with positive indices:

1
a 2 b4

( a3 b 4 ) 1
a 12 b 1
b 1 2 .
3 b
think
Write/display
a 1 On a Calculator page, complete the

entry lines as:
&

a 2b4 (a3b 4) 1
b
1
a 12 b 1

3 1 b 2
Write the answers.

The answer is expressed with
positive powers.
a 2 b 4 (a 3b
12 1
a b
b
3 1b2
4 1
1
3
b
3 a
Worked example 4
Simplify
3 n 6 n + 1 12 n 1
.
32n 8n
think
1
Write/display

line using the fraction template as:
3n 6n + 1 12n 1
32 n 8 n
Then press ENTER .
28
Write the answer.
3n 6n + 1 12n 1 3n
=
32 n 8 n
2
b8
a5
Worked Example 9
Simplify log3 (27) + log3 (9) log3 (81).

Think
1

line as: log3 (27) + log3 (9) + log3 (81)
Then press ENTER .
Write the answer.
Write/display
log3 (27) + log3 (9) +log3 (81) = 1
Worked Example 11
Calculate the value of log2 (18), correct to 2 decimal places.

Think
1

line as: log2 (18)
Then press ENTER .
Pressing Ctrl / ENTER will give a
decimal approximation.
Write the answer.
Write/display
log2 (18) = 4.17, correct to 2 decimal places.
Chapter 3 Exponential and logarithmic equations 29
Worked example 13
Solve 5x 252x 3 = 625 for x.

think
1

MENu b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(5x 25(2x 3) = 625,x)
Then press ENTER .
Write the solution.
Write/display
Solving 5x 25(2x 3) = 625 for x gives x = 2.
Worked example 16
Solve the following equations for x, giving your answers both in exact form and correct to
3 decimal places.
a 2x > 5
b 0.5x 1.4
think
1

Menu b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(2x>5,x)
solve(0.5x1.4,x)
Write the answers in exact form.

The calculator defaults to base e when
solving exponential equations in exact
form.
Note: ln (A) loge (A). This will be
discussed later in this chapter.
Note: In part b, the inequality has been
changed to because logge 12 < 0.
Write/display
a Solving 2x > 5 for x gives
x>
loge (5)
.
loge (2)
b Solving 0.5x 1.4 for x gives

log
7
5
loge (2)
a Solving 2x > 5 for x gives x > 2.322,
correct to 3 decimal places.

b Solving 0.5x 1.4 for x gives x 0.485,
30
Worked Example 18
Solve for x in each of the following:

alogx (4) = 2b log x
( ) = 3 .
1
125
Think
Write/display
a 1 On a Calculator page, press:

Menu b
&
3: Algebra 3
b
1: Solve 1
solve(logx (4) = 2,x)
solve(log x 1 = 3, x )
125
Then press ENTER .
Write the solutions.
a Solving logx (4) = 2 for x gives x = 2.

1
125
b Solving log x
= 3 for x gives x = 5.
Worked Example 22
Solve for x, showing working. Express your answers in exact form and correct to 3 decimal places.
a ex = 3b ex 3ex = 2
Think
Write/display
a 1 On a Calculator page, press:

Menu b
&
3: Algebra 3
b
1: Solve 1
solve(ex = 3,x)
solve(ex 3ex = 2,x)
Write the answers in exact form.
a Solving ex = 3 for x gives x = loge (3).

x
b Solving ex 3e
3
Write the answers in approximate

form, correct to 3 decimal places.
= 2 for x gives x = loge (3).
= 3 for x gives x = 1.099, correct to

3 decimal places.
aSolving
ex
bSolving ex 3e
= 2 for x gives x = 1.099,

Chapter 3 Exponential and logarithmic equations 31
Worked Example 23
Solve for x, giving your answer both in exact form and correct to 3 decimal places, given that
loge (x) = 3.
Think
Write/display
Rewrite using ex = y loge (y) = x.
loge (x) = 3
e3 = x
Write the answer in exact form.
x = e3

Menu b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(ln (x) = 3,x)
Then press ENTER .
Write the solution in approximate form,

Solving loge (x) = 3 for x gives x = 20.086,

Worked Example 25
Calculate the inverse of y = 3ex + 1.

Think
1
2
Write/display
Interchange x and y to write the inverse

equation.
Menu b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(x = 3ey+1,y)
Then press ENTER .
x = 3ey + 1
Write the equation of the inverse.
The inverse of y = 3ex + 1 is

x
y = loge 1 where x > 0
3
Worked example 26
Calculate the inverse of f(x) = 2 log10 (x 1) + 1.

think
1
2
Write
Interchange x and y to write the inverse

equation.
MENu b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(x = 2 log10 (y 1) + 1,y)
Then press ENTER .
x = 2 log10 (y 1) + 1
10 2
y =
10
Write the equation of the inverse.
The solution from the CAS can be further

simplified. Rewrite the answer with a
negative power.
y = 10
Add the powers when multiplying indices

of the same base.
y = 10
Simplify the powers and write the answer.
y = 10
1
2
+1
x
10 2
1 + x + 1
2 2
f 1( x)
x 1
2
1
2
+1
+1
+1
x 1
= 10 2
+1
Worked example 27
kx
Solve ekx = 5 + 2e
for x, where k R\{0}.
think
1

MENu b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(e k x = 5 + 2e k x,x)
Note: You must put in a multiplication
sign between the k and the x.
Then press ENTER .
Write the answer.
Write/display
x =
33 + 5
1
, k R\{0}.
loge
k
2
Chapter 3 Exponential and logarithmic equations
33
Worked example 28
Solve for x, given that
1
logg 2 (x
( x ) 5 log 2 ( pp)) = llog 2 (6) where p > 0.
2
think
1

MENu b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
1
solve log2 ( x ) 5 log2 ( p) = log2 (6),x
2
Then press ENTER .
Write the answer. Note that the CAS

gives the incorrect restriction p 0. The
correct restriction is p > 0 for log2 (p) to
be defined.
Write/display
x = 36p10
Worked example 29
Solve the following equations using a CAS calculator. Give your answers correct to 3 decimal
places.
a ex = x3
b loge (x) = x 2
think
34

MENu b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(ex = x3,x)
solve(ln (x) = x 2,x)
Write the solutions correct to 3 decimal

places.
Write/display
Solving ex = x3 for x gives x = 1.857

or x = 4.536.
b Solving loge (x) = x 2 for x gives x = 0.159
or x = 3.146.
Chapter 4
Exponential and
logarithmic graphs
Worked example 3
Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2 2x 1, showing intercepts and asymptotes, and stating the domain
and the range
think
Write/draW
To graph y = 2 2x 1 on a Graphs page,

complete the function entry line as:
f1(x) = 2 2x 1
Press ENTER .
Note: The horizontal asymptote at y = 2 is
not displayed.
To locate the x-intercept on a Calculator

page, press:
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(f 1(x) = 0, x)
Press ENTER .
Write the x-intercept in coordinate form.
(2, 0) are the coordinates of the x-intercept.
To calculate the y-intercept, complete the

entry line as: f1(0) and press ENTER .
Write the y-intercept in coordinate form.
0,
( ) are the coordinates of the y-intercept.

3
2
Chapter 4 Exponential and logarithmic graphs
35
Sketch the graph.
y
2
Asymptote
y=2
(0, 32 )
1
0
2 1
(2, 0)
x
2
f (x) = 2 2x 1
1
6
36
State the domain and the range.
The domain is R and the range is (, 2).
Worked Example 6
Sketch the graph of f(x) = 2 log10 (3 x) 2, showing intercepts and asymptotes, and stating the
domain, range and transformations. Give exact values or round to 3 decimal places.
Think
Write/draw
To graph y = 2 log10 (3 x) 2 on a
Graphs page, complete the function entry
line as:
f1(x) = 2 log10 (3 x) 2
Press ENTER.
Note: The vertical asymptote at x = 3 is
notdisplayed.
To locate the x-intercept on a Calculator

page, press:
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(f1(x) = 0, x)
Press ENTER .
Write the x-intercept in coordinate form.
The coordinates of the x-intercept are (7, 0).
To calculate the y-intercept, complete the

entry line as: f1(0) and press .
Write the y-intercept in coordinate form.
Sketch the graph.
The coordinates of the y-intercept are (0, 1.046)

(correct to 3 decimal places).
(7, 0)
x
6 4 2 0 2
Asymptote
(0, 2 log10 (3) 2)
x=3
2
State the transformations.
f(x) = 2 log10 (3 x) 2
The domain is (, 3) and the range is R.
Reflection in the y-axis, dilation 2 units from
the x-axis, vertical translation 2 units down,
horizontal translation 3 units to the right
Chapter 4 Exponential and logarithmic graphs 37
Worked example 11
Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2 ex, marking the asymptote and intercepts. State the
transformations, domain and range. Give exact answers. Check using a CAS calculator.
think
1
State the rule.
State the basic shape.

