Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Author(s)
Kuang, Jun-shang.;
Citation
Issue Date
URL
Rights
1988
http://hdl.handle.net/10722/34712
ELASTIC AND
ELASTO-PLASTIC
ANALYSIS
SHEAR
AND
STRUCTURES
WALL
CORE WALL
by
JUN SHANG KUANG
OF
DECLARATION
hereby
declare
that
the
thesis entitled
"Elastic
and
diploma
or
and
contains
no
material
Jun Shang K G
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The
inspiration,
and Research
i i i
ABSTRACT
threedimensional regular
a c t i o n of l a t e r a l
approach.
Vlasov's
wall
Elastic
structures
shear
and e l a s t o - p l a s t i c
subjected to t o r s i o n
thin-wal led
beam
behaviour o f core
i s also
theory
studied
by
i n conjunction
wall
employing
with
the
method of a n a l y s i s
i s derived f o r i n v e s t i g a t i n g the
A set of design
EL cross wall
or l i n t e l
beams
i v
but p a r a l l e l
structural
t o t a c k l e the
of at set of
independent
cores.
identical
coupled
For the s i m p l i f i c a t i o n
shear
walls
of a n a l y s i s , the
planar
into
system,
single
and
then
coupled
further
shear
between
two
and
into an
transformed f o r
wall
with
modified
The c h a r a t e r i s t i c s of load
different
types
of
structural
approach,
more
refined
torsional
analysis
of
the crosssect i o n ,
the analysis
provides a more r a t i o n a l
also
connecting
enables
the spreading of p l a s t i f i c a t i o n
medium t o be traced
throughout
the e n t i r e
The
of the
loading
load.
shear
experimental
results,
wal 1
evidence
but also
models
i s conducted
to
provide
the
f o r a r r i v i n g at EL better
understanding of
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DECLARATION
i i
ABSTRACT
iv
CHAPTER
PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION
1. 1
1.2
Introductory Remarks
10
2.2
Method of Analysis
13
2.3
26
2.3.1
Design Charts
26
2.3.2
Numerical Example
31
2.4
3.
10
33
75
3. 1
Introductory Remarks
75
3.2
E l a s t o - P l a s t i c Behaviour
78
3.2.1
3.22
Lateral d e f l e c t i o n o f walls
3.23
D u c t i l i t y requirement and l i m i t a t i o n
vi
. . . 80
. .
80
87
. . . 92
3.24
3.3
4.
96
3.2.2
97
3.2.3
104
Design Charts
110
3.3.2
Numerical Example
115
3.4
E f f e c t of Deformable Foundations
116
3.5
E f f e c t of S t i f f e n i n g Beam
118
N0N-C0IXINEAR SHEAR WAIXS COUPLED BY CROSS WA1X AND LINTEL BEAMS 150
4. 1
Introductory Remarks
150
4.2
151
4.2.1
Method of Analysis
151
4.2.2
Parametric Investigation
161
4.3
4.4
5.
Method of s o l u t i o n
Method of Analysis
166
4.3.2
E l a s t o - p l a s t i c Behaviour
Numerical I n v e s t i g a t i o n
169
170
198
5.1
Introductory Remarks
198
5.2
Method of Analysis
200
5.2.1
202
5.2.2
5.2.3
dent Wall
207
L a t e r a l D e f l e c t i o n of Equivalervt Structure
213
v i i
5.3
5.4
E l a s t o - P l a s t i c Behaviour
215
5.3.1
5.3.2
. . . 216
219
Numerical I n v e s t i g a t i o n
220
. . 244
6.1
Introductory Remarks
244
6.2
246
6.2.1
Restraining
Sections
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.3
6.4
7.
247
254
Governing Equation
25S
E l a s t o - P l a s t i c Behaviour
259
6.3.1
6.3.2
Method o f S o l u t i o n
263
6.3.3
D u c t i l i t y Requirement
264
Numerical I n v e s t i g a t i o n
267
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
284
7.1
Introductory Remarks
284
7.2
286
7.3
288
7.4
290
7.4.1
D e s c r i p t i o n o f Specimens
290
7.4.2
D e s c r i p t i o n o f Tests
292
7.5
v i i i
294
8. CONCLUSION
336
8. 1
Conclusion
336
8.2
341
REFERENCES
347
APPENDIX
I
Expression of S t r u c t u r a l C o e f f i c i e n t s To
II
361
To C 2 And Functions
362
i x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1-1
OBJECTSCOPE
In t a l l
buildings,
reinforced
concrete shear wall and core wall structures are commonly employed
as
an
efficient
meatus
f o r providing
the required
lateral
concepts
of shear
wall
structures
configurations
o f these
structures,
shear
i n which
walls,
stiffening
to more
effective
as s t i f f e n e d coupled
beam
or belt
truss i s
incorporated
the
stiffness
lateral
bending stresses
regions,
of the structure
i n the w a l l s .
and reduction
in
the
a knowledge of the i n e l a s t i c
behaviour
and ultimate
I t i s also important
However,
performed
wal1
r e l a t i v e l y few
investigations
have
been
structures.
The o v e r a l l objective of the present research i s devoted to
walIs
non-collinear
shear
such as s t i f f e n e d coupled
wall
systems,
and
three
coupled
shear
walls,
s t i f T e n i n g beam positioned
structure.
The b e n e f i c i a l
which
are strengthened
by a
of the s t i f f e n i n g beam on
a v a l l a b l e f o r the evaluation
of the i n t e r n a l forces
and l a t e r a l
deflections.
Chpater 3 deals with the e l a s t o - p l a s t i c analysis of coupled
shear w a l l s .
The a n a l y s i s
i s based on an incomplete
failure
and
the p l a s t i c regions,
and
the
i n t e r n a l forces as well as
the
by
planar
cross
wall
or
by
lintel
beams.
nonco11inear
structural
walls
demonstrated i n the i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
due
to
the
s t i f f n e s s and
the
strength
coupling
is
The
decrease
increase
i n bending stresses
of
in
the
structure.
In Chapter 5 the continuum approach i s extended to cover the
elastic
and
e l a s t o p l a s t i c analysis
wall s t r u c t u r e s
of
three-dimentional
shear
A very e f f i c i e n t
problem.
and
Considerable
and
numerical examples.
In Chapter 6 e f f o r t s are devoted to the development of
more r e f i n e d
torsional analysis
of perforated
core
structures.
The
v e r s a t i l i t y and
analysis
presented
i n Chapter 3
In a d d i t i o n , the
i s extended
to
describes
the experimental
investigation
on
The objective of
the t h e o r e t i c a l
results
obtained
from
the previous
1.2
No attempt
investigations.
will
wall
beams o r f l o o r slabs i s
replaced
medium
by a
stiffness.
continuous
connecting
with
were
extended t h i s
alteraative
equivalent
due mainly
to Beck[
23
Further
33
of l a t e r a l
loads.
By
considering
separately
the
cantilever action
of
'
presented
form
of
and
deflections
of
the
continuum
solutions
design o f f i c e s .
in
the
achieved f o r use
in
E63
and
the
cross
sections
By
considering
both
vertical
and
[9 j
r o t a t i o n a l displacements of foundations, Coull
this
method to
i n v e s t i g a t e the
behaviour
and Tso
of
used
laterally
loaded
foundations.
been given by C o u l l to
the
12
the
3 15]
bending s t r e s s e s , and
to
[16]
invest igated
i n detai1
the
effect
Chan and
Kuang
of a st i f f e n i n g beam,
The
optimal
l o c a t i o n s of the s t i f f e n i n g beam f o r
presented
investigations
in
the
mentioned
investigation.
above
are
However,
based
on
all
linear
the
elastic
p r o p e r t i e s of the s t r u c t u r a l members.
The
pioneer
researchers
worked
on
the
Winokur
ultimate
and
Gluck[
strength
173
By
using
the continuous
the
plastic
high degree of d u c t i l i t y .
Paulay[
183
used
, the nature
'
Paulay
dutility
He
l a t e r performed a s e r i e s of t e s t s to study
absorption
analysis
approach.
of
The
coupled
proposed
shear
walls
analysis
developed an
by
employing
i s based
on
an
lEtminae may
w a l l s behave e l a s t i c a l l y .
walls
depends on
beams.
the
limitsttion of d u c t i l i t y
of the
coupling
Gocevski
[25 26
'
presented
an
approximate
elasto-
p l a s t i c a n a l y s i s of coupled shear w a l l s .
In t h i s a n a l y s i s , i t i s
elastoplastic
stage
has
corresponding e l a s t i c stage.
the
same
pattern
as
that
at
To obtain an a l t e r n a t i v e r a p i d but
With
shear
foundation.
structure
is
supported
on
flexible
tool
f o r assessing the
elastoplastic
addition,
Coull
developed
an
effective
of coupled
shear
walls a c t i n g
r e l a t i v e l y s t i f f s e r v i c e cores.
and
simple
regular symmetric
i n conjunction with
may
Based on
He[
w a l l s and r i g i d l y Jointed
frames.
31
[333
have
been
carried
out
to
investigate
the
323
and
torsional
behaviour
of core
wall
structures.
In these
studies,
i tis
by using
conjunction
with
Vlasovs
theory
continuum
34
of thin-walled
approach.
beam[ i n
Rutenberg
and
Tso
C353
[36
By considering
constant
may
be accurately estimated, r e s u l t i n g
in a
KancM
and
Dar
employed
the
foldedplate
Coull extended t h i s
basic
analysis
deforble
[39]
t o cover
the cases
where
of m u l t i - c e l l s
403
and to
tackle
the
problem
of
elasto-plastic
analysis
CHAPTER 2
2.1
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
s t r u c t u r a l system t o r e s i s t horizontal
loads,
bending
i n the w a l l s .
moments of large
magnitude may be
e f f e c t of the
As a r e s u l t ,
This a c t i o n i s e s p e c i a l l y e f f e c t i v e
sufficient
i n the l i n t e l
beams, low a x i a l
forces
and high
10
beams, higher
axial
The magnitudes of
the a n a l y s i s of t h i s
assumed that
distributed
type of s t r u c t u r e ,
walls
i t i s mostly
i s uniformly
That
In a c o o n r e s i d e n t i a l or o f f i c e b u i l d i n g , usually the
As a
deflection
deep beain or a r i g i d t r u s s ,
at the podium l e v e l or at an
11
y
[ 1 1
'
1 3 3
affect
the
C o u l
structural
[
Low
anci
14
behaviour
a n d
C o u l
considerably.
hoo [
C
153
s t i f f e n e d by a top and/or a
the presence of a
also
be a f f e c t e d
stiffening
beam.
outrigger-braced
Stafford
Moudarres
Smith
and
significantly
Analogous
The s t r u c t u r a l actions
by the l o c a t i o n of the
studies
on
belt
truss
42
Salim["],
Coull
Rutenberg
indicated
s t i f f e n e r s f o r reducing the d r i f t
16
7]
the
and
optimal
45
463
Tal ' ,
positions
and
[43]
and
of
investigated i n d e t a i l the e f f e c t
structure
under
lateral
loading.
The
influence
of the
structure
i s also
investigated.
Moreover, i t i s going to
i n the
positions
of the s t i f f e n i n g
12
The most
lintel
f o r the
internal
forces
and
All
with
two
dimensionless
incorporate a l l the
structural
geometrical
and
which
material properties of
parameters,
the
be conveniently used by
2.2
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
shown i n F i g 2
equally
because
of
the
of
axial
stiffness
of
the
i s also true
that
the
c e n t r e l i n e of
the
laminae passes
a l ong
t he
1 i ne
of
13
and
cont i nuous
i s subjected
to the three
namely, uniformly
kinds
of t y p i c a l
d i s t r i b u t e d load,
upper
lateral
triangularly
The
compat i b i 1 i t y
cons i derat i on
of the vert i c a l
1A
1 A
5F
hb q
12EIl b
b
1IE
12EI.
5F
hs
f
' -s = 0
Ta dx +
T
b dx
h
"
.
x
T dx s = 0
_b
(2. 1)
(2.2)
A, and
1
e l a s t i c modulus of walls;
at
foundEttion;
vertical
settlement.
The momentcurvature r e l a t i o n s h i p s of the walls are
14
foundation
Me = EI
^2 +
dx
d
Me = EI
where
I = I,+ I
1
CT
(h
s x
S
H)
(2.3
h
^2 +
dx
(2.4)
(0 x s hs )
The a x i a l forces T
T =
q dx
(2.5)
T = q dx + V + q dx
b J^ a
m J b
(2.6)
and by equating the corresponding terms i n Eq. (2.1) when x=hs the
shear force i n the s t i f f e n i n g beam can be represented by
V - S H q ( h ) = S H
q L (h )
(2.8)
S
n
15
s =
E I
EILn
b
(2.9)
~
i
s
G
(2.10)
i s the
16
a'T
(2.12)
= -
dx'
, a tD = -
(2.13)
dx d
where
a =
121
hb
A = A + A
1 2
AI
(2.14)
(2.15)
and
I = I + I
1
:
(2.16)
M = ^ (2H - 3H x + x ) + g (H - x ) + P(H - x)
e
6H
2
On s o l v i n g the governing Equations
(2.12) and
(2.17)
(2.13), the
17
wx
(M
a
a H
(2.18)
= B,cosh ax + C^sinh
2
where B [ B C
and C
wx
(2,19)
I* =
H + J H
+ PH + ; )
a
(2.20)
q_ =
B asinh ax + C acosh ax + L
a
,
B ocsinh ax + C acosh coc + L
dM
5ST
2H
(H -
+ u(H -
dM
(
dx
w
+
dM
w
( i + ~~^~)
<ix a H
(2.21)
a H
+ P
(2.22)
2.23)
18
the
(2.24)
T (H) = 0
B- -
C,tanh ccH + / i
1
1
(2.25)
whsrs
y(w + u)
=
cosh aH
The boundary c o n d i t i o n at l e v e l h
f o r the a x i a l forces of
s
the w a l l s i s
T (h ) + V = T j h )
a s
m
b s
(2.26)
(2.27)
and hence
B M
12
1 3
/i = cosh ah
S aH s i n h ah
/i = s i n h ah
- S aH cosh ah
g
2 (H - h s - 4 2) +H
19
- hs ) + PH
Eq-(2.8) gives
q (h ) = q h )
s s
b s
Thus, s u b s t i t u t i n g
Eqs.(2.21) and
(2.28)
and
s i m p l i f y i n g gives
(B- - B") tanh cth = C - C
1 2
s
2
1
Considering
x==0
the c o m p a t i b i l i t y
(2.29)
level,
i t can be expressed as
= q
12EI
- s = 0
(2.30)
i n which, M
and T
M
e0 = ^
(2.m)
s =
2.32)
and K
and K
are r o t a t i o n a l and
t r a n s l a t i o n a l e l a s t i c s t i f f n e s s of s o i l foundation.
The values of
Eqs-(2.31)
and
(2.32)
into
Eq-(2.30)
and
simplifying yields
C
a
2
= B , f - M5
20
(2-33)
where
a H
'f
= +
s
in which
J
M = wH /3 + uHV2 + PH
eo
12EI__'
b
12EI.
(2.34)
K hb-
K hb
(2.35)
=X
s
Eqs.(2.25) 2.27),
For r i g i d
to the
The solutions of
= /i C
1
(2.3Sa)
tanh ocH
|i /oc sinh ah )
B
cosh
ah
= [B (tanh ah
2
s~ t a n h
21
(2.3Sb)
ah
s
C 2 = ( B , f - M5)/a
(2.36d)
= ;i tanh ah + p /cc
1
s
5
atera2 i)efJection,
Once
the a x i a l
forces
and
I\ are
= 0
(2.37a)
x=0
P i
dx
2.37b)
= y i
(2.37c)
x-0
V i
y
dx
x-h
x=h
x-h
dx
(2.37d)
x=h
22
.2
)'
2a
IE
II
2
d
(2.38
6a H
(2.39)
(2.40)
1L(x) ( x ) ,
are as follows:
4
P(x
- 3Hx )/6
+ (C C j c o s h
1
ahx
s
- h
(B (1 - cosh ah + C,(ax s i n h ah )
23
drift
at
the top of
the structure
can then
be
12
2a2
&
1E
CD
H)
+ ~
A (H)
(2.41)
6cc 2
= H or h
solution
equations
wi 11
become
the same
= 0, the
as those
given i n
reference [ 1 5 .
