Canadian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

PEARL publication, 2014

ISSN 2292-3381

CJBAS Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

Modal strain energy change ratio for damage identification in honeycomb

sandwich structures
K. R. Pradeepa, B. Nageswara Raob, , S. M. Srinivasanc , K. Balasubramaniamd
a

Structural Design and Engineering Group, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum-695 022,

India
b

Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Civil and Mechanical Sciences, KL University,

Green Fields, Vaddeswaram 522 502, India

c

Applied Mechanics Department, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, India

Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036,

India
Keywords:

Debond,
Finite element model,
Frequency, Honeycomb
sandwich panel, Modal
strain energy change

Abstract
This paper deals with the generation of layered finite element models using a
standard finite element package for simulation of undamaged and delaminated
sandwich structures that are appropriate to vibration based structural health monitoring
(SHM) and damage detection techniques. The intact regions are modelled using three
layered elements. The skin-core debonded regions are modelled using single layer
elements representing debonded top or bottom skin and two layer element representing
the core and bottom or top skin either side of the debond along with contact definition
between skin and core. Modal analysis has been carried out on honeycomb sandwich
plate configurations and the changes in the frequencies due to debond calculated. A
meaningful parameter called 'Modal Strain Energy Change Ratio (MSECR) is used as
an indicator for damage indicator in sandwich structures. The present numerical
experiments and validation with the existing test results indicate the efficiency of the
MSECR as an indicator for damage in sandwich structures.

1. Introduction
Honeycomb sandwich panels (viz., deck plate and payload components having low density and high
stiffness to weight ratio) are extensively used in aircraft/aerospace industries. Debond is a
frequently encountered damage in metallic honeycomb sandwich structures. Early detection of
damage can prevent from catastrophic failure as well as structural deterioration in service beyond
repair. Structural health monitoring (SHM) and damage assessment are inevitable for aerospace
vehicles [1-3].

Corresponding author ( E-mail: bnrao52@rediffmail.com Tel.: (+91-8645-246948); (Fax: +91-8645-247249))

K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

Vibration-based damage detection technique

is an effective tool for damage identification
of composite structures through the
knowledge of frequency shifts, changes in
mode shape, changes in curvature mode
shape, modal force error, flexibility changes,
modal strain energy change, transmissibility,
impedance change damping, etc [4-6]. Lestari
and Qiao [7] have followed a procedure for
damage identification and health monitoring
based on dynamic response (curvature mode
shape) and using piezoelectric sensor for fiber
reinforced polymer sandwich composites.
Han et al. [8] have performed the
delamination buckling and propagation
analysis of honeycomb panels using cohesive
element approach. Aviles and Carlsson [9]
have examined the local buckling of
sandwich panel (skin with foam core)
containing embedded debonds. Yam et al.
[10] have suggested a vibration based
method to locate the internal delamination
in multilayered composites using a
combination of measured modal damping
change with computed modal strain energy
distribution. Harney et al. [11] have utilized
curvature mode shape and followed the
damage index method and curvature factor
method
for
damage
detection
in
carbon/epoxy composite beams. Distributed
PVDF sensors are used for direct
measurement of the mode shape curvatures
along with impact excitation using hammer
and continuous excitation with piezoceramic
actuators.
The strain energy based damage detection is
found to be efficient compared to other
methods (viz., change in mode shape
curvature, change in flexibility and change in
flexibility curvature) which considers the
modal strain energy changes in structural
element before and after the damage
formation [12, 13]. Shi et al. [14] have
considered the modal strain energy change
ratio for identification of damage location.