State the transformations.
Write/draW
f (x) = 2 e x
Exponential curve
A reflection in the x-axis and a reflection in the
y-axis. The vertical translation is 2 units up.
Find the horizontal

asymptote by translating
the asymptote of f (x) = ex up 2 units.
The horizontal asymptote is y = 2.
Find the y-intercept by making x = 0

or by reflecting (0, 1) in the x-axis and
translating it up 2 units.
If x = 0,
Find the x-intercept by making y = 0

and solving the equation.
1
ex = x
e
If y = 0,
y=2e 0
=21
=1
or (0, 1) (0, 1) (0, 1)
The y-intercept is 1.
loge (ex) = x loge (e)

=x1
2 ex = 0
ex = 2
1
=2
ex
ex =
1
2
loge (ex) = loge 1

2
x=
loge 1
2
so the x-intercept is loge 1 .

2
Sketch the graph.
y
(loge( 12 ), 0)
Asymptote
y=2
(0, 1)
0
1
f (x) = 2 ex
x
38
To graph y = 2 ex, on a Graphs page,

f1(x) = 2 ex
Then press ENTER .
Note: The horizontal asymptote at y = 2 is
not displayed.
The domain is R and the range is (, 2).
Worked example 15
Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2 3 loge(1 x), marking the asymptote and intercepts.
State the domain and range.
think
Write/draW
State the rule.
f (x) = 2 3 loge (1 x)
Find the vertical asymptote by translating

the line x = 0 one unit to the right or by
making 1 x = 0.
Find the y-intercept by making x equal to
0 and solving the equation.
Vertical asymptote is x = 1.
Find the x-intercept by making y equal

to 0.
If y = 0, 2 3 loge (1 x) = 0
3 loge (1 x) = 2
loge (1 x) = 23
3
4
If x = 0, y = 2 3 loge (1)
=2
e3 = 1 x
2
x = 1 e3
x 0.95 (to 2 decimal places)
5
To graph f (x) = 2 3 loge (1 x) on a

Graphs page, complete the function entry
line as:
f1(x) = 2 3 ln (1 x)
Then press ENTER .
Note: The vertical asymptote at x = 1 is
not displayed.
Sketch the graph, remembering that

there is a reflection in both the x- and the
y-axes.
y
4
(0, 2)
2
(1 e 3 , 0)
f (x) = 2 3 loge (1 x)
x
2 1 0 1
2 Asymptote
x=1
7
The domain is (, 1) and the range is R.
39
Worked example 16
y
4
The equation of the graph shown is of the form f (x) = Aex + B.

Find the values of A and B correct to 2 decimal places and hence
find the equation of the function.
(0, 2)
(2.44, 0)
4 3 2 1
think
1
Use the point on the y-axis and substitute

values into the given equation.
Substitute the coordinates of another

point into the given equation.

MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
Press t to obtain the expression
template and choose the simultaneous
equation template for two unknowns.
0 1 x
Write
For (0, 2):

2 = Ae0 + B
2=A+B
[1]
(2.44,
2.44
[2]
For
0 = Ae
0):
+B
a + b = 2
solve
,
a
2.44 + b = 0
a e
Press ENTER .
4
Write down the solutions correct to

2 decimal places.
A = 2.19 and B = 0.19
Worked example 23
Sketch the graph of y = x2ex using a CAS calculator. Show all axis intercepts and any asymptotes.
think
40
To graph y = x2ex on a Graphs page,

f1(x) = x2ex
Then press ENTER .
Note: y = x2ex is asymptotic to the negative
x-axis, as when x , x2ex 0.
Substitute x = 0 to locate the y-intercept.

Write the y-intercept in coordinate form
(which is also the x-intercept).
Write/diSplaY
y = 02e0
y=0
(0, 0)
y = 0 is an asymptote.
Worked example 24
For the function y = 2 log e x + 2 3 :

a sketch the graph of y = 2 log e x + 2 3, showing any asymptotes
b calculate all axis intercepts both in exact form and correct to 2 decimal places
c state the domain and range.
think
To graph y = 2 loge ( x + 2) 3 with a

CAS calculator, open a Graphs page
and complete the function entry line
as:
Write/draW
f1(x) = 2 lnn ( x + 2 ) 3
Then press ENTER . Press t and
select the absolute value template.
Sketch the graph.
2
1
7 6 5 4 3 2 110
1 2 3 4 5 x
2
3
Asymptote
x = 2
2 loge ( x + 2) 3
y=
2)) 3
2 loge ( ( x + 2))
To locate the x-intercepts, express y

y = 2 loge x + 2 3 as a hybrid
function.
Substitute y = 0 and solve each

equation.
2 loge (x + 2) 3 = 0
3
logge ( x + 2) =
2
Write the equation in exponential

form and solve for x.
x + 2 = e2
for x > 2
for x < 2
for
x = e2 2
x = 2.481 69
4
Repeat for the other x-intercept.
2 loge ((x + 2)) 3 = 0

3
logge ( ( x + 2))
2)) =
2
(x
+ 2) = e 2
3
x = e 2 2
x = 6.481 69
5
Write down the coordinates of the

x-intercepts in exact form and correct
to 2 decimal places.
2 2, 0 and e 2 2, 0
e
(2.48, 0) and (6.48, 0)
41
Substitute x = 0 to obtain the

y-intercept and simplify.
y = 2loge 0 + 2 3
y = 2loge 0 + 2 3
y = 2loge 2 3
y = 2loge 2 3
y = 1.613 71

y-intercept in exact form and correct
State the domain.
State the range.
42
(0, 2 loge (2) 3)

(0, 1.61)
c
x R\{2}
yR
Worked example 26
The population of wombats in Snubnose Gully is increasing according to the equation:

W = 100e0.03t
where W is the number of wombats t years after 1 January 1998.
a Find the initial size of the population.
b Find the population 2 years and 10 years after the number of wombats was first recorded. Give
answers to the nearest whole wombat.
c Graph W against t for 0 t 30.
d Find the expected size of the population in the year 2020.
e Find the year in which the wombat population reaches 250.
think
Write/draW
State the rule.
2
3
Find W when t = 0.
Write the answer in a sentence.
Find W when t = 2.
Find W when t = 10.
To graph f (x) = 100e0.03x on a Graphs

page, complete the function entry
line as:
f1(x) = 100e0.03x
Then press ENTER .
Note the viewing window settings:
Xmin:0, Xmax:30, Ymin:0 and
Ymax:250
When drawing your graph, label the
axes with the given variables.
Convert the year 2020 to the correct

number of years.
Find W by substituting t = 22 into the

equation.
Write the answer as a sentence.
W = 100e0.03t
When t = 0, W = 100
The initial size of the population is 100 wombats.
When t = 2, W = 100e0.03 2
= 100 1.0618
106 (nearest whole number)
After 2 years there are 106 wombats.
When t = 10, W = 100e0.03 10
= 100 1.3499
135 (nearest whole number)
After 10 years there are 135 wombats.
t = 2020 1998
= 22 years
When t = 22, W = 100e0.03 22
= 193.479
= 193 (nearest whole number)
In the year 2020, there are approximately
193 wombats.
43
44
Let W = 250.
Divide both sides by 100.
Take natural logs of both sides.
Divide both sides by 0.03.
Evaluate the answer using a CAS

calculator.
Express t = 31 as a year and write the

answer as a sentence.
250 = 100e0.03 t
2.5 = e0.03 t
loge (2.5) = loge (e0.03 t )
0.03t = loge (2.5)
1
t=
loge ( 2.5)
0.03
t = 30.543
t = 31 (nearest year)
There will be 250 wombats in the year 2029.
CHAPTER 5
Inverse functions
WORKED EXAMPLE 6
If f(x) = ln(x + 1) + 1,
a find f 1(x)
b draw the graph of f(x) and its inverse f 1(x).
THINK
WRITE
Let y = f (x).
Interchange x and y.
To make y the subject, press:

MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(ln(y + 1) + 1 = x, y)
(This means to solve the equation
with respect to y).
Then press ENTER .
Write the answer in the form f 1(x).
b To draw the graphs of f (x) and f
y = ln(x + 1) + 1
x = ln(y + 1) + 1
(x),
open a Graphs page.
f 1(x) = ln(x + 1) + 1
Then press ENTER .
f 2(x) = ex 1 1
Then press ENTER .
f 1(x) = ex 1 1
b
CHAPTER 5 Inverse functions
45
WORKED EXAMPLE 12
a Sketch the graph of f(x) = x2 3x + 3, showing the turning point and relevant
intercept(s).
b Find the rule of the inverse by an algebraic method and sketch this graph
on the same set of axes together with the line y = x.
c Is the inverse a function?

d The inverse is a reflection in the line y = x of the original function f(x). Use this information to
find any points of intersection between the original curve and its inverse.
e Find the maximum value of a for f: (, a] R, f(x) = x2 3x + 3 so that f