S p e c i a i Case of Wo S t i f f e n i n g Seam.
When
there
is
(2.42)
complete
found t o be
T = Bcosh ox + Csinh ax + ^
(M + ^ +
(2.43)
24
B = CtanhaH
ex +
(u/a
) t H {
s
2
: +
2
WH/2
"H
) + U
l
(2.44a)
a coshaH
+ P _ ^ +
a H
+(1-
M
r eO
(2.
q =
.
dM
w
Basinhocx + Cacoshctx +(^ +
,
ct dx
a H
(2.45)
reducing
Eq.(2.39) the
lateral
deflection
of
the
s t r u c t u r e can be obtained:
s d
The
2a
+ ^ L2 _ )
6a H
top d r i f t
(2.46)
x=H
into
Eq.(2.46):
= 0H
0
+ -
+
8
n
C(aH - siH)] - S d
1 1 n +
120
3
2a
25
+ ~
[B(1
+ ,HEI
6a
cos
(2.47)
Therefore,
i f no s t i f f e n i n g
beam i s inserted
between two
d e f l e c t i o n of coupled
Eqs. (2.43),
(2.45)
the values
of the
2.3
Eqs-(2.18),
(2.19)
2.21), (2.22)
and
(2.41) which
typical
lateral
loads.
I t i s useful to express
the equations,
2.3.1
Design Charts
I f the s t r u c t u r e i s supported
subjected
to an upper
triangularly
on a r i g i d foundation and
distributed
load
i n which
axial
force
y,iJ(K)
A m*
shear
q can be
(2
(2.49)
2S
= "
(2'50)
AT
=1/U
A 1
V2
(2.51)
= l/
( f - 1 ) / K [ ( - k3K - k 5 + k , ) s i n h
+ (k 2 -
K)
(sinh K -
's
sinh+ (
- k , ) ( c o s h 1^-
1)
(2.52)
[ksh Kg + k f i n h Kg - K/3(l - (2 +
(kcosh Kg + k,sinh Kg)
3
4
/K
(2.53)
(2.54)
2
q: = ( k , i n h Kg + k f o s h Kg + 1 - g - 2/K )
(2.5S)
27
( k
s i n h
5
g + k 6 cosh Kg + 1 -
2/K ) - K k , i n h Kg
(2.56)
whsre
g = x/H
(2.57)
(2.58)
= h /H
s
and
the f u l l
expressions of c o e f f i c i e n t s
kto
are given i n
Appendix I .
To
forces of
load, a set
A l l charts
and
(2) h = H
s
And
structural
flexural
From Eq.(2.9)
28
S = E I /(EI n)
m mm
b
When there i s no s t i f f e n i n g beam, S
lintel
and E are
I f S r a n g e s from 1 to 10 the r a t i o
number of s t o r i e s .
In a common r e s i d e n t i a l
or o f f i c e
of rectangulsir cross
sections.
(2.59)
of the l i n t e l
29
I t can
and K
iricreELss.
F i g s . 2.5 to 2.12 show the moment due to the a x i a l forces i n
the walls at d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s against
the values
K.
and K.
I t i s seen that
shear at d i f f e r e n t
forces i n the walls corresponding to S =10 K-9 and S =1, K=2; and
m
m
of laminar shear corresponding to S =1, K=9 and S =10 K=2, along
m
m
the s t r u c t u r a l height.
In f a c t , f o r a c o c m shear wal 1
s t r u c t u r e , the value of S i s l i k e l y to be w i t h i n 1 to 10 and that
m
of K 2 t o 9.
30
shear
On the other hand, Figs. 2.21 and 2.22 are also presented
I t can be seen
2.3.2
Numerical Example
To
demonstrate
the a p p l i c a t i o n
o f the design
charts
in
F i g . 2.25.
stiffening
respectively.
beam
i s located
at
the l e v e l
0.5H
and H
31
A= 2.6 m
= 9 . 154 m ,
=33.333 m"*,
A = 6.6 m'
42.487 m
0.002133 m
E = E
0.073233 m'
6
= 24 x 10 KN/m
E
S = EI J / h =1.716,
b
12I__
b
3
hb I
=0.580 x 10 m
AI
A,A
1 2
K = aH = 5.113,
=1/(1
AI
AA
)=
-3
,261 x 10 nT ,
) = 0.779.
1 2
C o e f f i c i e n t s of the top d r i f t ,
axial
readily
force
i n the w a l l s ,
y moment caused by
interpolation
the
linear
moment due to the a x i a l force i n the walls and the laminar shear
can then be obtained e a s i l y
32
2*4
To
show i n d e t a i l
the e f f e c t
of s t i f f e n i n g
beam on the
namely, (1) r i g i d
the i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,
the s t r u c t u r a l
behaviour
of the
Case o f i g i d Foundation.
with a
stiffening
different
values
of s t r u c t u r a l
force
i n the walls
at the base
level
and the l a t e r a l
d e f l e c t i o n at the top.
F i g . 2.26 shows the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the laminar shear flow
throughout
the s t r u c t u r a l
beam i s
f o r c e i n the laminae i s achieved by introducing a s t i f f e n i n g beamAs a matter o f f a c t , the s t i f f e n i n g beam can take a considerable
part of the sum of laminar shear, r e s u l t i n g i n reducing the shear
f o r c e i n laminae g r e a t l y .
33
locations
(=0.75H
laminar shear i n these two cases are greater than that i n the case
of h = 0.5H
s
F i g s . 2.27 and 2.28 show the effect of d i f f e r e n t values of S
and
10 r e s p e c t i v e l y , so that
different
values of
a comparison of the e f f e c t s of
selection
of the best
beam w i l l
location
f o r i n s t a l l i n g the
minimum value of the laminar shear, or the base moment, or the top
d e f l e c t i o n i s to be achieved.
height.
34
level
Generally speaking,
i n order
to achieve
the optimum
In order t o i l l u s t r a t e the e f f e c t
on f l e x i b l e foundations, the t y p i c a l
structure,
In
l e v e l s of 0, 0.25H
foundation,
the v e r t i c a l
stiffness
and
rotational
stiffness
K , are considered:
(l)dense sand
35
(a)
K= 0.4387xl0
kN/m,
(b)
K = 0. 1459xl0 kN/m,
K=
and
5.423xl0 kN-m/rad
A comparison
are presented
i n Tables
2.2
and
I t i s demonstrated
that the
force
in lintel
of
the s t r u c t u r e
and
enhancing
alleviating
the l a t e r a l
the e f f e c t s
of
s o i l ) and 46 percent
I t i s also seen
that reductions of 9.4 percent and 3.2 percent i n the base moment
of
36
drift
can be achieved
f o r the structure
resting
on the two
foundation cases r e s p e c t i v e l y .
It
From
Tables 2.2 and 2.3 i t i s also shown that the presence of the
stiffening
deflection
when
the
large
structure
is
reduction i n l a t e r a l
resting
on
deformable
foundations.
Furthermore, Tables 2.2 and 2.3 show that there are 9 percent
and 3 percent reductions i n the base r o t a t i o n a l deformation i n the
walls
f o r the structure
respectively.
resting
on the s t i f f
and weak
soil
37
Table 2.
Moment
S =1 716
m
Top D r i f t
Laminar Shear
i n Walls
h /H
s
0.5
-2
yH(mn0
m*xl0
1.0
5.83
7.86
22.47
17.28
0.75
S.38
2237
29.21
22.47
12.65
4434
(above h )
s
11.85
9.11
0.50
m(KNm)
q xlO
-2
x/H
q(KN/m)
32. 97
11558
(below h )
s
1.0
0.25
41.89
14685
46.79
35.99
49.84
17471
1.0
6.02
8.57
3.21
2.47
0.75
10.62
3723
36.97
28.44
0.50
23.13
8108
60.41
46.47
0.25
38.86
13622
59.65
45.88
48.23
16907
38
Table 2.2.
K = 13.560 x 10 kNm/radL
h /H
s
s
(mm)
_4
q
m3
(10 rad)
(mm)
(kN/m)
(kN)
(kNm)
7.21
35.9
1477
12603
4.58
5.46
37. 11
48.95
2009
7410
4.58
5.46
36. 92
48.76
2010
7408
0.75
4.58
5.46
36.61
48.10
2011
7398
0.5
4.60
5.42
36.25
44.25
20 IS
7343
0.25
4.65
5.24
36.07
28.92
2040
7105
4.74
4.95
3S.59
36.33
2080
6716
1.716
39
Table 2.3.
K = 5.423 x 10 fcNm/rad.
r
h /H
s
O
4
max
(kN/m)
(kN)
(kNm)
35.9
1477
12603
91.56
47. 11
1962
7862
14.50
91.37
46.92
1962
7862
13.45
14.50
91.07
46. 14
1963
7861
0.5
13.47
14.45
90.73
41.72
1966
7835
0.25
13.54
14.27
90.61
25.30
1975
740
13.62
14.05
91.22
36.15
1988
7617
(mm)
(mm)
(10 rad)
7.21
13.45
14.50
13.45
0.75
1.716
40
L
b/2
"77
~ 7 / 7 " T 7t,
"
JV2
" J "
(b)
(a)
Substitute structure
b/2
Fig. 2.2a
b/2
F i g , 2.2(b)
= b + d
43
55
6.5
Fig. 2.3
7.5
8.5
25
29
33
37
41
t/ x 1CT
Fig. 2.6
nT x
F i g . 2.8
10
10-2
27.5
32.5
37.5
42.5
m*
F i g . 2.9
x 1(T
47.5
52.5
22.5
26.5
30.5
34.5
38.5
42.5
11
13
i/ x
F i g . 2.12
15
10-
17
10
26
42
58
74
x 10-2
F i g . 2.13
90
10
18
26
34
42
x 10-2
F i g . 2.15
50
15
20
25
30
35
.qx
F i g . 2.16
10_
20
30
40
50
60
qx
Fig. 2,17
10-
70
80
25
35
45
55
q* x i c r
F i g . 2.18
65
15
20
25
30
q* x H r
F i g . 2.19
35
2
Fig* 2-20
for h
=H,
15
F i g . 2.21
30
45
60
i/
x 10-2
15
30
45
60
F i g . 2.22
of l a m i i w shear along
F i g . 2.23
6,:
10 m
Fig. 2.25
6S
10
15
20
q-
F i g . 2.26
x 10-
25
30
67
35
68
I
F i g . 2.27
Fig* 2.28
flexural
70
I
F i g . 2.29
I
71
q ( , )
F i g , 2-32
Toxl0 (kN)
M o xl0 (kNm
kN/m,
Kr = 13.560 x 10 kNm/rad
q(kN/m)
Fig. 2-33
Toxl0 (kN)
M o xl0 (kNm)
K = 5,423x10
kNm/rad
CHAPTER
3.1
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
The
coupled
shear
due t o wind
o r earthquake
motions.
This
widely-used
behaviour
inelastic
and nonlinear
behaviour
of
reinforced
The
concrete
This n o n l i n e a r i t y i s recognized
The t r a d i t i o n a l e l a s t i c
r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of i n t e r n a l force and s t r e s s
overloads,
and o f t e n
limit
behaviours
concentrations
the reinforcement
r a t i o s or
Nonlinear
design
procedures,
on the other
hand,
75
collapse
mechanism
i s formed.
This
involves two
of y i e l d i n g i s of c r i t i c a l
importance.
In f a c t , collapse of EL
s t r u c t u r e i s not expected.
and
i t s components should
large excursions
constructed
height
of the s t r u c t u r e .
This
will
assure
that
at the
elastic
shear
occur.
a n a l y s i s t o deal
walls,
with nonlinear
the previous
behaviour of
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s have
continuum
been
approach and
76
at
the
end
value.
of
the
lintel
A q u a s i - l i n e a r technique
limiting
r e s u l t i n g e l a s t o - p l a s t i c behaviour of the s t r u c t u r e
Based
cm
the
continuum
approach,
Winokur
and
Gluck
mechanism was
structure
formed.
This f u l l
p l a s t i f i c a t i o n of
the
p l a s t i c hinges at both
lintel
beams.
But
coupling
system
to
Gluck
developed
i t i s impossible
possess
an
so
large
analytical
i n p r a c t i c e f o r the
st d u c t i 1 i t y
method
for
capacity
elastoplastic
limitation
I t i s evident that
lintel
Pekau and
Gocevski
'
and
the
and
Coull
t r e a t s the
d i s t r i b u t i o n of
77
laminar
shear as a
the
tri1inear
variation.
laminar
shear,
Chan
28
and Kuang[ ]
investigated
the s t r u c t u r a l
Based
on widecolumn
frame
to f l e x i b l e
analogy,
Nayar and
23
Coull
chapter i n v e s t i g a t e s
the e l a s t o p l a s t i c behaviour of
incomplete
failure
mechanism
, the a n a l y s i s
Based on
traces the
And the
from
The
on the e l a s t o p l a s t i c behaviour
Furthermore,
evaliiSLtion
set of
design
of the maximum
charts
were
also
investigated.
i s presented
rotational ducti l i t y
factor
f o r the
of the
the base a x i a l
force
i n the w a l l s ,
and the l a t e r a l
ELASTOPLASTIC ANALYSIS
Consider
a coupled
shear
wall
system
without the
78
namely
upper
triangularly
distributed
load,
uniformly
height
the external
lateral
loads
are gradually
increased,
that
M =V b/2.
u
At t h i s
time,
the e l a s t o - p l a s t i c
state
of a
beams and w a l l s .
In the
form
limiting
value
laminar
shear
reaches i t s
The p o s i t i o n of
load.
In the i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the e l a s t o p l a s t i c
moment M .
u
increase
Thereafter
the present
elastoplastic
analysis
o f coupled
shear
79
rotational
d u c t i l i t y of
the
lintel
beams reaches
s p e c i a l d u c t i l i t y l i m i t a t i o n , an incomplete f a i l u r e mechanism i s
formed, which
entire
structure
behave
height,
elastically.
whereas
each
wall
is
assumed
to
failure
mechanisms
are
system
presented
in
detail
in
the
following sections.
3.2.1
which
the
will
3.21
fx,x^iO,
In t h i s
region,
the
80
~3"2
dx
- c^T
(3. 1)
(2.15).
where B
and C
(3.2)
By considering the
+ L
a
The
i n t e g r a t i o n constants
and
(3.3)
a H
can
be
determined
l e v e l of H and
by
the
i n t e r f a c e of x .
At the top of the s t r u c t u r e , x=H,
w a l l s i s equal to zero,
T (H) = 0
(3.4)
B = - CaH - +
81
U)
(3.5)
At
the
level
of x the laminar
shear
i s equal
to the
(3.S)
t ="H
U ( H
2.
s i n h = - coshccx
X
2
5 ^ S i
{ u - V
L
a
s i n h a x
a H
r "
fx,x^x2,.
In
(.)
this
region,
The magnitude
(3.8)
(3.9)
and
c o m p a t i b i l i t y conditions at these l e v e l s .
the
82
d
d
hb q
12EI__ L
b
, 5
ST
fc
1IA
1LLA1
hb
I1A
,^1
-s = 0
(3.10a)
(3.10b)
1 1
1IA
(i\7
1IA
H\7
) I ' T dx = 0
(3.11)
By
integrating
the
moment-curvature
relationship
of
the
walIs,
dx'
w i t h respect to x.
base r o t a t i o n , 9 =
of the
83
(M
- T )dx = 0
e y e
(3.13)
i n t e g r a t i n g between x and x 2 w i l l
(3.9)
lead to
and x .
