Automotive Lubricants

Reference Book
Second Edition

List of Chapters
Chapter 1Introduction and Fundamentals
1.1 Lubricants in History
1.2 Functions of a Lubricant
1.3 Approval of Lubricants for Use
1.4 Friction and Wear, Lubrication and Tribology

1.4.1 The Mechanics of Friction

1.4.2 Dry Friction

1.4.3 Lubricated Sliding

1.4.4 Boundary Lubrication

1.4.5 Extreme Pressure (EP) Conditions

1.4.6 Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lubrication
1.5 Solid and Grease Lubricants

1.5.1 Solid Lubricants

1.5.2 Greases
1.6 Unlubricated Conditions
1.7 Lubrication Requirements of Different

Systems

1.7.1 Simple Systems

1.7.2 Internal Combustion Engines

1.7.3 Special Systems
1.8 References

Chapter 3Crankcase Oil Testing

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Laboratory Bench Tests

3.2.1 Tests for Physical Properties

3.2.2 Chemical Tests and Properties
3.3 Performance Testing

3.3.1 Bench Performance Tests

3.3.2 Laboratory Engine Tests

3.3.3 Field Testing
3.4 Precision and Accuracy; Testing Statistics of .

Automotive Lubricants

3.4.1 Basic Statistical Principles

3.4.2 Laboratory Tests on Petroleum

Products

3.4.3 Engine Tests

3.4.4 Reference Lubricants

3.4.5 Reference Fuels
3.5 Tests on Used Oils

3.5.1 Tests for Evaluation of Oil Condition

3.5.2 Testing for Equipment Condition
3.6 References

Chapter 2Constituents of Modern Lubricants

2.1 Base Stocks

2.1.1 Conventionally Refined Petroleum

Base Stocks

2.1.2 Modern Conversion Processes

2.1.3 Reclaimed Base Stocks

2.1.4 Other Types of Base Stocks
2.2 Additives

2.2.1 Pour Point Depressants

2.2.2 Viscosity Modifiers

2.2.3 Anti-Oxidants

2.2.4 Detergents and Detergent Inhibitors

2.2.5 Dispersants

2.2.6 Detergent Formulations

2.2.7 Anti-Wear Additives

2.2.8 Friction Modifiers

2.2.9 Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors

2.2.10 Emulsifiers

2.2.11 Demulsifiers

2.2.12 Anti-Foam Additives

2.2.13 Other Additives

2.2.14 Interchangeability of Additives
2.3 References

Chapter 4Crankcase Oil Quality Levels and

Formulations
4.1 Evolution of Quality Levels

4.1.1 Gasoline Engine Oils

4.1.2 Diesel Engine Oils

4.1.3 Multipurpose Gasoline/Diesel Oils

4.1.4 Super Tractor Universal Oils (STUOs)
4.2 Formulating a Crankcase Oil

4.2.1 Choice of Base Stocks

4.2.2 Choice of Viscosity Modifier

4.2.3 Developing the Performance Package

4.2.4 Evaluating and Finalizing a

Formulation
4.3 Specialized Crankcase Oils
4.4 References
Chapter 5Practical Experiences with Lubricant
Problems
5.1 Use of Inappropriate Lubricants
5.2 Lubricant/Design Interactions
5.3 Inadequate Test Procedures
5.4 New Marketing Initiatives
5.5 References

Automotive Lubricants Reference Book

Second Edition
Chapter 6Performance Levels, Classification,
Specification, and Approval of Engine Lubricants
6.1 Definitions
6.2 Performance Measurement

6.2.1 Performance Parameters

6.2.2 Performance Requirements for

Gasoline Engine Oils

6.2.3 Performance Requirements for

Diesel Engine Oils

6.2.4 Problems with Engine Test

Procedures
6.3 The Organizations Involved and Their Roles

6.3.1 The United States

6.3.2 Europe

6.3.3 Japan

6.3.4 Other Countries

6.3.5 The International Scene
6.4 General Comments

6.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages

of Establishing a New Quality Level

6.4.2 Motor Industry and User Quality

Level Philosophies
6.5 References
Chapter 7Other Lubricants for Road Vehicles
7.1 Gear Oils

7.1.1 Introduction

7.1.2 Additives

7.1.3 Automotive Gear Oil Formulation

7.1.4 Gear Oil Testing

7.1.5 Gear Oil Specifications and Quality

Levels

7.1.6 Limited-Slip Differentials
7.2 Automatic Transmission Fluids (ATF)

7.2.1 Introduction

7.2.2 Characteristics of a Conventional

Automatic Transmission

7.2.3 Requirements of an Automatic

Transmission Fluid (ATF)

7.2.4 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF)

Testing

7.2.5 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF)

Formulation

7.2.6 Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF)

Approvals and Specifications

7.2.7 Tractor Hydraulic Fluids
7.3 Greases

7.3.1 Introduction

7.3.2 Characteristics of Common Greases

7.3.3 Grease Manufacture

7.3.4 Grease Testing

7.3.5 Use of Grease in Motor Vehicles
7.4 References

Chapter 8Other Specialized Oils of Interest

8.1 Small-Engine Oils (Two- and Four-Stroke

Engines)