THINK
graph of f (x) including the relevant points.
y
4
3
2
1
0
To find the equation of f 1(x), let

y = x2 3x + 3. Interchange
x and y.
To make y the subject, on a
Calculator page, press:
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(y2 3y + 3 = x, y)
Then press ENTER .
Write the answer in the form
of f 1(x).
Use the calculator to draw the graphs
of f(x), f 1(x) and y = x.
c The inverse is a one-to-many relation and
therefore is not a function.
46
(x) exists.
WRITE/DRAW
a Use a CAS calculator to help in drawing a
f(x) = x2 3x + 3
(1.5, 0.75)
1 2 3 4
x = y2 3y + 3
f 1( x) =
4x 3 + 3
2
y
4
3
2
1
f(x) = x2 3x + 3
y=x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The graph of the inverse does not pass the

vertical line test, as it is a one-to-many relation,
and therefore it is not a function.
d The points of intersection between f (x) and
f 1(x) will occur at the intersections of the

graph of f (x) and y = x.
To locate these points on a Calculator page,
press:
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(x2 3x + 3 = x, x)
Then press ENTER .
The points of intersection are at (1, 1)
and (3, 3).
Draw the graphs of f(x) and y = x.
e For the left-hand branch of the parabola, we e
need f (x) = x2 3x + 3, since the domain is
(, a). It is a one-to-one function.
Locate the turning point of the graph and
the x-coordinate will be the value of a.
To locate the minimum of
f (x) = x2 3x + 3 on a Calculator page,
press:
MENU b
4: Calculus 4
7: Function Minimum 7
f Min(x2 3x + 3, x)
Then press ENTER .
3
The x-value of the turning point is 2 , which
3
implies that a = 2 .
f(x) = x2 3x + 3
y
4
3
2
1
y=x
(1.5, 0.75)
1 2 3 4
The points of intersection are at (1, 1) and (3, 3).
f : ( , 32 ) R
R,, f ( x)
x ) = x 2 3x + 3
a=
3
2
CHAPTER 5 Inverse functions
47
ChapTer 6
Circular (trigonometric)
functions
Worked example 1
Convert the following to degrees, giving the answer correct to 2 decimal places.
9
a 2c
b 6.3c
c
10
Think
WriTe
a, 1 On a Calculator page, type: 2

b
Note: The radian sign does not need
&
to be entered if the calculator
c
is already in radian mode.

To convert 2 to degrees, press
Catalog k, press D to get to the
items beginning with the letter D.
Then select DD.
Then press ENTER .
Repeat this process for parts b and c.
Write the answers.
a 2c 114.59 (correct to 2 decimal places)

b 6.3c 360.96 (correct to 2 decimal places)
c
9 c
= 162.
10
ChapTer 6 Circular (trigonometric) functions
49
Worked Example 5
If sin ( ) =
12
13
and
< < calculate cos () and hence find tan ().

2
Think
1

MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
12
solve(sin ( ) = , )| < <

13
2
Then press ENTER .
Write
sin = cos 1
13
tan = cos 1
13

Write the answers.
Given sin ( ) = 12 ,
13
cos( ) =
tan( ) =
5
13
12
5
< < ,
2
Worked Example 7
Find the exact value of:

4
5
a sin
b tan
.
3
6
Think
1
WRITE

lines as:
4
3
a sin
5
6
b tan
Write the answers.
4
3
=
sin
2
3
5
3
=
tan
3
6
Worked Example 9
Find all solutions to the equation cos ( x ) =

Think
1
2
2
in the domain [0, 2].

Write

MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
2
, x ) | 0 x 2
2
Then press ENTER .
solve (cos( x ) =
Write the answer.
x=
3 5
,
4 4
Chapter 6 Circular (trigonometric) functions 51
Worked Example 10
Find all solutions to the equation sin () = 0.7 in the domain [0, 4]. Give your answers correct to
4 decimal places.
Think
1

MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(sin () = 0.7, ) | 0 4
Then press ENTER .
Write the answer.
Write
If sin () = 0.7, 0 4, then

= 0.7754 or 2.3662 or 7.0586 or 8.6494,
Worked Example 14
Find the general solution of the equation 2 sin ( 2 x ) =

domain 0 x 2.
Think
1

MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(2sin (2 x ) = 3, x )
Then press ENTER .
Write the two separate solutions and

specify n Z.
Substitute n = 0 and n = 1 and n = 2 into

each of the general solutions, to find the
solutions in the domain 0 x 2.
This answer can be verified using a CAS

calculator.
solve(2sin (2 x ) = 3, x ) | 0 x 2
Then press ENTER .
3 and hence find all solutions for x in the
Write
Solving 2 sin (2x) = 3 gives

(6n 1)
(3n + 2)
x=
and x =
, n Z .
6
3
2
and x =
n = 0: x =
6
3
5
5
n = 1: x =
and x =
6
3
11
8
and x =
n = 2: x =
6
3
2 5 5 11
, , ,
For 0 x 2, x =
3 3 6 6
Worked Example 15
Find the general solution of the equation sin (3x) = cos (3x) and hence find all solutions for x in the
domain 0 x 2.
Think
1
On a calculator page, complete the entry lines

as shown.
Note: 1.The general formula here is found
3
using the basic angle of
, which
4
means that values of n start at 1 rather
than 0.
2. Remember to scroll to the right to
view the full set of solutions over the
given domain.
Write down the simplified solutions for

0 x 2.
Write
x=
5 3 13 17 7
, , ,
,
,
12 12 4 12 12 4
Worked Example 18
Sketch the graph of y = 12 sin (3 ) for one complete cycle stating the amplitude, period and range.
Think
1

entry line as:
1
2
f 1( x ) = sin (3 x ) | 0 x
2
3
Then press ENTER .
State the amplitude, period and range.
Write/draw
Amplitude =
Period =
1
2
2
3
1 1
Range = 2 , 2
Sketch the graph.
y
1
2
0
1
2
Worked example 25
While out in his trawler John North, a fisherman, notes that the height of the tide in the harbour
can be found by using the equation:
h = 5 + 2 cos t ,
6
where h metres is the height of the tide and t is the number of hours after midnight.
a What is the height of the high tide and when does it occur in the first 24 hours?
b What is the difference in height between high and low tides?
c Sketch the graph of h for 0 t 24.
d John North knows that his trawler needs a depth of at least 6 metres to enter the harbour. Between
what hours is he able to bring his boat back into the harbour?
Think

function entry lines as:
f 1( x ) = 5 + 2 cos x
6
f 2( x ) = 6
Select an appropriate window.
Find when high tide occurs.
Find the minimum value of h.
WriTe
t = 0, 12, 24, . . .
A high tide of height 7 m occurs at midnight, noon
the next day, and midnight the next night.
b
For minimum h,
cos t = 1
6
So h = 5 + 2 1 = 3
Alternatively, min. value =
median amplitude so h = 5 2 = 3.
2
Find the difference between high and

low tides.
c Use the information from the previous page
to sketch the graph.
The difference between high and low

tides is 7 3 = 4 metres.
c
h
6
4
2
0 2 4 6 8 1012 14 16 18 202224 t
ChapTer 6 Circular (trigonometric) functions
55
Press:
MENU b
6: Analyze Graph 6
4: Intersection 4
Move the cursor to the left of the
first point of intersection, press
ENTER , then move the cursor
to the right of the first point of
intersection, press ENTER ,
the coordinates of the first point of
intersection are displayed. Repeat for
the other points of intersection.
Write the answer in words.
t = 2, 10, 14, 22, . . .

From the graph we can see that John North can
bring his boat back into harbour before 2 am,
between 10 am and 2 pm and between 10 pm and
2 am the next morning.
Worked example 26
Using addition of ordinates, sketch the graph of y = sin (x) + cos (x) for the domain [0, 2].
Think
1

entry lines as:
f 1(x) = sin (x)
f 2(x) = cos (x)
f 3(x) = f 1(x) + f 2(x)
Sketch the graphs.
draW
y
2
1
0
1
2 x
2
3
Erase y = sin (x) and (y) = cos (x) to see the

final graph.
y
2
1
0
1
2
56
Worked Example 27
Sketch the graph of y = |3 cos (2x)| over the domain [0, 2].
Think
1

entry line as:
f1(x) = |3 cos (2x)|
Then press ENTER .
Sketch the graph.
draw
y
3
2
1
0
1
2 x
2
3
Worked Example 28
Find the domain and sketch the graph of the product function y = x sin (x). Use a CAS calculator
for assistance.
Think
1
The required function can be viewed as

a product of two functions: f(x) = x and
g(x) = sin (x). The domain of the product
function is equal to the intersection of the
domains of the two individual functions.

entry line as:
f1(x) = x sin (x)
Then press ENTER .
To locate the maximums and minimums,

press:
Trace along the graph to find a local
maximum.
Press ENTER to lock in the point.
This method can also be used to locate
minimums and intercepts.
Write/draw
Let f(x) = x, dom f(x) = R