Mu + M, = 0
(3. 14)
where
2
q ( x , - x / 2 + T,U,
u
x
1
- H -
By
using
y /6 + P
Eq.(3.14)
H - x'
-"-
(H
and
the
boundary
/2
condition
that
the
shear, q the l i m i t i n g l e v e l s of x
and x
1
can be achieved
The
3beams
this
region
( 0 ,
behave
Because
elastically,
the
the
lintel
governing
e l a s t i c analysis:
84
dx
at =
- yM
(3. 15)
elastic
lower region.
The
complete s o l u t i o n to the
found as:
T = Bcoshcoc + C sinhax + L ( M
where B a n d C a r e the
++
(3. IS)
i n t e g r a t i o n constants.
The
laminar shear
The
i n t e g r a t i o n constants B and
considering
can
be
(3.17)
determined
at the l e v e l of
and at
by
the
base l e v e l .
At the l e v e l of
= T, + q (x, - x
2
3.18
- C,inhox, f
1
, +
el
2TT
+ u/a )
/coshco^
I
1
(3.19)
85
e1
= Sl(2H 3H + ;) +
At
the
base
level,
the
x /
P ( H
compatibility
(3.20)
condition
can
be
expressed as:
(3.21)
12EI
?<$o s = 0
b
e0
(3.22)
eO
loads, i s
eO
wx
T - ^(M
1
2"e1
2TT
(3.23)
q& = -
+wH/2 + uH + P -
a
(3.24)
a H
86
y^"-T,
+ eM1 ,)/coshax
1
1
,
(1
?1
can be obtained
(3.25)
eO
shear w i t h i n
r e s p e c t i v e l y by using
Eqs. (3.2)
C,
the momentcurvature
r e l a t i o n s h i p of the
" = ( M
By
substituting
the
- T/EI
axial
force
(3.2S)
T into
Eq. (3.26),
87
(3.27a)
_^
(3.27b)
= o
d
H
6a H
2a'
(3.28)
kEI
whsrs
2
(3.29)
and
s
s
which represents
(3.30)
"
structure.
Similarly,
by l e t t i n g the a x i a l
force
T=T
i n Eq.(3.26),
c
88
5
dx
=
^
33T
(3.31a)
(3.31b)
y = e n x + - [ T x / 2 + q (x,x /2 - x /6) - D x - D ^ / E I
c
0
I
2
u 2
1c
2c '
(3.32)
where
1c
2 1
^(R
a 1
2c
/2
: )
1 2
wx
ux
+ ~^~ + ~
2U
1 2
1
c
1
Cp(sinhcoc
- ax ) + y(R
wx^
ux^
+ ~^~ + ~
/a
- D,
1c 1
Eind
R=H
3H x:/2 + x:/4)
1
*(H -
Hx; + x;/3)
(3.33a)
P(Hxx;/2)
89
R
2
= T I 5 S
; - M
hM -
x;)
|(3HxJ - x
6
1
1
Putting
(3.33b)
moment-curvature
relationship
the boundary
dy*
dy
dx
dx
(3.34a)
(3.34b)
l (
+]/a
SH
(3.35)
+ D1tx + D 2 J/EI
whsrs
wx
1t
B sinhax_ + C coshax +
t
- ( T +
2 2
q x=/2) + D,
2
1c
90
2 a
ux
?
a
2t
2'
4
6a'H
1c
u 2
1t
2a'
2c
and
R
(2
P(Hx - x:/2)
putting
2 2
H
3
p6
By
(3.36a)
(3.3Sb)
x=H
into
Eq. (3.35),
the
top
drift
of
the
s t r u c t u r e , y u , can be r e a d i l y obtained:
+ C sinhaH + f
t
+ f ) / a
2
+ D, H + D, )/EI
1t
2t|
(3.37)
of t y p i c a l
lateral
loads
namely, an
upper
triangularly
acting
at
conveniently.
91
can be determined
without
substant i a l
c a p a c i t y of a s t r u c t u r a l
reduct ion
member.
i n the
In p r a c t i c e , the
j [53,54]
adopted
+
' .
curvature d u c t i l i t y
factor,
/0.
denotes
the maximum
i n the beam f i r s t
reaches
the y i e l d
which i s the
and a x i a l
deformations
of the
the r o t a t i o n
i s directly
3.8(a).
proportional
to the laminar
At
the
elastoplastic
stage,
the
momentcurvature
presented
form
i n F i g . 3.4.
of simpl i f i c a t ion
yield
this
bi linear
successful
degree
momentcurvature
of approximation
relationship
can give EL
i n the general p r a c t i c a l
[55]
CEIS6S
occur
at the ends
reaches
of the lamina.
The corresponding
If
= T||T~ q
12EI u
b
the external
region
be formed
central
downwards;
wi 11
(3.39)
increased, the p l a s t i c
and then
spread
upwards and
Eq,(3.38)
into
the f o l l o w i n g
compatibility
equation,
dx
12EI,u
+ A^ )
-s = 0
T
d
x
E A,
(3.40)
Ar
dd
II
) T d x - s]/b
93
(3.41)
substituting
dy/dx
and corresponding
axial
force
into
of laminar
Eq. (3.35)
substituting
dy /dx
and
axial
a
0 = c8 - e^H [B sinhax - C (S - coshax)
t
bo
bEI y t
t d
2a H
Similarly,
+ H D ^
2
id
b
a
substituting
dy /dx
(3.42)
and
axial
force
Te
into
of the laminar
+ B!T{ 2 -
P V
(3.43)
"+f - i
+W
wh6r6
Y = ^ j ( 8 H x - 6H x +
x +
^(3H x 3Hx + x )
+(2Hx
x )
(3.44)
= - E ! T | [V
s h a x
) ]
+ g
+ P
(3.45)
94
The maximum r o t a t i o n a l d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r ,
at the wallbeam
Junction i s defined as
(3.46)
y
It
i s obvious
= ^ +
max
be
readily
determined
by d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g
i t to zero.
Eq.(3.43)
with
is
mr
l Y,(x
,
- L
a r Tr n, x
)
bEI2
mr
y
ycmax
.
+
q ,(x,x
- x2 / 2 ) ]
(3 . 47)
} 4 e - ( A c K
1c,
in
which, M
and T
"
(3.23) r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The
experimental
investigsit ions
by Paulay
'
indicated
the duct i 1 i t y
and
useful
strength
of
spandre1
beams.
ductility,
95
(Fig.
3.10)
of
re i nforcement
d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r varies as
in
the
spandre1
the
beams.
The
The
3.24
Method of s o l u t i o n
For any
lateral
corresponding
procedure.
The
to
each
boundaries
Determination of these
applied
load
method of s o l u t i o n
requires
an
i s presented
as
follows:
(1) The upper l e v e l of p l a s t i c i t y x
i s i n i t i a l l y chosen at a
and
H, where x
msx
represents the
level
level
of maximum
This i s r e a d i l y achieved
laminar
shear
q i n the
position
96
x = can
then
be
shear, q , the l e v e l s of x
u
and x w i l l
2
be regarded as
e
q^ a new upper l e v e l of x
procedure
enables
the
relationship
between
the
lintel
the
beams throughout
exact
values
of
the s t r u c t u r e , t o be e s t a b l i s h e d .
x
and
the
internal
forces
With
and
3.2.2
elasto-plastic
after
With
coupled wall
system
the occurrence of p l a s t i c
further
central
presents a common s i t u a t i o n
hinges
structure,
creating
a two-region
97
system
with a p l a s t i c
upper
or
and
p l a s t i c zone at the l e v e l of x
In
this
region,
The magnitude
i s equal to the
u l t i m a t e laminar shear
tp
- q
(3.48)
- q (H - x)
(3.49)
tp
In t h i s region, the
98
dx
in
which
the s t r u c t u r a l
- (A&=
parameter
in
given by
+M + H~
== B&coshcoc + C ^ i n h a x
The corresponding
(3.51)
L(M'
The
integrsitiori constants
(3.52)
and
can be determined by
of
and the
bass.
I t i s evident that the boundary conditions at the l e v e l of x
and the base of the s t r u c t u r e are the same as that described i n
the threeregion case with a p l a s t i c c e n t r a l zone, so that the
constants
=T2
+ qu(x2
99
T, = q (H 1
u
(3.53)
x
1
T, - CC sinhax
1
L(M
a + (+)anhax1
where
WX
e1
u/a )
a H
jwH/2+uH+P - +
L
a H
+s (1 - ^
j)|M
y r l eOn
+ M J/coshax,
e1
(+
k
(3.54a)
a H
(3.54b)
i s presented i n Eq.(3.53).
Lateratl d e f l e c t i o n
Once the
axial
force
i n the
walls
within
each region i s
dx
I x=o
e|x=o
dx
|x=x,
1
(3.55a)
o
(3.55b)
=0
dx
100
|x=x,
i
1
(3.55c)
(3.5Sd)
the
and
the p l a s t i c
upper
region
can be derived
respectively
as
follows:
y = 0 x + l S ) Y
y = 6 x +
+ [ B 1 coshox) + C ax - sinhax)
(3.56)
6a H
2a J
- [q (HxV2 x V 6 ) - D, x - D,}^/EI
(3.57)
whsrs
1p
= q (Hx
u
1
&
2
WX
!a
( R
UX
2a H
D2p = ,u
q (Hx
/2 - x
/6)
1
1
wx
y(R, + +
/a
_^L)
2
B&(coshax, - 1 ) + ( ^ ( s i n h a x , - a
ux
~4)
1p 1
101
By putting x=H
structure
can be r e a d i l y obtained:
4
llwH
uH
"T2S" + T
PH
+
/ 3
Dn
Hw
1 p
:
V /EI
(3.58)
(3.57) the l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n of an
Rotational
ducti1ity
l e v e l of
the s t r u c t u r e i s
and
tp
1IA
yfl
1IA-
ylx
did
.
0
-
Differentiating
)j Tdx - s]/b
presented
(3.57) and
force Tfl T
tp
in
Eqs. (3.56)
and
corresponding a x i a l
=-E!T{ ?[ V - (
+ EI
c)
(3.S9)
102
P -
E9 +
Y, EET,2
y
5
5
(Hx -x /2) + D
1p_
(3.60)
tpmax
fen
T^T[Y,(x
) - y H x
(JD 0 + b
EI
2 mr
mr
-xmr/2)
(3.61)
- i K
by d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g Eq. (3.60)
with
repect
to x and
equating to zero.
Method of s o l u t i o n
S i m i l a r to that described i n Section 3 . 2 4 , the p o s i t i o n of
the i n t e r f a c e between the e l a s t i c and the p l a s t i c regions, x i s
obtained by the f o l l o w i n g
(1) The value o f
procedures:
i s i n i t i a l l y chosen at the l e v e l of H.
shear
qfl ,
shear, x
chosen
should
103
be
adopted.
Then the
procedure i s repeated.
With the exact value of x,, the i n t e r n a l f o r c e s , deformations
and the r o t a t i o n a l d u c t i l i t y of the laminae f o r an e l a s t o - p l a s t i c
coupled shear
wall
system
with SL p l a s t i c
3.2.3
the e l a s t i c
soialysis
of coupled
shear
walls,
as
be h i g h l y s t r e s s e d .
result
i n a tworegion system
r e g i o n and an e l a s t i c
with a p l a s t i c
lower
The boundary
l e v e l of x .
In t h i s region, the
d T*
~ ~ dx
2
a ! = -
(3.62)
104
-(M
wx
(3.63)
q
te
The
w
a HJ
i n t e g r a t i o n constants B
and C
te
(3.64)
can be determined
by
te
and C
te
take
as the constants
and C
te
presented i n
=
te
te
= C tanhaH
y(w + u)
(3.65a
te
1/a
anhaH sinhax
coshax I
u(H x j + P
w + u
2. E l a s t i c Lower Region
(":).
a H
(3.65b)
In
t h i s region, the
105
(3.66)
where T i s the a x i a l
force
(3.67)
at the l e v e l
of x
and
can
be
Lateral deflection
By i n t e g r a t i n g the moment-curvature r e l a t i o n s h i p twice and
employing the corresponding boundary conditions,
dx
yn i
(3.68a)
x=o
=
(3.68b)
dx
(3-68c)
dx
(3.68d)
the p l a s t i c
upper
region
can be
follows:
106
derived
respectively
as
" te
= 8nx + " ( I - S J Y , / - [ B
0
1
d
1
^ r& ( ~ T ~ + ) ] / a
a 6H'
2H
(3.69)
coshocx + C sinhax
te
te
+ D, x + D_ k E I
1q
(3.70)
2q
whsrs
B sinhax^ + C coshax^ + i ( R
te
2
te
2 a 3
2q
X
2
2a H
a:
6a H
2a
/ 2 )
2
te
x:/2 + q x:/3) - D, x
u2
1q 2
2 2
C tesiH +
(t + f)/a
2
"2
107
D
1q
H + 2q.
D,-/EI
(3.71)
(3.70), the
l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n of
Rotational duct i 1 i t y
As described i n Eq.(3.41) the laminar r o t a t i o n at any
level
of the s t r u c t u r e i s given by
LLA
y X
d d
II
Differentiating
y0
and
cp
)J Tdx - s]/b
v
te
presented
in
Eqs. (3.69)
f o r c e s Tfl T
te
te
and
axial
(3.72)
= |e
b 0
- i ^ B
bEI
2a H
|j
sinhax - C ( S - coshctx)]
te
te
(3.73)
108
an
:pmax
bEI
'Y,(x ) - [ [ T , x
5
K e b"eO
2 mr
+ q (xx
u 2
- x /2)]
(3.74)
where x
achieved
by d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g Eq(3.72)
mr
with
respect
to x and
equating i t t o zero.
Method of s o l u t i o n
S i m i l a r to that described i n Section 3.2.2, the p o s i t i o n , x
of the i n t e r f a c e between the p l a s t i c and the e l a s t i c regions i s
obtained by the f o l l o w i n g
procedures:
te I x=x2
shear
te j ;c=x
shear, then x
the
p l a s t i c regions.
The computation
new
value
before,
o f x , which
should
may terminate.
i s not equal t o q a
x = x,
i s greater than
be adopted.
Then
that
chosen
the procedure i s
repeated.
With the exact value of x , the i n t e r n a l forces,
deformations
109
3.3
3.3.1
Design Charts
In
are supported
uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d
on EL r i g i d
These
the des i gn
chart s a l 1
of the des i gn
parameters are
110
(3.75)
ult
1, the maximum e l a s t i c
I t i s evident that i f r =
q
laminar shear q
laminar shear
3.3).
height
( F i g . 3.5).
I t i s clear
that parameter
r
q
indicates
that
the e l a s t o - p l a s t i c
coupled
3Low value
shear
walls
from the l e v e l
I l l
between
the e l a s t i c
and the p l a s t i c
regions,
x,H
and x 2 /H
I t i s shown
3. 14 shows the v a r i a t i o n
of the maximum r o t a t i c m a l
f o r d i f f e r e n t values of K.
from
of .
t o the r e l a t i v e
lateral
For
the given
values
o f the ultimate
laminar
shear
q" the
obtained.
follows:
112
the
structure,
the
value
of
can
be
readily
determined.
(2) With the given value of /i which i s assessed according to
the
beam dimensions
reinforcement
and
i n the
the
type
beams, the
of
arrangement
parameter r
can
of
be
r q
==
max
Hy/a
uIt
max
u, =
ult
* ~
*
r q
(3.76)
of the
by
Hy/a
ti
interface
msx
between the e l a s t i c
and
the
plastic
be
obtained
from
Figs.
3.12,
3.13
and
3.15
respectively.
Otherwise, f o r the design of an e l a s t o - p l a s t i c coupled shear
w a l l system, the procedure may be adopted as follows:
(1) From the e x i s t i n g design code, i t i s possible to obtain
the
the
load f a c t o r
113
msx
and the
i f s m a l l e r , the beam s i z e
and the r a t i o of
f o r a given maximum r o t a t i o n a l d u t i l i t y f a c t o r
beams.
of the coupling
114
3-3-2
Numericail Example
For
illustration,
S e c t i o n 2.3.2
the
example
structure
described
in
It i s assumed
to
be
1.6.