The optimal spatial sampling interval to

minimize the effect of measurement noise
and truncation errors is adopted for damage
detection by curvature or strain energy
mode shape [15]. Hu et al. [16] have utilized
the modal strain energy method for
identification
of
surface
cracks
in
carbon/epoxy composite laminates. Cecchini
[17] and Agosto et al. [18] have examined the
effects of curvature changes for damage
identification
in
sandwich
composite
cantilever beams.
Morassi and Rocchetto [19] have shown the
flexural frequencies as high sensitivity to
damage and considered as valid damage
indicator for composite beams. Wei et al. [20]
have examined the damage-induced energy
variation of response signal and the
mechanism of mode-dependent energy
dissipation of composite plates due to
delamination. Yan et al. [21] have adopted the
cross modal strain energy (CMSE) and niche
genetic algorithms (GAs) for the damage
detection in composite structures. Guo and Li
[22] integrated structural modal strain energy
and frequency information using fusion
theory for the damage identification. Particle
swarm optimization (PSO) is used to identify
the extent of structural damage.
Kulkarni and Frederick [23] have analyzed
the de-bonded shell structure utilizing the
reduced bending rigidity of the shell by
summing the moment of inertia of
delaminated
layers.
Mujumdar
and
Suryanarayan [24] have modeled delaminated
composite beam in to four separate
component segments and analyzed each as an
Euler beam and validated with experimental
results. Schwarts-Givli et al. [25] have
suggested a methodology for free vibrations
of delaminated unidirectional sandwich
panels accounting the model for the flexibility
of the core in the out-of-plane (vertical)
direction resulting high-order displacement,
acceleration, and velocity fields within the
10

K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

core. Two approaches (viz., regional approach

and layer-wise approach) are being followed
for damage detection. In the regional
approach, the delaminated laminate is divided
into equivalent single-layer sub-laminates or
segments and the continuity conditions are
imposed at delamination junctions. In the
layer-wise models, the sub-laminates are
modelled using the layer-wise theories [26,
27].
Sandwich structures are more prone to
stiffness reduction due to damages. The
modal strain energy based techniques can
serve as an effective damage detection tool,
which demand computationally efficient
damage models of sandwich structures. This
paper deals with the generation of layered
finite element models using ANSYS TM
finite element package for accurate
simulation of undamaged and damaged
sandwich plate configurations. A critical view
on the non-dimensional parameter called the
'Modal Strain Energy Change Ratio
(MSECR)' that is often being used in recent
literature to identify the debond location in
the honeycomb sandwich panel is presented.
It is observed from the present numerical
experiments that MSECR is an efficient
approach useful for damage identification in
sandwich structures.

sandwich skin sheets are thin compared to the

low modulus thick core layer and the presence
of debond significantly reduces the local
stiffness.
The stiffness matrix, modal
frequencies and mode shapes of the structure
with damage can be represented by
(2)
K d K K
d i i

(3)

where K is the fractional reduction in the

stiffness matrix; is the fractional change in
the mode shape and the superscript d
denotes the quantities for damaged case.
Modal strain energy of the element/region j
for the mode i is given by
(4)
MSE ij i K j i
Modal strain energy of the damaged structure
is
T
(5)
MSE ijd id K j id
The modal strain energy change ratio
(MSECR) for the element j corresponding to
the mode i is
MSE ijd MSE ij
(6)
i
MSECR j

MSE ij

For several modes, MSECR is defined as the

average of their normalized MSECR values.
The (MSECR) for the element j
corresponding to m modes can be evaluated as
m
MSECR ij
1
(7)
MSECR j

2. Modal Strain Energy Change Ratio

(MSECR) Evaluation
The equations of motion for a multi-degree of
freedom (MDOF) dynamic system can be
written in the form
(1)
K 2 M

MSECR
i 1

i
max

3. Finite Element Analysis

Finite element analysis has been carried out
on sandwich plates made of aluminium skin
and aluminium honeycomb core. Finite
element models are generated using
layered shell element (shell 99) of
ANSYS TM for accurate simulation of
undamaged
(intact)
and
debonded

Here K and M are the stiffness and mass

matrices. is the mode shape. is the
frequency. Presence of debond in sandwich
structures causes changes in the stiffness
matrix thereby changes in modal frequencies
and mode shapes. It should be noted that the
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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

sandwich structures. Figure 1 shows the

layered shell element, which is based the
classical lamination theory (CLT) and the

first-order
(FSDT).

shear

deformation

theory

Figure 1. Layered shell element

The debonded region is modeled using two
sets of elements: one set representing the
debonded skin and the other set for core
and skin. Figure 2 shows the kinematic
relations ships between debonded and
undamaged regions, in which force and

moment equilibrium at element junctions

are satisfied. Contact of the debonded skin
with core is simulated utilizing Cont170
and targetl75 element of ANSYSTM.
Contact friction factor is specified as 0.15.