Let g(x) = sin (x), dom g(x) = R
dom (f(x) g(x))
= dom f(x) dom g(x)
=R
So the domain of y = x sin (x) is R.
Worked Example 30
For the pair of functions f(x) = cos (x) and g( x ) = x :

a show that f(g(x)) is defined
b find f(g(x)) and state its domain
c sketch the graph of f(g(x)), using a CAS calculator for assistance.
Think
a For f(g(x)) to exist, the range of g must be a
Write/draw
f(x) = cos (x); domain of f(x) = R

g( x ) = x : range of g(x) = R+ {0}
Range of g(x) domain of f(x)
f(g(x)) is defined
f ( g( x )) = cos( x )
subset of the domain of f. So find both the

range of g and the domain of f to show that
this condition is observed.
Form the composite function f(g(x))
by substituting g(x) into f(x).
2 The domain of f(g(x)) must be the
same as the domain of g(x). Since the
domain of g(x) is R+ {0}, so is the
domain of f(g(x)).
c On a Graphs page, complete the function
entry line as:
f 1( x ) = cos( x )
Then press ENTER .
b
Domain of f(g(x)) = R+ {0}
Worked Example 32
Consider a remote island where global warming has caused the temperature to increase by
0.1degree each month. The mean daily temperature is modelled by the function
T ( m) = 16 + 0.1 m + 6 cos m ,
6
where T is the temperature in degrees Celsius and m is the number of months after January 2008.
a Sketch a graph of the function for a five year period from January 2008, using a CAS calculator
for assistance.
b Find the mean daily temperature for March 2009

c When will the mean daily temperature first reach 23 degrees?
Think
a On a Graphs page, complete the function
Write
entry line as:
f 1( x ) = 16 + 0.1x + 6 cos x
6
Then press ENTER .

Select an appropriate window:
XMin: 0
XMax: 60
YMin: 2.5
YMax: 30
b March 2009 occurs when m = 14.

line as:
f1(14)
Then press ENTER .
The mean daily temperature in March 2009 would

be 20.4 degrees Celsius.
c
To solve 23 = 16 + 0.1m + 6cos m ,

6
for m, return to the Graphs page.
f2(x) = 23
Then press ENTER .
Press:
MENU b
6: Analyze Graph 6
4: Intersection 4
Move the cursor to the left of the first
point of intersection, press
ENTER , then move the cursor
to the right of the first point of
intersection, press ENTER ,
the coordinates of the first point of
intersection are displayed.
m = 11.5631
Hence, the first time the temperature reaches
23 degrees Celsius will be during the 12th month
after January 2008. That is, during January 2009.
CHAPTER 7
Differentiation
WORKED EXAMPLE 12
If f ( x ) = x 3 2 x 2 +
a f (x)
8
, use a CAS calculator to find:
x
b f (2).
THINK
1
WRITE

MENU b
4: Calculus 4
1: Derivative 1
d 3
8
2
x 2 x + x
dx
d 3
8
2
x 2 x + x | x = 2
dx
Alternatively, press t to obtain the
expression template and choose the
derivative template.
Write the answers using the correct

notation for the derivative.
a f (x) = 3 x 2 4 x
b f (2) = 2
8
x2
CHAPTER 7 Differentiation
63
WORKED EXAMPLE 14
If f ( x ) =
1
2 x2
3x
, find f (x). Check your answer using a CAS calculator.
THINK
WRITE
f (x) =
Write the equation.
Express f (x) in index form.
Express y as a function of u.
Differentiate y with respect to u.
Express u as a function of x.
Differentiate u with respect to x.
du
= 4x 3
dx
Find f (x) using the chain rule.
3
dy
= f ( x ) = 12 u 2 (4 x 3)
dx
Replace u as a function of x and simplify.
3x
y = (2 x 2 3 x )
Let y = u
dy
=
du
1
2
1
2
where u = 2x2 3x
3
1
2
u
2
u = 2x2 3x
=
=
=
2x 2
(4 x 3) (2 x 2 3 x )
2
(4 x
3
2
3)
3
2(22 x 2 3 x ) 2
3 4x
2 (2
(2 x 2 3 x)
x )3

MENU b
4: Calculus 4
1: Derivative 1
d
1
dx 2 x 2 3 x
Press ENTER .
10
64
Note the answer from the CAS is not

expressed in the same format obtained
previously.
f ( x ) =
(4 x
3)
2 x (2 x 3) x (2 x 3)
WORKED EXAMPLE 24
Find the derivative of y = sin (5x).

THINK
WRITE
Write the equation.
y = sin (5x)
du
Express u as a function of x and find
.
dx
Let u = 5x so
du
=5
dx
Express y as a function of u and find
dy
.
du
y = sin (u) so
dy
= cos((u)
du
Find
Replace u with 5x.
It is important to note what happens when

a CAS calculator is used to answer this
question. On a calculator page, complete
the entry line as:
d
( sin(5x ) )
dx
Press ENTER .
Note: The calculator gives an incorrect
answer as it is set in Degree mode.
dy
using the chain rule.
dx
dy
= 5cos(u)
dx
= 5 cos (5x)
In differentiating circular functions, the

calculator needs to be set in Radian mode
as the angles are given in radians.
Write the answer, using the correct
notation for the derivative.
dy
= 5cos(55 x )
dx
65
WORKED EXAMPLE 33
For the function: f (x) = | x2 4x|:

a find the derivative
b sketch the graphs of y = f (x) and y = f (x) on the same set of axes.
THINK
WRITE
As f (x) = | x2 4x | is a composite
function, apply the chain rule to find
the derivative,
f (x) where g(x) = x2 4x and
h(x) = | x |.
To determine the domain of the

derivative, consider the graph of the
function
g(x) = x2 4x. From the graph,
x2 4x > 0
if x < 0 or x > 4 and x2 4x < 0 if
0 < x < 4.
Write the derivative with the correct

domain.
To differentiate f (x) = | x2 4x | with a

CAS calculator, on a Calculator page,
press:
MENU b
4: Calculus 4
1: Derivative 1
Alternatively press t to obtain
the expression template and choose the
derivative template.
d
x2 4x
dx
Press ENTER .
Note: The answer from the CAS is not

expressed as a hybrid function with the
correct domain and hence cannot be
used.
66
f (x) = h(g(x))
f (x) = g (x) h(g(x))
2
1 iff x 4 x > 0
f (x) = 2x 4
2
1 iff x 4 x < 0
2
2 x 4 if x 4 x > 0.
f (x) =
2
2 x + 4 if x 4 x < 0
y
4
3
2
1
0
1
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4 5x
2 x 4 if x < 0 orr x > 4

f ( x ) =
2 x + 4 if 0 < x < 4
)
|x|.sign
(x 4) + sign (x). | x 4 | is not an

acceptable answer.
Sketch the graph of f (x) = | x2 4x |.
Sketch the graph of the derivative,

2 x 4 if x < 0 orr x > 4
f (x) =
2 x + 4 if 0 < x < 4
For the graph of y = f (x), put open
circles at x = 0 and x = 4 as the
derivative is not defined at these
points.
f'(x) = 2x 4, x > 4
10
8
6
4
2
f(x) = | x 4x | 2
x
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2
4
f '(x) = 2x + 4, 0 < x < 4
6
8
f '(x) = 2x 4, x < 0
To graph f (x) = | x2 4x | and y = f (x)

with a CAS calculator, on a Graphs
page, complete the function entry
lines as:
f1(x) = | x2 4x |
d
x2 4x
f 2(x) =
dx
and press ENTER after each
entry.
Note: The open circles at x = 0 and
x = 4 are not displayed.
67
CHAPTER 8
Applications of differentiation
WORKED EXAMPLE 2
Find the equation of:

a the tangent
b the normal to the curve with the equation y = 3 loge (2x) at x = 1
c the tangent and the normal to the curve y = 3 loge (2x) at x = 1
THINK
WRITE
Write the equation.
y = 3 loge (2x)
Evaluate y when x = 1.
At x = 1, y = 3 loge (2)
Find
dy
.
dx
dy
when x = 1 to obtain the
dx
gradient of the tangent at x = 1.
Evaluate
Determine the equation of the

tangent at (1, 3 loge (2)).
Evaluate the gradient of the normal

1
.
which is
dy
dx
Determine the equation of the normal
at (1, 3 loge (2)).
dy 3(2)
=
dx
2x
3
=
x
dy 3
=
dx 1
=3
So gradient of tangent is 3.
a At x = 1,
Equation of tangent is
y 3 loge (2) = 3(x 1)
= 3x 3
y = 3x 3 + 3 loge (2)
b Gradient of normal is
1
.
3
Equation of normal is
y 3 loge (2) = 13 (x 1)
3y 9 loge (2) = 1(x 1)
= x + 1
x + 3y = 1 + 9 loge (2)
CHAPTER 8 Applications of differentiation
69
70

MENU b
4: Calculus 4
Select either
9: Tangent Line 9 or
A: Normal Line A.
tangentLine(3ln (2x), x, 1)
normalLine(3ln (2x), x, 1)
Note the answers from the CAS are

not written as equations.
y = 3 x + 3 ( loge (2 1)) is the equation of the

tangent.
x
9 loge (2 + 1)
y=
is the equation
+
3
3
of the normal.
WORKED EXAMPLE 3
a
b
c
d
Find the stationary points and their nature for the function f (x) = x3 + 5x2 8x 12.
Show that the curve passes through (1, 0).
Find the coordinates of all other intercepts.
Hence, sketch the graph of f (x).
THINK
WRITE/DRAW
Write the rule for f (x).
Differentiate f (x) to find f (x).
To find the stationary points with a