The
The
ultimate
laminar
shear,
q of
the
s t r u c t u r e may be given by
q
= 2M /(bh)
u
be
determined
design
t56
'
57]
according
to
the
stipulation
of
the
code f o r
i s found to be
53
kN/m.
Table 3. 1 presents a comparison of the r o t a t i o n a l
ductility
For the r e a l
can be determined
by using
Eq. (3.77).
3.14.
ultimate l a t e r a l load, u
determined
by using Eq.(3.76).
It can be seen from Table 3.1 that when the assessed value of
p i s chosen to be 6 the ultimate l a t e r a l load of the structure i s
115
actual
lateral
theoretically,
p l a s t i c regions, x / H and x /H
are r e a d i l y
obtained from
mr
3.4
r o t a t ional
st i f f n e s s
coupled
shear
walIs
wi11 undergo
behaviour
of e i t h e r
an e l a s t i c
or e l a s t o p l a s t i c
'
indicated
foundation s t i f f n e s s decreases.
will
In
l i n t e l beams w i l l
stiffness .
In order t o i l l u s t r a t e the e f f e c t o f f l e x i b l e foundations on
116
the
to a
It i s
uniformly
t h i s s t r u c t u r e are as follows:
Total height H = 60 m
Storey height h = 3 m
Distance between c e n t r o i d a l axes of walls = 10 m,
Clear span o f l i n t e l beams = 2 m
A = a
1
:=I
1
= 4 m
A = A, +
1
= 6
42.6 m 4
= 21.3 nT
0.00154 m ,
6
= 15 x 10 KN/m ,
= 30 KN/m.
K
s
calculations
bending
and
determine
are performed to
moment
deflection
foundation
rotational
i n the walls
stiffness
the a x i a l
at the base
level,
K ,
r
the
force and
the l a t e r a l
and the r o t a t i o n a l
d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r of the l i n t e l beams.
F i g s . 3.19 and 3.20 show the e f f e c t of f l e x i b l e foundations
on the axiad force and bending moment i n the wal Is at the base
level respectively.
-117
with an increase
o f the
vertical
foundation s t i f f n e s s .
I t i s also
at
the
of f l e x i b l e foundations on the
top of
the
structure.
It i s
influence
ducti1ity
vertical
that
factor
of the l i n t e l
and r o t a t i o n a l
the foundation
beams f o r d i f f e r e n t
foundation s t i f f n e s s .
I t can be shown
s t i f f n e s s has a d i r e c t
influence
r o t a t i o n a l d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r of the l i n t e l beams.
of
the v e r t i c a l foundation
rotational
lintel
and an
have a d i s t i n c t reduction.
that the v a r i a t i o n
of the r o t a t i o n a l
increase
of the
factor
of the
I t i s also shown
ducti 1 i t y
on the
With a decrease
s t i f f n e s s , the rotationsil d u c t i l i t y
beams w i l l
sensitive
stiffness
values of
factor
i s more
foundation s t i f f n e s s
3.5
s t i f f e n i ng
structural
beam
behavior
i nt o
coupled
considerably,
118
shear
wal1s
resulting
may
affect
the
i n reducing
the
of the laminar
shear
l o c a t i o n s of the s t i f f e n i n g beam.
f o r the cases
of
different
s t at e of t he s t ruet ure
may be de 1 ayed i mp 1 y i ng
t hat
t he 1 oad
coupled shearwall
structure
strengthened by a s t i f f e n i n g beam
I t can be
d e f l e c t i o n s , but a l s o
l i n t e l beams e f f e c t i v e l y .
j[astic Behaviour,
For the s t i f f e n e d
coupled
shear-wall
119
(3.78)
q = B asinhax
where
Bg
C cccoshax + L(m'
s
2
(3.79)
+
2
constants
which can be
Thus,
the boundary
condition
s t r u c t u r e i s then given by
(3.80)
T(H) = S H q(H)
Letting
x=H
and s u b s t i t u t i n g
Eqs.(3.78)
and (3.79)
into
(3.81a)
S ,
whsr6
a (coshoH + aS HsinhaH)
S (cA
- w - u
tanhaH + aS H
M
It
1 + aS tanhaH
120
C = ?
(3.81b)
(1 - S )L(x) +
a
(x) - S
d
(+
2a
J2 ^ )
6a H
(3.82)
coupled
shear
walls,
the e l a s t o - p l a s t i c
s t r u c t u r e i s s i m i l a r to that presented
behaviour
of the
In t h i s
(3.80)
T(H) = S H q(H)
m
For the three-region case with a p l a s t i c c e n t r a l region, the
equations
f o r determining
the a x i a l
force
i n the w a l l s , the
121
replaced
by B s given i n Eq.(3.81a).
In the i n v e s t i g a t i o n , a set of charts i s presented to show
the
e f f e c t of the top s t i f f e n i n g
beam cm the e l a s t o - p l a s t i c
great
reduction
i n the value
of
X
2
/ H thereby
of the maximum
rotational
i s evident
that
r o t a t i o n a l d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r has a d i s t i n c t reduction.
I t implies
structure
effectively.
maximum
f o r ultimate
lateral
load
can be
sharpened
laminar
maximum laminar
rotation.
I t i s c l e a r that
rotation will
the l e v e l
of the
value of S^.
Fig.
the w a l l s f o r d i f f e r e n t values of r e l a t i v e f l e x u r a l r i g i d i t y S .
It
122
beam
into
the s t r u c t u r e .
Figs.
3.29
It
structure.
reduction
It
assist
w i t h EL top s t i f f e n i n g beam.
123
walls
Table 3 1
Real
Assessed
aH = 5.113.
3.6
0.550
25
1998
13
0.447
30.9
2479
16
124
(kN/m)
0
(kN)
F i g . 3.1
F i g . 3.2
Complete f a i l u r e
shear walls
mechanism of coupled
125
F i g . 3.5
127
F i g . 3.6
128
(a)
(b)
3-8
(a)
E l a s t i c laminar notation
(b)
P l a s t i f i e d laminar rotation
129
.Fig. 3.9
F i g . 3.10
130
q,
10-
uH/a
F i g . 3.11
131
/H
X/H
0.30
0.24
0.18
0.12
0.06
MaximuKrt l a m i n a r
rotational
ductility
"
factor,
y = 1
v
/<j>
Y
fT13X, '
Fig.
3.15
135
maximum l a mi n 3 . r
r d i :a.tion
V a r io
af
t
rieolna t i vhe
e i g h to
:f
at base level
Fig.
137
3.17 V a r i a t
oifotno p
d
=
r a f(t
sa
0.7)
138
17.5
17
16.5 k
16
25x 10
E f f e c t of f l e x i b l e foundation on base
axial force in walls
100
95
90
85
80
25x 10
Rotational foundation s t i f f n e s s k (kNm/rad)
. F i g . 3.20
139
16
OIXHJ
: d o L 5 . L : P 3 ^ 3 P
"0
s
KN/m)=0-25
^ ^ ^ / ^
= 0-5
0
2.5
'
10
= 2.5
25 x 10
F i g . 3.21
Effect of f l e x i b l e foundation on
l a t e r a l deflection at top
140
141
F i g . 3:23
-
18
2'7
q
=
10
36
45
-2
142
X/H
Relative height of lower boundary between e l a s t i c and p l a s t i c region,
0 .25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
K=
10
Co,
m
0 . 4
^\"
l-egend
Ai
0..3
Fig.
1,
10.
S3"
1,
10
0 . 6
0,
%\%1ax
0 . 5
1q I
143
0 . 7
3 . 2 4v a r i a tli o
ow
nbe o
orf
u nb
de
a t
r w
e
y leae
s t
ni c
and
p l a s .
r teigc i
f o
od
n
ri f f e r
re
en
l ta t i v e
flexur-al
r i g i do
i .
fSt1y
; ie. n
f fi n g b e a m
I
14
K
1
K
1
11
<u
\
\
/
0.3
0.4
0.5
q
F i g , 3.26
I.
0-6
0-7
0.8
0.9
= Mq /q
i / x
145
/
x
* l -Uw
S .
L U mlO-I J X)e
0 Lu
l i
o
? L s o d
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
q qt/qx
F i g . 3.27
146
0.9
01
0.40
0.30
0.20H
Legend
K= 4
K= 10
0,10
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
r
F i g . 3.28
0.7
0.8
0.9
q qi/qmax
147
13
.
.
148
13
<
149
CHAPTER
4-1
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
In r e i n f o r c e d concrete t a l l b u i l d i n g s , i t i s e s s e n t i a l that
the
structure
horizontal
should be s u f f i c i e n t l y s t i f f
loads.
I n the construction
to resist
o f such
external
buildings,
As a r e s u l t , the maximum l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n
they may be l i n k e d at f l o o r
moderate s t i f f n e s s
coupling
of structural
substantial
increase
l e v e l s by beams
walls
i n lateral
by
lintel
stiffness
beams
system.
with
The
produces EL
and strength
of the
The
w a l l s , and a d i s t i n c t
reduction
individual walls.
When two p a r a l l e i
s t r u c t u r a l walIs are
150
Tso
investigated the s t i f f e n i n g e f f e c t
s t r e s s e s i n the s t r u c t u r a l w a l l s .
In
this
chapter,
the a n a l y t i c a l
investigations
on two
I t can be
gains
i n lateral
s t i f f n e s s and strength
can be
4,2
loads.
comprised o f l a t e r a l l y
of a t a l l
building
which i s
lateral
that
there
i s neither
151
rotation
nor
It i s
deflection
perpendicular
the f l o o r plan.
cross-sect ion
which
i s subjected
to l a t e r a l
loading
as an open thinwalled
a c t i o n o f t o r s i o n and bending
It
i s assumed
that
[59
'
60]
the cross
wall
possesses
appropriate
i n the inplane
on
The
of x
dy
2 2
(4. 1)
dx
where T and
are the a x i a l forces i n w a l l s 1 and 2;
2
and
Let q and q 2
From
152
level
of x due
to the bending
deformation
and the
axial
dx
(4.2)
EA
q,
S
dxdx
3=-
(4.3)
4Gt
0 x
of v e r t i c a l displacement at
+ 3 = 0
(4.4)
j
>
C
1
2EA_
EA
dxdx
4Gt
b = 0
(4.5)
0x
Similarly,
153
dx
EA
q2 _ q
'2EA_
dxdx
J
J
q +
4Gt
q,
b = 0
(4.6)
0x
shear flows
(4.7)
d
x
T =
(4.8)
qdx
D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g Equations (4.5)
Equations
(4.7)
and
(4.8)
(4.6) and
and
to eliminate
the
considering
v a r i a b l e s q and
q2
yields
dy
""1 dx
j 2
d'y +
a ^
d"T
4Gt
2
dx
dx
d
"+
4Gt
d
"^)j 2
_j :
- EA.T
- T
1
- EA_
2EA-
2 =0
2EA_
(4.9)
(4.10)
introduce
two
new
variables
defined as follows:
154
T and
T,
which
are
12
II
112
I-
IT
(T + T2)
(4.11)
(T - T2)
(4.12)
be r e w r i t t e n as
T_ = T + T
(4.13)
(4.14)
T = T
By d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g
E/G cTT
t/b
dx'
E T +
k T
k T
+ i ^ ) f =
~ ^
whsrs
155
Me
(4.15
(4.16)
T = "1 +
2/
) I + 1 +
(4.17a)
d =
(5^" W
(4. 17b)
(4.
1 7 c )
T = [MA -
/
I
- E T T]/(k T + k d )
(4.18)
S 2 - a 1 = - yMe
dx
(4.19)
t/b
a
= E/G [ k
t/b
= E7g
- E T/ ( k
+ V
+ k]
d
"1 2)E/ ( k T
(4.20)
) ] / I
(4.21)
It i s noted that Eq. (4.19) has the same form as the governing
equation of an ordinary coupled shear w a l l , but the difference
l i e s i n the substance of s t r u c t u r a l parameters a and
On s o l v i n g Eq.(4.19), the complete s o l u t i o n i s given by
156
T = Bcoshctx + Csinhax
+ i
a Rt
+
a
(4.22)
there
i s no
axial
force
i n the walls;
hence, the
boundary c o n d i t i o n i s
T(H) = 0
(4.23)
By s u b s t i t u t i n g Eq.(4.23) i n t o Eq.
CtanhaH - : + )
a coshaH
(4*24)
= 0
(4.25)
(4.26)
axial
forces
i n the walls
and q 2 and
157
=
dT
L
0
dx x=0
(4.27)
C = ~(wH/2 + uH + P)
a
The
average
force
i n walls
(4,28)
1 and 2>
therefore,
can be
Eq.(4.18)
expressions o f
E
=
+ l e ,
T
d
(4.29)
(4.30)
T_ = 2T
d
Let q be the average shear flow and defined as follows:
158
(4.31)
q =
(4.32)
4.33)
+ u(H -x) + P]
(4.34)
2M'
T
q(l
(4.35)
(kT + k j l
d
(4.36)
and
k [
T
4.35)
and k as defined i n
T
and T
given
i n Eq.(4.37)
to derive
d e f l e c t i o n given i n Eq.(4.38),
159
the l a t e r a l
inplane
y(o) = o
(4.37)
y'(0) = 0
y =
" - V '
+ C(ax - sinhax) a
=(i
B(1 coshax)
Y.
(kT +
T
L(+
6H
(4.38)
k/EI
- u T
top
substituting
drift
can
then
be
conveniently
obtained
by
uloo
1 2
rl 1 *
w o
B ( l coshctH)
(4.39)
are s i m i l a r
to those of an
160
ordinary
4-2-2
Parametric I n v e s t i g a t i o n
In
practice,
the s t r u c t u r a l
behaviour of
noncollinear
(4.40)
With
Eq.(4.40), the
structural
parameter
presented i n
t/b
= E75
(i +
(4.41)
1)
or
a = 5 / "175
(i +
(4.42)
T)(l
(4.45)
where
161
6
L
1/2
(1 + " ) .
(4.44)
v a r i a t i o n of S
of A /A^
cross
as a f u n c t i o n of 7) f o r d i f f e r e n t
values
i s shown i n F i g . 4.5.
reference [58].
c
H/b,
The
and
are p l o t t e d i n
As/A^
S i m i l a r curves
the
structural
paretmeter aH,
and
walIs
the
has
little
influence on
magnitude of
aH
the
depends mainly
H
height-to-width r a t i o , g of the cross w a l l . The
coupling
on
the
H
of
the
wall
assembly
is
subjected
to
uniformly
average
axial
force
in
the
structural
wal I s ,
can
be
expressed as:
(4.45)
where
6"
(4.46)
(1 + " ) :
162
T == sinhax
while
aHsinhaH + 1
coshax
the average
aH(l - g ) V 2
1/aH /aH
(4.47)
expressed as:
= a He Q S haff +
= ^
(4.49)
different
coupling
shear
flow
stiffness
aH.
of the wall
I t can be
assembly f o r
seen
that the
and
the average
c o e f f i c i e n t .
shear
flow
are proportional
to the
163
T=
(4.50)
SI!
where
6(1 -
T =
(1 + 7 ?)