Contact normal force Fn and traction T

FX3, FZ3, M3
z1, w1

Fz1, M1,Fx1

x1, u1

z2, w2

F`Z3, M`3, F`X3

z3, w3
x3, u3
x2, u2

FX2, FZ2, M2
Integral region

z4, w4
Fx4, Fz4, M4

x4, u4

F`Z2, M`2, F`X2

Debonded region

Integral region

Figure 2. Kinematic model of the debonded sandwich beam

360 N/mm2; Ultimate strength, u = 400
N/mm2; and Density, = 2800 kg/m3.
Properties of the Honeycomb core (CR III

Properties of AA2014-T6 skin sheet material

are: Youngs modulus, Ef = 68670 N/mm2;
Poissons ratio, = 0.3; Yield strength, y =
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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

5056 141) material are: Ex=41 N/mm2;

Ey=41N/mm2; Ez=1600N/mm2; 12 =0.44; 13

strain energy. In the debonded region the

strain energies of upper and lower elements
are summed up to get the total energy of the
region. The elemental level modal strain
energy change ratio (MSECR) is evaluated
using equation (7).

= 23 =0; Gxy=0 N/mm2; Gxz=220 N/mm2; and

Gyz=410 N/mm2. Modal analysis has been
carried out on the undamaged and debonded
honeycomb
sandwich
structural
configurations to obtain frequencies and
Through width
delamination

50mm

20mm 20mm
0.30mm
15.00mm
0.30mm
400mm

50mm

Figure 3. Configuration of sandwich cantilever beam type plate

400mm

Case -1: 5% Damage: 10mm from the

base

Case -2: 5% Damage: 100mm from the base

Case -3: 5% Damage: 200mm from the

base

Case -4: 5% Damage: 300mm from the base

Case -6: 15% Damage: 10mm from the

Case -5: 10% Damage: 10mm from the
base
base
Figure 4. Damaged sandwich cantilever beam type plates

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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

length (20mm) through the width of panel as

damage, which is close to the support, 100,
200 and 300 away from the support. Figure 4
shows different damaged sandwich beam type
plates. Figure 5 shows the finite element
model of intact (undamaged) and a damaged
sandwich cantilever beam. Total number of
elements and nodes in the intact model are
160 and 569 respectively. For the case of
damaged models these are 168 and 606
respectively.

3.1 Honeycomb Sandwich Cantilever Beam

type rectangular plates
The configuration of sandwich cantilever
beam type plate shown in Figure 3 has
400mm length (L), 50mm width (B) and
15.6mm total thickness (which includes
0.3mm thickness of top and bottom skin
sheets and 15mm thick core). Six case
studies are made considering different
damage sizes and locations in the sandwich
cantilever beam type rectangular plates.
Case studies 1 to 4 consist of 5% of beam

Figure 5(a). Finite element model of intact cantilever beam type plate

Through width Delaminated zone

(20mm) contact elements between
delaminated layers

Figure 5(b). Finite element model of damaged cantilever beam type plate

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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

Modal analysis has been performed and

extracted the first ten natural frequencies. It is
noted from the results presented in Table 1
that there is a decreasing trend in frequencies
of the damaged honeycomb sandwich beams
due to reduction in stiffness. The MSECR
plots for sandwich cantilever beams with 5%
of their length as damage at different
locations are shown in Figure 6. The
maximum MSECR values of case-1, case-2,
case-3 and case-4 are 0.6, 0.82, 0.42 and 0.84

respectively. The peaking up of MSECR can

be seen at damage locations. The effect of
increase in the size of damage on MSECR can
be seen in Figure 7. The maximum MSECR
values of case-5 and case-6 in Figure 7 are
0.71 and 0.23 respectively. The area under the
peak MSECR is increased due to increase in
the damage size. The plots clearly indicate the
damage location at which modal strain energy
change
ratio
(MSECR)
is
high.

Table 1. Natural frequencies (Hz) of undamaged and damaged honeycomb sandwich beam
type rectangular plates.
Undamaged Case-1
Mode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

105.4
197.47
653.16
1157.7
1385.3
1797.9
2474.7
2969.9
3440.2
4161.4

105.23
197.48
641.16
1157.70
1292.00
1715.70
2474.80
2969.50
3189.70
3901.40

Case-2

Case-3

105.25
197.47
646.02
1157.40
1316.30
1793.60
2474.50
2966.30
3369.70
4120.60

105.28
197.45
652.92
1157.20
1344.10
1755.50
2474.00
2969.30
3418.30
3994.90

Case- 4

105.32
197.40
650.28
1157.60
1373.40
1788.60
2473.50
2968.40
3431.30
3931.40

Case-5

104.13
197.49
570.68
1068.80
1157.60
1408.40
2474.00
2537.40
2623.80
2881.80

Case-6

101.25
197.49
459.39
861.07
1157.00
1225.80
1552.30
1588.10
2168.70
2474.80

created at the centre of the plate. Total

number of elements and nodes in the coarse
mesh of the intact model are 64 and 81
respectively, whereas in the case of damage
model these are 76 and 82 respectively. In the
fine mesh, total number of elements and
nodes of the intact model are 289 and 256
respectively, whereas these are 304 and 280
respectively in the damage model.