CAS calculator, on a Calculator page:
define the function f (x)
find f (x)
solve f (x) = 0
find the y-values of the stationary
points.
To do this, complete the entry lines as:
Define f (x) = x3 + 5x2 8x 12
f (x) = x3 + 5x2 8x 12
f (x) = 3x2 + 10x 8
d
( f ( x))
dx
solve(3x2 + 10x 8 = 0, x)
{ }
4,

4

stationary points.
The stationary points are (4, 36) and
Complete a gradient table to

determine the nature of the stationary
points.
Gradient table:
2 400
, 27
3
2
3
f (x)
Slope
).
Therefore (4, 36) is a local maximum stationary

point and ( 2 , 14 22
) is a local minimum stationary
27
3
point.
State each stationary point and its

nature.
b Show that f (1) = 0.
f (1) = (1)3 + 5(1)2 8(1) 12

= 1 + 5 + 8 12
=0
Therefore f (x) passes through (1, 0).
71
To find the x-intercepts, factorise

f (x) by long division, or by another
appropriate method, knowing that
(x + 1) is a factor of f (x).
Solve f (x) = 0.
State the coordinates of the

x-intercepts.
Evaluate f (0) to determine the

y-intercept.
State the coordinate of the

y-intercept.
d Sketch the graph of f (x) showing all
intercepts and stationary points.
As f (1) = 0 then (x + 1) is a factor of f (x)

and f (x) = (x + 1)(x2 + 4x 12)
= (x + 1)(x + 6)(x 2)
x-intercepts:
(x + 1)(x + 6)(x 2) = 0
x = 1 or 6 or 2
1, 0), (6, 0) and (2, 0).
The x-intercepts are (
f (0) = (0)3 + 5(0)2 8(0) 12
= 12
The y-intercept is (0, 12).
d
(4, 36)
f(x)
(6, 0)
(1, 0)
(2, 0) x
(0, 12)
)
( 23 , 14 22
27
72
WORKED EXAMPLE 6
Consider the function f ( x ) = ( x + 3)( x a) 2 where a is a positive real constant.

a Find f (x).
b Find the coordinates of the stationary points.
c Determine the nature of the stationary points.
d Find the value of a in exact form if the straight line with equation y = 5x + 15 intersects y = f (x)
at the maximum turning point.
THINK
WRITE
Store the function to f (x). On a

Calculator page, press:
MENU b
1: Actions 1
1: Define 1
Define f (x) = (x + 3)(x a)2
Press ENTER .
On the same Calculator page, select

the derivative template:
d
( f ( x))
dx
Press ENTER .
Write the derivative with the correct

notation.
Solve f (x) = 0 to find the x-values of

each stationary point.
On the same Calculator page, press:
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve((x + 3)(x a)2 = 0, x)
Press ENTER .
Substitute each value of x into

f (x) to find the y-coordinates of
the stationary points. On the same
line as:
f (x) = (x a)(3x a + 6)
b
a 6 4(a + 3)3
and (a, 0) are the coordinates
,
3
27
of the stationary points.
a6
f
, a .
3
Press ENTER .
Write the stationary points in
coordinate form.
73
To determine the nature of the

stationary points, let a = 1 (as a is
given as a positive real constant).
5 256
and (1, 0) are the stationary points.
,
3 27
Substitute a = 1 into the answer

found previously to obtain the
stationary points.
2
Complete a gradient table to

determine the nature of the stationary
points.
State the stationary points and their

nature.
f (x)
Slope
+
/
74
+
/
(a, 0) is a local minimum turning point and

a 6 4(a + 3)3
is a local maximum turning
3 ,
27
point.
d
Press ENTER .
Select the appropriate value of a
given that it is positive.
5 , 256 is a local maximum turning point.
3 27
4 ( a + 3)3 5(a 6)
solve
=
+ 15, a
27
3
(1, 0) is a local minimum turning point.
State the stationary points and their

nature in terms of a.
The maximum turning point lies on

the straight line
y = 5x + 15. Substitute the
coordinates of the turning point into
y = 5x + 15 and solve for a.
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
1 6 4(1 + 3)3
and (1, 0)
3 ,
27
a = 3( 5 2)
2
ChapTer 9
Integration
Worked example 5
5
Antidifferentiate 2 x + 3 .
Think
1
WriTe

MENU b
4: Calculus 4
3: Integral 3
Alternatively, select the indefinite integral
template from the Maths expression
template and fill in the required fields.
Complete the entry line as: 5 dx
2x + 3
Press ENTER .
Write the answer and put in the constant

of integration, as the CAS calculator
omits it. Also note that the CAS uses ln
instead of loge.
5
5

dx = loge 2 x + 3 + c
2x + 3
2
ChapTer 9 Integration
75
Worked Example 12
Find [2 e4 x 5sin(2 x ) + 4 x] dx .
Think
1
Write

MENU b
4: Calculus 4
3: Integral 3
(2e4 x 5sin(2 x ) + 4 x ) dx
Press ENTER .
Note: When integrating trigonometric
functions, ensure the CAS is set to radian
mode.
Write the answer and put in the constant

of integration.
(2e 4 x 5sin(2 x ) + 4 x ) dx
=
e 4 x 5cos(2 x )
+
+ 2x 2 + c
2
2
Worked Example 18
Find an approximation for the area between the

curve f(x) shown and the x-axis from x=1 to
x=3 using left rectangles of width 0.5 units.
The graph shown has the equation f(x) = 0.2x2 + 3.
f(x)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 x

Think
1
Store the function to f(x). On a Calculator

page, press:
MENU b
1: Actions 1
1: Define 1
Define f(x) = 0.2x2 + 3
Press ENTER .
To find the approximate area, complete

the entry line as:
0.5(f(1) + f(1.5) + f(2) + f(2.5))
Press ENTER .
Write the answer with the correct units

for area.
Write
The approximate area is 7.35 square units.
Worked Example 21
Evaluate the following definite integrals.

3
0 (3 x 2 + 4 x 1) dx
1 (2 x + 1)3 dx
Think
1
Write

MENU b
4: Calculus 4
3: Integral 3
Alternatively, select the definite integral
template from the expression template
and fill in the required fields.
3
0 (3x 2 + 4 x 1) dx
2
1 (2 x + 1)3 dx
2
Write the answers.
0 (3x 2 + 4 x 1) dx = 42
1 (2 x + 1)3 dx = 225
16
Worked Example 23
If
0 8 x dx = 36, find k.
Think
1
Write

MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
MENU b
4: Calculus 4
3: Integral 3
k
solve (8 x ) dx = 36, k
0
Press ENTER .
Write the solutions.
Solving (8 x ) dx = 36 for k implies k = 3 or

0
k = 3.
Chapter 9 Integration 77
Worked Example 27
a Express the shaded area as a definite integral.

b Calculate the area.
2
Think
integral and the area below the x-axis as an

integral. For the area below the x-axis, take
the negative of the integral from 0 to 2.
1

MENU b
4: Calculus 4
3: Integral 3
0
Area =
2 ( x 3 4 x ) dx 0 ( x 3 4 x )
2 ( x 3 4 x ) dx 0 ( x 3 4 x ) dx
Press ENTER .
Alternatively, take the absolute value
for the area below the x-axis as
shown.
Write
a Express the area above the x-axis as an
y = x3 4x
Write the area with the correct units.
The area is 8 square units.
dx
Worked Example 34
4
and g(x) = x intersect.
x
b
Sketch the graphs on the same axes. Shade the region between the two curves and x = 1 and
x = 3.
cFind the exact area between f(x) and g(x) from x = 1 to x = 3.
aFind the values of x where the graph of the functions f(x) =
Think
Write/draw
State the two functions.
Let f(x) = g(x) to find the values of x

where the graphs intersect.
Solve for x.
b Sketch f(x) and g(x) on the same axes and
f(x) =
4
, g(x) = x
x
For points of intersection, x =

x2 = 4
2

x 4=0
(x 2)(x + 2) = 0

x = 2 and x = 2
y
f(x) = x4
g(x) = x
shade the region between the two curves

from x = 1 to x = 3.
01 2 3
1
2
State the area as the sum of two

integrals for the two sub-intervals.
MENU b
4: Calculus 4
3: Integral 3
2
4
x
Area =
1 ( x x ) dx + 2 ( x x )
2
dx
( 4x x ) dx + ( x 4x ) dx
3
Press ENTER .
Write the area with the correct units.
4
The area is 4 loge + 1 square units.
3
Chapter 9 Integration 79
Worked Example 36
Find the average value of f(x) = loge (2x) for the interval [2, 4]. Give your answer in exact form.
Think
1
Write the relationship for the average

value and substitute the values for
a and b.
The integral of loge (2x) is not covered in

this course. The average value can only
be evaluated using a CAS Calculator.
MENU b
4: Calculus 4
3: Integral 3
Write
yav =
4
1
loge (2 x ) dx
2
42
1 4
( ln (2 x )) dx
2 2
Press ENTER .
Write the answer.
The average value f(x) = loge (2x) for the

interval [2, 4] is 4 loge (2) 1.
Worked example 39
The rate of change of position, velocity, of a particle travelling in a straight line is given by
dx
= 40 10 e 0.4 t m/s, t 0, where x is measured in metres and t in seconds.