(1 +
L"(T)
F i g . 4.9
7)
(4.51)
4
+ 1)
i t i s seen that T
T})
exhibits
i s a f u n c t i o n of T? and
the v a r i a t i o n
of T
against the
8EI
(4.52)
where
3"
(1
+ T J ) "
the w a l l
assembly
4
(aH)'
SET
i f there
(4.53)
(aH) coshaH
were no coupling,
164
so that
yH
stiffness
4. 10 shows
the top d r i f t
against
s t i f f n e s s aH f o r t y p i c a l values of
reference [58].
of w a l l s
1 and 2 are
shear
substantial
achieved.
gains
walIs
are coupled
i n lateral
by
stiffness
planar
cross
wal1
walls
In
165
I t i s obvious
that the
a n a l y s i s presented
establishing
i n stiffness
and the
4.3
4*3-1
Method of A n a l y s i s
As
collinear
substajitial
achieved.
gains
w a l l s are coupled
i n lateral
The cross
but not
by a planar cross
stiffness
and strength
wall,
can be
gained.
by
two pared l e i
by cross
lintel
beams.
slabs i n a building,
Since
the diaphragm e f f e c t of
i t i s assumed that no
being
outofplane
166
and M
i s resisted
axial
2),
given by
M+
M2 + T ( ,
= Me
U.54)
lintel
beams can be
equivalent s t i f f n e s s .
treated
as a set of laminae
with
It i s
There are r e l a t i v e v e r t i c a l
="+
".55a)
S - -
(4.55b)
b
where I i s the e f f e c t i v e moment of i n e r t i a of the l i n t e l beams,
b
give by
167
1IA
(4.55c)
S +=0
(4.56)
12EI
hb
/).-
a x
+
1A1
/y
4.57)
b
where = ^ + ^ .
1
W 2 a !=
dx
168
(4.58)
where
A J
1 2
(4.59)
1 2 IbJ
(4.60)
hb I
The
closed
structural
form
solutions
to
the
axial
force
i n the
deflection
follows:
T = BcoshctH + CsinhctH + ^ ( M
2
+ l
+
2
Basinhax + Cacoshooc + (M
3
(4.62)
+
e
(4.61)
2TT
6a H
(4.63)
2J
By p u t t i n g x = H i n t o Eq.(4.63), the l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n at
the top of the structure can be determined as follows:
169
+ C(aH - siH)] -
where B, C and S a r e
given
6a
+ ~^~)H2VEI
2a
(4.64)
i n Eqs. (4.24),
respectively.
According t o the i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t h i s s e c t i o n made on the
s t i f f e n i n g e f f e c t of coupling two o f f s e t but p a r a l l e l shear walls
by
cross
lintel
beams, i t i s evident
possess s u f f i c i e n t shearresistant
that
i f the l i n t e l
beams
coupled by l i n t e l
beams to external
horizontal
shear
loads i s
and l a t e r a l
d e f l e c t i o n s of the
(4.64)
4.3.2
E l a s t o - P l a s t i c Behaviour
Since
the problem
f o r analyzing
two p a r a l l e l
c o l l i n e a r s t r u c t u r a l w a l l s coupled by cross l i n t e l
in
but not
beams i s cast
170
i n Chapter 3.
the
distribution
e l a s t o - p l a s t i c s t r u c t u r a l response
characteristics
s t r u c t u r e coupled by cross
f a i l u r e mechanism
of
lintel
and
non-collinear
the
load
shear
wall
three-region
partial
case with a c e n t r a l p l a s t i c
4-4
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION
sol i d wall
structures
4. 13a)
are
euialyzed.
The
i s shown i n F i g . 4.13.
c o n s i s t s of
two
identical
s t r u c t u r a l plan
Example Structure
for
the
1 (Fig.
s t r u c t u r a l w a l l s which are
the
analysis
to
enable EL comparison of
s t i f f n e s s to be made.
of the
The
and 2.5m)
are
different
given
coupling
4* 2
respectively.
It i s shown i n Tables 4.1
equal to 16. 184
and
above.
and 4.2
complete coupling
f o r the
structures
171
Hence, the
i s g e n e r a l l y achieved,
so
that
the
value
of the
top d r i f t
approaches asymptotically
the
It
is
uniformly
assumed
place.
the
structures
are
subjected
b u i l d i n g height.
internal
that
to
along
a
the
forces w i l l
be
developed and
lateral
d e f l e c t i o n take
the
value
of
the
shear flows
at
the
top
level
will
generally tends to
the value of ctH i s greater than 15 the laminar shear at the top
l e v e l of a coupled shear wall system i s so small that i t can
considered
forces
61 62
as zero[ ' .
i n the
junct ions
of
structural
the
wal Is
coupling represented
walls
the
i s proport ional
and
shear
to
the
The
flows
be
axial
at
the
degree of
the
wider the
cross
It i s c l e a r from F i g s . 4.14
and
and the shear flows at the junctions of the walls when b = 1.5m
172
is
i n the non-collinear
exceeds 5.
and q
1
of Example Structure
width
of the w a l l
section
under
consideration.
Because the two s t r u c t u r a l walls
F i g . 4.18 shows
I t can be
i s s i m i l a r t o that given i n
a x i a l f o r c e s i n two s t r u c t u r a l w a l l s , that i s
173
T =
- T2
In f a c t , t h i s can r e s u l t i n s a t i s f y i n g the e q u i l i b r i u m c o n d i t i o n
of the a x i a l forces i n the w a l l s .
F i g s . 4.19 and 4-20 e x h i b i t the v a r i a t i o n of the shear flows
at the Junctions of the cross wall and the s t r u c t u r a l walls f o r
Example S t r u c t u r e 2.
i n the case
when the s t r u c t u r a l
walls
the s t r u c t u r a l
w a l l s at the base l e v e l
will
be equal but
opposite.
I t i s known that f o r two o f f s e t but p a r a l l e l uncoupled shear
walIs,
the l a t e r a l
loads
are d i s t r i b u t e d
proportion to their f l e x u r a l r i g i d i t i e s .
between two w a l l s i n
Hence bending moments
between
stiffness
elements.
the
top d r i f t
of
the s t r u c t u r e
derived
from
coupling
The r e s u l t s
are presented
174
parallei
stiffness
and
s t r u c t u r a l walIs wi 11
strength,
enhance g r e a t l y the
r e s u l t i n g i n promoting the
175
lateral
capacity
of
Table 4*1
Wall 1
H
Wall 2
(m)
45
1.5
Table 4.2
3.125
1.5
Cross wall
;
3.125
U)
(m)
A;
1.5
0.3
25.022
2.5
0.5
19.382
0.2
Wall 1
A
45
i2
^4
(m )
(m)
2.4
12.800
Cross wall
Wall 2
1.2
(m )
1.600
176
(m)
(m)
aH
1.5
0.3
20.922
2.5
0.5
16.184
0.2
Table 4*3
coupled
non-collinear
b
(m)
and
aH
M
Uncoupled walls
y
y
(mm)
(KN)
(KN)
0
0.75
100
100
474
474
456
456
1898
1898
0.25
1050
1050
4271
4271
2335
2335
7593
7593
0.75
88
88
475
475
444
444
1898
1898
0.25
1042
1042
4271
4271
2455
2455
7593
7593
0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
uncoupled
walls
25.022
19.382
177
12.6
12.8
(mm)
51.3
51.3
Table 4*4
coupled
non-collinear
walls
and uncoupled
b
(m)
M
(KN3
(mm)
Uncoupled walls
M
(KN)
C
0
0.75
220
28
844
105
999
125
3375
421
0.25
2302
288
7593
949
4936
617
13500
1687
0.75
228
28
1033
129
0.25
2380
5092
0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
20.933
16.184
6.7
105
3375
421
298
7593
949
636
13500
1687
178
22.2
6.9
(mm)
22.2
; s t r u c t u r a l wall 1
/
/
/
^ cross wal 13
f,'
/7^
structural
wall 2
/
/
4-1
Building plan
t
b'
,
-
F i g , 4".2
179
structural
wal 1 1
i g . 4.3
cross
wall 3
structural
wall 2
180
and
(q+
q/2
bending e f f e c t
(q! +q 2 )/2
shear effect
(a)
q 2 )/2
(q-q 2 )/2
axial force e f f e c t
(b)
Fig- 4-4
181
Fig. 4.5
Aj/A
o
8
o
o
/x
.3
LA
35
qL S
0.2
Fig* 4.6
183
Fig. 4.7
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Fig. 4.8
Fig. 4.9
-187
I .
Fig. 4.10
Wall 1
Wall 2
'
F i g . 4.11
Laminar shear
188
Wall 1
(a)
=5n+c51:
Wall 2'
(b)
(c)
F i g . 4*12
189
5m
=0.2m
5m
(a)
us
b= 1.5m 2.5m
4m
(b)
Fig. 4.13
190
U3
b = 1.5m 2.5m
200 400
600
Fig- 4.14
.191
0.9
qi
0.8
Vx
q2
8 4
1 7 3
b=
1.5m:
/x
0.6
J q 6 3
3 45 e L 3 y
0.5
0.4
0.3
b = 1.5 m
0.2
b=
0.1
10
20
30
40
50
60
2-5!
70
80
90
F i g . 4.15
192
o
o
<u
H/X
J,9Li
3
0.1
300
900
600
1200
Fig- 4-16
1500
(kN)
193
1800
o
9
o
o
H/X
o
4
Jq6sq
3M!^LSy
00
0.1
300
600
900
1200
Fig- 4-17
1500
(kN)
194
1800
0.7
/x
J.L3LI
0.5
0.
b=
b=
1.5m
L
300
150
T
F i g . 4.18
2.5m
450
600
(kN)
195
H/X
J q 5 . L3
35
q eL3y
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
4-19
196
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
66 396
/x
(q= . )
0.6
Jqss
3> : e L 3 y
0.5
q2
(
0.4
46.826)
0.3
0.2
0.1 h
2
0
-10
10
.20
30
40
50
60
F i g . 4.20
m
4
197
CHAPTER
5.1
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
The
common
buildings.
of c o n s t r u c t i o n
for tall
r e s i d e n t i a l or o f f i c e
cores, several
The
so
that
they
act as strong
points
stiffness,
i n the b u i l d i n g s .
When
floor
slabs,
considerable
redistribution of lateral
loads may
structures,
Various
198
By
using
standard
computer
subjected to l a t e r a l
programmes
for
the
considering
[68
Biswas '
Gl uck
and
general
bui 1 dings
three-dimensional
Ge 11 e r t
[67]
have present ed
threedimensional
analysis
f ormul at i ons
problem.
By
69]
flexural
ted 1
systems of d i s c r e t e components.
Rosman and
[63-65]
proposed
and
an
effective
torsional
bui l d i n g s .
Liang [
703
method
deformation
later
of
to
investigate
multistorey
proposed
powerful
shear
and
the
wall
general ized
tall
[71
Cheung '
723
presented EL
assembly of
j o i n t e d frames and
shear
walls,
f l o o r s l a b s , the structure
complex to obtain a d i r e c t s o l u t i o n .
29,313,73-78
assumptions [
achieved.
the
diaphragm
Due
action
made
cores,
i s generally
Consequently,
to
rigidly
enable
too
simplifying
solutions
to
three-dimensional
( F i g . 5.1).
are
Coull
box
regular
symmetric
crosswall
structures
floor
slabs,
coupled
shear
walls
the
and
Based on the t r a d i t i o n a l
19S
i n connecting
be
other
actions
and
horizontal
deflections.
In
the
addition,
an
can
lead
to the
chapter
three-dimens i o n a l
presents
lateral
shear wal 1 s t r u c t u r e s .
an
load
atpproximaite
analysis
approach
of regular
for
symmetrical
The
i n plane by a set of a x i a l l y r i g i d
wall
The
regular
symmetric
5.2
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
A tall
assemblies
b u i l d i n g plan, which
of
independent
and
200
coupled
shear
walls
loads,
i s shown i n F i g . 5. 1.
to
lateral
subjected
together due
s 1 abs,
and
height.
external
When the
structure i s
loads, a l l assemblies
will
act
undergo t he
any
floor
plan.
As
a result,
the
threedimensional
c o n s i s t i n g of EL combination of core
walls and
structure
independent
and
constrained
pin-ended
to
act
links
i n s e r i e s by
simulate
the
structural
rigid
components are
pin-ended
a c t i o n of
floor
links.
s l a b s , and
The
are
horizontally
loaded
three-dimensional
regular
shear
walls
and
cores
with
different
include
stiffness.
As
l i n k s , as shown i n F i g . 5.2.
represent
either
a plane
The
isolated
Since the l i n k s
independent
wall,
the
h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o n s of
constrained to be i d e n t i c a l .
201
the
of
two
the
are
In an analogous manner,
Cutting the
5.2.1
lateral
U
- a T - - y(M - MT)
j 2
e
l
(5.1)
202
The moment-curvature
r e l a t i o n s h i p of the walls
i s expressed
ELS:
EI
=(Me
m
(5.2)
- T
dx
where y denotes the l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n , and I , the second moment
m
=+
For
curvature r e l a t i o n s h i p i s given by
d y
El^ = M
2
I
dx
(5.3)
the 1 inks
deflections
identical.
are assumed to be a x i a l l y
r i g i d , the
Hence,
d y
d y
_ ^ = ~_^
dx
dx
(5.4)
or
M
[(M e - - " = +
(5.5)
203
M' =
I
Me -
(5.6)
I =
(5.7)
equation f o r the
axial
force
i n the
walls
can
be
r e w r i t t e n as
2
a1 = - y M
(5.8)
where
a m = (1 - A+
= (l
m
and
(5.9)
AI
=
i n which A
A = A
(5.10)
(5,11)
A ,
the w a l l s .
I t i s seen that Eq.(5.8) has the same form as Eq.(5.1).
i n d i c a t e s that the problem
CELTI
This
be conveniently transformed f o r
204
and y .
I 1/2
(5.12
that
i f the
independent
c a n t i l e v e r e d wall
This
becomes
the
value
asymptotically
of
i s less
straight
lines,
than
0.5,
showing
the
that
curves
there
approach
is
little
2
/
20S
(5.13)
f o r c e s and the l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n
shear
As i n the d e s c r i p t i o n i n Chapter
T = Bcosha x + Csinhcc x + 2 ( M + i
+
m
m
2
e
2"
2
a
a H
a
(5. 14)
(5.10);
constants
tn
y ; e x t e r n a l moment M
m
loads,
namely
distributed
uniformly
distributed
load,
upper
triangularly
and M2,
1 (M - T
I
M2 =
The
corresponding
(Me - T)
20S
(S.15)
(5.16)
f o r the
a
a H
(5,17)
TT
where
i s presented i n Eq.(2.23).
Since the lumped coupled shear wall i s the replacement of a
S2
Interaction
of Uxmped
Coupled
Shear
Walls
and Damped
Independent Wall
In general, under the a c t i o n of l a t e r a l loads, the dominant
modes o f behaviour of a coupled shear wall and an
w a l l , or uncoupled core are d i f f e r e n t .
independent
of curvature
deflects
under
curvature
pure
i n the upper
bending
action
level,
and
while
bends
the l a t t e r
in a
single
Therefore,
rigidities
207
to
external
horizontal
shown i n F i g . 5.2 i s
loads,
the
distributed
rx = EI
By
dM
dx
dx
Eq.(5.14)
subs t i t ut i ng
d i f f e r e n t i at i ng twi ce the
(5.18)
into
distributed
Eq.(5.6)
and
then
found as:
w ,
n =~j~ - ~^)
dx
dx
(5.19)
or
(wx/H + u ) ( l -
n =
a'"Bcosha x + Csinha x)
(S.20)
a
When the structure
i s subjected to a uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d
I
n
y *
= u 1 + "4~n )
(5.21)
i n which
n
= (K t a n M
(5.22)
and
K = aH
(5.23a)
g = x/H
(5.23b)
208
i s subjected
to an upper
triangularly
+n2 w)
(52 4 )
i n which
n
*
w
(5.25)
- P 1 + 2n
(5.26)
i n which
n
(5.27)
(n , n
u
the structure
distributed
i s respectively
subjected
to a
uniformly
loaxi an upper t r i a n g u l a r l y d i s t r i b u t e d
losid and a
I t can be
209
assemblies
that
loads
cantilevered
lower
the coupled
in
wall
levels.
upper
takes
walls
levels,
carry
relatively
whereas
proportionately
Obviously,
provide a useful
shear
the curves
the
independent
more l a t e r a l
given
more
loads i n
i n these
figures
degree of r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of l a t e r a l forces.