3.2
Simply
Supported
Honeycomb
Sandwich Square Plates
Honeycomb sandwich square plates of 400 x
400 x 15.6mm shown in Figure 8 are
considered. To study the effect of element
size (sensor density in experiment) coarse and
refined finite element models (see Figure 9)
are considered. Damage of 100 x 50mm is

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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

Case-1

Case-2

Figure 6(a). MSECR plot of sandwich cantilever beam type plates with 5% of its length as
damage at different locations.

Case-3

Case-4

Figure 6(b). MSECR plot of sandwich cantilever beam type plates with 5% of its length as
damage at different locations.

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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

Case-5

Case-6

Figure 7. MSECR plots of sandwich cantilever beam type plates with increasing damage size.

ux, uy,
uz=0
ux, uy,
uz=0

100mm
50mm

ux, uy, uz=0

ux, uy,
uz=0
100mmx50mm delamination

0.30mm
15.00mm
0.30mm
400mm

Figure 8. Simply supported honeycomb sandwich plate

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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

(a) Intact
(b) Damaged
Figure 9. Finite Element model of intact and damaged honeycomb sandwich simply
supported square plates
Modal analysis results of both intact and
damaged honeycomb sandwich simply
supported square plates in Table 2 indicate

decreasing trend in the frequencies due to

reduction of stiffness.

Table 2. Natural frequencies (Hz) of undamaged and damaged honeycomb sandwich simply
supported square plates.
Mode
Undamaged
Damaged
Mode
Undamaged
Damaged
model
model
model
model
1
418.8
411.8
6
2024.3
2001.5
2
1012.7
1000.8
7
2370.8
2336.3
3
1036.8
1019.4
8
2454.5
2426.5
4
1555.8
1554.6
9
3008.4
2923.3
5
1913.0
1880.4
10
3142.8
3070.3

Refined Mesh
Coarse Mesh
Figure 10. MSECR plot of honeycomb sandwich simply supported square plates

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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

Mode shape of Undamaged Cantilever Beam

1.00
0.80

Mod

0.60

Mode shape

0.40
0.20

Mode 1

0.00
-0.20

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

E
F

Mod

-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
-1.00

Location

(a) Natural frequencies (Hz) of an intact sandwich composite cantilever beam

Mode

Cecchini [17]
Test
25.625
134.062
314.062

First
Second
Third

Present Analysis
Analysis
24.903
134.668
318.859

24.96
134.04
316.36

Mode shape of Damaged CantileverBeam

1.20

Mod
e 3 Mode 1

1.00
0.80
0.60

Mode shape

0.40
0.20
0.00
0

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

-0.20

EX
P

Mod
e2

-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
-1.00

Location

(b) Natural frequencies (Hz) of damaged sandwich composite cantilever beam

Mode
First
Second
Third

Cecchini [17]
Test
25.312
129.687
310.312

Present Analysis
Analysis
24.547
122.079
303.989

24.498
130.73
306.53

Figure 11. Comparison of analytical and experimental natural frequencies and mode shapes
of the intact (undamaged) and the damaged sandwich composite cantilever beams.

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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

Modal Strain Energy Change Ratio

(MSECR) plots for the coarse and refined
meshes are shown in Figure 10. For the case
of refined mesh, maximum MSECR value at
the damage location is 0.5, whereas it is 0.3
for coarse mesh due to averaging effect. The
damage location is clearly identifiable. For
the refined mesh case the damage size is
having a better clarity.
This study indicates the damage detection in
two step processes. A coarse mesh experiment
can locate the damage and refined mesh can
provide the size of the damage. From the
modal strain energy change ratio (MSECR)
plots, it is clear that MSECR value is high at
the damage locations.