8.1.1 Automobile Engines

8.1.2 Mopeds, Motorscooters, and

Lawnmowers

8.1.3 Chainsaws

8.1.4 Motorcycles

8.1.5 Outboard Motors

8.1.6 Small-Engine Oil Tests and

Specifications

8.1.7 General-Purpose Two-Stroke Oils
8.2 Gas Turbine Oils
8.3 Railroad Oils
8.4 Hydraulic Oils
8.5 Lubricants for Air-Conditioning Systems
8.6 Industrial Lubricants in Automotive

Manufacturing Plants
8.7 References
Chapter 9Blending, Storage, Purchase, and Use
9.1 Deciding on Oil Composition
9.2 Purchasing the Components

9.2.1 Component Specifications

9.2.2 Checking Incoming Materials
9.3 Oil Blending

9.3.1 Batch Blending

9.3.2 Automated and In-Line Blending
9.4 Quality Control
9.5 External Monitoring Schemes
9.6 Storage of Lubricants

9.6.1 Bulk Storage in Tank

9.6.2 Barrel Storage

9.6.3 Cans and Small Packages
9.7 Purchasing Lubricants

9.7.1 Quality Considerations
9.8 Oil Use for Small Users
9.9 Use of Lubricants in Large Plants
9.10 Complaints and Troubleshooting

9.10.1 Complaint Procedure

9.10.2 Laboratory Examination of Samples

9.10.3 The Usual Causes of Complaints
Chapter 10Safety, Health, and the
Environment (SHE)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Notification Laws for New Substances
10.3 Classification and Labeling
10.4 Toxicology of Lubricants

10.4.1 Base Stocks

10.4.2 Additives

10.4.3 Unused Lubricants

10.4.4 Used Lubricants
10.5 Biodegradability

Automotive Lubricants Reference Book

Second Edition

10.6 Lubricant Effects on Automotive Emissions

10.7 Disposal of Used Lubricants
10.8 Transportation
10.9 Marketing Aspects
10.10 References

Chapter 11The Future

11.1 The Influences for Change

11.1.1 End Users

11.1.2 Oil Companies

11.1.3 Vehicle Manufacturers

11.1.4 Technical Societies

11.1.5 Environmental Pressures
11.2 Predicting the Future
11.3 Changes to Existing Types of Formulations

11.3.1 Alternative Base Stocks

11.3.2 Additive Technology
11.4 External Factors Influencing Oil Quality

11.4.1 New Hardware

11.4.2 Hardware Problems

11.4.3 Demands of Ancillaries

11.4.4 Alternative Fuels

11.4.5 Emissions Effects

11.4.6 Safety, Health, and the Environment

(SHE)

11.4.7 Oil Supply and Consumer Buying

Habits
11.5 Developments in Testing, Classifications,

and Approvals

11.5.1 Test Costs

11.5.2 Quality Approval Procedures

11.5.3 Oil Quality Development
11.6 Future Crankcase Oils
11.7 Other Automotive Lubricants
11.8 Conclusions
11.9 References
Appendices
1. Glossary
2. Common Automotive Acronyms

b.

SAE J2227 International Tests and

Specifications for Automotive Engine Oils

8. Approximate Engine and Rig-Test Prices2001

9. Engine Oil Viscosity Classification (SAE J300)
10. Crankcase Lubricant Performance Standards
a. ILSAC GF-3 Minimum Performance

Standard for Passenger-Car Engine Oils
b. ACEA European Oil Sequences 2002
c. Recommended GuidelineGlobal

Performance Specification for Diesel Engine

Oil (Global DHD-1 )
d. Global Performance Specifications for

Light-Duty Diesel Engine Oil (Global DLD-1,

DLD-2, and DLD-3)
11. Gear Oil Classifications (SAE J306 and J308)
a. SAE J306 Automotive Gear Lubricant

Viscosity Classification
b. SAE J308 Axle and Manual Transmission

Lubricants
12. Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) Specifications
and Approvals
13. Automotive Lubricating Greases (SAE J310)
14. Small-Engine (2T/4T) Lubricant Tests and
Classifications
a. The CEC/API Two-Stroke Classification:

Two-Stroke Cycle Gasoline Engine

Lubricants Performance and Service

Classification (SAE J2116)
b. The ICOMIA Specification: Lubricating Oil

for Two-Stroke Cycle Marine Engines

Reduced Environmental Impact (ICOMIA

Standard No. 2797)
c. JASO T 903:1998: Motorcycles

Four-Stroke Cycle Gasoline Engine Oils
15. Physical and Chemical Properties of Engine Oils
(SAE J357)
16. Useful Industry Websites

3. Basic Petroleum Chemistry

Index

4. The S.I. System of Units

About the Authors

5. Engine Oil Tests (SAE J304)

6. Precision of Laboratory Tests
7. Engine Oil Performance Classifications (SAE J183
and J2227)
a. SAE J183 Engine Oil Performance and

Engine Service Classification (Other than

Energy Conserving)