F i g . 5.5 i s presented i n reference
Furthermore,
the
shear
S i m i l a r f i g u r e to
[
2
9
force
carried
by
the
lumped
V = - EI ?
d T x
By
d i f f e r e n t i at i ng
dM
= -
d x
Eq.(5.6),
t he
shear
force
in
the
^(H
(5.29)
- x ) + u(H - x) + P - q
d i s t r i b u t e d load, Eq.(5.29)
becomes
V = uH (i u
(5.30)
+v
i n which
210
c
o
s
7
2
K
j
- g + 1
(5.31)
load
Eq-(5.29) becomes
V = wH/2
w
I
I
-/
^ (1 -
(5.32)
i n which
2
V = ("nhK
(5.33)
= P
(5.34)
-V
p
i n which
V = tanhK sinhK g - coshK g + 1
m m
(5.35)
It cam be seen from Eqs. (5.30) 5.32) and (5.34) that the
shear f o r c e V w i l l decrease with an increase of c o e f f i c i e n t
(V?
of c o e f f i c i e n t s
V , V
and V
against
the r e l a t i v e
The values
parameter
of V V
u
K
m
and V
implying
that
force
carried
by the
211
be obtained r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
Vu
= - uH
HU
Vu
= - wH/2
Hw
Hence
Hp
= tanhK
i t ceua
(536)
Hu
^V
2
Hw
(5.37)
be
(5.38)
Hp
(si+
m
Hw
= - p_!l_v*
HP
= UnhK
"
,V
1/K ) coshK
m
2/K ) coshK
(5.39)
in
- 2/K
(5,40)
si
(5.41)
m m
deduced
that
concentrated
lateral
structure ( F i g .
(V , V
and
HP
Hw
s t i f f n e s s parameter K .
the
coupling
212
shear
force
concentrated
factors
are a l l p o s i t i v e ,
i n t e r a c t i o n force
indicating
that the
wi 11
when subjected
st i f f n e s s
to distributed lateral
parameter
loads, while i t
base
1 eve 1
i n the i independent
cant i 1 e vered
wal 1 can be
determined as f o l l o w s :
I
V = wH/2 + uH + P)
0
I
(5.42)
(5.43a)
01
= wH/2 + uH + P)
I
02
= ^
I
(5.43b)
(wH/2 + uH + P)
given
213
independent c a n t i l e v e r e d wall i s
(Ms - T)
Mw = ^
(5.44)
integrate
Eq*(5.44)
twice
conditions
y| x = 0 = 0
x=0rt
y =
"
- Y
oc
2a
(5.45a)
= 0
(5.45b)
+ L[B(1 -
(5.46)
+ J^l)kEi
6a H
(5.46)
whers
3
Y= ^ ( 2 0 H x
- 10H x + x ) + ^ ( S H x
- 4Hx +x ) + ,(3Hx - x )
of s t r u c t u r a l
The main d i f f e r e n c e l i e s
parameter a and
i n the
and the f l e x u r a l
214
53
ELASTOPLASTIC BEHAVIOUR
connected by
axialiy
three kinds of t y p i c a l
rigid
lateral
pin-ended
loads
links,
subjected
uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d
to
load
beam i n the
reaches
moment
its
ultimate
elastoplastic
structural
lumped coupled
capacity,
system.
thereby
Further
shear walls
forming
increase of
an
lateral
and
result
in
two
types
of
partial
failure
r e g i o n wi 11
not
supported
occur
because the
on EL r i g i d foundation.
case with a p l a s t i c
lower
s t r u c t u r e i s assumed to
be
there
are
two
different
collapse c r i t e r i a
215
for
(1) L i m i t a t i o n of
beams, or maximum r o t a t i o n a l
d u c t i l i t y of laminae; and
at the base
level.
Obviously,
i n the process
of the
that
ductility
capacity,
but a l s o
that
the bending
moment of the
the lumped
coupled
walls
may be treated
as an
lateral
the l a t e r a l
deflections
presented
i n Chapter
3 f o r the
and
(5.10).
i^gion
l i n t e l beams behave e l a s t i c a l l y *
the
laminar
shear
are
In t h i s
region, the
presented
i n Eqs. (3-2)
and (3-3)
(3.7) r e s p e c t i v e l y .
By d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g T
216
then
substituting
into
Eq.(5.19),
the
distributed
interaction
(wx/H
+ u)(l a
By
substituting
Eq.(3.3)
into
Eq.(5.29), the
(5.47)
shear
force
B sinha x + C cosha x
y w
aH
^(H -
2-
x ) + u(H - x) + p
x : ) .
(5.48)
In
this
region,
The magnitude
It
external
can
be
I
= J
1
(wx/H
(5.49)
+ u)
action
of
in
..217
under the
there
i s no d i s t r i b u t e d i n t e r a c t i o n force
i n this
region.
The shear force i n the cantilevered wall can be obtained from
Eq.(5.29) as:
I
2
2
V = [w(H - x )/2 + u(H - x) + P - q ]
3. 2ast:ic Loweregion
(0sx:s",
l i n t e l beams behave e l a s t i c a l l y .
the
laminar
shear
(5.50)
In this
region the
are presented
i n Eqs.(3. 16)
and (3,17)
(3.25) r e s p e c t i v e l y .
then
substituting
By d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g TEq.(3.16) twice
i t into
the d i s t r i b u t e d
I r
= 4 (wx/H + u ) ( l
By
"
7 2
1
- a B f l coshax + C , i n h a x)
(5.51)
force
^"
2
~(H a H
x ) + u(H - x) + p
218
a
(5.52)
oc B ; i n h a H + C cosha H
V
y w
(5.53)
a H
The
(Eq. 5.53).
5L3.2
Cx^x^/O,
Since
tp
the
second
Eq. (3.49), i s
I
= ^
(wx/H + u)
(5.54)
I
= ^
[ W ( H - x )/2 + u(H - x) + P - q ]
(^x:Sx,
By
(5,55)
differentiating
219
(wx/H +
3"
where
and
sinha x)
(5.56)
(H x + u(H - x)
(5.57)
(P -
(5.58)
q
a plastic
upper region,
the
5.4
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION
A representative
30-storey b u i l d i n g which c o n s i s t s of s i x
220
It i s
are 80 kN/m, 110 kN/m and 160 kN/m, to enable a comparison o f the
s t r u c t u r a l responses t o d i f f e r e n t loading i n t e n s i t i e s to be made.
When the s t r u c t u r e remains i n a f u l l y e l a s t i c state under the
a c t i o n o f external loading, the d i s t r i b u t e d i n t e r a c t i o n f o r c e , the
shear f o r c e arid bending moment i n the independent cantilevered
wall
respectively.
Eqs. (5.21),
respectively.
i n the lower
structural
level.
and loading
taken place
I t i s seen
conditions
( F i g . 5.13).
that
In
comparison,
coupled w a l l s
simple
design
the values
and c a n t i l e v e r e d
assumption
that
of the load
wall
distribution i n
are derived
external
lateral
by using the
forces
are
case, the d i s t r i b u t i o n w i l l
beams-
In that
221
will
curves
plotted
i n Figs.
internal
forces i s
the shear f o r c e and the bending moment are much less than those
based on the simple design assumption (dotted l i n e s ) .
In f a c t , as
are o f t e n overestimated
underestimated
design r u l e s f o r the a n a l y s i s .
In
order
structural
t o determine
behaviour
the e l a s t i c
o f threedimensional
and
elastoplastic
regular
shear
wall
5.12, subjected to
ultimate flexural
determined
capacity of the l i n t e l
q = 2M/(bh),
u
u
beams
can be
563
222
and
In
remains i n a f u l l y
elasto-plastic
e l a s t i c state,
whereas
becomes, respectively, a
structural
system with a p l a s t i c
central
region.
X
2
of d i s t r i b u t e d
different
distributed
structural
states.
interaction
corresponding to the
I t i s shown
that the
independent w a l l .
increase
with
medium.
The
the spread
shear
of plast i f i c a t i o n
force
at
the base
i n the continuous
level
i s directly
F i g . 5.20 shows
I t i s c l e a r that as
wall w i l l be sharpened g r e a t l y .
223
wall
structure
can
be
treated
as
an
equivalent
plane
coupled
f o r engineers
lateral
to assess
quickly
the amount of
224
Table 5.1
Lumped coupled w a l l s
aH
a H
7.788
H
0.9048x10
h
0.6434xlCf
6.775
,2
(m)
(m )
(m )
(m )
84
2.8
7.2
21.6
17.55
225
(m)
9.114xl0'
Resulting loading
(b)
F i g . 5.1
226
-5"
DC
sl2
ZA2
:>
:>
SI,
-5"
Fig- 5-2
227
j
TlrTTl
F i g . 5.3
228
0.4
0.3
U
h g . 5.4
1.2
1.3
1.4
1'5
1.6
1.7
1:8
1.9
2.0
10
Fig* 5*5
to
II
Fig- 5*6
o
o
8
o
o
Fig- 5*7
Hg-
5.8
F i g . 5*9
Fig. 5.10
0 1
2
I
4
Fig- 5.11
I
6
I
8
I
10
236
I
12
0009
0002
0,1
0009
6000
6000
7500
7500
6000
6000
39000
F i g . 5.12
237
o
o
o
<u
0
20
40
F i g , 5.13
60
80
100
120
140
160
/x
3 5 e L 3 y
40
F i g . 5.14
20
20
40
60
80
238
100
.u
J 4 3 q3 A :s
/x
sy
3AI4el-^i
10
15
20
25
30
H/X
F i g . 5.15
Fig..5.16
239
H/X
- s3eLS
70
140
210
280
350
q (kN/m)
F i g . 5.17
240
420
H/X
J t - 5 .s
13
?HL S 3 y
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
n(KN/m)
Fig.
5.18
u =
80 KN/m
u = 110 KN/m
u = 160 KN/m
1000
2000
3000
4000
V(kN)
Fig- 5*19
242
/ i
i'
j
i - 0i
u =
= no
' i
80
u = 160
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
H/X
L ; e s
Jq53q
F i g . 5.20
243
CHAPTER
6-1
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
to lateral
and c o n s i s t
wal 1 s connect ed
e s s e n t i a l l y o f thinwalled
by f 1 oor
s 1 abs
ground
c a l l e d upon t o c a r r y
t o r s i o n a l loading
e x i s t s i n p r a c t i c e , e i t h e r as a r e s u l t of asymmetry o f s t r u c t u r a l
form o r e c c e n t r i c i t y o f the resultant wind f o r c e , or when the
centres o f mass and r i g i d i t y do not coincide as i n the case of
earthquake loading.
These
244
e i t h e r very f l e x i b l e or very s t i f f
may not represent accurately
lintel
stiff
beams.
However, they
effective
and accurate
methods
f o r the p r e d i c t i o n of
theory
Based on
i n conjunction
with
Vlasovs
thin-walled
the continuum
approach,
by
Michael
[313
and S t a f f o r d
shear
Rosman[
Smith
deformation
323
and rwin
Coul 1
into
account,
closed
By
box continuum
3
5
S t a f f o r d Smith .
An a l t e r n a t i n g open section-closed
box model
[82]
was
formulations
o f the problem
83
. In a d d i t i o n , folded plate
were
38
presented
by Gluck and
39
40
Some
[84-86]
other
frame
investigators
analogy[
87-90
employed
transfer
or f i n i t e
element
matrix
method
technique
[91-93]
t o tackle
the problem.
On the other hand, there i s l i t t l e work c a r r i e d out on the
elasto-plastic
94
Andrew[ ] tested
three
doubly
structures.
symmetrical
small
Irwin and
scale
micro-
Coull
and Tawfik["
employed a folded
245
frame analogy.
plate
approach i n
association
with
the
continuous
connection
technique f o r
open s e c t i o n
i s replaced
by an equivalent
closed
t o r s i o n a l behaviour of perforated
core structures.
Similar
[37].
core s t r u c t u r e s
i s also investigated.
In a s i m i l a r
Its torsional
cross-section
members.
The a d d i t i o n of bracings
will
246
equivalent
modified
bracings-
w a l l thicknesses
By taking
f o r the portions
c o n s i s t i n g of
i n t o account shear s t r a i n
i n the middle
of bracings
estimation of the
to t o r s i o n a l resistance
of an open
members.
6.2.1
perforated
analysis
is
based
on
the
following
fundamental
assumptions:
(1) Since
Under the a c t i o n
by a set of independently
The
247
The
In the present
shear
stress
is
neglected.
Therefore,
the
by
shear
i n which,
3v
w = the l o n g i t u d i n a l displacement;
s = the contour d i r e c t i o n ;
T = the shear s t r e s s caused by S t . Venant torsion;
k
t = the thickness of the cross s e c t i o n , and
v = the displacement along the contour d i r e c t i o n s,
v = p9
(6.2)
"9'
248
= ^
(6.3)
where
i s the
sectorial
(6,4)
cis
coordinate,
and
represents
the
displacement
arising
first
from
term
determines
the
longitudinal
warping
torsion;
the
second
term
i s distributed
i n accordance
with
The warping
the
sectorial
coordinates.
For a t h i n w a l l e d closed s e c t i o n , the c o m p a t i b i l i t y condition
of warping deformation i s represented by
3s
=-
pds + "&
= 0
(6.5)
where
(S.6)
=2A
i n which A
249
-2A
e'
(T,t)f
(6.7)
where t represents St. Venant shear force per unit length i n the
center l i n e o f the w a l l ; and f represents the f l e x i b i l i t y of the
equivalent closed s e c t i o n , g i v i n g
The f l e x i b i l i t y
s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s of two parts:
of
the b a s i c open s e c t i o n ,
of the equivalent
closed
Lr
Thus
f b
h b
\
12EI:
b
6.6a)
(6. 10)
where
12pEiy(GA,"
b
b
250
i s equal
to the sum
of the values
determined
by
=
By
substituting
displacement
of a braced
into
thin-walled
(6.12)
Eq. (6.4), the longitudinal
open s e c t i o n
beam can be
expressed a_s:
w = - e'c/
where w
(6. 13)
w = w
c
5F"
ds
(6.14)
of
longitudinal
i s always
less
than
w,
indicating
that o f a f u l l y open s e c t i o n .
that
the
i s less than
In f a c t , the a d d i t i o n of bracings
251
the
Moreover,
causing
reduction
in
sectorial
36
area[ ]
and
then
Eq.(6.13) the
By d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g
warping s t r a i n i s obtained:
= ew
(6.15)
is
noted
displacement
thin-walled
and
that
the
the
(6.16)
expressions
warping
normal
of
the
stress
for
longitudinal
a
braced
The
equilibrium condition
3<r
J
+ _^_
in z direction
that
3(Tt)
= 0
(6.17)
T t = E6'S* + V
252
(6-18)
in
which
and
i s defined as
s e c t o r i a l s t a t i c moment, given by
S w = I w tds
(6.19)
f J ds = 0
(6.2Q)
V = (2A
It
i s noted
from
^|0/f
that
(6.21)
shear
force
E9'S,
s u b s t i t u t i n g Eq. (6.21)
back
into
Tt
(6. 22)
T t = Ee'S* - ^
W
(J
T t
rL
f S,*
J
2A
=_^6'
S.23)
(6.24)
253
shear
q i s equal
described i n
Eq.(6.21).
Hence,
q - (2A0' - t
f S* ^ | ) / f
(6.25)
s
Furthermore, when the opening vanishes, a braced open section
w i l l become a closed box s e c t i o n .
above are s t i l l
valid.