and 6.4mm core thickness. Elastic properties

of the face-sheet material are: Longitudinal
modulus = 56054 N/mm2; Transverse
modulus = 56054 N/mm2; Poissons ratio =
0.3; Shear modulus = 620 N/mm2; Mass
density = 2105 kg/m3. Elastic properties of
the foam core material are: Youngs modulus
= 0.689 N/mm2; Poissons ratio = 0.3; Shear
modulus = 38.6 N/mm2; Mass density = 166.7
kg/m3. Skin core separation (delamination) of
25.4mm long is considered at 101.6mm from
the root of the sandwich composite cantilever
beam. As in previous numerical experiments,
finite element model of the sandwich
composite cantilever beam is created utilizing
ANSYSTM software. The undamaged model
consists of 362 elements and 465 nodes.
The damaged zone is modeled using two set
of layered elements and each set consist of
16 elements.
Figure 11 shows the comparison of measured
and computed natural frequencies as well as
the corresponding mode shapes of intact and
damaged sandwich composite cantilever
beams. The present finite element analysis
results are found to be reasonably in good
agreement with existing test results [17]. The
numerical and experimental mode shape data
is discrete in space. Change in slope at each
node is estimated using a central difference
approximation. The second derivative of the
displacement along the X direction at node i

3.3 Experimental Validation

Numerical experiments carried out in the
previous sections indicate that any localized
damage/imperfection in a structure produces
variations in the dynamic response. The
damage produces a localized reduction in
stiffness and the natural frequencies have
decreased compared to those corresponding to
the perfect beam/plate configurations.
Analytical and experimental studies have
been made to study the effects of curvature
changes and identify the presence of damage
in sandwich composite cantilever beams [17,
18]. The vibration mode shapes (flexural
mode shapes) of cantilever beams can be
measured accurately. Hence, the first three
flexural mode shapes and the corresponding
natural frequencies of sandwich composite
cantilever beams with and without damage
are considered here to examine the adequacy
of the present modal strain energy change
ratio (MSECR) through comparison of
analytical and experimental results.
The sandwich composite beams consisting of
bi-directional woven [00/900] carbon fiber
face-sheets bonded to polyurethane foam core
with epoxy resin have 584mm length and
51mm width with 0.7mm face-sheet thickness

2 u i 1 2 i i 1

x 2
x i 2

(8)

The modal strain energies are computed form

the mode shapes as.
2
i 1
(9)
D 2
Ui

x
i

dx

Here D is the stiffness and u is the mode

shape of the beam and

x 2

is the

curvature evaluated from the mode shape

corresponding to mode i.
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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

(a) Finite Element Analysis

MSECR of Cantilever Beam-Experiment

0.9
Modal Strain Enrgy Ratio(MSECR)

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Location along the length of the beam

(b) Measured mode shapes

Figure 12. Comparison of modal strain energy change ratio (MSECR) from the finite element
analysis and measured mode shapes of sandwich composite cantilever beams.

Figure 12 shows the modal strain energy

change ratio (MSECR) evaluated for the first
three modes from experimental and finite
element data. Peak MSECR is noticed at the
damage location (i.e., around 100mm away
from the fixed end) of the sandwich
composite beam. This shows that the modal

strain energy based method is capable of

identifying the damage and its location in
honeycomb sandwich structures.

4. Concluding Remarks
This paper performs the modal analysis of
honeycomb sandwich plates containing
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K. R. Pradeep et al. - Can. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Vol. 02(01), 9-24, 2014

debonds and proposed to us the modal strain

energy change ratio (MSECR) as an
indicator for damage. Applicability of the
MSECR concept for damage detection in the
honeycomb
sandwich
structures
is
examined by introducing a debond. Finite
element models of honeycomb sandwich
rectangular plates are generated using shell
element and damage is simulated by defining
contact elements between skin and core
elements. Modal analysis has been
performed to extract frequencies and
modal strain energies. Reduction trend is
noticed in natural frequencies of debonded
sandwich structures due to reduction in
stiffness. However this trend may not be
significant to identify the damage. The
MSECR is found to be efficient and clearly
identifies the damage in sandwich structures.
It is customary to gain knowledge on the
behavior of the undamaged structures in the
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) to
understand the changes (if any) due to
introduction of damage in service. The
MSECR helps to indicate the damage from
the measure mode shape. Otherwise, one has
to measure the mode shape of the structure
prior to its use in service to evaluate the strain
energy and later on, evaluate MSECR during
service from the measure mode shape to trace
for the damage (if any).

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