dt
a Find the velocity:
i initially
ii after 10 seconds, correct to 2 decimal places.
b Find the time taken to reach a velocity of 35 m/s.
dx
c Sketch the graph of
against t.
dt
d Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 10 seconds.
Think
WriTe
The initial velocity occurs when

t = 0.
Substitute t = 0 into
ii
dx
.
dt
dx
= 40 10e 0.4 t
dt
= 40 10e 0.4 0
0
= 40 10e
= 40 10
= 30
Answer with the correct units.

dx
Substitute t = 10 into .
dt
Velocity is initially 30 m/s.
Answer with the correct units.
After 10 seconds, the velocity is 39.82 m/s.
b 1 Substitute
dx
= 35.
dt
dx
= 40 10e 0.4 10
dt
= 40 10e 4
= 39.82
dx
= 40 10e 0.4 t
dt
35 = 40 10e
Solve for t.
5 = 10e
0.4 t
0.4 t
e 0.4 t = 0.5
0.4t = ln(0.5)
ln(0.5)
0.4
= 1.73 s
t=
Answer the question correct to

2 decimal places.
Time taken is 1.73 seconds.
ChapTer 9 Integration
81
c
To graph dx = 40 10e 0.4 t , on a
dt
Graphs page, complete the function
entry line as:
f1(x) = 40 10e 0.4 x

Press ENTER .
Note the viewing window settings:
Xmin: 0, Xmax: 15, Ymin: 0 and Ymax: 55
When drawing your graph, label the

axes with the given variables.
Note the horizontal asymptote
dx = 40 is not displayed. The
dt
asymptotic behaviour of the
function, however, is clearly
visible.
d 1 Distance travelled = area under the
graph State the distance as a definite

integral.
2
Antidifferentiate.
Evaluate the integral.
dx
= 40 10e 0.4 t
dt
x=
10
(40 10e
10
= 40t + 25e 0.4 t
= (40 10 + 25e 0.4 10 ) (40 0 + 25e
= (400 + 25e 4 ) (25e 0 )

4
= 400 + 25e 25
= 375 + 25e
= 375.46
82
State the distance travelled with correct

units.
The distance travelled is the definite

integral, complete as shown.
0.4 t
) dt
0.4 0
The distance travelled in the first 10 seconds is

375.46 metres.
ChapTer 10
Discrete random variables

Worked example 25
Find the expected value and variance of the following probability distribution table.
x
Pr(X = x)
0.15
0.12
0.24
0.37
0.12
Think
1
Open a Lists & Spreadsheet page. Label

column A as x and column B as probx.
Enter the data into the relevant columns.
Press:
MENU b
4: Statistics 4
1: One-Variable Statistics 1
The number of lists is 1. The X1 List is x
and the frequency is probx.
The expected value and the variance

(SSD) can be read from the screen. You
will need to scroll down to get the value
of the variance.
WriTe
E(X) = 3.19
Var(X) = 1.5339
ChapTer 10 Discrete random variables
83
Worked Example 28
A random variable has the following probability distribution.

x
Pr(X = x)
1
4
3
8
1
8
1
4
Calculate the expected value, the variance and the standard deviation.
Think
1
Open a Lists & Spreadsheet page. Label

column A as x and column B as probx.
Enter the data into the relevant columns.
Press:
MENU b
4: Statistics 4
1: One-Variable Statistics 1
The number of lists is 1. The X1 List is x
and the frequency is probx.
The expected value and the variance

(SSD) and the standard deviation can
be read from the screen. You will need
to scroll down to get the value of the
variance.
Write
E(X) = 1.375
Var(X) 1.2344
SD(x) 1.1110
ChapTer 11
The binomial distribution

Worked example 2
A binomial variable, X, has the probability function Pr(X = x) = 6Cx(0.4)x(0.6)6 x

where x = 0, 1, . . . 6. Find:
a n, the number of trials
b p, the probability of success
c the probability distribution for x as a table.
Think
1
WriTe
A CAS calculator can also be used to find

the probability distribution.
n=6
p = 0.4
X Bi(6, 0.4)
MENU b
5: Probability 5
5: Distributions 5
D: BinomialPdf D
Enter values of n and p, using Tab e to
move between fields.
Press ENTER .
Scroll across to see all the probabilities.
Write the distribution in a table.
x
Pr(X = 0)
Pr(X = 1)
Pr(X = 2)
Pr(X = 3)
Pr(X = 4)
Pr(X = 5)
Pr(X = 6)
Pr(X = x)
0.046 656
0.186 624
0.311 04
0.276 48
0.138 24
0.036 864
0.004 096
ChapTer 11 The binomial distribution
85
Worked Example 4
A new drug for hay fever is known to be successful in 40% of cases. Ten hay fever sufferers take
part in the testing of the drug. Find the probability, correct to 4 decimal places, that:
a four people are cured b no people are cured c all 10 are cured.
Think
Write
Check that all the characteristics

have been satisfied for a binomial
distribution.
Write the rule for the binomial
probability distribution.
Define and assign values to variables.
Substitute the values into the rule.
Evaluate.
= 210 0.0256 0.046 656

= 0.250 822 656
Round the answer to 4 decimal

places.
Note: A CAS calculator can also be
used to calculate the probability for a
particular x-value.
Find the number of trials, n,
the probability of success, p, and
the x-value you want to find the
probability of.
MENU b
5: Probability 5
5: Distributions 5
D: Binomial Pdf D
Enter values of n, p and x, using
Tab e to move between fields.
0.2508
This is a binomial distribution with n independent

trials and two outcomes, p and q.
Pr(X = x) = nCxpxqn x
n = 10
Let X = the number of people cured, therefore
x=4
p = 0.4
q = 0.6
Pr(X = 4) = 10C4(0.4)4 (0.6)6
n = 10
p = 0.4
X ~ Bi(10, 0.4)
X = the number of people cured; therefore x = 4.
Press ENTER .
Write the solution.
10
Answer the question and round to

4 decimal places.
Repeat as above using the CAS

calculator to find Pr(X = 0).

4 decimal places.

calculator to find Pr(X = 10).

4 decimal places.
Pr(X = 4) = binomPdf(10, 0.4, 4)

= 0.250823
The probability that 4 people are cured is 0.2508.
b
X ~ Bi(10, 0.4)
As X = the number of people cured,
therefore x = 0.
Pr(X = 0) = binomPdf(10, 0.4, 0)
= 0.0060466
The probability that no people are cured is 0.0060.
X ~ Bi(10, 0.4)
As X = the number of people cured,
therefore x = 10.
Pr(X = 10) = binomPdf(10, 0.4, 10)
= 0.00010486
The probability that no people are cured is 0.0001.
Chapter 11 The binomial distribution 87
Worked Example 5
Grant is a keen darts player and knows that his chance of scoring a bullseye on any one throw
is 0.3.
a If Grant takes 6 shots at the target, find the probability, correct to 4 decimal places, that he:
i misses the bullseye each time
ii
hits the bullseye at least once.
b
Find the number of throws Grant would need to ensure a probability of more than 0.8 of scoring
at least one bullseye.
Think
Write
a i 1 Check that all the
2
3
4
5
characteristics have been

satisfied for a binomial
distribution.
Write the rule for the binomial
probability distribution.
Define and assign values to
variables.
Substitute the values into the

rule.
Evaluate and round answer to
4 decimal places.
Note: Check the answer using
binomPdf(6, 0.3, 0).
Answer the question.
ii 1 Define and assign values to
variables.
Note: Pr(X 1) would involve
adding probabilities from
Pr(X = 1) to Pr(X = 6). Using the
fact that Pr(X 1) = 1 Pr(X = 0)
allows us to solve the problem
using fewer terms.
Substitute the values into the
rule.
Evaluate and round answer to

4 decimal places.
Note: Check the answer using
1 binomPdf(6, 0.3, 0).
Answer the question.
i This is a binomial distribution with n independent
trials and two outcomes, p and q.
n=6
Let X = the number of bullseyes, therefore
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
p = 0.3
q = 0.7
Pr(X = 0) = 6C0(0.3)0(0.7)6
= 1 1 0.117 649
= 0.117 649
0.1176
The probability that Grant misses the bullseye
each time is 0.1176.
ii n = 6
Let X = the number of bullseyes, therefore

x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
p = 0.3
q = 0.7
Pr(X 1) = Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2)

+ ... + Pr(X = 6)
= 1 Pr(X = 0)
= 1 6C0(0.3)0(0.7)6
= 1 0.117 649
= 0.882 351
0.8824
The probability that Grant hits the bullseye at least
once is 0.8824.

MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
solve(1 0.7n > 0.8, n)
Then press ENTER .
Write the solution.
Interpret the results and answer the

question.
Solving 1 0.7n > 0.8 for n implies

n > 4.51234
Grant would need to take 5 shots to ensure a
probability of 0.8 of scoring at least one bullseye.
Worked Example 8
So Jung has a bag containing 4 red and 3 blue marbles. She selects a marble at random and then
replaces it. She does this 7 times. Find the probability, correct to 4 decimal places, that:
a at least 5 marbles are red
b greater than 3 are red
c no more than 2 are red.
Think
State the probability distribution and

define and assign values to variables.

MENU b
5: Probability 5
5: Distributions 5
E: Binomial Cdf E
Enter values of n and p, using
Tab e to move between fields.
Enter lower bound as 5 and upper
bound as 7, as the number of trials
is 7.
Write
Let X = number of red marbles selected

n=7
p= 4
7
4
X ~ Bi(7, 7 )
As X = number of red marbles selected, therefore
x = 5.
We want at least 5 red marbles, Pr(X 5)
Press ENTER .
Write the solution.

4 decimal places.
Repeat as above, using the CAS

calculator to find Pr(X > 3).
Note: Only inclusive values can be
entered into the CAS calculator,
Pr(X > 3) = Pr(X 4)
Remember that only discrete
values are possible for a binomial
distribution.
Pr(X 5) = binomCdf(7, 4 , 5, 7)
7
= 0.359345
The probability that at least 5 red marbles are
chosen is 0.3593.
b
Pr(X > 3) = binomCdf(7, 7 , 4, 7)

= 0.65310008

4 decimal places.
Repeat as above, using the CAS
calculator to find Pr(X 2).
Note: this time the upper bound will
be 2 and the lower bound will be 0.
Write the solution.

4 decimal places.
The probability that greater than 3 marbles are

chosen is 0.6531.
c
Pr(X 2) = binomCdf(7, 4 , 0, 2)
7
= 0.126584
The probability that no more than 2 marbles are
chosen is 0.1266.
Worked Example 13
Using the above data for attending the gym or aerobics class, find:
a the proportion of people attending the gym and aerobics class on the 5th day
b the number of people attending the gym or aerobics class in the long term.
Think
Write down the transition matrix.
Write down a suitable initial state

matrix. In this case, it is the initial
numbers of people attending the gym
and aerobics class.
Identify which state matrix is
required.
On a Calculator page, complete the
entry lines as:
3
4
Write
0.8 0.7
T=
0.2 0.3
150
S0 =
50
As S0 corresponds to day 1, therefore day 5

corresponds to the state matrix S4.
0.8 0.7
0.2 0.3 t
150
50 s 0
Calculate the proportion of people

attending the gym or aerobics on the
5th day.
That is, S4 = T4 S0.
Write the solution.
S4 = T4 S0
150
0.8 0.7
=
50
0.2
0.3
155.555
=
44.445
7
Answer the question (rounding to the

nearest whole number).
On the 5th day, there will be 156 people at the

gym and 44 people attending the aerobics class.

calculator to find the long-term
proportion. Choose n = 50.
S50 = T50 S0
Write the solution.
S50 = T50 S0
50
150
0.8 0.7
=
50
0.2
0.3
155.555
=
44.445
3
Answer the question (rounding to the

nearest whole number).
In the long-term, 156 people attend the gym and

44 people go to aerobics class.
Chapter 12
Continuous distributions
Worked example 4
logg e ((0.5 x )
, 2 x 2e
f
(
x
)
=
2
A random variable, X, has its frequency curve defined as
.
0,
elsewhere
Calculate the probability, correct to 4 decimal places, that X is:
a less than 4
b between 2.5 and 3.5.
think
Write
The required probability can be

obtained by evaluating the definite
integral of f (x) over the interval
[2, 4].
Note: Remember Pr(X < 4) =
Pr(X 4) because Pr(X = 4) = 0
MENU b
4: Calculus 4
3: Integral 3
4
2
2
ln(0.5 x )
dx
2
Press ENTER .
Write the solution, rounding to
4 decimal places.
Find the required probability as shown

above, this time using the interval
[2.5, 3.5].
Write the solution, rounding to 4 decimal
places.
Pr(X < 4) = Pr(2 X < 4)

4 log
ge ((0.5 x )
dx
=
2
2
= 0.3863
b
3.5 log
ge ((0.5 x )
Pr(2.5 X 3.5) = 2.5
dx
= 0.2004
Chapter 12 Continuous distributions
95
Worked example 5
1 1 x
2
A random variable, X, has its frequency curve defined as f (x) = 2 e , x > 0

.
0,
a Draw the graph of f (x).
elsewhere
b Show that f (x) is a probability density function.

c Find the probability, correct to 4 decimal places, that X is:
i smaller than 3
ii greater than 2.5
iii greater than 2.5, given that it is smaller than 3.
think
Write
a Draw the graph of f (x). It is a decreasing
function with a starting point (0, 1 ) and a

2
horizontal asymptote y = 0.
y
1
(0, 2)
0
b
A pdf must be greater than or equal

to 0 for all values of x. Check
whether this condition is observed by
inspecting the graph of f (x).
Find the total area under the curve

by evaluating the definite integral of
f (x).
Note that the interval over which the
integral needs to be evaluated is
[0, ). So, in this case, evaluate
k
lim
f ( x ) dx.
k
Substitute the terminals in and

evaluate the limit. Remember that

lim 1 = 0.
k
k
e2
Both conditions required for the
function to be a pdf are observed.
State your conclusion.
i The required probability can be
obtained by evaluating the definite

integral of f (x) over the interval
[0, 3]. Use the expression for the
antiderivative found in part b to
speed up your calculations. Give
your answer correct to 4 decimal
places.
96
b f (x) 0 for all x
k 0
A = lim
1
e
2
1
= lim e
k 2
= klim
e
ddx
k
2 0
0
k
1
lim
= k 1 x
e 2 0
1
1
lim k
= k
0
e 2 e
=0+
1
1
=1
Since f (x) 0 for all x and the total area under the
curve is 1, f (x) is a pdf.
c i Pr(X < 3) =
31
0 2
1
x
2
ddx
1
= x
e 0
1
2
1
1
= 3 0
e2 e
= 0.7769
ii
To find Pr(X > 2.5),

evaluate the integral of f (x)
over the interval [2.5,].
Alternatively, find Pr(X<2.5)
and subtract it from 1. This
method avoids finding limits,
as the interval over which the
integral needs to be evaluated
is [0,2.5], that is, it does not
involve .
ii Pr(X > 2.5) = 1 Pr(X < 2.5)
=1
2.5 1
ddx
2.5
1
=1 1
e 2 x 0
1 1
= 1 2.5 0
2 e
e
= 1 0.7135
= 0.2865
The required probability can

also be obtained by using the
CAS over the interval [2.5, )
MENU b
4: Calculus 4
3: Integral 3
2.5 2 e 2
ddxx
Press ENTER
iii
Write the solution, rounding

Note: The answer is the same
as above.
Write the appropriate

statement for the conditional
probability.
Using the CAS as shown

above, find Pr(2.5 < X < 3),
with your interval as [2.5, 3].
Fill in the required values into

the conditional probability
statement. Answer to 4 decimal
places.
1
x
2
1e
2.5 2
= 0.2865
Pr(X > 2.5) =
iii Pr( X > 2.5X < 3) =
ddx
Pr[( X > 2.5) ( X < 3)]

Pr(( X < 3)
Pr(2.5 < X < 3)
Pr(( X < 3)
Pr(2.5 < X < 3) = 0.06337
Pr( X > 2.5X < 3) =
Pr(2.5 < X < 3)

Pr(( X < 3)
0.06337
0.7769
= 0.0816
=
97
Worked example 8
Find the variance and standard deviation for the following probability density function.
1
x ,1 x2
f (x) =
.
2
0,
elsewhere
think
1
On a Calculator age, press:

Using CAS, press
MENU b
1: Actions 1
1: Define 1
Complete the entry line
1
Define f ( x ) = x
2
Then press:
MENU b
4: Calculus 4
3: Integral 3
2
xf ( x ) dx
1
Then press ENTER .

Repeat for E(X2)
2
x 2 f ( x ) dx
1
98
Calculate the variance and the standard

deviation as shown
11
Var( X ) =
144
11
SD( X ) =
12
Write
Worked example 9
logg e ( x ), 1 < x < e

The probability density function for X is given by f ( x ) =
.
elsewher
elsewhere
0,
Calculate, correct to 3 decimal places:
a the mean
b the median
c the standard deviation
d Pr( 2 X + 2).
think
Write
Write the formula for finding the

mean of the continuous random
variable.
We need to use the CAS calculator to
integrate and find the probability.
entry line as:
= E( X ) = x loge ( x ) dx
0
x dx
1 ( x ln( x))
Then press ENTER .
= E( X ) = x loge ( x ) ddx
Write the solution and round to

3 decimal places.
Write the formula for finding the

median.
MENU b
3: Algebra 3
1: Solve 1
m
1
solvee ( ln( x ) ) ddxx = , m
2
1
Then press ENTER .
Write the solution.
As 1 m e, so m must be the
bigger of the two possible solutions.
3 decimal places.
= 2.097
b
logge ( x ) ddx =
1
2
Solving logge ( x ) ddx =

1
1
2
for m implies
m = 0.1866 or m = 2.1555.
The median is 2.156.
99
We first need to find the variance.

entry line as:
Var(X) = x 2 loge ( xx) dx 2.