But i n t h i s
case, the f l e x i b i l i t y of
of a closed
6*2.2
each
section
of a
braced
c o n s i s t e d o f two parts:
thin-walled
open
warping t o r s i o n a l
section
beam i s
t o r s i o n a l moment
M
= M
+ M
(S.26)
254
Ee
2A
( 6
2 7 )
D e f i n i n g Iw as generalized s e c t o r i a l moment of i n e r t i a
,
2A
I J V t d s + ^ J" S
2
the expression of
^|
.28)
(6
becomes
M = - EI e'
6.29)
MK = f
i s determined by
(t)pds = G I '
6.30)
4A
I
Gf
well-known
Bredt's
formula[
593
physical
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n as i t does.
By s u b s t i t u t i n g
Eq.(6.26), the
M = EI e"' + GI,6'
T
Ic
255
(6.32)
Due
to the consideration
of the r e s t r a i n i n g a c t i o n of
sectorial
can give
more r a t i o n a l
and accurate
assessment
o f the
torsional properties.
6.2.3
Governing Equation
By
letting
G
(6.33)
= ~ ^
EI
0)
and
rearranging
M
0'
(6.34)
EI
to a d i s t r i b u t e d t o r s i o n a l load
the t w i s t i n g
r e l a t e d by
dM
256
moments M
and mt are
e - X V
- 4
EI
(6.35)
0 = C
M z
+ C coshz + C sinhz + ~ 2 ~ ^
X EI*
(6.36)
- m(L - z)
(6-37)
e = C
1
where
C
C2
+ C2 coshz + C3 sinhz +
and
C3
are
the
( L z z /2)
A
X EI*
2
integration
(6.38)
constants, which
are
end,
= 0
8 = 0
(6.39a)
( i . e . <r = - E0w )
(6.39b)
257
(6.40a)
(i.e. w = -
(6.40b)
= 0
( i . e . <r = -E9"w )
(6.41b)
For a :braced
= M thin-walled
M = givenbeam
applied
of open
torque)
cross section with one
T
end
M
A H
The
(6.42)
z - s i n h ( z ) - (tanhL + ^ M : )
z'
(1 cosMz)
Since a perforated
(6.43)
258
6.3
ELASTOPLASTIC BEHAVIOUR
F i g . 6.8.
chapters,
i n earlier
beams have EL b i l i n e r
up to an ultimate
value
flexural
i n the bending
the applied
torque
i s graduate l y
increased,
limit
u l t i m a t e moment capacity.
wal 1
structure
increased,
occurs.
the region
u l t i m a t e value of q
initial
beam reaches i t s
torque
i s further
portion,
and w i l l
form
a three-region
system
with
elastic
( F i g . 6.9).
I t i s evident
plastic
still
259
6-3_l
core-wall
structure
with the
a n a l y s i s can be used to a s s i s t
i n the
lower
of a uniformly
= C
+ C coshz + C sinhz +
~^(Hz -
z /2)
(0
(6.44)
= C7 + C
+2
*(Hz - z /2)
8 coshz + 9C j i n h z
t
A EI*
(zz
(6.45)
In
the p l a s t i c
central
region,
the shear
flow
i n the
thus becomes:
Tt = Ee'S* + q
(6.46)
260
(6.47)
(6.48)
EI
EI
8A q
0
= C, + C r z + C,zV2
- m(4H z)
(Z,Z:Z2)
24EI
(6.49)
where
constants
to
in
the
above
equations
are
the
at
the bottom
of
the core,
and
the
e = 0
(x = 0)
(6.50a)
= 0
(x = 0)
(6.50b)
0 = 0
(x = H)
(6.50c)
261
(6.51a)
(6.51b)
(6.51c)
and i f z = z ,
6 = e
(6,52a)
0, = 9'
(6.52b)
0" = 6''
(6.52c)
=;
+ 8CcosMH +9 C,in+ 2 *
7
H
2A EI*
(6.53)
0>
At
plastic
the l e v e l s
o f interfaces
between the e l a s t i c
and the
regions,
and
the l a M n a r shear i s equal to the
= q
qfl = q
(8-54SL)
(6.54b)
262
z2.
By
differentiating
substituting
Eqs.(S.44)
i t into Eq.(6.25),
and
(6.45),
and
then
expressed as:
=m/q
(6.55a)
m/q
in
which
the f u n c t i o n s
(S.55b)
FzZ2)
r e l a t i o n s h i p o f the boundaries
and
i n Appendix I I .
6.3.2
Method of S o l u t i o n
For any applied torque a c t i n g on a core wall structure i n
laminae
are stressed to y i e l d i n g
and .
The method
described i n Chapter
3.
i n a s i m i l a r manner as
The d e t a i l e d procedures
are as
follows:
(1) The upper l e v e l of p l a s t i c i t y z i s i n i t i a l l y chosen at a
s p e c i a l p o s i t i o n between the l e v e l s of z
and H where
r
f
max
z
msx
represents
obt sd ned
the l e v e l
i n the e l a s t i c
of maximum
ana1ys i s
laminar
shear
by d i fferent i at i ng
evaluted
by
employing
263
the r e l a t i o n s h i p
o f the
F^z,,:^)
defin
boundaries
and
F,(z z J
= F (z ,z ) .
1 1 2
This i s
12
fixed
the values
and
z the
corresponding
m/qu,
and
wi
be
11
regarded
as
the
the levels of
heights of
the
However, if*
of
has
to
be
chosen
again, and
then
the
i n t e r a t i v e procedure i s repeated.
I t i s evident that i f F(z ,z ) i s greater than m/q , a
12
value of z
new
vice versa.
This
applied
procedure
torque
and
establishes
the
spread
the
of
relationship
plastif ication
between
the
due
the
to
D u c t i l i t y Requirement
In the
elasto-plastic
to
plastic
allow
the
analysis,
hinges
been
implicitly
contain s u f f i c i e n t
rotational
plasticity
connecting laminae.
264
to
i t has
spread
throughout
the
level
( F i g . 10a),
to undergo a r o t a t i o n
0 =
(6.5S)
b
When then
laminar reaches
the
ultimate
value, the
yield
(6.57)
b
At the imaginary c u t , the v e r t i c a l displacement due to the
warping deformation ( F i g . 10b) i s given by
and
the
vertical
o>
= 0' (w
displacement
oO
b
due
to
(6.58)
the
deformation
of
the
laminae i s given by
Sq = -
(5.59)
i2Ei:
b
6)
+ 3 = 0
q
(6-60)
265
0 =
^ 6'
(6.62)
b.
" L
(6
("b "a) 9
63)
If
the
applied
2A b
( - 6) ) q
b
a
u
torques are
(6.64)
further
increased, the
plastic
The
rotation
undergo an
additional
and i s given by
where 6
p l a s t i c laminae w i l l
w b wa
b
fq
2A
(6,65)
corresponding to
the
maximum p l a s t i c laminar
can be r e a d i l y determined by d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g
pmsx
Eq.(6.65) with respect to z and then equating i t to zero. In the
26S
the p o s i t i o n
corresponding
to the maximum
(6-66)
laminar
+ 0
2A
^
= ^e'(z )
0
qu c mr
y
(6.67)
arrangement
but
of
12
and
above
f o r the s p e c i a l
steel
diagonal
6.4
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION
In order to demonstrate the t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s , the repres e n t a t i v e 15-storey perforated core structure shown i n F i g ' 6.11
i s analyzed.
H = 57.17 m,
storey height h =
3.81 m
267
beams of
0.305 x 0.457 m
of the e f f e c t s
Without l i n t e l beams,
0.305 x 0.914 m
and
l e v e l r e s p e c t i v e l y , to enable a
of the l i n t e l
beams with
different
I t can
of sectorial
area
decreases,
thereby
resulting
i n the
As a matter of f a c t , f o r a
will
induce a s h i f t
of the cross
section,
reducing the s e c t o r i a l
268
adding
lintel
I t i s c l e a r that
center
towards
the centroid,
induce a
more d i s t i n c t t h i s e f f e c t w i l l be.
and closed
section analysis
[84
'
863
section
methods.
In f a c t , the open
the problem
It
the applied
1:363
torque
increased,
of i n t e r f a c e s
between
the e l a s t o -
the e l a s t i c
anci
the p l a s t i c
regions as the applied torque i s increased a f t e r the f i r s t yieldValues of the i n t e r f a c e s corresponding to any torque i n t e n s i t y can
thus be found i n t h i s f i g u r e .
269
because
of
the
difficulty
of
achieving
the
required
In f a c t , i t i s u n l i k e l y
beams to occur due to the
In a d d i t i o n , the corresponding
It i s
This i s because
constant.
the above i n v e s t i g a t i o n , i t may
270
Table 6.1 P o s i t i o n
of shear center, s e c t o r i a l
moment of i n e r t i a
and top
connecting case
shear center
positon
(m)
f u l l y open
0.457m deep
l i n t e l beam
0.914m deep
l i n t e l beam
1.828m deep
l i n t e l beam
Refs. 84&86
3. 170
3. 170
3. 170
3. 170
Ref.36
3. 170
2.896
1.707
0.781
proposed
3. 170
2.913
1.721
0.789
299
299
299
299
Ref.36
299
278
176
38.9
proposed
299
266
168
34.7
Refs. 84&86
12.8
2.95
0.552
0.076
Ref.36
12.8
3.32
0.656
0. 121
proposed
12.8
3.28
0.613
0.088
Refs. 84&86
I
c(m
)
top r o t a t i o n
3
(lcT rad)
271
(a) Perforated
core structure
Fig- 6-1
272
shear center
IKr{::
centroid
connecting beam
F i g , 6,2
273
connecting medium
274
Fig
6-5
F l e x i b i l i t y of equivalent closed
section
Fig- 6.6
276
Ee"'s *
q(z)
(a)
F i g . 6-7
F i g . 6-8
(a)
(b)
277
e l a s t i c upper region
z ^
p l a s t i c central region
e l a s t i c lower region
F i g . 6.9
278
(b)
(a) Torsional
defoliation
279
15240
F i g . 6.11
280
6.80
(6.86)
(c)
(d)
281
o
8
H/z
H/Z
fl
*053H
282
*05.5H
L
2
q (kN/m)
F i g . 6.13 Variation of laminar shear
0 (10 rad.
F i g 6.14 Variation of core wall rotation
o
J
_ T
8
o
IT
_ u
00
-283
9 l_
0.2
140
240
340
440
140
240
340
440
CHAPTER
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
7.1
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
Theoretical
structural
and experimental
engineering research.
verify
experimentally
the accuracy
of
the
theoretical
prediction.
As
matter
of f a c t i t has been
earthquake
regions
i t i s not economical
generated
by
structural
behaviour.
seismic
possess
sufficient
little
loss
of
disturbance
strength
to r e s i s t
within
The structures
ductility
recognized
the forces
elastic
should
that i n
range
of
be designed to
to d i s s i p a t e energy with r e l a t i v e
and
stiffness.
Relatively
few
Paulay
1:963
shear
nature
and f l e x u r a l
failure
mechanisms besides
of d e t e r i o r a t i o n with c y c l i c
loading.
noting the
Paulay
120
22
Paulay
and
Binney ]
showed
that
284
conventionally
reinforced
coupling
beams
possess
little
ductility.
These
bs
fail
d i a g o n a l l y r e i n f o r c e d coupling
degree of d u c t i l i t y .
beams possess
[23]
much
higher
l a t e r c a r r i e d out
study
i n detail
characteristics
Mirza
wall
the d u c t i l e
and f a i l u r e
reported
behaviour,
energy
absorption
The
experimental
provided
invaluable
absorption
concrete
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s performed by Psiulay et a l
insight
characteristics
into
ductile
and f a i l u r e
coupled shear w a l l s .
behaviour,
energy
mechanism of reinforced
i s the
experimental
comprehensive
use
studies
of
An a l t e r n a t i v e to t h i s type of
small-scale
models,
on complex s t r u c t u r a l
but reasonably
inexpensive
which
permit
parameter studies on
loading.
Irwin
to bending and
s i x small-scale
were c y c l e d e l a s t o - p l a s t i c a l l y to f a i l u r e .
Lybas]performed
285
the experiment
models
included
linked
to
isolated
an
shear
wall,
and
were
These
wall
subjected to
provided
i n the l a b o r a t o r i e s
of the Department of C i v i l
S t r u c t u r a l Engineering at the U n i v e r s i t y .
and
These tests w i l l be
demonstrsiting the r e a l i s t i c
wall structures.
7.2
structures,
shown i n F i g s .
7. 1,
The
wall
which
structure
simulates a
described
3-D
i n Chapter
regular
5.
symmetrical
Geometry of
286
are
presented
i n Figs,
7.4
and
7.5.
cantilevered
Each model
was
at
different
levels
to
apply
an
approximate
upper
In order
model
structure,
and
strains
l a t e r a l displacement of
both
in
concrete
and
in
The
r o t a t i o n of the l i n t e l
beams was
lintel
the f o l l o w i n g sections.
The o v e r a l l objective of the experiment would be to a r r i v e at
a b e t t e r understanding of e l a s t i c and e l a s t o - p l a s t i c behaviour of
laterally
loaded
shear
wall
structures,
and
to
provide
the
experiment
287
effectively
used
to investigate
subsystems, such
as l i n t e l
the behaviour
beams, coupled
of s t r u c t u r a l
shear
walls,
shear
wallframe s t r u c t u r e s , e t c . .
7.3
for
structures
'
the
.
structural
analysis
of
concrete
use
publications
has
[1t33
been
1Q
' ".
well
and
truly
agreed
i n various
P r o f i l e d steel
exhibit
similar
strength c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
and s t r e s s - s t r a i n
105
only with a s u f f i c i e n t l y
grading
.
workable
i s desired because
mix.
A suitable
i t affects
workability
The
The corres-
compressive
strength of concrete
288
size
effect
important
predicting
the
on
properties of
However, no
size
the
effect
concrete
structures,
is
particularly
generally accepted
exists
characteristic
theory
present.
strength
of
In
for
this
concrete
was
7.8 7.9
compressive
and
7. 10
show
the
r a t i o f o r 150 mm cube, 70
cube,
variation
of
direct
against water/cement
150
respectively,
For
for
I t can
decrease i n water/cement r a t i o .
300and
to 7.13
cylinders.
7.11
100 x
200
Moreover,
the
mean e l a s t i c
2
i s equal to 28.327
kN/ ,
modulus, E c of
the
289
Workabi1ity i s a v i t a l
i s possible
with
a reasonable
amount of work.
The
the
by w o r k a b i l i t y
water/cement r a t i o
relationship
between
these
ratios
of concrete
mix.
corresponding
The
to medium
[110 f o r
p r s i c t i c a l use.
7-4
The
detailed
properties,
loading
descriptions
of test
specimens,
material
7 U
Description of Specimens
In the i n v e s t i g a t i o n , three microconcrete model structures
two
290
No.3) were
constructed and
tested.
The
d e t a i l e d dimensions
lintel
of the
test
The
d e t a i l i n Table 7.2.
A l l r e i n f o r c i n g bars used i n the models, except those used ELS
stirrups
i n the l i n t e l
)Eirmealed
as s t i r r u p
hard
dravmsteel
bars and
wire
was
No.8
employed
in
and
(diameter = 4.16
the
lintel
beams
0.2% proof s t r e s s .
The s t r e s s - s t r a i n curves f o r the mild s t e e l and the annealed
hard drawnsteel wire used i n t h i s investigation are shown i n Figs.
7.16 7.17 and 7.18 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
are
7.1 to 7.3.
lintel
degree of d u c t i l i t y .
The reactions of the models were supplied by a 650 x 300 x 90
mm concrete base block f o r the coupled shear wall model, and a 950
x 300 x
90concrete
l i n k e d to an independent
wall respectively.
291
In order to ensure
was
was
placed
at
the
bottom
level
This s t e e l plate
before
the
model
In the
As a r e s u l t , the
model
fixed,
structures
being test
were e f f e c t i v e l y
both i n
p o s i t i o n and i n d i r e c t i o n .
For the model of coupled wall linked to an independent w a l l ,
the
rigid
pin-ended
link
between
the
coupled
wall
and
the
l i n k can be
successfully
achieved.