1
1 ( x 2 ln( x )) dx (2.09726)2
e
Then press ENTER .
100
SD(X) = Var( X )
Calculate the standard deviation,

= 0.176047371282
= 0.420
Find the intervals 2 and + 2.
State the interval

2 X + 2.
2 X + 2
= 1.2581 X 2.9364
= 1.2581 X e, since 2.9364 > e (the upper
value).
Calculate Pr( 2 X + 2)
using the CAS calculator.
Pr( 2 X + 2) =
2 = 2.097 2 0.420
= 1.2581
+ 2 = 2.097 + 2 0.420
= 2.9364
1.2581
logge ( x ) ddx
= 0.969
Note that in this example, 96.9% of the data lies
within 2 standard deviations of the mean, which is
close to the estimated value of 95%.
Worked example 15
Calculate the value of the following probabilities, correct to 4 decimal places.

a Pr(Z < 2)
b Pr(Z 0.728)
c Pr(2.02 < Z < 1.59)
think
Draw a diagram and shade the region

required.
Write
0
2

MENU b
5: Probability 5
5: Distributions 5
2: Normal Cdf 2
Enter the values as shown.
Note: As we are dealing with a Z
variable, = 0 and = 1.
The lower limit is as there is no
end point for the function.
Press ENTER .
Write the solution and round the

answer to 4 decimal places.

required.
Pr(Z < 2) = normCdf (,2,0,1)

= 0.9772.
b
0.728 0
101
For Pr(Z 0.728), repeat as above

on the CAS calculator, this time the
lower limit is 0.728 and the upper
limit is .
Remember: Pr(X = a) = 0
Pr(X > a) = Pr(X a)


required.
Pr(Z 0.728) = normCdf (0.728,,0,1)

= 0.7667.
c
2.02
102
For Pr(2.02 < Z < 1.59), repeat as

above on the CAS calculator. This
time the lower limit is 2.02 and the
upper limit is 1.59.

0 1.59
Pr(2.02 < Z < 1.59) = normCdf (2.02,1.59,0,1)

= 0.9224.
Worked example 16
If X is normally distributed with = 50 and = 8, calculate, correct to 4 decimal places:

a Pr(X > 55)
b Pr(28 < X < 65)
c Pr(X < 40 | X < 70).
think

required.
Write
50 55
2
For Pr(X > 55) repeat as shown in

Worked example 15.
Note: As we are dealing with an
X variable, the mean and standard
deviation have changed and are now
50 and 8, respectively.
Press ENTER .


required.
Pr(X > 55) = normCdf (55,,50,8)

= 0.2660
b
28
2
For Pr(28 < X < 65), repeat as above

on the CAS. This time the lower
limit is 28 and the upper limit is 65.
50
65
Pr(28 < X < 65) = normCdf (28,65,50,8)

= 0.9666.
103
Write the rule for conditional

probability.
Note: Pr(X < 40 | X < 70) =
Pr(X < 40). This is given by the
overlapping region in the diagram
below.
Pr(( X < 40 | X < 70) =
Pr[( X < 40) ( X < 70)]

Pr(( X < 70)
Pr(( X < 40)

Pr(( X < 70)
Pr(( X < 40 | X < 70) =
Pr(( X < 40)

Pr(( X < 70)
Pr (X < 40)
Pr (X < 70)
Region required
40 50 70
2
Find the individual probabilities of

the fraction using the CAS, as seen
previously in the example.

nor
normCdf
( ,,40,50,8)
nor
normCdf
( ,,70,50,8)
0.105650
=
0.993790
Pr(( X < 40)
Pr(( X < 40 | X < 70) =
Pr(( X < 70)
nor
normCdf
( ,,40,50,8)
=
nor
normCdf
( ,,70,50,8)
=
= 0.1063
104
Worked example 20
Find the value of c, correct to 3 decimal places, in the following.

a Pr(Z < c) = 0.57
b Pr(Z c) = 0.91
think
To calculate Pr(Z < c) = 0.57, draw

a diagram and shade the region
required.
Write
a
57%
0 c
2
As the shaded area is to the left

of the unknown value, we can use
invNorm straight away.
MENU b
5: Probability 5
5: Distributions 5
3: Inverse Normal 3
Note: As we are dealing with a Z
variable, = 0 and = 1.
Press ENTER .
Write the solution and round to 3

decimal places.
To calculate Pr(Z c) = 0.91, draw

a diagram and shade the region
required.
c = invNorm(0.57,0,1)
= 0.176
b
91%
c
2
For this example, the shaded area is

to the right of the unknown value, so
we subtract the given area from 1.
Pr(Z < c) = 1 Pr(Z > c)

= 1 0.91
= 0.09
105
106
Find the value of c using the CAS as

shown above.

3 decimal places.
c = invNorm(0.09, 0, 1)
= 1.341
Worked Example 23
X is normally distributed with a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 2. Calculate x1, correct to
3 decimal places, if:
a Pr(X x1) = 0.65
b Pr(X > x1) = 0.85.
Think

required.
Write
0.65
10 x1
2
As the shaded area is to the left

of the unknown value, we can use
invNorm straight away.
Note: This time we are dealing
with an X variable, so the mean and
standard deviation have changed
from 0 and 1, respectively. From the
information,
= 10 and = 2.
Press ENTER .

3 decimal places.

required.
x1 = invNorm(0.65,10,2)
= 10.771
b
0.85
x1
10
For this example, the shaded area is

to the right of the unknown value, so
we subtract the given area from 1.
Pr(Z < x1) = 1 Pr(Z > x1)

= 1 0.85

= 0.15
Find the value of c using the CAS as

shown previously. Write the solution
and round to 3 decimal places.
x1 = invNorm(0.15,10,2)
= 7.927
Chapter 12 Continuous distributions 107

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VCE M AT H EM AT I CS U N I T S 3 & 4

TI-NSPIRE C AS C ALCULATOR COMPANION

First published 2013 by

Graphs and polynomials

Functions and transformations

Exponential and logarithmic equations

Discrete random variables

Exponential and logarithmic graphs

Circular (trigonometric) functions

The binomial distribution

Graphs and polynomials

Use the binomial theorem to expand (2 x 3)4.

On a Calculator page, press:

Write the result.

(2x 3)4 = 16x4 96x3 + 216x2 216x + 81

ChapTer 1 Graphs and polynomials

Given that P ( x ) = 6 2 x + 3 x 2 + x 4 , Q( x ) = x 5 2 x 4 + x 2 5 x 2and R( x ) = x 2 4, find:

On a Calculator page, define the

To calculate P(x) + Q(x), complete

b To calculate P(x) R(x), complete the entry

2 Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS

If p( x ) = ax 5 + x 4 3 x 3 + bx 5, p( 1) = 5 and p(2) = 65 , find the values of a and b.

On a Calculator page, define the

Write the answer.

Given p(x) = ax5 + x4 3x3 + bx 5 and solving

On a Calculator page, press:

Write the answer.

Dividing x4 3x3 + 2x2 8 by x + 2 gives

Chapter 1 Graphs and polynomials 3

Determine whether or not D( x ) = ( x 3) is a factor of P(x) = 2x3 4x2 3x 8.

On a Calculator page, define P(x) by

Since p(3) = 1, (x 3) is not a factor

4 Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS

p(3) 0 so ( x 3) is not a factor of P(x).

aFactorise P(x) = 2x3 x2 13x 6.b Solve 2x3 x2 13x 6 = 0.

On a Calculator page, define the

Write the answer.

To solve P(x) = 0, complete the entry

Write the answer.

Factorising p(x) = 2x3 x2 13x 6 gives

Solving 2x3 x2 13x 6 = 0 gives

Chapter 1 Graphs and polynomials 5

Substitute the smallest value of x into

Solve the equation for y, to find an

State the coordinates of the end point.

(3, 10) is a closed end of the line.

Substitute the largest value of x into

Solve the equation for y, to find the

State the coordinates of the 2nd end

Draw a straight line between the two

Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods CAS

State the domain, which is given

The range is [10, 2].

Sketch the graph.

State the domain and range.

The domain is (, 1).

On a Graphs page, complete the function

Sketch a parabola through these points.

Chapter 1 Graphs and polynomials 7

Sketch the graph of y = x 3 x 2 10 x 8, showing all intercepts.

Use a CAS calculator to solve for x.

State the x-intercepts.

Sketch the graph of the cubic.