7.4-2
D e s c r i p t i o n of Tests
Loading System
F i g . 7.6
shows
sketch
of
the
In order
load.
The
44/ and
22%
of
the
total
292
applied
load
(Fig.
7.S)
respectively.
rollers
different
and
cm both sides
levels.
Instrumentaitioii
the d r i f t p r o f i l e of
the model s t r u c t u r e s .
The possible
addition,
other
four
dial
gauges
were
used
In
to measure the
surface
strains
while
embedded s t r a i n
to measure the
measure the s t e e l s t r a i n s .
F i n a l l y , a l l LVDTs and s t r a i n gauges were wired up to an
INTERC03LE
data
logger
which
293
recorded
the
test
results
automatically.
models
under
variety
be
obtained.
Test Procedure
After
jacks, u n t i l
the f i r s t
y i e l d i n g of reinforcement
was observed.
LVDTs
dial
gauges
and s t r a i n
gauges
were
taken.
And the
7.5
Under
the a c t i o n of applied
loads
The
-3
and 0. 22X1CT
3
r
while
r a
a d f o r Specimen No. 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
294
The
the
-6
soxlcT .
a n d
appeared
in a l l lintel
beams.
As the l a t e r a l
load was
and s t e e l
strains
equal,
the value
of 6.2 kN.
Further
loading caused
similar
reinforcement
2.5X1CT raid and 2.7xl(T rad f o r Specimen No.2The t e n s i o n reinforcement i n Wall 1 f o r two specimens yielded
at the load values of 16.2 kN and 23.6 kN r e s p e c t i v e l y .
At t h i s
r a d a n d
was
observed
g.lxl0'3
r a d f o r
a d f o r S p e c i m e n
at compression
295
p e c
m e n
No.l, and
No.2.
Some crushing of
zones
of the wall-beam
Junctions.
Further loading caused the cracks at the wall-beam junctions
and
increment
and widen r a p i d l y .
Each small
With
7.23
respectively. I t
area
account
strength.
the influence
were used,
so as to take
i s f a i r l y good.
drift
at d i f f e r e n t
In
cause a d i s t i n c t reduction i n s t i f f n e s s .
loading,
particularly
f o r alternating
difficult
to make accurate
For high i n t e n s i t y
loading,
the loss
of
In general, i t i s
reduction
in
stiffness
can
significantly.
296
affect
the
displacement
M=q+ M + M
where
and M"2
As
(7 1)
shown i n F i g s . 7.22
and
7.23 the
walls.
experimental f a i l u r e
loads f o r Specimen No.l and No. 2 are greater than the theoretical
r e s u l t s by 21 percent and
18 percent respectively.
are
The
higher
than that of
These values
concrete
structures.
the
t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t may
e f f e c t s of model s i z e and
be
due
to
the
s t r a i n hardening of r e i n f o r c i n g bars.
obtained
and 7.25
respectively.
i n F i g . 7.26.
appeared, the
beam-end rotations
i n the
increased r a p i d l y
as
at
the
the
297
But the
at the
piers.
zones of
Upon increase of
The
7-27.
between experimental
addition,
the
and
t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s was
difference
between
experimental
obtained.
and
In
analytical
f a i l u r e loads i s 29 percent.
Furthermore,
the
three
models are
exhibited
7.28 7.29
i n Figs.
and
7.30
respectively.
The
experimental
suarized
investigation
and
the
test
results
are
as follows:
was
developed,
i n which
base
A simple test
steel
plate
due
to the occurrence
of cracking, the
298
exhibited
large
ductility.
beams or the
This
ensures
s a t i s f a c t o r y d u c t i l i t y f a c t o r to the s t r u c t u r a l systems.
5. As
expected,
the t e s t s
showed
that
nearly
the f u l l
299
Table 7*1
[ 1 0 6 ]
BS 410
Sieve s i z e
(mm)
Weight of
aggregate retained
(g)
Percentage
retained
5.00
0.6
2.36
147
29.4
70
1. 18
103
20.6
49.4
0.60
82
16.4
33
0.30
63
12.6
20.4
0. 15
58
11.6
8.8
pan
44
8.8
500
100
Total
300
Cumulative
percentage passing
99.4
Water/cement r a t i o
0.6
Aggregate/cement r a t i o
3.5
Slump
55 mm
Compressive strength
38 N/irnn
Indirect t e n s i l e strength
3.6 N/mm
E l a s t i c modulus E
28.3 kN/
Hotrolled
mild s t e e l
Grade of s t e e l
268 N/mm
336 N/mm
Y i e l d strength
Ultimate strength
N/
2
E l a s t i c modulus E
201.3 kN/mm
407
301
376 N/mm
187.4
Table 7.4
S a l i e n t t e s t r e s u l t s of coupled
shear wall models
Specimen
Item
No. 1
No. 2
4.40
4.60
0.74
0.65
wallbeam junction
at 4th f l o o r l e v e l
Location of f i r s t crack
Applied load at f i r s t y i e l d
9.60
13.8
3.13
2.77
16.20
23.60
6.78
7.91
21.20
31.80
Maximum top d r i f t
18.45
23.21
of l i n t e l beams (kN)
Top d r i f t at f i r s t y i e l d
of l i n t e l beams (mm)
Applied load at y i e l d i n g
of Wall 1 (kN)
Top d r i f t at y i e l d i n g of
Wall 1 (mm)
(mm)
302
Table 7-5 Reduced area and moment of inertia of walls and beams
for specimens
A
Specimen
No.
No. 2
No. 3
13
10
2
m
A3
-3
10 m
10 m
uncrack
4.5
8.437
cracked
3.6
5.400
uncrack
4.5
8.437
cracked
3.6
5.400
uncrack
4.5
cracked
4.5
io-V
0.90
0.068
0.72
0.044
1.5
0.312
1.2
0.200
8.437
6.0
20
0.9
0.068
8.437
4.8
12.8
0.72
0.044
" = 0.80 A
=0.64 I
cracked
cracked
uncrack
umcraclc
303
150
100
150
30
No .3
steel
wire
d)6
009T
30
125
125
30
30
00
90
650
(a)
(b)
F i g , 7.1
dimensions
details
Specimen No ,
150
100
150
No.8
s t e e l wire
009T
oon
(j)8
305
30
125
125
30
30
PI
ooe
650
90
(a)
F i g . 7,2
details
Specimen
No,2
150
100
150
100
200
30
125
125
30
950
90
(a)
F i g . 7.3
Specimen No,3
(a) Geometrical
306
dimensions
.1 (b)
'
"
'-*
^^^-^
it
307
F i g . 7.4
308
Fig- 7.4
309
F i g . 7.5
Model No.3
310
welded
test r i q
F i g . 7.6
Configuration of test
311
o
o
o
312
o
0.15
0.30
0,60
1,18
BS s i e v e s i z e
F i g . 7,7
2.36
(mm)
Aggregate g r a d i n g
curve
f c u
70 mm cube
60
50
(2i/N)
5 6 i p s3 A i . s s 3 . - ~ d J
40
30
20
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
Water/cement ratio
Fig- 7.8
313
W/C
cu
150 mm cube
60
50
40
30
20
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
Water/cement r a t i o
F i g . 7.9
314
W/C
f c u
60
150 mm cube
70 mm cube
50
40
30
20
0.35
0.4
L
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
J
0.65
0.7
W/C
0.75
Water/cement ratio
Fig. '7.10
315
cu
70 ,
cube
55
50
40
30
20
W/C
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
Water/cement
0.65
0.7
0.75
ratio
316
150 mm
0.4
0"5
0,5
0.55
0.6
0,65
0*7
cube
0.75
Water/cement raio
F i g . 7.12
V a r i a t i o n of compressive s t r e n g t h of m i c r o c o n c r e t e with
water/cement r a t i o f o r 150 mm cube at 7-day .age
317
60
70 mm cube
150 mm cube'
50
30
20
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
Water/cement
F i g . 7.13
0.65
0.7
0.75
ratio
318
W/C
W/C
Aggregate/cement
F i g . 7.15
Ratio
R e l a t i o n of aggregate/cement r a t i o and
r a t i o f o r mediuni w o r k a b i l i t y
'
319
water/cement
100 x 2 0 0 c y l i n d e r
150 x 300 ,
cylinder
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.:
Water/cement ratio
Fig- 7,14
320
0.75
I
321
-
F i g . 7.16
Stress-strain c e
for
mild steel
fs(p
100
0.001
0.002
F i g . 7.17
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
o
o
323
I
5
100 -
0.005
Fig
.18
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
Stress-strain curve for No.8 (d = 4.16 mm) annealed hard draw steel wire
0.035
8 mm steel plate
welded
g
25
mm steel plate
3
80^|80
80 |50, 80 ,50, 80
25
90
650
~ i i ~ii~~ini
. . _ J _
(b)
324
(b)
F i g , 7,20 (a) Connection of coupled wa"
325
'
Legend:
dial gauge
^HZ1 LVDT
sufdce strain gauge
No.2
No.3
9
No.l
326
(b)
F i g . 7.21
327
No.3
25
theoretical f a i l u r e load
(s
P I S lp 3 . L L d d s
1
328 I
experimental
theoretical
-nol
o
o
10
Deflection at top
f i g . 7.22
30
20
(mm)
40
40
o
s)
PSL
p 3 - L LSd
Qd
iB
-329
c>
experimental
theoretical
o
o
10
20
Deflection at top
F i g , 723
30
(,)
No.2
40
F i g . 7*24
Deflection p r o f i l e of
Specimen No.l
Fig- 7-25
Deflection p r o f i l e of
Specimen No.2
20
(p)
PSL
p 3 1 . LL
dd
5e0 1
331
(xl0_
3
rac
|,)
s)
PJ
332
f 5 s -5
L0
d d
1w
o
o
Deflection at top
F i g , 7.27
Fig- 7-28
.333
.29
334
Fig- 7-30
335
CHAPTER
CONCLUSION
8.1
CONCLUSION
Based
e l a s t i c and
e l a s t o p l a s t i c behaviour o f s t i f f e n e d coupled shear w a l l s , nonc o l l i n e a r shear walls coupled by a cross wall and l i n t e l beams,
and threedimensional symmetric regular shear wall structures was
i n v e s t i g a t e d under the a c t i o n of l a t e r a l
elastoplastic
appl ied
analysis
o f core
wall
loading.
E l a s t i c and
structures
subjected to
initial
a n a l y s i s f o r i n v e s t i g a t i n g the b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t of a s t i f f e n i n g
beam, which may be positioned somewhere i n the height of the
s t r u c t u r e , on l a t e r a l l y loaded coupled shear walls supported on
rigid
or f l e x i b l e
foundations.
I t i s demonstrated
that the
will
addition,
from
the r e s u l t s
of the analysis
with
different
should
be positioned
at a l e v e l
336
of about
0.5 o f the
beams.
height.
of the s t i f f e n i n g
beam
f o r achieving
The optimum
the greatest
lateral
subj'ected
of the p l a s t i c
propagation
beams.
zone
i n the coivtinuum
due to the
limitation
of r o t a t i o n a l
ductility
of the l i n t e l
beams.
The
increment
to f a i l u r e .
The
solution
derived
is a
Moreover a
ductility
337
When two
Under the a c t i o n of l a t e r a l
behaves e s s e n t i a l l y
force
from
structural
one wall
wal Is
loading,
to another.
are equal
I f the widths
of the two
of coupl
ing aH,
obtained.
stiffness
addit
ion
following
Coul1 s
concept
a method of
s t r u c t u r e comprising a combination of a s e t of i d e n t i c a l
cores, subjected to l a t e r a l
which
simulate the a c t i o n of f l o o r
338
slabs.
rigid
The lumped
coupled wall and the lumped independent wall can then be further
transformed f o r analysis into a s i n g l e coupled shear wall
modified geometrical and s t r u c t u r a l parameters.
achieving
a very
problem.
The
efficient
and simple
investigation
method
indicated
with
to tackle the
that
considerable
structural
i n direct
components
proportion
to t h e i r
flexural
beam theory i n
After
by
the l i n t e l
continuous
beams of a core
medium
with
structure are
equivalent
stiffness
f o r the portions
c o n s i s t i n g of l i n t e l
339
moment
of i n i t i a
and modified
S t . Venent
torsion
give accurate r e s u l t s
analyses.
exact
model
shear
wall
simulates a three-dimensional
structure.
The test
regular
specimens were
The
symmetrical
subjected to
The objective
evidence
of the tests
was
t o provide the
not only f o r v e r i f y i n g
the t h e o r e t i c a l
theoretical
analysis.
The
discrepancy
between
the r e s u l t s
In a d d i t i o n , the experimental
i n v e s t i g a t i o n showed
340
8.2
i t i s assumed that
with
relatively
strong
coupling
system,
of
both
laminar
shear
and
distributed
representation of s t r u c t u r a l
behaviour ( F i g .
of a n a l y s i s may be developed.
(2) There i s a need to investigate the s t r u c t u r a l behaviour
of three-dimensional s t i f f e n e d shear walls subjected to
l a t e r a l loads.
(3) There
is a
need
to
develop
an
effective
method
of
341
wall
structures
to
applied
torques
should
be
considered.
(5) The study of dynamic behaviour of e l a s t o - p l a s t i c coupled
shear walls might be considered.
(6) Additional e f f o r t s by experimental work should be made to
investigate the arrangement and d e t a i l s of reinforcement,
which w i l l be assure the optinuim strength, s t i f f n e s s and
d u c t i l i t y of shear wall structures.
In f a c t , further experimental research i s being conducted to
i n v e s t i g a t e the behaviour of s t i f f e n e d coupled shear walls i n the
Department of C i v i l and S t r u c t u r a l Engineering, University of Hong
Kong.
342
m(x)
F i g . 8.1
343
d i s t r i b u t e d iacraent
(b)
Fig*
8,2
344
walls
(b)
F i g . 8.3
345
8.4
346
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APPENDIX
1
=
EHJFT -
2=
[(K 5
t a n h
K [ ( k
5
^3FT"
A N H K
- gsJrf
t a n h
( 1 - 1 )
(1-2)
+V
(13)
=(k7t3nh Kgs)/
(1-4)
/N
(I-6)
2
(I-7)
where
N = 1 - tanh K tanh Kg
1
s
N = ( 1 - tanh K tanh K
361
APPENDIX II
FUNCTIONS F AND F 2
II-1
c ,
C_ =
coshAz
to C9
(II-1)
EI
w
(II-2)
mL
C
3 =
(II3)
C = C z - C z V 2 + C + C coshAz + C^sinhAz + ~ ~ ^
(II-4)
C = C z + C AsinhXz + CcoshAz.
(II-5)
52
62
62
<:
EI*
EI
(II-6)
C = A (C coshz + C , i n h X z J
EI
(II-7)
C = C + C z + C / 2 - CcoshAz - CsinhAz,
7
C = C tanhAL +
< i v
m
~ ;
'
EI
(II-8)
X4EI
362
_^
C9
coshz coshz
sinhA(z,-2:,) q A A, A
coshXL
E I ^ t ^ M Z s - Z j )coshze ]
(II-S)
A = (2z; -
+ 3z;L + z"/A
= ( Z - Z;)/2
= ( z 2 - z/;i
A, = (z* z/
=m(z? -2HzJ/2 + 2q A z J / ^ c o s h A z )
= m[(4L-zz;/24 + (2L-z ) z / 2 ] -
363
z:/3
=m[(3L--z,)z:/6 + (H-z,)/2_ q A z
L c = m(z:/2-Lz,+l/+ 2q A z
5
II-2
Functions of
And F ^ z ^ z ^
Fz,Z2)
z +z
fEI
I 2A
coshz coshAz
1
fEI
2A
1 1
2 .
1-(1 - coshzJ z
1
sinhAz_
o 2 1
(f ,e,ftanhAz,
(11-10)
(1111)
2 3
wh6rs
:2(z
f_1 = sM;z -
sinhA(:z z*)
2
A coshAL
1 2
364